4. Victim

4.Victim

6. The past, present and future

Mumbai has four rivers, Mithi, Oshiwara, Dahisar and Poisar, together 40.7 kms long that is Almost invisible to the city's population, these rivers are waiting to be 'discovered' Mumbai's riveredge can yield 81.4 km of walking and cycling pathways. They are the 'veins' that can be networked with other public spaces.

The story of human beings and the wateredge is an evolving and multifaceted one, varying between dependency, contemplation, negligence and reverence.

6.1 Neglect

“We do not have the great maidans of Delhi and Kolkata. The waterfronts are our only relief, but we treat them like the city’s backyard” . (Das, n.d.)

The enthusiastic connection that existed between the water and the human settlements decayed through years.

As the human settlement drifted away from the wateredge because of the untrusted nature of the water the settlements turned its back towards the water making the edge a barrier between the land the water, and treated these abandoned edges as a backyard for dumping garbage and sewage disposal.

People seemed to lose the reason of settling in such an environment which resulted in formation of the indiscriminate landfill sites on the wateredges for example the Deonar dumping yard, and Gorai dumping ground.

The edges that were elevated with sacred beliefs associated with religious activities also started getting abused in the name of rituals turning into toxic wateredges of religion -Plastic bottles, flowers, earthen pots, lamps, idols inundated the waterbodies and its banks.

Figure 21 / Series of photos to show the current conditions of the edges / Source - , Author

6.2 Urbanization Rapid urbanization and unplanned growth have led to the deterioration of wateredges.

The relationship between the urban area and the water is repeatedly changed. New spaces are continuously being created on the wateredge.

arrival of the 20th century can be considered as a turning point. By then the effects of industrialisation took the lead. Urban settlements, traffic roads, harbours and industrial sites have closed in on the fringes of the city and others are displaced far from it. Industrial development occurred at the water's edge. And when the wharf era passed by, the edges of Mumbai have been left with abandoned warehouses and factories. Both harbors and wateredges suffered from the same problem of neglect and lack of development.

The damage caused by the exodus of industrial and port activities are still visible on the edges.as sanyal said for the wateredge of Mumbai “All kinds of dark activities take place there,” says Sanyal. “Right now they are dumping 1.8 to 2 million tons of coal every year. There are some toxic ship breaking happening. And then there are all kinds of illegal and underworld activities which go on in the cover of darkness. The lands need to be reclaimed for the city of Mumbai.” (Sanyal, n.d.)

Figure 22 / Abuse through Urbanization / Source Google Images

Eighty per cent of marine pollution is said to be from untreated sewage and 20 per cent from industrial effluents. Estimation of 8,000 industries,discharge waste into the waterbodies. Oil spills prevent the dilution of other pollutants by binding them into a toxic concentrated form, which then migrates along the edges, causing harm to human and marine life. During the monsoon, this oil is brought to the beaches.40 million litres per day of industrial effluents, from around 600 industries, mostly untreated or in violation of treatment standards, and raw sewage (200 million litres/day) from the areas of Dharavi, Kherwadi, Kurla, Andheri, Vile Parle and Santa Cruz are discharged into Mahim creek, Thane and Bassein creeks, along with several tidal inlets, such as Mahim, Malad and Manori, as well as bays, including Worli, Mahim and Backbay, discharge large quantities of domestic and industrial wastes into the wateredges. Urbanization and land reclamation processes has affected public accessibility on the wateredge both physically and socially.

6.2.1 Inaccessibility

Physical Inaccessibility

Although Mumbai has a coastline of 150 km their high level of neglect and degradation make them inaccessible.

Most of the beaches on the western waterfront of Mumbai are polluted by dumped garbage and sewage disposal and are often encroached upon by slum dwellers, builders, property owners and government agencies. Destruction of mangroves along the coastline and creeks have added to their degradation During the past few years the public in mumbai has started to express their dissatisfaction with the inaccessibility of the sea. Their frustration with the style of urban growth and the decline of public space and access to the water is frequently expressed through statements conveying a sense of loss, deprivation, and social injustice. The total length of the eastern waterfront of Mumbai is 13.85 km, but public access is available to only 1.55 km concentrated in the Apollo Bunder and the Ballard Estate area. Though huge tracts of land, approximately 7.5 sq km, are owned by the MPT along this waterfront, the port activities are confined within 55 per cent of the total area owned by the trust. The trust has leased parts of the land owned by it to various government and private agencies, such as the Food Corporation of India, Cotton Exchange and other commercial enterprises, such as Reliance Industries etc. Apart from big industries, such as oil refineries, several small enterprises such as fishing at Sassoon Dock, the steel recycling industry and ship breaking, are also located here. Several agencies conduct their activities in the region.

Social Inaccessibility

Social accessibility adds to Social sustainability of a public place on wateredge

Social sustainability depends on factors such as accessibility by users group largely public, planning with public participation and public involvement with overall support in management. Most important factor of social sustainability is that a wateredge must be inclusive and provide universal access to all. It has been observed that the present wateredges are becoming more sustainable than it was few decades ago. The wateredge has been completely transformed into a functional space-The design elements includes amphitheatres, chess playing areas, children playing areas, dog parks, green shaded spaces from a dumping ground The Carter Road promenade is well accepted by the citizens of Mumbai and is perfectly blended with the urban fabric of the city Carter Road Promenade is a public wateredge managed by public, but still has strict laws and regulations to be followed. Multiple signage are put up at several points on the promenade indicating rules and regulations. One of the signage mentions ‘no entry to for beggars’ which means that the public space is not for the poorest of the poor, food items are forbidden and cycling is not permitted on the promenade. The play area is gated and kept locked. It opens at the schedule timings- 6:00 am to 11:00 am, lack of proper storage and parking to the fishermen.

Figure 23 / Carter Road / https://www.bandrabuzz.com/

6.2.2 Loss of language

The major global concern that has arisen from urbanization is the elimination of language could be linked to the loss of meaning of a place, place attachment, place identity

6.2.2.1 Engulfed

One of the prominent characteristics of designing urban spaces is the concept of “contextualism’

“Contextualism is a somewhat pompous architectural term developed in the 1980s to describe a well-developed and widely agreed belief that buildings and building developments should be in context with their settings”. (Trombley, 1998) The banganga tank has been severely transformed by being virtually engulfed by haphazard highrise development and the obvious problem of slum encroachment in the environs losing its spatial essence new settlements dominate any form of scale of enclosure, thus, destroying the symbol of communal memory that the banganga tank holds.

Figure 24 / Evolution of Banganaga tank / Source - Thedesignarchitect

6.2.2.2 Mass production.

The repetition of identical spaces is not a symbol of progress but rather, difference is a symbol of expression and diversity that is more important nowadays.

‘To achieve distinctiveness and avoid Disneyfication’ (Harvey 1989)

The technological development contributed to efficiency in production. This did not only influence the way we conceive our surrounding but also our understanding of architecture. Due to the importance of productive and economic efficiency, the relation between difference and repetition in architecture has disappeared. Real estate contributors are now mass profiting off the fallacious marketing of a better lifestyle for consumers through one repeated typology with no respect to distinct site factors or orientation. Through this way the virtual world is overtaking the physical reducing the need for senses in favour of convenience and productivity. Society now focuses more on speed, while they have lost the main aim of experiencing life and the sense of time and space, and in fact, architecture is now designed as an

image, losing the different layers of perception.

The idea of an image has caused architecture to be the result of a nice photograph that flattens metaphysical reality of a place, the tectonic logic and materiality of architecture. The importance given by architects to the vision in urban planning has led to a contemporary city that is ‘the city of the eye’. Thus, the experience and architecture have converted into image products without existential contact with the surroundings.

Project - Sabarmati Riverfront, Ahmedabad

Project intent

The project was supposed to become an active public realm with technical aims as a supporting function A lot of residential and market components were displaced for the spaces as said above to be created. Of all the markets only the two were provided a space back by the river stretch emergence of newer markets due to recreational zones was not taken into account.

Positives

 Made the unusable patch into a usable zone  Integrated with the promenade  connects city to the river

Negatives  Destroys the water ecology  Massive displacement and rehabilitation  Heavy maintenance required  Location prioritized on the basis of vehicular nodes and traffic pattern

Provision of fuctions in area in %

17%

28%

19%

19% 17%

Road Gardens Multiuse Public Purposes Open space

 Displacement of informal settlemets  Displacement of redevelopment of dhobi ghats  Development of bazaar  Lining most of the river’s edge with vehicular roads  The entire project had ‘riverfront roads’ as an integral facet of the development The recreational and economic development under the influence of globalization however, is not enough to sustain the project without the consideration of local contexts

6.3 Sea level rise

‘In earlier times we shaped our edges to fit in our rivers, now we are shaping our rivers to fit the size of our vessels’

Variations in climatic characteristics both in space and time are responsible for the problem of rising sea level from the expansion of warmer waters which could slowly swallow our edges and our communities. Flooding in Mumbai is a modern concept and resulted from the development of the myriad pans, tanks, and mudflats that used to accommodate the deluge. But with the emergence of the modern city, the natural hydrology and culture of infiltration was forgotten. (Cuhna, n.d.)

Storm surges

“Cities have sacrificed its ecology for development” .

In Mumbai the wateredges are tucked under real estate projects, industry, and state infrastructure-railways, roads and city’s airport, and choked, the city’s water networks at various strategic points. Every monsoon, the city floods. “Even between 2005 and now, the built-up area in these neighbourhoods has increased without any regard to open spaces and flow of water. There is just too much concrete, so where will the water go?” he says. Srivastava points this concern over rapid construction over wateredges. “This whole craze for ‘sea facing’ apartments has led to a serious increase in the number of high-rise buildings and rampant concretization close to the sea,” he says. “And it puts entire localities in a very vulnerable position.” Even the new Waterfront development projects have been promoted in the name of flood control, beautification, and urban development and designing that are taking place for wateredges haven’t considered the ecology of the surroundings like The Rs 100-crore Sabarmati transformation provided Ahmedabad with a 10-kmplus waterfront that serves as a large public space but has also been criticized for being ecologically unsound.“Having a nice picnic spot is not the same as having a good river,” says Himanshu Thakkar of the South Asian Network of Dams, Rivers and People for the over use of concrete and reducing the biodiversity,alter ecology and destroy floodplains. Even Chitale, who sees the Sabarmati project as a success, says that “wherever possible, the river banks should be kept natural, with mangroves and trees that provide a natural filtering of silt and waste.” This filtering is part of natural wateredges of what experts call a river’s “ecosystem services”—the critical, if often invisible, functions performed by a river system including absorption of floods, replenishing aquifers, and selfcleaning crucial to consider while designing For most ecologists, restoration of

flood plains, water flow, and riverine vegetation is critical to reviving a river.

“There has to be a balance between environment, social, and economic

needs,” says Gautam Kirtane of Mumbai First, who has studied the Mithi River. “You can’t have engineering solutions in isolation. But you also can’t have no development at all”. (Kirtane, n.d.)

Figure 25 / Sabarmati during Storm surges / Source -https://indianexpress.com/

Rising sea level

Global sea levels have been steadily rising, but this process has been accelerated over the last century due to global warming, global ice volume, ocean heating, and other processes. It is subjective to predict, and different regions will be affected by rising sea levels and storms at different degrees based on their local climate and geology. Coastal cities like Mumbai are in low-lying areas and prone to land subsidence, they are more vulnerable to coastal flooding and will only become more vulnerable in the face of rising sea-levels and more frequent storms. Cities, therefore, need to adapt themselves The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that global sea levels could rise around 20-70 cm before the end of the 21st century, but many argue that these figures are far too conservative and that sea level rise over the last few decades has already exceeded the best case projections, countries all over the world are preparing themselves for defence from the sea. With 6700 kilometers of coastline, India is under a severe threat. Our survival depends not in resisting the environmental changes that have already been set into motion. But accepting them and using this knowledge to minimize the destruction that will most definitely ensue from the disruption of the environmental balance. Likewise, climate change is no longer something which can be ignored and these environmental changes are directly affecting the livelihoods of Indian fishermen resulting into migration and shifting far from the edges.

6.4 Policies

Ownership of land along the wateredges is held by various government authorities, such as the Collector, Mumbai Port Trust (MPT), Airport Authority of India (AAI),Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), (AAI) Airport Authority of India (BBRT) Bandra Bandstand Residents’ Trust (BMC) Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BNHS) Bombay Natural History Society (BRAVO) Bandra Reclamation Area Volunteers Association (BWRA) Bandra West Residents' Association (CRZ) Coastal Regulation Zone (DCR) Development Control Regulation (DP) Development Plan (FSI) Floor Space Index (INTACH) Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (MMRDA) Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MoEF) Ministry of Environment and Forests (MPLAD) Member of Parliament Local Area Development Fund (MPT) Mumbai Port Trust (OCRA) Oval Cooperage Residents' Association (PIL) Public Interest Litigation (SRD) Slum Redevelopment (SRS) Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (TDR) Transfer of Development Right (UDD) Urban Development Department (ULCA) Urban Land Ceiling Act In Mumbai’s context the clashes between laws are visible it is interesting to see that both the Coastal Regulatory Zone policy advocating a strong environmental preservation path and the Industrial relocation policy have largely supported repurposing of city’s abandoned industrial site to support environmental causes. And yet a large part of Mumbai’s wateredges continues to be dominated by largely unregulated industrial/commercial uses on land owned by a central government agency. On the other hand The CRZ policy restricts any construction within 500 m of the high tide line along the coastline of the country There are, however, several slums on the wateredges while 10-20 per cent of the slums are covered by the Slum Redevelopment (SRD).and Five-star hotels and resorts have been constructed in violation of CRZ, as at Land's End in Bandra and Madh and Marve islands.Furthermore Under the guise of redevelopment, private developers and builders, with the support of the government, are trying to build houses along the coastline in violation of the objective of the CRZ — that of restricting further congestion of the coastline, and check further pollution and abuse. The Nivara Hakk Suraksha Samiti, a Non-Government Organisation (NGO) striving for housing as a right since 1986, has proposed that in order to improve the liveability of slums along the coast, the slum dwellers should be allowed to reconstruct their houses within the CRZ guidelines and the services and infrastructure be made available to them by the government Thus to avoid such clashes between so many authorities that takes a toll on the overaal development of wateredge there should be

“A single Mumbai Waterfront Development Authority should be created with comprehensive charge.” As suggested by P.K.Das

6.5 Inference

Through phases of wateredge

phases of wateredges from decline to revival can be recognized into four stages.  The appearance of the wateredges, which is the period of initial development, creation of human settlement and early infrastructure in shoreline areas.

 The growth and development of wateredges, in which the activities taking place have boosted the economy leading to the rapid development of the wateredges. New infrastructure for transport is created and industry and transportation are primary uses of the area.

Congestion and environment pollution start to appear.  The decline of the wateredges, as due to different needs industries are moved and city ports cities lose their primary function. This led to the deterioration of city wateredges,lack of accessibility and to derelict and abandoned waterfronts.

 The rediscovery and renewal of the waterfront, with governments and private investors attempting to rehabilitate neglected areas and to mend the loss of connection but with limited ecological concerns

Stages

Stage 1 Symbol City Water

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Figure 26 / Phases of wateredge Interaction with the city / Source - Author Characterstics

Appearance of wateredge settlemets

Development of ports, industries and warehouses on edges

Decline of waterdges

Rediscovery of wateredges

The urban growth and land reclamation processes affect public accessibility on the waterfront, both physically and socially, the relationship between the urban areas and the water is repeatedly changed.Through time and transformation, the traditional waterscape and its inherent Indianness is gradually fading away. The identities of vibrant wateredges are lost to misplaced aspiration and imported perceptions.New spaces are continually being created on the wateredges and others are displaced far from it. This study is an attempt to understand why those spaces were created, how they are displaced and how they are being consumed both socially and economically After analysing the influences of each phase on waterdges one can understand what the wateredges were lacking in the past, in the present and how will the demands keeps changing in the coming future The great importance attached to the wateredge development lies in the fact that the way it can be designed to suit - the functional, psychological, physiological, context, symbolism, memories, historical trails, and socioeconomic attributes of the society.

This study summarizes the past and the potential drawbacks can affect the functionality of the wateredges for these concerns a framework is created that will assist the incorporation of design for a better performance of the wateredges.

CHAPTER 5

D e s i g n

5. Design

"Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context - a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in an environment, an environment in a city plan." Eliel Saarinen

7.1 Integration

Wateredge design is not only essential in developing and maintaining selfidentity of the city, but also has a significant effect on human wellbeing and behaviour (Ujang & Shuhana, 2012). While the wateredge influences selfidentity, people also tend to create, change or maintain their physical surroundings in the way which reflect themselves. In addition to physical setting, it include message and meanings that people perceive based on their roles, experiences, expectation and motivations (White et al., 2008).Hence, the physical environment of the wateredge is a reflection of the identity of its users. This provides human with a feeling of belonging to the environment, instead of just passing through it. It allows people to avoid monotonous culture in this globalised world. It encourages the human experience in a landscape, the local knowledge and traditional stories about the wateredge. It is important to allow a person to have a connection to their past to give them a strong sense, comfort and meaning to their environment. Therefore, wateredge design can contributes to satisfaction and attachment and an important factor in maintaining the quality of life and environment

The parameters taken into consideration for the case studies in this regards are users’ association with the given wateredge over a considerably long time, sense of belongingness amongst the community, and overall connectivity with the city.

Figure 27 / Chicago Riverwalk / Source- https://www.archdaily.com/ Project- Chicago Riverwalk / Chicago Department of Transportation.

“one can incorporate a higher aesthetic on the wateredges while also promoting mass usage and participation”

Location: Chicago, IL Architects: Ross Barney Architects Year of construction: Phase 1 completed 2009: Phase 2 completed May 2015: Phase 3 completed October 2016

Design motive The planning of the Chicago riverwalk successfully achieves its sole purpose bring the vibrancy and vitality of the city’s wateredges. And to return access to the river.

Figure 28 / Site plan

Figure 29 / Site Plan showing the layout with respect to the functions

Challenges

As the city shifted and changed through the centuries from the industrial to civic and beyond, so too has the perception of the water, after many decades of industrial and waste water use rendered it polluted, unsightly, and often unpleasant to be near. There were technical challenges to the realization of the riverwalk which the design team understood and accounted for in this early stage of design

 Level difference between the edge and the waterbody.

 River traffic within each block to allow rest and emergency pull-offs.

 Limited build-out for design.

 River fluctuations and occasional flooding that limits public access during flood events and requires maintenance for post-event clean-up.

Figure 30 / Challenges of chicago riverfront / https://www.arch2o.com/chicago-riverwalk-chicago-department-oftransportation/

Opportunities Turning these challenges into opportunities, the team imagined new ways of thinking about this linear wateredge.  The design included the river’s annual flood dynamics of nearly seven feet.  Rather than a path composed of 90-degree turns, the team reconceived of the path as a more independent system—one that, through changes in its shape and form, would drive a series of new programmatic connections to the river. These spaces include:

The Marina Plaza

Restaurants and outdoor seating provide views of vibrant life on the water, including passing barges, patrols, water taxis, and sightseeing boats.

The Cove

Inspired by beach landscapes, the flat concrete benches are reminiscent of beach stones, while the planting concept was beach grasses and wetland plants near the edge and trees with woodland ferns in the corners

The River Theater

A sculptural staircase linking Upper Wacker and the Riverwalk offers pedestrian connectivity to the water’s edge and seating, while trees provide greenery and shade.

The Water Plaza

water feature offers an opportunity for children and families to engage with water at the river’s edge.

The Jetty

A series of piers and floating wetland gardens offer an interactive learning environment about the ecology of the river, including opportunities for fishing and identifying native plants. The jetty also incorporates several innovation and low- cost features- Lunkers,curtains and hules- that ensures a great experience for those species who live

below the surface

 Created diverse programming opportunities that respond to different portions of the river, exploring urban river typologies.  Creatively adapted underutilized wateredge infrastructure into a highly integrated, sustainable, flood-resilient downtown amenity.  Offer a continuous car-free environment that connects a series of distinct community spaces at the river’s edge.  Greater emphasis on flexible, paved spaces along the path to become greener and more intimate suggesting more use by locals, or tourists on a stroll.  Offers an experience of both continuity and variety. Within the unbroken flow of the walkway and consistent use of materials,

Figure 31 / Design Interventions with the challenges faced on site

Figure 32 / Site plan showing the accessibility to the riverfront

Through all these interventions the Chicago Riverwalk managed to reinvent its identity a. Taking everything into account while designing it at designing phase itself and not relocating the existing functions far from it just to beautify it Chicago has now become a hotspot for tourism globally. The improvements on its wateredge have been one of the major reason behind this as now both locals and tourists are able to fully enjoy the shores in a multitude of manners.

Figure 33 / disabled friendly environment Figure 34 / Consideration of the ecosystem

For a wateredge to be sustainable in terms of design the principles followed in the project follows a) wateredge being a part of the urban fabric b) Integration of mixed land, sectors of class, functions use along the wateredge c) Wateredges should be conceived as an integral part of the existing city and it should contribute to its vitality. d) Identity of the users e) To allow the user to have a connection to their past through the revival of wateredges

7.2 Multifunctional

Experience – Beyond the frame.

The role of intimate relation with water and human on the wateredge could deliver a more holistic experience

According to plasma, vision is the fastest sense that is up to date with the fast development of technology. Due to which, the remaining senses are now disconnected from reality acknowledging this very fact designers should build through the embodied experience i.e. The importance of good quality architectural design - form, scale, material, height, and style - which also plays a vital role in shaping the built environment for a better humanistic link towards the water Christopher Alexander (1987: 74) argued that one of the failures of urban development has been that the “road network comes first, buildings come second, and pedestrian space comes third. The correct sequence is just the opposite: pedestrian space first, buildings second and roads third”. The literature review of wateredge redevelopment also clearly showed that the above rule can be applied in the same way. San Francisco did not fix the Embarcadero Elevated Freeway after it was damaged in the earthquake of 1989, instead it was demolished in 1994 to allow for a better humanistic link between the dense and busy districts of the city and the wateredge Charles Moore in his book “Water and Architecture” points out that the key to understanding the water of architecture is to understand the architecture of water – What physical law governs its behaviour and how liquid acts and reacts with our senses,. The nature of water can though in soft,in its potential can make the most of its form, transparency, reflectivity, sound, movement, refractivity, and color These examination of the macro and micro-scale characteristics of the wateredges for the experience finally leads to the overall spatio-functional characteristics.

Figure 35 / San Francisco Embarcadero Elevated Freeway / Source - https://www.sfchronicle.com/

“It is an ecosystem reacting to its environment a fragment of living earth, inviting the fauna and the flora of the floral biodiversity to come and make its nest in the city” Tesla

Figure 36 / Project-Brooklyn Bridge Park Project-Brooklyn Bridge Park

“When we were planning Brooklyn Bridge Park [BBP], people kept telling us how much they wanted to be able to touch the water,” Says BBP’s designer,

The parameters taken into consideration for the case studies in this regards are to understand and to react to the aquatic life and water dynamics through the edges. Similar geographical Location and condition to Mumbai - The designers also understood that the park must be durable, as the low-lying site faces daily tidal pressures and occasional storm-driven floods of the East River.

Figure 37 / Site plan / Source- https://www.mvvainc.com/

Beyond the frame Brooklyn Bridge Park is a success because its designers embraced the realities of the site when they envisioned what the park could become. The constructed ecologies are not designed as pure nature, but part of an urban experience, and for this reason they thrive in the heart of a populous city. Hundreds of New Yorkers can gather for a summer film festival while a delicately calibrated salt marsh community grows only a few feet away. The provision of things for people to do, not just things to see, has helped form a loyal local constituency and regular users from throughout the city and beyond, ensuring that the park has the broad base of support it needs to be an enduring cultural institution. At Pier One, the capture cascades through water gardens — a pond and terraced wetland that double as a gravity-fed, natural treatment system. The runoff, from paths, landscape, and the development parcels’ rooftops, is stored in five subterranean cisterns of up to 140,000 gallons each. New York has a combined sewer system, which carries wastewater from buildings and stormwater runoff in the same pipes. During heavy rains, overflow of such

outmoded systems is common, dumping untreated automotive and biological pollutants into rivers. But here, by contrast, the rainwater is captured and recycled on-site, satisfying 70 percent of BBP’s irrigation needs. (Associates, n.d.)

Less maintenance

A large share of the park's irrigation demand is met through reuse of site stormwater.

Andrew Blum has defined as a “a concern for ecological processes that is not merely illustrative, treating nature as if it were a museum exhibit, but rather that is necessarily rooted in a holistic understanding of site ecology.”

Adaptive reuse

Park benches are made from wood salvaged from demolished shipping terminal buildings on the site and retaining the steel frame of the warehouse that once occupied the pier, designers left the original concrete deck at the perimeter exposed, to create a promenade. Passing across this rough industrial edge and through the steel of the warehouse, you enter a green oasis. Part of the park's rugged authenticity comes from use of salvaged materials, including stone from a dismantled city bridge for the Granite at Pier 1 and bench slats made from aged yellow pine beams of demolished site buildings. New materials and fixtures were chosen for durability in an urban coastal environment, inevitably referencing former industrial uses, from galvanized steel and stone riprap common in marine ports to naturally rot-resistant locust fence posts. Transforming the industrialized shoreline was a challenge for the designers, but they also found opportunities in the remnant port infrastructure.

Figure 38 / Water management and reuse Diagram

Figure 39 / Seating and material / Source - https://waterfrontalliance.org/

Materials

lightweight geofoam blocks- To build topography on this flat surface without overloading the structure designed to withstand water inundation Stone riprap banks became an especially versatile tool. Riprap is inexpensive and better than impervious walls at absorbing tides and storm surges, and it can be sculpted into a myriad of usable forms. Lending a material coherence to the entire site, it provides informal seating, steeply graded slopes for boat launches and abrupt elevation changes, sheltered planting pockets, improved marine habitat, and breakwaters for sensitive intertidal ecologies.

Layout Hillocks and gentle rises lend this park-within-a-park a bowl shape, and define its expansive central lawn, which is flanked by meandering paths, an open event plaza, and the labyrinthine Discovery Garden, with its funhouse mirrors and “whisper room.” In plan, the lawn resembles an amoeba, with numerous curvy nooks, perfect for small private gatherings and picnics. “We had never heard of social distancing when we designed the park,” says Van Valkenburgh. “But the concept was there—in the public realm, many of us like to have separation.” Low cedar dune fencing appears to be holding back dense growth as if to prevent it from jumping out onto the tamed grass

Topography Not merely noise attenuating, the topography strategically directs stormwater into filtering swales and drain inlets Microclimate

MVVA used a resilient, salt-tolerant plant palette that includes bayberry, beach rose, witch hazel, switch grass, and quaking aspen. Juniper brings yearround greenery. The horticultural staff here is deeply invested in ecology, says Siebenmorgen: Brooklyn Bridge Park is managed organically, irrigation is used sparingly—largely to help establish new plantings—and maintenance is adjusted according to such things as pollination studies, which might, for example, indicate when to prune. This jibes well with MVVA’s “natural and rowdy” general aesthetic, says Siebenmorgen. “Plants are not sitting clipped and well-behaved in the corner,” he says. “They brush up against your ear or touch your arm—it’s about that kind of physical interaction.” While larger plantings—oak, black cherry, coffee trees, lindens, and hedgerows—are inland, moving toward the waterfront, the scale comes down with scrubby specimens such as sea kale, sassafrass, salt shrub, Mauntauk daisy, and beach pea. The overall effect is that of an accelerated trip through a chain of microclimates: from forest to meadow to headland. (Siebenmorgen, n.d.)

Figure 40 / Source - https://waterfrontalliance

Shift of the vantage point Beyond the human realm to understand the co-existence of the ecological habitants and the human habitants.

Use of soil

A large share of the park's irrigation demand is met through reuse of site stormwater. Hedgerow and understory areas are densely planted with small-caliper trees and shrubs, easing establishment and allowing natural succession to determine a well-adapted species composition over time. To further minimize environmental impact, organic soil-release fertilizers, made from fish emulsion and natural minerals, were used during construction, instead of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides — a policy adopted in the park’s ongoing maintenance.

Figure 41 / Multifunctional rip rap for seating

7.3 Resilient

“Resilience is defined through - innovation, equity, regeneration and protection” .

Ecologically ethical

Parameter taken into consideration for the case study was to understand how an ecological ethical wateredge development can bridge the gap between the development and environment. Wateredges can serve as important wildlife corridors, while maintaining biodiversity. Project -The Qingpu Wetlands

Figure 42 / Qingpu Wetlands / Source -http://urbanlabglobalcities.blogspot.com/2010/12/new-qingpu-wetlands-designproposal

Location- 30km south-east of downtown, Qingpu, Shanghai

Design process The park first developed plants, water, and land. Then, respectfully around and between these elements, they designed the Path of Experience, weaving up to 4m above ground (Cassell, 2012)

Edges as porous boundaries

For water

“When there’s a storm surge, it creates an enormous amount of energy,” Mr. Cassell said. “Wetlands absorb that energy and protect the coastline.”

Figure 43 / Porosity for water/ Source- http://urbanlabglobalcities To initiate the system of overflow ponds at various points along the stretch, preventing floods by buying time for the water to move out.

During rainy periods, the rainwater is collected at the lower areas and purified by plants and natural filter systems. After rainstorms, surplus water drains away into the river. The collected water nourishes the park and, during the dry seasons, river water can be directed into the wetlands to be purified and used for natural irrigation. The wetland assures the purity of the water and provides the basis for an ecological park. This is especially

Plants used: Locally grown plants only, with strong anti-reversion forces, capacities of purification, comprehensive usable value and thus following the principles of sustainability

For humans

The wetlands are connected in nonintrusive ways to surrounding urban areas by bus and ferry.The park shows ways how to simply regenerate local natural habitats, and make them accessible and attractive. Even the disabled and elderly have the opportunity to enjoy and gain a new understanding of plants and wildlife, while creating new sensitivity for current issues like pollution and sustainability.

Technical challenges and services The chemical waste is purified at the edge itself a park that would naturally clean the polluted water through bioremediation.

Figure 44 / Porosity for humans through functions / Source- http://urbanlabglobalcities

Inference

Mumbai is one of the few cities in the world where over 70 sq km of creeks and mangroves coexist with the city's land mass. A proven natural barrier against high tides, cyclonic winds and coastal erosion, their environs also represent unused potential for the development of ecologically-sensitive public open spaces. The city stands to gain approximately 33 km of boardwalks and promenades in the process. By creating these spaces alongside ecologically rich creeks and mangroves, we open them to public vigilance and therefore greater protection too. Even the promenades dominated by paving and concrete can be shaped to harvest runoff from paved surfaces and collect waste water from the buildings to provide local supplies of recycled water. And where the boundaries are created by the plants and not by the rigid wall. It is crucial to design new developments that can accommodate and direct flood water through the porous edges using strategic open spaces and corridors to minimize damage to valuable infrastructure and cause storm surges.

Figure 45 / Interventions that can be applied on edges of Mumbai / Source- Google

“Sustainability is a subject that commits everyone, as individuals or as peoples, not just in environmental and economic practices but also in the defence of our cultural and ethnic differences.”(green lines institute , 2007 )

Figure 46 / Project - The big U, New York

"It's about making the cities more flexible," she added. "How do we utilise these spaces that sometimes are wet, sometimes are dry?" (Rijke, 2012)

Figure 47 / Park wall vs. fortified wall / Source - architectmagazine Design intent To increase the resiliency of the edges to protect the city against current and future storm surges.

Context specific The design acts as string of pearls of social and environmental amenities customized to their specific neighbourhoods, which will also shield their hinterlands from flooding.

Figure 48 / Site Plan

Reverse aquariumThe form is derived from the flood protection at the water-oriented design that would be a maritime museum or an environmental education facility that features a ‘reverse aquarium’ which enables visitors to observe tidal variations and rises in sea level providing an effective flood barrier. The answer is not creating a huge concrete wall around the city. The proposal is to form the “Big U” a ring of park/flood management areas around the south end of Manhattan which will serve as public spaces most of the time and then capture and mitigate flood waters during extreme storm

Figure 49 / Usage during the storm surge / Source -https://www.architectmagazine.com/

layout The team envisions the layout into three compartments that function independently to provide flood protection. Each compartment comprises a physically discrete flood-protection zone that can be isolated from flooding in adjacent zones. At the same time, each presents opportunities for integrated social and community planning. The compartments work in unison to protect and enhance the city, yet each compartment’s proposal is designed to stand on its own.

Figure 50 /Source -https://www.architectmagazine

7.4 Holistic and empathetic approach

Mumbai has often faced the challenge of balancing between environment and development in their planning of wateredges. The coastal city have fragile environment requiring their conservation as an environmental agenda. The Government of India has notified CRZ areas with a view to achieve it. “Water is a defining force that fundamentally shapes the character of each place it touches. The role of water in transport, industry, sanitation and nourishment made it the raison d’etre of human settlement. It is a feature to be honoured and celebrated - not to be treated merely as cosmetic or as just a commodity”. (Centre, 2002) Water is not simply a material element in the production of cities but is also a critical aspect to the social production of a place. Water directs a series of connectivity between the body and the city, between social and bio-physical systems, between the evolution of water networks and capital flow, between the visible and invisible dimensions to urban cities

Therefore, a one-size-fits-all definition for ‘Wateredge’ or ‘Wateredge Development’ may not be applicable

‘the new waterfront, a worldwide urban success story’, breen and rigby (1996) suggest typologies whilst mentioning that aspects from each one could be combined. In detail the following are mentioned.  commercial redevelopment a tourist pole of attraction providing various bars, restaurants, hotels, shops, open markets along the shoreline  historical redevelopment focusing on the presentation, restoration reinvention and modernisation of the existing infrastructure  Cultural, educational and environmental redevelopment museums, theatres, open concert spaces, aquariums, ecologic and technological parks are created targeting both specific and general audiences.

 residential development one of the most challenging endeavours as it attempts to connect the privacy of the home and the public coast, sometimes creating a barriers between the city and the waterfront  recreational redevelopment organising outdoor paths area,piers,restaurants and cafes targeting a wide range of users

Figure 51 / An illustration of many possibilities that could have made the development of Sabarmati much humane (architecture) in nature and given an identity to the city considering the informal sectors too

Figure 52 / Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha strategy of approaching the edge through the idea of wetness provides an extended illustration of the design strategies /Source- Soak: Mumbai in an Estuary

‘An estuary demands gradients not walls, fluid occupations not defined by land use, negotiated moments not hard edges. In short it demands the

accommodation of the sea not the war against it…’ (soak-Mumbai-in-anestuary, n.d.)

From what has been studied so far, it can be concluded that the redevelopment and regeneration of the wateredges acts as a representative example showcasing the ability of each city to take advantage of new opportunities, to recreate, reimagine and to adapt to new prevailing technologies. There are numerous parameters that need to be accounted for during planning.The relationship between water and the edge environment, requires a multifaceted approach integrated planning and investment in time and money. It depends in each case on the design and overall approach of every individual project.

The principles mentioned by giovinazzi and moretti (2010,pp.58-59) are the followings: 1. “secure the quality of water and the environment” 2. “Waterfronts are part of the existing urban fabric” 3. “The historic identity gives character 4. “Mixed use is a priority” 5. “Public access is a prerequisite” 6. “Planning in public private partnerships speeds the process” 7. “Public participation is an element of sustainability” 8. “Waterfronts are long term projects” 9. “Re-vitalization is an ongoing process

Conclusion

“Watereges not as an external entity but something that suggests multiple existence within”

Through the examination of this research it is clear that the wateredges always attracted human settlements. It is a combination of a manmade environment and the natural elements, pause point between the city and water. The water represents a community heritage and its intersection with the edges demonstrates different aspects of urban social and private life. The wateredge therefore, has a great influence on how the city is designed, structured, its character and the emotions it evokes. Even the smallest scale of the wateredge i.e. the wells have a strong cultural connect within different communities in Mumbai. The legends and histories surrounding them only make them more fascinating objects of history The current condition does not support this relationship which is resulted in the loss of attachment to water as a source of meaning and sustenance. Place attachment has a significant contribution to the sense of ownership of a place. With the lack of attachment to the wateredge, have become inaccessible and hence neglected

Urban wateredge regeneration has become a global phenomenon in the 21st century. However, this can have both positive and negative effects on the city. It can either attract more locals and tourists, create more employment opportunities, Generate good transport connections, provide varied functions and uses around the wateredge and promote the adaptive reuse of historical buildings or on the other hand, unthoughtful regeneration can also make waterfronts extremely commercial, standardised, without character and essentially no identity. Furthermore, in some cases heritage is casted out to maximise possible profits, as well as poorest of poor population are neglected. The way to go forward is to design a holistic wateredge regeneration that is not just survivable but also liveable- by being aware of this potential clash of interests between development objectives and environmental concerns and lastly to identify wateredges as an expressive element in urban cities.

“Ideally what would happen is that you would break down the wall and allow people access to the water,” says Dalvi. “But you allow everyone access to the water, not only those who own the land. Transform it in ways that can move people to the sea, that can make people interact, that can bring people together,” (Mustansir Dalvi, a professor of architecture at the Sir J. J. College of Architecture in Mumbai)

CHAPTER 6

S i t e

6.Site

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8. Figures and Tables

Figure 1 / Shifting / Source- Dantom........................................................................................4 Figure 2 / source of life / Source - Author...............................................................................11 Figure 3 / edges as cosmological and mythological fronts / Source- Author.........................12 Figure 4 / Source AR.Jhanvi Parikh........................................................................................14 Figure 5 (source- author).........................................................................................................16 Figure 6 / Source - Pinterest and Author.................................................................................19 Figure 7 / Taj lake palace........................................................................................................20 Figure 8 / Source - Parshva Palkhiwala...................................................................................20 Figure 9 / showing the activities performed on the wateredges /source- Parshva Palkhiwala ..................................................................................................................................................21 Figure 10 / reflections of Human settlements / Source - Autho..............................................23 Figure 11 / Illustration of the liveability – Worli koliwada vs Worli high rise buildings / Source- Author.........................................................................................................................26 Figure 12 / / Illustration of Banganga tank / Source- Author .................................................27 Figure 13 / Illustration of built wateredge vs. unbuilt wateredge / Source- Author................28 Figure 14 / Illustration of transportation edges as streets and nodes / Source- Author...........29 Figure 15 / Illustration Traditional occupation of fishing vs. industries on the wateredges / Source - Author........................................................................................................................30 Figure 16 / Source- Author .....................................................................................................35 Figure 17 / Source - Author.....................................................................................................37 Figure 18 / Source-Author ......................................................................................................39 Figure 19 / Dimensions of Place attachment by Raymond et al.2010 / Source- Author....41 Figure 20 / Source- Google.....................................................................................................43 Figure 21 / Series of photos to show the current conditions of the edges / Source - , Author45 Figure 22 / Abuse through Urbanization / Source - Google Images.......................................46 Figure 23 / Carter Road / https://www.bandrabuzz.com/.......................................................49 Figure 24 / Evolution of Banganaga tank / Source - Thedesignarchitect ...............................50 Figure 25 / Sabarmati during Storm surges / Source -https://indianexpress.com/..................55 Figure 26 / Phases of wateredge Interaction with the city / Source - Author.........................59 Figure 27 / Chicago Riverwalk / Source- https://www.archdaily.com/..................................62 Figure 28 / Site plan................................................................................................................63 Figure 29 / Site Plan showing the layout with respect to the functions..................................63 Figure 30 / Challenges of chicago riverfront / https://www.arch2o.com/chicago-riverwalkchicago-department-of-transportation/ ....................................................................................64 Figure 31 / Design Interventions with the challenges faced on site........................................66 Figure 32 / Site plan showing the accessibility to the riverfront ............................................66 Figure 33 / disabled friendly environment Figure 34 / Consideration of the ecosystem...............................................................................................67 Figure 35 / San Francisco Embarcadero Elevated Freeway / Source https://www.sfchronicle.com/..................................................................................................68 Figure 36 / Project-Brooklyn Bridge Park...............................................................................70

Figure 37 / Site plan / Source- https://www.mvvainc.com/....................................................71 Figure 38 / Water management and reuse Diagram................................................................72 Figure 39 / Seating and material / Source - https://waterfrontalliance.org/............................73 Figure 40 / Source - https://waterfrontalliance .......................................................................74 Figure 41 / Multifunctional rip rap for seating .......................................................................75 Figure 42 / Qingpu Wetlands / Source http://urbanlabglobalcities.blogspot.com/2010/12/new-qingpu-wetlands-design-proposal....77 Figure 43 / Porosity for water/ Source- http://urbanlabglobalcities........................................78 Figure 44 / Porosity for humans through functions / Source- http://urbanlabglobalcities......79 Figure 45 / Interventions that can be applied on edges of Mumbai / Source- Google............80 Figure 46 / Project - The big U, New York ............................................................................82 Figure 47 / Park wall vs. fortified wall / Source - architectmagazine.....................................83 Figure 48 / Site Plan................................................................................................................83 Figure 49 / Usage during the storm surge / Source -https://www.architectmagazine.com/....84 Figure 50 /Source -https://www.architectmagazine................................................................84 Figure 51 / An illustration of many possibilities that could have made the development of Sabarmati much humane (architecture) in nature and given an identity to the city considering the informal sectors too............................................................................................................86 Figure 52 / Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha strategy of approaching the edge through the idea of wetness provides an extended illustration of the design strategies /Source- Soak: Mumbai in an Estuary...........................................................................87