Regulation of the Economy 3.1: Supplement to the Future of Regulation Guidebook

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Ta x e s a n d fe e s a re , p e rh a p s , a m o n g t h e o ld e s t fo rm s o f re g u la t io n . To e a rly “r u le r s ” s u c h m e c h a n is m s o ff e re d , o f c o u r s e , t h e a d v a n ta g e o f g e n e ra t in g re v e n u e fo r s o c ie ta l o p e ra t in g c o s t s . E a rly fo rm s o f te n in v o lv e d m a n y fo rm s o f c o e rc io n a n d to d a y m ig h t s e e m lik e “t rib u te ” o r “p ro te c t io n ra c k e t s ”. B u t b e fo re lo n g t h e y b e c a m e p a r t o f t h e b u re a u c ra t ic to o lk it o f d is c o u ra g in g s o m e b e h a v io r s w h ile in c e n t iv iz in g o t h e r s , g u a rd in g e n t r y to t ra d e s a n d p ro fe s s io n s , a n d a llo c a t in g t h e c o s t s o f in f ra s t r u c t u re a n d s e c u rit y in w a y s t h a t m a d e s e n s e to t h o s e in c h a rg e . O t h e r t h a n d e p riv in g s u b je c t s o f life o r lib e r t y , it w a s a ls o o n e t h e fo rm s o f g o v e rn m e n t a c t io n m o s t lik e ly to g e n e ra te re s e n t m e n t a n d re v o lt . W h ile d ie -h a rd o p p o n e n t s o f ta x e s a n d fe e s a re s t ill w it h u s , w e h a v e s e e n o v e r t im e m o re a c c e p ta n c e o f ta x e s a n d fe e s s e t t h ro u g h c o lle c t iv e p ro c e s s e s , b e t h e y m o re o r le s s d e m o c ra t ic o r a u t h o rita ria n .

S o m e p o te n t ia l a r e a s o f r e g u la t io n le n d t h e m s e lv e s to r e la t iv e ly fe w o p t io n s . W ill w e a llo w t h e a c t iv it y , p r o h ib it it , o r a llo w it w it h in c e r t a in lim it s? O t h e r a r e a s o f r e g u la t io n c a ll fo r m o r e c o m p lic a te d s t r u c t u r e s o f s t a n d a r d s a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s t h a t c a ll fo r r e la t iv e ly s o p h is t ic a te d m o n ito r in g a n d c o m p lia n c e e ff o r t s . Ta x e s a n d fe e s s e e m to le n d t h e m s e lv e s to t h e m o r e s t r a ig h t fo r w a r d c a te g o r ie s w h e r e w e s e e k to r e c o u p t h e s o c ia l a n d a d m in is t r a t iv e c o s t s a s s o c ia te d w it h g o v e r n m e n t a l o v e r s ig h t o f a n a c t iv it y . A t t h e s a m e t im e , t h e r e m a y b e o p p o r t u n it ie s to a p p ly s o m e p r in c ip le s o f t a x a t io n a n d fe e s to p a r t s o f r e g u la te d e c o n o m ic a c t iv it y w h e r e t h e d e t a ils o f t h e r e g u la t io n e n t a il s ig n ifi c a n t a d m in is t r a t iv e e x p e n s e . S o m e f a v o r t a x a t io n a n d fe e s o v e r t h e m o r e c o m p lic a te d fo r m s o f r e g u la t io n b e c a u s e o f a p e rc e p t io n t h a t t h e y a r e “le a n e r ” o r “le s s b u r e a u c r a t ic .” W h ile t h e s e ju d g m e n t s m a y o f te n b e in t h e e y e o f t h e b e h o ld e r, t h e r e is c e r t a in ly a c a s e to b e m a d e t h a t p a y in g a o n e -t im e t a x o r fe e m a y b e f a r le s s b u r d e n s o m e t h a n s t u d y in g a h e f t y c o m p lia n c e m a n u a l o r s c h e d u lin g a s e r ie s o f in s p e c to r s o r a u d ito r s . F u r t h e r c o n s id e r a t io n o f t a x e s a n d fe e s in r e g u la t io n r e q u ir e a n u n d e r s t a n d in g o f t h e g o a ls o f t h e p a r t ic u la r fo r m o f r e g u la t io n . If t h e g o a l is to a lto g e t h e r p r o h ib it a n a c t iv it y , t h e n a n o u t r ig h t b a n is m o r e d ir e c t a n d h o n e s t t h a n a n e x c e s s iv e t a x o r fe e t h a t a m o u n t s to a b a n . C o n v e r s e ly , if t h e g o a l is to a s s u r e t h a t t h o s e w is h in g to c a r r y o n a n a c t iv it y h a v e t h e r e s o u rc e s to s e e it to c o m p le t io n , t h e n h ig h fe e s m a y b e in o r d e r. A n d s o m e c o m b in a t io n o f t a x e s a n d fe e s —s o m e s u b s t a n t ia l—m ig h t b e ju s t ifi e d w h e n t h e o b je c t iv e is to m a k e s u r e t h a t t h o s e d e s ir in g to p r o fi t f r o m a n a c t iv it y a r e t h e o n e s p a y in g fo r t h e c o s t s o f r e g u la t in g it .

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