Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill by SWING ARCHITECTS

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water The Ubin Fruit Mill

ABSTRACT Pulau Ubin is a granite island off the northeastern shores of mainland Singapore. Over the course of its traceable history, it housed the granite mining industry and its people from 1840s to 1999. Other primary and commercially scaled enterprises that were introduced, have failed to last. Residents move out of Ubin and Ubin is wholly used for recreation these days. The Studio envisions a ‘Uniquely Ubin’, where the value of Ubin to Singapore is in its ability to be a productive landscape for gourmet and craft food produce. In response to the vision, the thesis proposes the Quarry Collective Master Plan, whereby a network of livelihood and dwellings participates in the production of gourmet food. The study investigates disturbed sites of quarry waterscapes and its surroundings scarred from the days of granite mining. Filled presently to the extent of overflowing, the quarries are natural reservoirs. They yield many opportunities; of which the potential to become a reliable water source for Ubin to thrive, is the motivation for the Quarry Collective and its new dwellers. Fruit trees on Ubin, one of the last remaining symbol of the place, have withstood the test of time and the fruiting seasons continues to tell the story for the island. The thesis further looks into work architecture for fruit processing in one of the four Quarry Collective. Of which the focus of the design lies in three main themes; the journey of water, the journey of fruits and the journey of the visitors. The dichotomy between a fruit mill and the quarry that has been consumed back by nature recollects the relationship granite mining has with the landscape in the past. The architecture is a reminder of Ubin’s industrialized history, a vehicle to stitch up the disturb site and a place that continues to ‘mine’ sustainably the water that nature gifts.

A B B R E V I AT I O N S

ABC WATERS BT Granite HDB

Active, Beautiful and Clean Waters Bukit Timah Granite Housing development Board

MND NParks NPCC OBS PUB Ubin URA

Ministry of National Development National Parks Board National Police Cadet Corps Outward Bound School Public Utilities Board Pulau Ubin Urban Redevelopment Authority

CONTENTS ABSTRACT 5

P rogra mmes of t he Qua rry Col lect ive

A C K N O W L E D G E M ENT 6

T he Fine Fruit Industry CHAPT ER 4/ T HE BRIEF

A B B R E V I AT I O N S 7 CON T E N T S 8 CH A P T E R 1/ I N T R OD UC TION

Architecture brief 11

Funct iona l Brief

V is i o n

Fruit W ine

P re m i s e

W inery Opera t ions & Considera t ions

T h e Va l u e o f U n i qu e ly Ub in T h e Q u a r r y C o l l ec t ive T h e S t o r y o f F r u it s C h a p t e r s O u t l in e CH A P T E R 2/ Q U A R RY 21

Kebun Ka ki Bukit, Jugra hil l, Ma la ysia 45 CHAPT ER 5/ PRECEDENT S & CAS E S T UDIES 49 Architecture, Wa ter a nd Gra nite Singa pore: 4 Na t iona l Ta ps 51 T he ABC Wa ter P rogra mme 51

P u l a u U b i n ’s G r a n it e

Amphibious H ouse, UK 53

T h e G e o l o g y o f Ub in

BACA Architects 53

R e m n a n t s o f a Q u ar r yin g I n d u st r y

Wa ter H ouse, Lijia ng 55

CH A P T E R 3/ O L D WAYS, NEW L IVE L IH OOD 29 H i s t o r y o f a P ro du c t ive Lan d sc ap e

Li Xia odong Atel ier 55 H a t higa on Elepha nt V il la ge 57

Appe n dix C: UNIQUELY UBIN MAS T ER PLAN 113

R a h u l M e h ro t r a ( RMA d e sig n s) 5 7 R e d e s i g n o f t h e Ro man Q u ar r y Disp o se d O p e r a Fest iva ls, S t . M a r g a re t h e n A u st r ia 5 9 K lo n g s , B a n g k o k 6 1

Introduct ion P la nning P roposa l Overview of Ma ster P la n

F l o a t in g G a rd e n s o f t h e A mazo n , A mazo n r ain fo rest, B r a z il 6 3

P ha se Development Growing a Community

C o ca - C o l a E K O CENTER: Wat e r Pu r ifyin g S h ip p in g C o n t a in e r U n it 6 5

exist ing wa ter sources

A ird ro p I r r ig a t io n 6 7

Appe n dix D: GROUP S IT E RES EARCH

G r a v i t a t i o n a l Vor t e x Wat e r Po we r Plan t 6 9

Appe n dix E: S IT E S URVEY I

P u m p e d S t o r a g e S c h e me s F e asib il it y in t h e B T G r a n it e 7 1

Exisit ing Wa ter Sources

F e a s i b i l i t y o f Un d e r g ro u n d Cave r n in B T Gr an it e 73 CON C L U S I O N & D ESIGN

157

Appe n dix G: FRUIT S & FRUIT PROCES S ING

RE F E R E N C E S 77

159

Energy Consumpt ion of Fruit P rocessing

APPENDICES

Sol id Fruit Wa stes

Appe n dix H: T ROPICAL FRUIT WINERY 173

O b s e r v a t io n s & An alyse s A p p e n d i x B : Q U A RRY C OL L EC TIVE MASTE R P L AN

Appe n dix F: S IT E S URVEY II Growing H erbs on Ubin

A p p e n d i x A : B L U E MASTE R P L AN & MAP P INGS

151

104

Gra vity Flow W ine-Ma king 173

01 Introduction

01.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

02.

03.

INTRODUCTION Vision The thesis addresses the resultant quarry waterscapes of Pulau Ubin from a past granite mining industry. The design envisions a collective around the quarries for work and living. Each quarry is the source of life for each collective. Quarry collectives are peppered with livelihood that grew out of each landscapes’ ability to produce a sustenance unique to each land. The vision to have Quarry Collectives create jobs for up to a projected 4275 work and live-in residents may seem like a long throw from today’s 38 residents, but it is not impossible. Pulau Ubin in her heyday of granite mining housed some 6000 residents (Appendix D-3). Livelihood on the island will bring back the people and revive Pulau Ubin, seeing a value for Pulau Ubin to Singapore in the long run.

Premise

01. 02. 03.

Pekan Quarry (Author’s Own) Ubin Quarry (Author’s Own) Balai Quarry (Author’s Own)

The thesis has its premise in the Studio’s Uniquely Ubin Master Plan, proposing a productive landscape for Pulau Ubin. An assessment of the island points to the issue of reliable water sources for island dwellers (Appendix E). Water issue is seen as a challenge to overcome as part of the bigger picture of bringing livelihood back into the island.

Chapter One | Introduction

UNIQUELY UBIN MASTER PLAN

As granites are impermeable rocks, the water level in the quarry has been rising steadily over the years. Several of the smaller and older quarries have since reached a level whereby water has overflown and requires to be channeled out to the sea. The present quarry waterscape has the potential to be a water resource on Pulau Ubin for dwellings and livelihood to thrive.

T h e Va l u e o f U n i q u e l y U b i n The value of Pulau Ubin lies beyond the present state of rustic island charm, heritage and education. The studio sees the value of Ubin in its potential as a productive landscape, producing hand crafted, quality food that is Uniquely Ubin. Craft tropical fruit wine, jams, gourmet mud crabs and oysters to name a few. These craft and gourmet food takes advantage of the island landscape in its farming, natural harvesting and sensitive production. The Uniquely Ubin masterplan for a productive landscape brings back livelihood and dwellings onto the almost vacated island. The “Ubin Way” of interacting and living on the island is one of generating renewable resources, test bedding and a closed loop cycle. The resolution is a sustainable model that takes into consideration the ecological threshold of Pulau Ubin. The full compilation of the Studio’s Uniquely Ubin Master Plan can be read in Appendix C.

Chapter One | Introduction

THE QUARRY COLLECTIVE: BLUE MASTER PLAN

Legend Agriculture Residential Civic Past Kampungs 1 km

The Quarry Collective Each quarry is the identity of each community and every community relies on the different forms of livelihood Ubin’s land can afford. The network of quarry communities are linked up by a blue corridor and will afford resilience to the island in times of need for water. Sensitive ‘industries’ housed along the blue corridor taps on the water resource from the quarry and the storage along the blue corridor to produce quality gourmet or craft food that is uniquely Ubin. The feasibility for the opening up of the quarries to form a network of housing and industries have been studied on site and from old maps to arrive at the proposal. Refer to Appendix A. Dwellings and sensitive ‘industries’ are also sited on previous granite mining scarred lands, abandoned kampongs clearings and previous sites of orchid, fish farms and such that are at present shrublands.

The Story of Fruits Part of the appeal of Pulau Ubin to Singaporeans are the wild durian trees that sees to hoards of knowing locals in July and August every year, on a pilgramage to collect durians in suitcases. Other times of the year, islanders were also seen selling wild jambul, rambutans and such. In order to cover depth in the proposal, the thesis delves into one of the four Quarry Collectives, namely

Chapter One | Introduction

Reservoir

THE QUARRY COLLECTIVE: THE UBIN QUARRY LAND USE PLAN

Sub-surface Wetlands Piping to other Quarry for water resilience

Wei Tou Fa Gong

Stor m Outlet

Puaka Hill

Sub-surface Wetlands Reservoir

Water Treatment Plant Fruit Plantation

Fruit MIll Recreation Center

Piping to other Quarry for water resilience

Herbs and Drink Stall

Per maculture

Reservoir

Reservoir River-scape

Stor m Outlet

Dwellings and Fruit Plantations

Bio-rention swale

the ‘Ubin Quarry Collective’ on the south of Pulau Ubin (refer to appendix B). The project looks into fruit plantation and its related fruit-processing ‘industries’. The land around Ubin Quarry has been recorded with the availability of alluvium soil (refer to chapter two). The architecture becomes a vehicle to stitch up resource use and the landscape. The area around Ubin quarry has some durian trees, durians are pollinated by fruit bats (habitatnews, n.d.) of which, Pulau Ubin houses the nectar bat in mangroves. At the foot of Puaka Hill, the land has a long history of a rubber plantation (refer to Appendix D-2) before it was abandoned and nature took over. Nature in Pulau Ubin has been altered all throughout history. The vision for the island that relies on quarries as a lifeline is a driver for the architecture. The design is a work architecture that is a part of the quarry waterscape and takes on the role of water management and to be in sync with the environment.

Chapters Outline Chapter one is an introduction to the premise and an overview of the thesis question. It precedes the detailed studies in the next few chapters. Chapter two delves into geology of Ubin, granite quarries and it’s potential. Chapter Three explains the past forms of livelihood on the island and proposes the reintroduction of native fruits and related livelihood into the Quarry Collective. Chapter Four states the brief and research by programmes. Chapter Five is a compilation of design precedents that are relevant to the project. Chapter Six concludes the report.

Chapter One | Introduction

04.

02 QUARRY

05.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

06.

07.

QUARRY P u l a u U b i n â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s G r a n i t e In the1990s, Aik Hwa, the last operational quarry, was producing 160-180 tonnes of granite per month. Supplying 30-40% of the main land requirements. Granites were used in the construction of the Horsburgh lighthouse, roads and the Singapore-Johor causeway. Quarry once employed more than 100 workers. The decline of the granite mining industry has a direct correlationship with the dwindling number of residents on Pulau Ubin (refer to Appendix D-3). A number of crushers, primary, secondary and tertiary processed the granite. Crushers were connected by a series of conveyor belts. Reclamation works need 23cm, retaining wall 15-23cm, roads 5cm, granite dust 5mm mixed in concrete is also known as manufactured sand. very harsh working environment. Side effects includes lung damage and loss of hearing. Early 1990s, automation reduced workforce and health risks. 04. 05. 06. 07.

Ubin Quarry from Puaka Hill (Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own) 1992 Quarry at Pulau Ubin (NAS, n.d.) 1992 Old Quarry at Pulau Ubin (NAS, n.d.) 1992 Old Quarry at Pulau Ubin (NAS, n.d.)

Cottage industries selling polished granite slab, tomb stone and granite grinders by malays were popular. They have a method of hewing and treating granite, enabling slabs of it to be cut. (Chua, 2000) Granite from the island was quarried to make floor tiles or jubin in Malay (MND, n.d)

Chapter Two | Quarry

Legend Granite Bedrock 08.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

09.

The Geology of Ubin Ubin is largely made up of granite bedrocks that has been classified as the ‘Bukit Timah Granite’ (BT). It is similar to those found around the central reserve of Singapore (refer to facing page). The granite varies from granite through adsmellite to granodiorite, and several hybrid rocks are included within the formation. Both hornblende- rich granite and biotite - rich granite occur. Zones of norite - granite mixed rocks are also seen. (PWD, 1976) Granite are made up of the minerals quartz, feldspar, Mica. Black mica biotite and the black amphibole hornblende gives the granite the dark colors. Other parts of Ubin is made up of Transitional Member (Kt) ; unsolidated black to blue-grey estuarine mud, muddy sand or sand, often with a high content and peat layer. Littoral member (KI) are well sorted unconsolidated beach and near-shore quartz sand with minor lateritic, shell and lithic fragments. Ironcemented beach rock is also included in this member. Alluvial Member (Ka) is a variable terrestrial sediment ranging from pebble beds through sand, muddy sand, and clay to peat. The member is usually unsolidated but lightly consolidated beds may be found (PWD, 1976). Refer to appendix A-6.

08. Geology Map of Ubin - Adapted from (PWD, 1976) (Refer to Appendix A-6 for details) 09. Granite Type in Singapore (Tint, 2013)

According to the ‘Geology and Building Materials’ mapping adapted from Waller (1990), much of the southern part of Pulau Ubin contains recent alluvium. Alluvium is loose, unconsolidated soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting. In general, alluvium soil is good for crop growth as it contains minerals and nutrients.

Chapter Two | Quarry

10.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

11.

Remnants of a Quarrying Industry In the past, the quarries supported livelihoods, but to the detriment of the environment and the workers. Many of whom worked and lived in heavily polluted environments. Ironically, in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s setting, the quarries are scenic, quaint and is envision to be the reason livelihood and dwellings can once again flourish in Pulau Ubin. The quarriesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are natural reservoirs that harvests and will provides water for sustenance and sensitive industries. The potential of the present day quarry are as follows: 1. Water Resource 2. Scenic View and Vista of the Landscape 3. For Energy 4. Habitats for Flora and Fauna

10. 11.

Singapore: Geology and Building Materials -Adapted from (Waller, 1990) after (R D Hill and Wong P P) Map of recent alluvium, extracted from Waller (1990) Refer to Appendix A-7 for larger drawing

Besides granite quarrying on Pulau Ubin, there were other cottage industries that islanders depended on as livelihood in the past. Chapter three documents these old ways and envisions a new livelihood for the Ubin Quarry Collective.

Chapter Two | Quarry

12.

03 Old Ways, New Livelihood

LIVELIHOOD TIMELINE ON PULAU UBIN 1880s: Encik Endun Senin migrated from Kampong Kallang (Kallang River) to Pulau Ubin with about 50 families. They settled around the south eastern coast of the island at Kg Durian, Melayu, Sungei Durian and Surau. Most of them were ﬁshermen. (Chua, 2000)

1900s: F. St. George Caulfield set up rubber and cash crop plantations in Pulau Ubin Estate. (NHB, 2014) Demand for Orchid, pandan and jasmine encouraged residents to plant hem as cash crops. (Chua, 2000)

1970s: Started to cultivate Orchids, but large farms were unsuccessful and had to cease operations. Only two small Orchid farms were running. (in 2000 when Chua wrote book) (Chua, 2000) Fruit Orchards were popular with residents and coconuts easy to grow.

1930s-40s: Provision shops opened to cater to a large population. (NHB, 2013)

* Cottage industries selling polished granite slab, tomb stone and granite grinders and ﬂoor tiles. (Chua, 2000) (MND, n.d.)

2004: Before, Villagers also rear poultry on the island. Poultry rearing ceased due to bird flu. (AVA, 2004)

1840-1999: Granite Quarrying (NHB, 2014)

1840

1800

1880

1900

1950

1930

1970

1980

1990

2000

1877-1980: Rubber Tapping (Chua, 2000)

Mid 1840s: The Chinese began settling in Pulau Ubin. They started Granite Mining. (NHB, 2014)

*No stated year

1880s: Chinese were then attracted to the island and soon 25 families settled there. Being more involved in business, they were drawn to Ubin Village and Kg Jelutong. They also spread out all over the island, setting up homes near major tracks, granite quarries and plantations. (Chua, 2000)

1930: Peak of granite mining with 10 quarries operated by 9 different companies. (MND, n.d.) Ubin was home to about 6000 people in the 1930s.

1980: Rubber tapping officially ceased.

1950s: 5 quarries were abandoned. (NHB, 2014)

1959: Government funded 120 ha Prawn and Aquaculture farms. Prawn farms make use of tidal wave, lucrative business. Prawns fed on algae growth and prawn feed. Prawns harvested at night and sold in the wee hours to middleman. Freshwater pond stock with common snakeheads and giant snakeheads. AVA also helped fish farmers to develop ﬁsh and green mussel farm. (Chua, 2000)

1999: The last operational quarry Aik Hwa (Ketam) closed. (Wild Singapore, 2014)

*Some restaurants in Ubin used to serve wild boar meat (Chua, 2000)

*Besides granite quarrying, the island was also opened up for commercial crop cultivation. Coffee, nutmeg, pineapple, coconut, durian, tobacco and rubber plantations were started at different times across the island.

O L D W AY S , N E W L I V E L I H O O D History of a Productive Landscape The island has a history of rubber plantation and commercial cash crops such as jasmine, orchid, pandan, coffee and such (refer to timeline on facing page). There were also many fish ponds and fish farms in the past (refer to Appendix A-9,10,11). Fruit Orchids were popular with residents and coconuts easy to grow. (Chua, 2000). However, fruit trees were never cultivated commercially. Where there are kampongs, there will be fruit trees. There was a â&#x20AC;&#x153;pineapple hillâ&#x20AC;? (or Ong Lai Sua in hokkien) on west of Ketam quarry where the old Mazu temple is, on the OBS land. It was referred to as Pineapple Hill because there used to be many pineapple plantations there (Pulauubinstories, n.d.). It cannot be claimed that past industries on Ubin always had a symbiotic relationship with nature. Largely used in the past for all sorts of cultivation, character of the island has evolved overtime with history. The evolution of Pulau Ubin needs to preserve its character defining elements, however some sacrifices have to be made to the present landscape in order to give meaning to the future of Pulau Ubin. In the long run, the change needs to be a self-sustaining model that continues to support an ecology on site. The proposed sensitive industries will strive to build on the ecology of the island, operating sustainably and respecting nature. 12. Food Pairing in Ubin Quarry (Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own)

Chapter Three | Old Ways, New Livelihood

PROGRAMMES IN THE QUARRY COLLECTIVE

Programmes of the Quarry Collective The blue corridor that brings water to the doorstep, the alluvium soil makes plantation possible. There are many possibilities of programme in the Quarry Collective (see facing page), with that, a proposal for the land use of ‘Ubin Quarry Collective’ (refer to Appendix B) was laid out. Of the many different programmes, the thesis focuses on the fruits of Ubin.

The Fine Fruit Industry The fruit plantation together with the various fruit processing ‘industry’ is one of the many aspect of the quarry collective on Pulau Ubin. From the process of harvesting fruits to processing these fruits into various craft products such as tropical fruit wine, jam, jelly, fruit concentrates, dried fruits and fruit pastries. The fine fruit industry sells an artistry and the spirit of place of Pulau Ubin. Research has been done on the fruiting seasons, planting distances, yield and growth requirements (see appendix G). A diagram of the typical fruit processing scheme is shown in the following page.

Chapter Three | Old Ways, New Livelihood

SEASONAL FRUIT CHART OF PULAU UBIN

P1: SFK/UKS BLBS107-c18

P2: SFK BLBS107-Sinha

June 13, 2012

11:29

Trim: 276mm X 219mm

Printer Name: Yet to Come

THEORETICAL SCHEME OF FRUIT PROCESSING (Sinha et al., 2012) 302

Part 4: Processing Plant, Safety, and Regulations

Receive raw fruit

Cleaning

Sorting, grading

Pitting

Crushing

Peeling Squeezing

Scalding Slicing

Clarification

Sieving Scalding

Concentration

Paste

Juices, syrup, beverages, jelly

Aseptic preservation or freezing

Heat treatment

Fruit puree

Jam, cheese, babyfood, babydrink, nectar

Pulp

Dairy-, bakeryconfectionery fruit products, ice cream powder

Drying

Bottled fruit

Dried product

Fruit dessert, muesli, mixes, tea

Figure 18.3. Theoretical scheme of fruit processing.

generally done in two steps. The ďŹ rst step is the so-called post-harvest treatment that helps to save the freshness of the raw materials. Another choice can be the primary processing of the fruits, resulting in semi-ďŹ nished products. At the second step, or secondary processing, extension of shelf life and production of end products are also possible (De Raaijl 1991; Shewfelt and Prussia 1993; Kushwaha et al.

1995). Examples of primary processing are production of paste, puree, as well as pulp and dried products. Examples of secondary processing are: juices, syrups, beverages, jelly, jams, dairy- and confectionery fruit products, muesli, etc., products that can be manufactured depending on market demand. A theoretical scheme of fruit processing is shown in Three | Old Ways, New Livelihood Chapter Figure 18.3.

Coconut Planting Distance (7.6x7.6m) Reservoir

Sub-surface wetlands

P Water Retention Water Filtration Pond Plant

Durian Planting Distance (14x14m)

Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant

The Ubin Fruit Mill

Intercropped with papaya and Banana

Estuary

Entrance Jambul Planting Distance (6x6m)

Per maculture

Rambutans Planting Distance (6x6m)

Existing Temple

Recreational Center

Herbs Plantation and stall

Reservoir

Mangrove

Pu aka Hill

04 Brief & Programme by Research

THE BRIEF Architecture brief GENERAL CONCEPT: A network of ”work” architecture around the Quarry Collective that stitches up the landscape and time is told of by the season of the fruits, weather, migration of birds and the calls of nature. KEY DESIGN CONSIDERATION: 1. Convertible, multi-functional spaces 2. Facilitating Sustainable processes 3. Community 4. Water and management (storm water, waste water) 5. Understanding the Context 6. Protection of views. 7. Energy generation and minimization ie. off grid energy eystems, passive design. SITING: The site allows for the architecture to stitch height difference from when the water exits the quarry to flow along the blue corridor by gravity to end up at a raw storage tank in the Ubin Fruit Mill, water is pump up to be treated and distributed by gravity from the overhead tank to dwellings and businesses. The spaces sited in the Ubin fruit Mill are as follows; Public Entrance Pavilion, Water Infrastructure on the landscape, Fruit Winery, Food Processing House and Workshops (Visitor’s Domain). In the masterplan, R&D, plantation and accommodations are included. LAYOUT & ORGANISATIONAL PRINCIPAL: Optimising views to the quarry, Understanding the ‘Quarry-tap’ process, experiencing the fruit’s journey from plantation to plate. (refer to functional layout in Appendix B)

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

Functional Brief SPACES 1. PUBLIC SPACE Outdoors Entrance Pavilion Information Counter / Cashier/ Reception Merchandise Popup Stores WC

DESCRIPTION / EQUIPMENT

T.AREA

(°C)

AREA

REFERENCE

Bicycle Park, Fruits garden Open Event Space *

50 m2

Shared space, popup stores folded away

O Fournier Winery Merchandising store

• Fruit Wine • Fruit Jam • Fruit Preservatives • Juice / Herbal Tea • Rentable pop-up stores • 3M, 3F, 1 handicap cubicle

Outdoor Event space

2. VISITORS’ DOMAIN: FRUIT WINERY Visitors’ Holding Area • Fruit Winery Exhibits • Seating Tasting Room

Lounge

Flexible space

Wine Pairing Bar

Cafe

• Seating for 10-15 pax

14 m2

• Kitchen Equipment

20 m2

100 m2

Rivard, D. (2009)

110 m2

15-20°C

Rivard, D. (2009)

Workshop Area

• Crush Pad • Sorting Tables • Outdoor Sink • Convertible Space for Private Events • Shipping receiving Desk • Production Closet

100 m2

1 in fruit mill, 3F,3M in plantation compound

• Flexible empty event space • Attached Store • Counter & Seats • Wine Rack • Piped Straight from Barrel

Kitchen 3. WORK SPACES: FRUIT WINERY Outdoor Sorting Processing Area

Storage & Bottling Room

50 m2

16 m2

Fermentation

• Press Pad • Containers

20m2

Rivard, D. (2009)

Clarification

• Settling Tanks - Door size: 2005mm - Water Hose Outlet - 5000L Tank: 1616mmØ x2 - 2000L Tank: 1428mmØ x2 - 1000L Tank x4 - Tote Mixer: 6x1000L

12 x 6m

Rivard, D. (2009)

Aging Cellar

• Aging Barrel • 20F Refrigeration Container / Chilled room • Mixing & bottling tank (1602mmØ) • Bottling Table

30m3 -

Rivard, D. (2009)

20 m2

< 25°C

Chapter Four | Brief & Research by Programme

FUNCTIONAL BRIEF • Sink Laboratory

• Sink • Lab desk

10 m2

Rivard, D. (2009)

Warehouse

64 m2

Rivard, D. (2009)

Office

40 m2

Refer to drawings (Strano & Tomaselli, 2010)

Worker’s Lounge, pantry Meeting Room WC / Shower 4. WORK SPACES: FRUIT PROCESSING HOUSE Work Area Puree / Juice / Jam / • Sink and table top Jelly • Material Store • De-aerated and pasteurized equipment • Blender / Mixer • Vacuum-shelf drier • Vacuum Air-tight Sealer Dehydrated Products • Dehydration process (banana Chips, • Frying room Preserved Guava) 5. VISITORS’ DOMAIN: WORKSHOPS / SCHOOL Workshops

Custom Fruit Wine Blending

• Small Wine Making Scale Apparatus • Table tops • Store • Cellar

20m2

Jam Workshop

• Kitchen Units • Table tops • Store

20m2

Culinary Workshop

• Kitchen Units • Table tops • Store

20m2

Rentable workspaces

• Kitchen Units • Table tops • Store • Collection Point • Cleaning and sterilization room

20m2

Bottling room • Tabletops 6. WORK SPACES: RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (NOT IN MAIN DESIGN) Offices Office spaces for • different cottage industries

Laboratory

Bottling and labeling

Bottle Recycling Room

Wine R&D Food R&D Fruit Processing

• Lab tables • Sink

Wine Library

• Cellar (stores dated experiments,

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

FUNCTIONAL BRIEF records and findings) 7. WORK SPACES: PLANTATION (NOT IN MAIN DESIGN) Worker’s Indoor • Visitor’s Holding Area Station • Control room • Workers’ room • Pantry

Fruit Collection & Holding Room

Lounge area

• 1M, 1F (handicap)

Work Area

• Fruit Storage room • Work Counters Indoors • Outdoor Work Area • Tractors

• Classroom • Nature Walks • Work Programme: gardening, grass cutting and weed clearing, general maintenance, building basic infrastructure, animal housing, make organic soil and fertilizer weeding, creating bowls from coconut etc. • Fruit Tree Propagation

-Kaki Bukit

Fruit Orchard/ sustainable farming class

Orchard Nursery

8. ACCOMODATIONS (NOT IN MAIN DESIGN) Staff Dwellings Family Home Units • Common Laundry Room • Tool Shed

Farm Stay Exchange

Outdoor

Equipment Store Outdoor Learning Centre / Working Centre for Volunteers

Single Shared Units

• Common Laundry Room • Tool Shed • Kitchen

Shared Pavilion

• Shared WC • Shared Kitchen • Shared living and dinning area

Water storage for 2 days

9. WATER INFRASTRUCTURE Gravitation water vortex power plant Water Treatment plant

Constructed wetlands

2x(7.6x7.6x2) -

Chapter Four | Brief & Research by Programme

14.

13.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

15.

Pro gr a m m e R e se arc h

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 16.

17.

View of the Plantation Crops Jackfruit Volunteers working Yoga in the farm Volunteers working Farm hosting Students Building a Mud house Main crop- dragonfruit Building the mud house II

Kebun Ka ki Bukit, Jug ra hi l l , Ma la ysia • recycl e a nd ha r nes s na tu ra l, s us t a i na b l e res ources , l i v e in a s i mp l e off g r i d l i fe • vi s i on of t ur ni ng t hi s p la c e in to a s us t a i na b l e fa r mi ng l ea r n in g cent re. • The fa r m ma i n crop for t h e t i me b ei ng i s d r a g onfr ui t, wit h hund red s of a g e- ol d d ur ia n tre e s p r a w l i ng a cros s t he 3 0 a c re s p rop er t y. Ot her or g a ni c c ro ps l i ke okr a , p a s s i onfr ui t , fre n c h b ea ns , l ong b ea ns , a nd w a te rmel on a re comi ng a l ong n o w.

19.

• b el i ef t ha t w or ki ng a s a c o m muni t y b oos t ha p p i nes s a n d v it a l i t y. We l ook a t our s el v e s a s communi t y fa r m; i t ’s a w o rk a n d fa mi l y i n p rog res s .

20.

• hos t vol unt eer s from a l l o v e r t he w or l d . • 1 0 a cres - coconut , ca l a m a n si, b i g l i me, l emon, s ug a rca n e , pin e a p p l e, g ua va , p a p a ya , t ro pic a l or a ng e, b rea d fr ui t , d r a g o n f ru it, s t a r fr ui t , p omeg r a na t e, m u l be rry, j a ckfr ui t , s our s op , cus t a rd a pple , p omel o 18.

21.

22.

Programme Research

A COMPILATION OF NOTES ON TROPICAL FRUITS I Fruit

Planting Distance

Annual Yield

Harvesting Time

Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Mango (Magnifera indica)

8 x 6 m (Ee, 1992)

• 24 ton / ha (Ee, 1992)

Grafted trees takes 3-‐4 years to bear fruit (Ee, 1992)

• 25 -‐ 70 kg / tree • 6 -‐ 16 ton / ha (Ee, 1992)

Yellow passion fruit (forma flavicarpa)

2 x 3 m – 4 x 3 m (Ee, 1992)

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Banana (Musa × paradisiaca)

0.3-‐0.6 m (double row) x 0.9 m (Ee, 1992) 1.5-‐2 m (double row) x 3.5m (Ee, 1992)

Papaya (Carica papaya)

2.5 x 1.6 m -‐ 3 x 2 m (Ee, 1992)

• 20 -‐ 25 kg per 10 m2 • 20 -‐ 25 ton / ha (Ee, 1992) • 40 kg per 10 m2 • 40 ton / ha (Ee, 1992) • 40 kg of fruit per 10 m2 • 40 ton / ha) (Ee, 1992) • 30 kg per 10 m2 • 30 tons / ha (Ee, 1992)

Durian (Durio Ziberthinus L.)

14 m or more in large scale planting (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L.)

10m spacing (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

5 x 3 m – 5 x 4 m (Ee, 1992) 8 x 6 m – 10 x 8 m (Ee, 1992)

• 10-‐18 tons per hectare • A durian tree have about 50 fruits weighing 1.5-‐4 kg each. (Cropsreview, n.d.) • 200 -‐ 500 fruits/tree (agridept, n.d.) • 1.2 ton / ha (young plantation) – 20 ton / ha (mature plantation)

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

Annual Rainfall requirement 1000 mm (Ee, 1992)

Soil Type / pH

Notes

Sand-‐ Heavy Clay / pH 5-‐6 (Ee, 1992)

• Cannot grow on Steep slope (Ee, 1992)

Grafted trees takes 4 years to bear fruits (Ee, 1992)

750 mm (Ee, 1992)

Most soil types, deep, drained and well aerated (Ee, 1992)

Plantation produced for a period of 3 years, largest yield st in the 1 year (Ee, 1992)

2000 – 3000 mm (Ee, 1992)

Wide range of soils / pH 6-‐8 (Ee, 1992)

• Mangos need a dry period of 2 months in order to initiate flowering. (Ee, 1992) • Grafted mango is 10-‐20m in height (Chua & Chuo, 1980) • Supported with single wire trellis at a height of 2.5 m. (Ee, 1992)

1-‐2 years before bearing fruits (Ee, 1992)

600 mm – 1500 mm (Ee, 1992)

well-‐drained soil / pH 5 – 6.5 (Ee, 1992)

• Height of 75 cm (Ee, 1992)

Side shoot takes 8 – 15 months to bear fruit (Ee, 1992)

2000mm (200 -‐ 220 mm Per month) (Ee, 1992)

Good drainage / pH 4.5 -‐ 7.5 (Ee, 1992)

• Height of 2-‐6 m • Best cultivated on level ground. (Ee, 1992)

Bear fruit 6 months from sowing (Chua & Chuo, 1980) Productive life of 1 -‐ 2 years (Ee, 1992)

1000 -‐2000 mm (needs to receive water at least every 4 months) (Ee, 1992)

Well-‐drained, airy and moisture-‐retentive soil. Sandy or clay soil / pH is 6.0 -‐ 6.5 (Ee, 1992)

Vegetatively propagated plant will bear fruit in 3-‐5 years. Reaches about 10m (h) From seedling, 10-‐15 years old. Reaches 40m or more (h) (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

1500 – 2000 mm (Cropsreview, n.d.)

Requires deep sandy loam and clay loam soils with high organic matter and well-‐ drained and slightly acidic pH 5.5 -‐5.6 (Cropsreview, n.d.)

• Sensitive to waterlogging (Ee, 1992) •Comes up to about 10m (Chua & Chuo, 1980) •Fruit all year round (Chua & Chuo, 1980) • will not do well in water logged or very rocky sites. (Chua & Chuo, 1980) Durian trees can be grown intercropped with coconut and other fruit trees (Cropsreview, n.d.)

Grafted plants are less than 20 m in height and will bear fruits after 3 years. Seedling tree takes up to 10 years to fruit (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

Irrigate during drought periods until the plant become 2 -‐ 3 years old (agridept, n.d.)

Needs to be well-‐ drained and manured generously. (Chua & Chuo, 1980) Soil should be 2.0 m -‐ 3.0 m depth (agridept, n.d.)

Harvested over a four-‐ to seven-‐week period.

Pro gr a m m e R e se arc h

A COMPILATION OF NOTES ON TROPICAL FRUITS II Fruit

Planting Distance

Annual Yield

Harvesting Time

Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangosteen L.)

6m x 6m -‐ Seedling 3m x 3m – grafts (agridept, n.d.)

• 500-‐1500/tree (agridept, n.d.) • 900 kg/ha in the first year of production. Maximum production of 28,000 kg/ha 24 years after planting (daff, n.d) • 30 fruits/tree (rfcarchives, n.d.)

Takes 10-‐15 years to fruit. Mature Mangosteen plants bear only in alternate years. (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

• 350 kg from grafted plants and 90 kg from the seedling tree (keralaagriculture, n.d.) •17 ton / ha • 4.5-‐18kg/tree nd rd (2 -‐3 year) •45-‐68kg/tree th th (5 -‐6 year) • 112-‐160 kg/tree th th (7 -‐12 year) Siddiq, M. (2012). • 44 nuts/palm on average • 10,000 to 14,000 nuts / ha (Srinidhifarm, n.d.)

Fruiting commences at 2 -‐ 2.5 1000 -‐ 4000 mm yrs of age (agridept, n.d.) 120 -‐ 150 days to fruit maturity (agridept, n.d.)

Jackfruit 25 ft. x 25 ft -‐30 ft. x (Artocarpus 30 ft (rfcarchives, heterophyllus Lam) n.d.) Guava (Psidium guajava L.)

4.5 -‐ 5.0 m x 4.5 -‐ 5.0 m (agridept, n.d.)

Starfruit (Averrhoa 5 x 5 m Campbell, Carambola L.) C., & Marte, R. (1990) (see diagram)

Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.)

• 7.6m (Triangular) • 7.6x7.6m, 8x8m, 9x9 m (Square) • 6.5m in rows -‐ 9m between rows (Single) • 6.5 to 6.5m in rows -‐ 9m between pairs of rows (Double Hedge) (Srinidhifarm, n.d.)

Takes 3 years to fruit (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

Annual Rainfall requirement 1500 -‐ 2000 mm (agridept, n.d.)

Soil Type / pH

Notes

A water table of 2m from the soil surface. (especially suited for planting closer to water resources) Grown in almost all types of soils with good drainage and organic matter (agridept, n.d.)

Evergreen tree 10-‐20m high at maturity Hard to cultivate (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

-‐

Thrives in tropical lowland, and grows well in deep, well-‐drained sandy loam. (Chua & Chuo, 1980) A wide range of pH -‐ 4.5 -‐ 9.0 Slight tolerance to salinity & water logging Tolerant to drought (agridept, n.d.) Thrive in well-‐drained sites (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

Evergreen tree 10-‐25m (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

The ideal soil conditions are proper drainage, good water-‐holding capacity, presence of water table within 3m and absence of rock or any hard substratum within 2m of the surface. (Srinidhifarm, n.d.)

Dwarf varieties 5 m high Tall varieties more than 30 m high, can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

Trees bear fruits 2 years after planting Siddiq, M. (2012).

-‐

Coconut ripen in 12-‐13 months from the opening of the inflorescence (Srinidhifarm, n.d.)

600 to 800 litres of water once in four to seven days. (Srinidhifarm, n.d.)

Guava naturalized in open waste land and in light scrub. 3-‐10m (h) (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

Small shady evergreen tree or aborescent scrub of 5-‐12 m high. (Chua & Chuo, 1980)

Programme Research

FRUIT WINERY OPERATIONS CASE STUDY

23. White Devil Pineapple Port from Murdering Point tropical fruit Winery 24. Banana Cream fruit Wine from Murdering Point tropical fruit Winery

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

Fruit Wine Maturation period of fruit wine is much shorter than with grape wine (1-6 months, as opposed to 8-24 months) Fruit wine producers also have the added benefit of multiple harvest periods and can also often use frozen product without sacrificing quality. This extended harvest and short fermentation period allows producers to maximize use of equipment and facilities. Wines range from dry, still table wines, to light, fruity sparkling wines, to intense, sweet, dessert-style products. (Rivard, 2009) (Refer to Appendix H)

Winery Operations & Considerations 23.

Wine facility should be easily cleaned and kept clean. Proper drainage should be installed, a good supply of hot water available, and a proper sanitation regime put into place. (Rivard, 2009) 1. have enough ceiling height - 15 feet (4.6m) is ideal. Min 12 feet. 2. have a loading dock 3. adequate electrical power - 3 phase power 4. total capacity: 1/3 more total tank storage capacity than your total yearly production

24.

Chapter Four | Brief & Research by Programme

5. need fermentation temperature control on tanks greater than 2000L 6. Processing rate (tons/hour) determines size of press/speed of crusher. 7. determine pump, filtration and bottling needs 8. all equipment should be mobile or able to move as needed. 10. Storage room for equipment accessories, hoses, filter pads etc. 11. because of high acid levels, the workshop floor should be made from high grade cement with an acid resistant coating or paint to prevent premature degradation of the surface. This will make cleaning easier and prevent contamination propagation. 12. drainage and sewage systems should be well planned out, easy to clean and in conjunction with local health regulations 13. wall: water resistant, hard surface, white color is better to clean and easy to see if it is dirty. Wall height: min 3m; 5m is better

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

14. windows: ventilation system is needed in large capacity wineries as wine fermentation generates co2 gas. Windows are optional. 15. Door: regular wood door may be selected, and should be wide enough to allow the passage of equipment, forklifts/pallet jacks and 4ftX4 ft pallets. 16. Water Supply: cold and hot tap water-with ample pressure 17. electricity: 10v, 10kw, one phase; 220v, 5KW, one and three phrase. If outside of North America, only 220V and 440V would apply. 18. Gas: Access to nitrogen or Argon gas may be needed in larger capacity wineries for tank and bottle sparging. 19. Light: No special requirement, but a well lit facility will facilitate QC operations. 20. Work Tables: Needed to use in bottling and other packaging operations. Ideally, it will be on lockable wheels and have a height of 1.2m and an area of LxW:3x1m. It should also be preferable made of painted hard wood or stainless steel.

Chapter Four | Brief & Research by Programme

FRUIT JAM OPERATION WORKFLOW & LAYOUT

25. Organisational layouts of Enviromental Units common to all three lines and those just for the manual and semimechanized lines (a & b) 26. Enviromental Units layouts for the manual, semi-mechanized and mechanized ines. 27. Aggregated Enviromental Units for semi-mechanized and mechanized production of marmalades and jams (All 3 diagram extracted from Strano, 2010) 25.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

S t r a n o ( 2 0 1 0 ) p ro p o s e s guidelines for organising work-spaces and health and hygiene requisites in Jam and Marmalade production. Their study was conducted from the analyses of the factory buildings, and the environmental and organisational aspects of production phases of Jam and Marmalade in Sicily. 26.

This extract forms part of the study for the Ubin fruit Mill.

27. Chapter Four | Brief & Research by Programme

0 5 P r e c e d e n t s & Te c h n i c a l C a s e s

PRECEDENTS & TECHNICAL CASE STUDIES Architecture, Water and Granite The challenge for the Ubin Fruit Mill is in its site and program. The site is in Ubin quarry where is a some terrain and a lot of potential in working with the water and granite. The following case studies looks at the two things. The Amphibious house is a relevant study to counter floods, applicable to places in the quarry and along the blue corridor. The water house by Li Xiaodong atelier is similar to the project in the scenic views and proximity to water that the site reaps. The Elephant Village is a practical work and dwelling architecture, all in one. It struggles with the damage to land from sand quarrying and finds similar resolution in designing and recovering the landscape with water. The redesign of the roman quarry in Vienna works the sandstone on site, it is also a story of a mining past for construction and the people later found a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;natural stageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in the site that susequently led to the redesign of the quarry. The Klongs of bangkok and the floating gardens of the amazon are responses of real dwellers growing edible gardens in their unconventional living locations - along and in water. The research branched into technical casestudies of the slingshot water treatment plant in the Ekocenter that is multi functional in the environment it support. The air-drop irrigation is one of the many ways to intensify water collection from the environment. The gravitational vortex water power plant is a small scale energy harvester which has potential in a site like Pulau Ubin. When dealing with the granite of Pulau Ubin, (classified as the Bukit Timah Granite because they have similar properties) the paper further studies the feasibility of underground storage pumps and cavern, though wholly possible, but the scale of implementation will have unforeseeable impact on the nature of the place. Hence these cases has to be evaluated thoroughly.

Chapter Five | Precedents and Technical Cases

28.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

29.

D e si gn Pre c e de n t s

Singa pore: 4 Na t iona l Ta ps Dema nd for w a t er i n Si ng a p ore i s met b y our Four Na t i ona l Ta ps: L o c a l ca t chment w a t er, i mp or t ed w a t er, NE Wa t er a nd d es a l i na t ed wa te r. O u r d r i nki ng w a t er i s p r i ced not onl y t o recover t he ful l cos t of i t s p ro du c t io n a nd s up p l y b ut t o refl ect i t s s ca rci t y va l ue.

Integrated Water System

Johor River

I n t he ea r l y yea r s , PU B crea t ed i mp ound ment s t o col l ect M ons oo n ra in f a l l from Nov t o M a r, M a y t o s ep t . Aq ui fer s a re not know n or exp ect e d to be found on s i ng a p ore; even t he ol d a l l uvi um i s t oo choked w i t h s i l t a n d c la y t o yi el d w a t er. C ons eq uent l y, a g ood p or t i on of t he i s l a nd ha s be e n se t a s i d e a s comb i na t i on na t ure res er ves a nd ca t chment a rea s . ( H a t h e wa y, 1980)

Transmission & distribution network (5,400 km)

Imported water from Johor

7 PUB water treatment plants

14 service reservoirs

To 1.3 million premises directly or through high level tanks

17 reservoirs Local catchment water

Sea Desalinated water

4 NEWater factories NEWater

Used water network (3,400 km of sewers and DTSS1)

2 desalination plants

Transmission network (515 km)

T he ABC Wa ter Progra mme Over t he yea r s , Si ng a p ore ha s g r a d ua l l y d evel op ed a p er va s i ve ne two rk o f a b out 8 , 0 0 0 km of w a t er w a ys a nd 1 7 res er voi r s for our w a t er s up p ly. S in c e 2 0 0 6 , t he AB C w a t er s p rog r a mme w a s l a unched t o i mp rove t he qu a l ity o f w a t er a nd l i fe b y ha r nes s i ng t he ful l p ot ent i a l t he w a t er b od i es . M u c h o f t he w a t er i s ha r nes s a s one of SI ng a p oreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Four na t i ona l t a p s . Not es : Si ng a p ore ha s a ver y s el f- rel i a nt vi ew i n t er ms of w a t er. M a in la n d SI ng a p ore exemp l i fi es t hi s a nd U b i n s houl d refl ect s i mi l a r vi ews. H e n c e t he b a s i s for t he Qua r r y C ol l ect i ve i s a s el f- rel i a nt Pul a u U b i n.

77 pumping installations

5 service reservoirs

450 accounts

4 water reclamation plants

Sea

28. 29. 30.

Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, part of the ABC Water Program to tap and collect water where it falls Percentage of Water met by each of the national taps and future projection from PUB Integrated Water system of Singapore

30. Deep Tunnel Sewerage System 1

Design Precedents

Our Water, Our Future

31.

32.

33.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

D e si gn Pre c e de n t s

Amphibious H ouse, UK B AC A Archi t ect s • The ‘ a mp hi b i ous hous e ’ f lo a ts on r i s i ng fl ood w a t er l i ke a sh ip i n i t s d ock, on nor ma l d a y s, lo o k s i n a l l i nt ent s a nd p ur p os e s l ik e a nor ma l hous e. R a t her t ha n h a v in g a hous e t ha t ’s up i n t he a ir ( o n s t i l t s for fl ood p rot ect i on ) y o u g et p rop er eng a g ement wit h t h e g a rd en.

34.

35.

31. View of the amphibious house along River Thames (BACA architects, adapted from designboom) 32. Site Section (Dailymail.co.uk) 33. A series of projection on normal days and floods (BACA architects, adapted from designboom) 34. The lightweight timber-framed structure is fairly traditional in its form, but sits inside an excavated “wet dock” made from steel sheet piling with a mesh base to allow water to enter and escape naturally. Clad in zinc shingles with glazed gables, this structure is independent of the house, which has a foundation of waterproofed concrete that wraps around the lower ground floor, acting like the hull of a ship 35. Section of house on normal days and during floods. Four posts, nicknamed “dolphins” by the project’s engineer, act as vertical guideposts to allow it to slide up and down when it needs to move. These could be extended in future to cope with rising water levels.

• The d es i g n w a s d evel o pe d a c cord i ng t o t he Archi med e s prin ci p l e: “ t he hous e’s ma s s a n d v o lume a re l es s t ha n t he eq u iv a le n t of w a t er, a nd t ha t ’s w ha t c re a te s b uoya ncy, ” • On t he r i ver s i d e, t he ga rde n i s t er r a ced t o a ct a s a n “ e a rly w a r ni ng s ys t em” for r i s i n g wa te rs – w hen t he fi r s t t w o t er r a c e s f il l w i t h w a t er t he hous e s ho u ld be g i n t o r i s e. • Ser vi ces a re connect ed t h ro u gh “ el ep ha nt ca b l i ng ” – a fle x ible ca b l e t ha t ca r r i es el ect r i c ity wa t er a nd s ew a g e. For s a fe ty re a s ons , t he hous e onl y us es e le c tric p ow er a nd no g a s . Not es : The p roj ect i s a po ssible rea ct i on a nd t yp ol og y for dwe l li ng s i n t he Qua r r y C ol l ec t iv e .

Design Precedents

36.

38.

40.

37.

39.

41.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

D e si gn Pre c e de n t s

Wa ter H ouse, Lijia ng L i X i a od ong At el i er • Si t t i ng on a w i d e op en slo pin g s i t e, w hi ch ha s a p a nor a m ic v ie w t ow a rd s L i j i a ng , a n a ncie n t tra di ng s et t l ement w hos e ol d to wn is fa mous for i t s hi s t or i c ne two rk o f w a t er w a ys a nd b r i d g es . • Si t e l i es a t t he foot o f Yu lo n g mount a i n, i t s p ea ks fo rm in g a d r a ma t i c b a ckd rop t o L i’s a rc h it ect ure • C oncei ved a s a n i nt er l o c k in g se ries of contemplative, inward-looki ng cour t ya rd s , t he house h a s a n op en yet cl os ed cour t ya rd spa c e . C l os ed i n t he s ens e, i t is “ se cured ” a nd “ s ep a r a t ed ” ph y sic a ll y from t he ‘ out s i d e w or l d ” by de s i g n el ement s s uch a s s to n e wa l l, refl ect i ve p ool a nd l evel i n g; y e t it i s op en vi s ua l l y t ow a rd s t h e o u ts i d e envi ronment . Not es : The Archi t ect ure h a s a cer t a i n t ect oni c i n i t s d e sign in res p ons e t o t he s i t i ng . T h e Ubin Fr ui t M i l l s ha res s i mi l a r ide a s in orches t r a t i ng vi ew s a nd sit in g.

42.

36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

Outdoor View Semi Outdoor View Infinity Pool Corridor Interior View Floor Plan Entrance

Design Precedents

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

The Site on March 2007 The Site on Sept 2010 Artist Impression Artist Impression Masterplan of the Elephant Village Section of the Elephant Village

43.

45.

44.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

46.

D e si gn Pre c e de n t s

H a t higa on Elepha nt Vi l l age R a hul M ehrot r a ( R M A d es ign s) • 3 5 - hect a re p roj ect recl a im s la n d d eva s t a t ed b y s a nd q ua r ry in g • a rea w a s l a nd s ca p ed be f o re cons t r uct i on t ook p l a ce a n d t h e w a s t el a nd ha s b een s l ow ly tra n sfor med w i t h a s er i es of w a te r po o ls a nd a n ext ens i ve t ree p la n ta t io n p rog r a m. The s i t e p l a nni n g wa s to moul d a s t r uct ure a nd s ys te m t h a t w oul d hel p reg ener a t e t h e la n ds ca p e i n a d eca d e t o a p pro x im a te t he t rop i ca l l a nd s ca p es t h a t a re t he na t ur a l ha b i t a t for ele ph a n ts. • L oca l s t one w a s s ource d to c re a t e w el l - i ns ul a t ed w a l l s , a n d t h e roofs w ere cons t r uct ed f ro m c o rr ug a t ed met a l s heet i ng , a l lo win g el ep ha nt feed t o b e s t a c k e d o n t op . Thi s b ot h s a ves s p a c e a n d o f fer s i ns ul a t i on s i mul t a ne o u sly. A s er i es of w a t er cha nnel s a re a lso p res ent t o ha r ves t t he pre c io u s r a i nfa l l t ha t t he d es er t cl im a te e x p er i ences i n mons oon s e a so n . 47.

48.

• The s ew a g e s ys t em i s pro po se d t o b e fed i nt o a reed be d a n d na t i ve s p eci es b e p l a nt e d a lo n g t he ed g e of t he w a t er bo d ie s to not onl y s t a b i l i z e t hem bu t a lso t o s eed t he s i t e w i t h ve ge ta t io n w hi ch ca n p rop a g a t es . Not es : The U b i n Fr ui t M il l se e k s t o l ea r n a nd fi nd s i mi l a r re so lu t i on i n funct i ons a l b ei t a h u m ble w a y. Design Precedents

49.

51.

53.

54.

50.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

52.

D e si gn Pre c e de n t s

Redesign of t he Roman Q uarry Disposed Opera Fe s t i val s , St. Ma rga ret hen Austri a Al l es W i rd Gut Archi t ekt ur Gros s fl oor a rea : 5 . 5 8 0 m² Out d oor s p a ces : 4 . 4 3 0 m² • Qua r r y p rovi d ed ma t eria l f o r a va r i et y of b ui l d i ng p ro je c ts. S t M a r g a ret hen s a nd s t one wa s u se d for t he d evel op ment of t h e V ie n na R i ng s t r a s s e b ui l d i ng s • The s i t e w a s d i s covered a s a n a tur a l fes t i va l s t a g e a nd t h e re de s i g n of t he roma n q ua r ry so u gh t t o enha nce t he exp er i enc e Not es : There a re muc h to be l ea r nt from a for mer q u a rry site , now a s a p ub l i c s p a ce a n d pa rk t ha t s er ves t he p eop l e.

55.

49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

Outdoor Opera Descend to Entrance Outdoor Ticketing View of ramp in Quarry View of landscape from ramp View of landscape from ramp II Plan of the redesign of the roman quarry (all photographs by Hertha Hurnaus, Archdaily)

Design Precedents

56.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

57.

58.

D e si gn Pre c e de n t s

Klongs, Ba ngkok • B a ng kok i s a ci t y b u il t o n a s w a mp . K l ong i s t he na m e giv e n t o a ny of t he w a t er w a ys t h a t v e in t hroug h B a ng kok, s ome o f wh ic h a re t r i b ut a r i es of t he m a in Ch a i Phyr a r i ver a nd ot her s , c a n a ls ma d e t o l i nkt hes e na t ur a l wa te rs. • The key fea t ure of t he k lo n gs is t ha t t hey a re t he s t reet a n d f ro n ta g e of t he b ui l d i ng s . The ga rde n s a re d es i g ned t o b e s een a n d a dmi red from t he w a t er r a t h e r t h a n from t he b ui l d i ng s t ha t t h e y a re a t t a ched t o, a nd yet ea c h o n e is p er s ona l a nd uns el fcons c io u s. • The net effect i s of a s h a re d wa t er front g a rd en - a nd one o f gre a t cha r m a nd vi t a l i t y. ( Don, 2 0 0 8 ) Not es : K l ong s a re one of t h e po ss i b l e s oci a l a nd l a nd us e m a n if e st a t i on i n t he Qua r r y C ol l e c t iv e

56. 57. 58. 59.

Gardens along the Klong Temple along the Klong Temple along the Klong II Plan of Chai Phyra River

59.

Design Precedents

60.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

61.

62.

D e si gn Pre c e de n t s

Floa t ing Ga rdens of t he Ama zon, Ama zon ra in fores t, Bra zil • The r i ver i s t he s t reet a n d t h e hous eb oa t s a re a vi l l a g e . P e o ple ca l l t o one a not her a cross t h e wa t er a nd vi s i t s a re cons t a n t ly m a de b a ck a nd for t h. • The ca noes a re ma nned by y o u n g chi l d ren a nd ha nd l ed w i t h sk il l. • Pl a nt ed g a rd ens w i t h f lo we rs, fr ui t , veg et a b l es a nd ev e n tre e s a re t ow ed b ehi nd t he ho u se ra f ts, ea ch on i t s ow n r a ft ma de f ro m l og s or, i n ma ny ca s es , in a n u n us a b l e b oa t hul l , oft en s u ppo rte d a cros s t i mb er s .

60. A home in the Village (source, Youtube) 61. Plants in boat hull 62. Plants behind house raft 63. View of the floating Gardens 63.

• Some of t he ed i b l e g a rde n s a re a n orcha rd of ca s hew s , c a rim bo la w i t h t hei r fl a ng ed fr ui t s , ba n a n a , l emon, p i nea p p l e, g ua va a n d pa ss i onfr ui t . They a re root e d in 3 0 s a cks of s oi l t ha t w a s f e tc h e d, b ucket b y b ucket , from t h e sh o re , mi xed w i t h cow ma nu re . T h e p l a nt s a re w a t ered t w i c e a da y. ( Don, 2 0 0 8 ) Not es : E d i b l e g a rd ens on wa te r is one of t he p os s i b l e ma ni f e sta t io n a nd l a nd us e for t he d we l le rs o f t he Qua r r y C ol l ect i ve.

Design Precedents

64.

66.

65.

67.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

68.

Te c h n i c a l C ase st u di e s

Coca -Cola EKOCENTE R: Wa ter Purifying Shippi ng Conta iner Unit • M od ul a r l y d es i g ned ki o sk • 2 0 foot s hi p p i ng cont a i n e r wit h s ol a r p a nel a w ni ng s i nt o a lo c a l communi t y hub , offer i ng c le a n , s a fe d r i nki ng w a t er, a l on gside ot her s er vi ces , s uch a s a c c e ss to w i rel es s communi ca t i on, e le c tric i t y, va cci na t i on s t or a g e a n d o t h e r communi t y need s . • us es ‘ s l i ng s hot ’ w a t er pu rif ic a t i on s ys t em d evel op ed i n pa rtner s hi p w i t h DE K A R & D - u se s va p or comp res s i on d i s t i l la t io n t echnol og y t o t ur n a ny s o u rc e o f d i r t y w a t er - r i ver w a t er, o c e a n w a t er even r a w s ew a g e - in to s a fe, cl ea n d r i nki ng w a t e r.

64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69.

Ekocenter Ekocenter solar panels fitted on top of the shipping container Vaccine Storage and water tanks clean filtered water from the ‘slingshot’ water purification system Slingshot filter system diagram

• Sys t em d el i ver s a p p rox im a te ly 8 0 0 l i t res of cl ea n w a t er da ily a t t he hour l y el ect r i ci t y cos t o f le ss t ha n a s t a nd a rd ha nd hel d h a ir d r yer ( 1 K w H )

69.

Not es : Pos s i b l e a s a s ma l l sc a le t es t - b ed s cheme for vi s i t o rs in U b i n. At p res ent , vi s i t or s h a v e t o b uy w a t er i nt o t he i s l a n d a n d p a r t of t he p rob l em crea te is w a s t e d i s p os a l i s s ue.

Technical Casestudies

70. The Airdrop irrigation concept is a low-tech design that uses the simple process of condensation to harvest water from the air 71. The collected water is stored in an underground tank, ready to be pumped via sub-surface drip irrigation hosing 72. Condensation Process 73. Utilizing a turbine intake system, air is channeled underground through a network of piping that quickly cools the air to soil temperature

70.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

71.

72.

Te c h n i c a l C ase st u di e s

Airdrop Irriga t ion • Ai rd rop i r r i g a t i on conc e pt t h a t col l ect s w a t er from t hi n a ir. • l ow - t ech d es i g n t ha t u se s t h e s i mp l e p roces s of conde n sa t io n t o ha r ves t w a t er from t he a ir. • U t i l i z i ng a t ur b i ne i nt a k e sy st em, a i r i s cha nnel ed und e rgro u n d t hroug h a net w or k of p i pin g t h a t q ui ckl y cool s t he a i r t o so il te m p er a t ure. Thi s p roces s cre a te s a n envi ronment of 1 0 0 - p erc e n t h u mi d i t y, from w hi ch w a t e r is t h e n ha r ves t ed . • The col l ect ed w a t er i s sto re d in a n und er g round t a nk, rea dy to be p ump ed out vi a s ub - s ur f a c e drip i r r i g a t i on hos i ng . • The Ai rd rop d es i g n a l s o f e a tu re s a n L C D s creen d i s p l a yi n g wa te r l evel s , p res s ure s t rengt h , so la r b a t t er y l i fe a nd s ys t em h e a l t h . Al l i ma g es Aw a rd

from

J a me s

D y so n

Not es : Pos s i b l e for t es t -be d im p l ement a t i on i n U b i n 73.

Technical Casestudies

74.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

Te c h n i c a l C ase st u di e s

Gra vita t iona l Vortex Wa ter Power Pla nt • Sui t a b l e a rea s a re s t ep s t ha t a re 1 - 2 m i n t he r i ver a nd r i ver b a n k o n le f t a nd r i g ht s i d e mus t not b e l es s t ha n 1 . 5 m ( Zot l oet erer, n. d . ) • The ma xi mum ener g y out p ut i s es t i ma t ed t o b e a b out 1 5 0 kW a t a n e f fi ci ency of a b out 7 0 % a nd a mi ni mum fa l l i ng hei g ht of 0 , 7 m. Pros : - No reg ul a t i on s ys t em neces s a r y. - M i nor fl ot s a m i s a b l e t o p a s s t he t ur b i ne. - Fi s h ca n p a s s t he p l a nt i n b ot h d i rect i ons . - The w a t er g et s a er a t ed l ea d i ng t o b et t er mi crob i a l g row t h a n d bre a k d ow n of nut r i ent cha r g e i n w a t er. - The l ow fa l l i ng hei g ht a l l ow s a b et t er i nt eg r a t i on i nt o t he l a ndsc a pe . • The fi r s t g r a vi t a t i on vor t ex p ow er p l a nt i n Sw i t z er l a nd w a s i n a u gu ra ted i n 2 0 1 0 . The p l a nt p rod uces a b out 1 5 kW a t a n a nnua l p rod u c t io n o f a b out 9 0 0 0 0 kW h s up p l yi ng 5 0 hous ehol d s w i t h el ect r i ci t y.

Not es : I t i s p os s i b l e t o t a p on t he GW V PP t o g ener a t e el ect r i ci t y in P u la u U b i n, a s i t i s a s ma l l - s ca l e i nt er vent i on a nd i s s a fe for mi g r a t in g f ish e s a s l ong a s cr i t er i a s for t he p l a cement a nd s p eed of w a t er fl ow m e e ts t h e cond i t i ons

74. GWVPP Drawings and specs from Zotloeterer.com

Technical Casestudies

75. Conceptual design of pumped storage scheme 76. Typical engineering and mechanical properties of the Bukit Timah Granite 77. Required volume of lower reservoir 75.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

Te c h n i c a l C ase st u di e s

Pumped Stora ge Schemes Fea sibil ity in t he BT Gra nite There a re l a r g e numb er s of p ump ed s t or a g e s chemes i n op er a t i o n a ro u n d t he w or l d i ncl ud i ng t he ya rd creek p roj ect ( 3 0 0 M W ) i n New j e rse y, t h e L ud i ng t on p roj ect ( 2 0 0 0 M W ) i n M i chi g a n, t he B a t h count y p roj e c t in V irg i ni a ( 2 1 0 0 M W ) a nd t he Dr a kens b er g p roj ect ( 1 0 0 0 M W ) i n Sout h A f ric a . Wong ( 1 9 9 6 ) w rot e a b out t he fea s i b i l i t y of und er g round p ump ed sto ra ge s chemes i n q ua r r i es i n Si ng a p ore us i ng t he b uki t t i ma h g r a ni t e a s a so u n d, ma s s i ve a nd s t rong hos t med i um for t he cons t r uct i on of t he unde rgro u n d res er voi r, p ow er hous e a nd a s s oci a t ed s ha ft s a nd t unnel s .

76.

B a s ed on a p ea ki ng ca p a ci t y of 3 7 0 M W op er a t i ng for 9 hour s a n d a n e f fi ci ency of 0 . 9 , t he req ui red vol ume of t he l ow er res er voi r i s s hown in t h e t a b l e for va r i ous effect i ve hea d s . A concep t ua l l a yout a nd a r r a ng e m e n t o f a n und er g round p ump ed s t or a g e s cheme ut i l i s i ng a n a b a nd one d qu a rry a s t he up p er res er voi r i s s how n i n t he ma i n i ma g e. There a re cons , t he cons t r uct i ng of a n und er g round p ump ed sto ra ge s cheme i nvol ves t he exca va t i on a nd s up p or t of t he l ow er res er v o ir. Not es : Thes e a l t er na t i ve s chemes t o g ener a t e el et r i ci t y i n t he l a n dsc a pe i s t oo i nva s i ve for Pul a u U b i n.

77.

Technical Casestudies

79.

78.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

80.

Te c h n i c a l C ase st u di e s

Fea sibil ity of Underground Ca vern in BT Gra nite

Zha o et a l . 1 9 9 6 w rot e a b out t he p ot ent i a l us es of und er g round c a v e r n s i n t he B uki t T i ma h g r a ni t e. Wa t er C ol l ect i on, St or a g e a nd Trea t ment Under ground rock caver ns ca n b e const r uct ed in t he Buki t T i ma h gr anit e for uses such as : • Shel t er s and recreat iona l cent res; • Wat er col lect ion, st or a g e a nd t reat ment ; 78. Plan of Cavern Warehouse conplex scheme 79. The main storage system proposed is high-bay warehousing with 9-m floor to floor heights, employing narrow aisle sideloaders accessing pallets stacked five high. Vertical transport is by means of heavy-duty hoists at the loading bay end of each cavern. Provision for air-conditioned office space within the cavern complex is also included. The design of the warehouse complex allows part or all of the cavern volume to be utilized for chilled and humidity-controlled storage. 80. Layout of the Viikimaki wastewater treatment plant in Helsinki 81. DTSS tunnel map in Singapore 82. Geology Map of Singapore

• Sew age t reat ment plant s ; • St r at egic oil and LP G s t or a g e; • C old and dr y st or age;

• C a ver ns a nd t unnel s ca n b e cons t r uct ed i n t he B uki t T i ma h gra n ite to col l ect r a i n w a t er und er g round t hroug h t he exi s t i ng d r a i na g e c h a n n e ls. U nt rea t ed fres h w a t er ca n b e s t ored i n l a r g e rock ca ver ns und e rgro u n d. Wa t er t rea t ment p l a nt s ca n a l s o b e l oca t ed und er g round , nex t to t h e ca ver ns us ed a s w a t er s t or a g e. Wa t er t rea t ment p l a nt s us ua l l y re qu ire l a r g e a rea s a nd t hey s houl d b e p rot ect ed from cont a mi na t i on. B o t h re q ui rement s ca n b e s a t i s fi ed b y l oca t i ng t he w a t er s t or a g e a nd tre a tm e n t fa ci l i t i es und er g round i n ca ver ns i n t he B uki t T i ma h g r a ni t e. Deep Tunnel Sew er a g e Sys t em ( DTSS) i n Si ng a p ore • Some p a r t s of t he t unnel cut s t hroug h t he B T Gr a ni t e. Not es : Thes e p roced ures a re t oo i nva s i ve for t he Pul a u U b i n L a n dsc a pe a nd ca n b e for g o.

• P ow er st at ions; • Under ground pumpe d hyd roelect r ical st or age; • Mil it ar y inst al lat ion; a nd • Indust r ial mid nuclear w a s t e reposit or y. 81.

82.

Technical Casestudies

06 Conclusion & Design

CONCLUSION The Ubin Fruit Mill in the Quarry Collective is a demonstration of the bigger vision for the Island. The spirit of Ubin is not only affected by what will be ‘built’ but the people who plays a role in ‘building’ it. The quarry collective is more than just the plantation and the fruits, it encompassess the people who depended on the quarry to live and work. The quarry collective and its blue corridor is a mark of identity and also pride for the people living in the collective. Like many civilisations and old towns, such as in Li Jiang, China,Indus Valley Civilisation, that depended on the land’s river for livelihood, the river is their onus. The environment and the land is cared for and protected by the people. The Quarry Collective hopes to effect changes in behaviour for visitors and ownership and pride for dwellers. Without the water resource from the quarry, there will be no collective and without respect for the water and environment, the vision for the quarry collective will not work. Pulau Ubin has to prove its worth in order to keep up with the environmental posibilistic nation that is Singapore. The challenges that Singapore faces in terms of land scarcity and limited resources will be continuously challenged to be overcomed. A productive landscape that does not forget the environment and the flora and fauna that shares the land is the proposition for the thesis project.

Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill

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Quarry Collective, Mining the Water: The Ubin Fruit Mill