C I UD A D J U Ă RE Z , ME X IC O
L A N D SC A P E OF V IOL EN CE >>> Spatial im pact and conseuqenc es of unsafe ur ban envir onm ents Ian Gillis Sylvia Baumgartner
Img. 1: Mexican Federal policemen patrol the street to Ciudad Juarez March 2, 2009. Nearly 4,000 Mexican soldiers and federal police poured into Ciudad Juarez this weekend to restore law and order to the country’s most violent city, which has been ravaged by drug gangs. REUTERS/Daniel Aguilar
Int roduc t ion
Profile
Average Peak Temperature (C) High
Average Annual Precipitation (mm) 1268
35.6
29.4
25.2
24.5 804
649 17
Average
16.1 13.9 13.8
220 2.5
Fig. 1:
3.1 0
0
Fig. 2:
Rome
Paris
New York City
Rome
Ciudad Juรกrez
-2.8
Paris
-1.9
New York City
Low
Ciudad Juรกrez
Ciudad Juรกrez (Paso del Norte) Country: Mexico State: Chihuahua Foundation: 1659 Area: 188 km2 Elevation: 1.137m Population: 1.321.004 (2010) Density: 7,027/km2
USA Ciudad Juรกrez
>1.3 mil
MEXICO
Population of Ciudad Juรกrez in 2010
Belize Guatemala
El Paso, TX
Ciudad Juรกrez, Chihuahua
>3100 Death Toll in Ciudad Juรกrez in 2010
Fig. 3:
CATEDRAL DE CIUDAD JUÁREZ
OLD CITY HALL
PILA DE LA CHAVENA
BENITO JUÁREZ MONUMENT CENTRO CULTURAL PASO DEL NORTE
MUSEO DEL CONCORDE
MUSEO DEL I.N.B.A. MERCADO JUÁREZ
ADUANA FRONTERIZA
‘JUÁREZ STRIP’
LAS ANITAS WATER PARK
PARQUE XTREMO
PARQUE CENTRAL Img. 2: Post Card: Greetings from Ciudad Juarez
Ciudad Juรกrez City Map
Zona PRONAF Downtown Ciudad Juรกrez
Chamizal
Hipodromo
Club Campreste
Parque Central
Fig. 4:
Total number of inhabited private housing 1995
238.770 293.486
2000 2005
338.900
2010
364.562
Average occupancy in private dwellings inhabited 1995
4.2 4.1
2000 2005
3.9
2010 USA 2010
3.7 2.5
Fig. 5:
Security bars Cement walls Cement roof Washers and dryers, AC-units outside
Colored walls Tile Patio Loud neighbourhood Partition walls
Electrical wires
Fig. 6:
Dilapidated structure Upaved roads Gate Locked car port City electrical system Trash on streets
Housing facilities Toilet Refrigerator Washing Machine Television Computer
91% 85% 69%
Inhabited housing w/o water from city works
90% 9%
5%
12%
9%
9%
2000 1995
Toilet Refrigerator Washing Machine Television Computer
91% 89% 76%
2000
2005
2010
Inhabited housing w/o available electricity
91% 22%
2%
8%
8%
7%
2005 1995
Toilet Refrigerator Washing Machine Television Computer
93% 90% 78% 92% 33%
2000
2005
2010
Female headed households 22%
24%
25%
25%
2010 2000
Fig. 7:
Fig. 8:
2005
2010
USA 2010
L OC A T ION
Extre m e Co n d it iotnion s Introduc
B OR D ER
IN D U S T R Y “Up until 2011, the area of Juarez where most factory workers lived had one high school for over 600,000 inhabitants. It took years for water and electricity to make it up the mountainside to their neighborhoods. The city’s proximity to the US and the flow of drugs, coupled with limited social opportunities, helped create an environment that made Ciudad Juarez the most violent city in the world. In 2008, when the Sinaloa Cartel came in to take over the local drug trade, the cartels began employing the city's youth. The teenagers took to the streets to become sicarios or hitmen. By 2011 the death toll would reach over 9,000.” -PulitzerCenter.Org
VIOL E N C E
L o ca t i o nt ion Int roduc Roswell
0
26
km
140
km
Alamogordo
Las Cruces
Carlsbad km
710
km
225
Midland El Paso
USA
415 km
390 km
Ciudad Juรกrez
Odessa
Mexico 0
20
km
1 HR
Driv
e
405 km
345 km
Nuevo Casas Grandes
Chihuahua
US A Me xico
Fig. 9:
Delicias
Img. 3: Soaptree Yucca (Yucca elata) near the Texas/New Mexico border, south of Carlsbad, New Mexico.
Img. 4: The desert near Ciudad Juarez
Img. 5: Desert, Skull
B o roduc rd e r t ion Int
Img.6: Here to Make The Border
Img.7: Untitled (Border Crossing, Flags)
Img.8: Untitled (Border Crossing, Through Fence)
Border Fence
Technology
As of 2009 approximately 930 km (580 miles) of border fence marked the 3,141 km (1,951 mile) stretch of land that is the U.S. Mexico border. The fence may range from a series of posts to chain link with razor wire, or steel and concrete walls reaching as high as 5.5 meters. The only points of passage are found at heavily patrolled gateways.
Throughout the desert the border is often defined or accentuated by modern forms of surveillance. Cameras, radars, heat sensors, night vision goggles and motion detectors are all technological aides used by the United States border patrol in order to prevent human and drug trafficking.
Tunnel
Desert
River
The bridges and gateways that dot the border help to define it by creating connections from one side to the other. These connections are also seen, or unseen, in the form of tunnels linking the two sides. While the primary purpose of these tunnels is the illegal activity of smuggling humans and drugs, they are still a quite real physical manifestation of the border.
With temperatures often reaching over 40 degrees (C) during the summer and below zero in the winter, the conditions can be brutal. The extreme conditions of the desolate desert landscape that surrounds Ciudad Juรกrez helps to define the border by creating an uninhabitable zone beyond the city.
The Rio Grande (Rio Bravo del Norte) river creates the border between Mexico and the U.S. state of Texas. The river stretches 2,019 km (1,255 mi) along the border from Ciudad Juรกrez east to the Gulf of Mexico.
Fig. 10:
Industry
Yearly Value Comparison Between Agriculture, Drugs, Products $51
Img. 9 : A Maquiladora in Mexico
$13.6
Drugs
Fig. 11:
Maquiladoras
$13.6
Agriculture
Amount in Billions $
$49.4
Trade between United States and Mexico, 2006
Global Merchandise Trade, 2005
18% crossing at Juรกrez border ($55 billion)
Prodcution Sharing Industry
82% crossing at other points ($305.5 billion)
Fig. 12:
Fig. 13:
Percentage of Drugs Into U.S.
$51
Billion Value of Products Assembled
$49.4 $13.6
Billion Value of Drug Sales
Billion Agricultural Exports to U.S.
2010 U.S. Agricultural Imports From Mexico Crop Value
90% of drugs entering the U.S. pass through Central American and Mexico.
Yearly range of wholesale earnings for drug sales Value of supplies to be assembled imported to Mexican Maquiladoras
Fig. 14:
Fig. 15:
High-Tech parts are manufactured abroad in North America, Europe, China, Japan, and Taiwan Product Parts Are shipped to Juรกrez for assembly
Fig. 16:
Assembled products are trucked across the border to El Paso El Paso has approximately 55 million square feet of distribution space Products are then dispersed throughout the United States market
224 339 208 30 37 23 18 65 8
906 210 402 42 8 8 37 95
Fig. 17:
Number of Factories
Number of Factory Workers
340 Juรกrez
239,000 Juรกrez
60 El Paso Region
28,000 El Paso Region
Fig. 18:
Fig. 19:
Average Income
Ciudad Juรกrez Maquiladora Industry Plants by Segment, 2009
$40,000
18% Electronics
20% Other
7% Electrical
9% Platsic Metals 9% Support Services/ Packaging 3%Call Center/ Back Office
29% Automotive/ Aerospace 5% Medical Device
Fig. 20:
$16,500 $13,200
$45
Billion
Juarez Total Production Sharing
Largest Production Center in the World
Juรกrez Fig. 21:
Mexico
US
The Pan-American Highway is the world's longest "motorable road". With 47,958 km (29,800 mi) stretching from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska through the Panama Canal to Ushuaia, Argentina.
Edmonton
Ciudad Juรกrez
Mexico City
Panama City
Buenos Aires
Fig. 22:
New York Chicago Denver Los Angeles
San Diego Tijuana
Ciudad Juรกrez
Houston Miami
Mexico City
Fig. 23:
The Paso Del Norte region is the midway point on the U.S./Mexico border, 814 miles from the Port of Long Beach and 739 miles from the Port of Houston. Three major highways, U.S. Interstates 10 and 25, and the Pan-American Highway in Mexico, connect the region to major hubs in both countries.
Three commercial ports of entry (two in El Paso and one in New Mexico) feature the dedicated truck lane known as FAST (Free and Secure Trade) Lane.
El Paso
Ciudad Juรกrez
The airfreight center at the El Paso International Airport is the largest and most modern on the U.S./Mexico border, with over 300,000 square feet available for cargo shipment with further support by the cargo-only airport in Santa Teresa, New Mexico. Rail service to the region is provided by three major rail lines; Union-Pacific and Burlington Northern-Santa Fe (U.S.) and Ferromex (Mexico).
Fig. 24:
Harvested Area Ciudad Juárez, 2002 19,8% Harvested Area 2 46,43 km
300
Maquiladoras in Ciudad Juárez
80,2% Total Area 2 188,00 km
10%
Fig. 25:
Mexico’s Agricultural Trade, 1995 - 2006 Imports Exports
of Mexico’s Maquiladoras are located in Ciudad Juárez
-18
1.3
-16 -14
-10 - 8
US$ Billions
-12
Million
Mexicans work in Maquiladoras
- 6 - 4 - 2
1995
2000
2005
Fig. 26:
267
Parque Industrial Aztecas Parque Industrial Zaragoza
Centro Industrial Juárez
2% Other beverages (excluding fruit juice)
20% Fruit (excluding juice)
“Much of the commercial traffic over the Rio Grande is driven by the growing light-assembly sector in Juárez, which is now absorbing
7% Livestock
more new industrial real estate space than any other North American city,”
11% Tomatoes
- New York Times, 2007
5% Peppers Fig. 27:
Parque Industrial GEMA
Parque Industrial North Gate
12% Beer
16% Other vegetables
Parque Industrial Juárez
Thousand people employed in manufacturing in the El Paso- Juárez region
Mexico’s Export to the U.S., 2010
27% Other agricultural
Parque Industrial Eje J. Cabpiel
Fig. 27a:
Ciudad Juรกrez Industry Map
Parque Industrial Omega
Estacion de Ferrocarril
Parque Industrial Los Fuentes Parque Industriales Antonio Bermudez Parque Industrial Zaragoza Parque Industrial Rio Bravo
Central Camionera
Fig. 28:
Number of Crossings Per Month
Friends
Place of Residence
People Crossing the Border
327
1% New Mexico
Family
563
Work
727
School Medical/Dental
318 38
Entertainment Shopping/Church
33% Ciudad Juárez
465 15 66% El Paso
Fig. 29:
Fig. 30:
Maquiladora Managers and Workers Working on Both Sides of the Border 3,100
Managers
Two Dedicated Commuter Lanes (DCL) make the region more industry efficient by keeping plant-tohome travel timeto 30 minutes or less for the more than 3.100 managers currently working in Juárez. The Dedicated Commuter Lane (DCL) was first opened in the year of 1999 to expedite the cross-border traffic of commuters between the United States and Mexico’s manufacturing facilities. Air transportation is provided by international airports in both Juarez and El Paso, with over 70 daily non-stop flights from El Paso alone. Thirteen of those flights go to Phoenix, and fourteen of those flights go to Dallas. Popular destinations out of Juárez include Mexico City, Monterrey, and Torreon.
239,000
28,000
Workers
Juarez
El Paso Fig. 31:
Border Crossing Points and Airports
Dedicated Commuter Lanes Drive Time to Work
30 DRIVE TIME
Phoenix Dallas
Mexico City
Fig. 32:
Daily Flights from Juarez and El Paso
United States is the worlds largest consumer of cocaine, Columbian heroin, Mexican heroin, and marijuana. The U.S. is also a major consumer of ecstasy and Mexican methamphetamines
Fig. 33:
Mexico is a major drug producing nation of opium poppy with 6,900 hectares, yielding a potential production of 18 metric tons of pure heroin. Production of 15,800 metric tons of marijuana. The Mexican crime cartel are the pricipla suppliers of illegal drugs to the United States.
Colombia is a prducer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis. It is the world’s leading coca cultivator with 167,000 hectares in coca cultivation (535 tons of pure cocaine).
Afghanistan was once the world’s largest producer of opium, poppy cultivation decreased 22% to 157,000 in 2008. It is a source of revanue for the Taliban terrorists.
Myanmar (Burma) remains the world’s largest producer of opium with an extimated porduction of 340 metric tons.
China is a major transshipment point for heroin produced in the “Golden Triangle” region of South Asia.
Img. 10: Operacion Conjunta Chihuahua, Shaul Schwarz
Img. 11: Drug Use, Shaul Schwarz
Img. 12: Cocaine Bricks
Img. 13: A soldier walks through a cloud of smoke from burning marijuana, Guillermo Arias
Img. 14: heavy hand, sunken spirit #18, David Rochkind
Img. 15: Drug Money, Shaul Schwarz
Amount of Drugs Entering U.S. 10% Not Passing Through Mexico 90% Passing Through Mexico 70% Controlled by Mexican Drug Cartels
(of Drugs Passing Through Mexico)
Fig. 34:
Drug Trafficking Patterns through Mexico
50%
San Diego Tijuana
of Cartel Revenu is from Cannabis Sales
El Paso Ciudad Juรกrez
Laredo Nuevo Laredo
enezuela
zil and V
From Bra
From
Mexico City
China
Ephedra Traffic
bia
All drug Traffic
m olo
Fig. 35:
mC
MarijuanaTraffic
Fro
Cocoaine Traffic
From C
entral A
merica
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes
Heriberto Lazcano
Img. 16
Img. 17
Juárez Cartel
Los Zetas
Juárez Cartel
Juárez Cartel Central to the city of Ciudad Juárez
Los Zetas Gulf Cartel
Allied with Losa Zetas, trying to remove Sinaloa from Chihuahua area. 6.500 deats in the city between 2006 and Dec 2010 because of rivals with Sinaloa
Sinaloa Federation Fig. 36:
Joaquin Guzman
Osiel Cárdenas Guillén
Img. 18
Img. 19
Sinaloa Federation
Leader: Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Current Status: Fugitive
Gulf Cartel
Seattle
New York Chicago Denver
Los Angeles
Albuquerque Dallas
San Diego Tijuana
Houston Miami
Mexico City
U.S. Cities with known Juarez Cartel Connections Fig. 37:
Los Zetas
Gulf Cartel
Sinaloa Federation
Mexico’s most violent criminal organization; members are ex-special forces.
Once a very poewrful cartel, they struggle since their leaders arrest
Largest, most influental cartel.
Leader: Heriberto Lazcano “El azca” Current Status: Fugitive
Leader: Osiel Cárdenas Guillén Current Status: Arrested in 2004
Leader: Joaquin “El Capo(Shorty)” Guzman Current Status: Escaped prison in 2001
Known for attacks on prisons, gogernment offices and more. Linked to many murders
Engaged in turf wars with Los Zetas, Reputation for buying off officials which only split off in 2010. Since then Gulf allied with Sinaloa
2006
0
Fig. 38:
2007
Combined Death Toll Per Year, Mexico
2000
$15.3
April 2 - Vicente Carrillo Leyva arrested
Amount Spent by U.S. on War on Drugs Per Year, in U.S. $ Billiions Monthly Death Toll, Mexico
Mar 18 - Military disarmed 1,600 municipal police officers, Juarez
Mar 10 – 6 Helicopters ordered from Eurocopter
Mar 9 – 26 members of Arrellano Félix Cartel arrested
Jan 2 - Alberto Espinoza Barron arrested (Michoacana cartel) Feb 7 - Operation Quintana Roo, thousands of troops to Cancún Feb 28 - 1,800 Mexican troops arrive, Juarez (part of 5,000)
Nov 7 - Jaime González Durán arrested (Los Zetas founder)
Oct 22 - Jesús Zambada García captured (Sinaloa cartel) Oct 26 - Drug lord Eduardo Arellano Félix captured
Jun 30 - Mérida Initiative signed (U.S. and MEX)
May 31 - U.S. implements drug trafficking law
May 13 - Operation Sinaloa launched
Mar 27 - Operation Chihuahua launched
Major Events Leading to Escalation of Violence
U.S. Marshal V. Bustamante found dead, Juarez - Mar 26
2 officers killed, Police Chief resigns, Juarez - Feb 20
Gunmen killed 8 at restaurant, Juarez - Nov 28 6 killed in pool hall, Juarez - Dec 8
Police commander killed, Mexico City - June 26
$13.3
2009
2,837
Federal Police Commissioner Gómez killed, Mexico City - May 8
El Chapo Guzman, chief of Sinaloa Cartel launches offensive to expel Juarez Cartel from Ciudad Juarez - April
Drug killings explode in Juarez as Sinaloa and Juarez cartels battle.
2008
62 Oct 30 - Mexican navy seizes 23.5 tons cocaine, biggest in world history, Manzanillo
March 15 - Police seize $205.6 million in cash, world's biggest seizure, Mexico City
$13.8
100 police officers killed in Juárez, in 2007
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes gives gangs ultimatum of 6 months to align with the Juarez Cartel. Some gang members ally with Guzman causing battles between the Juarez and Sinaloa cartels.
Dec 1 - President Calderón declares drug war Dec 11 - Operation Michoacan launched
1000
U.S. President Bush approves 1,125km (700 miles) fence along border - October
Street gangs "Barrio Azteca" (US) and "Los Aztecas" (MX) align La Linea. Several other street gangs develop and move into drug smuggling.
Timeline of War on Drugs
6,844
16 teenagers killed at party, Juarez - Jan 31
Córdova's mother +3 killed, warning to military - Dec 22
9,635
Mexican police tortured 5 suspects of car bomb attack - Jan 2
Policeman burned alive by attackers, Juarez - Dec 20
Municipal police captain fatally shot driving to work, 49th municipal police murdered in less than a year - Sep 1
21 people killed, Juarez - Jul 12 17 inmates in prison riot killed - Jul 25 Police accused federal colleagues of firing at them during deadly prison riot - Jul 27
Fire bombs and shootings killed 15 - Apr 2
53 people killed in 72-hours - Feb 20
Gunmen open fire at soccer game, 7 dead - Jan 24
Feb 17 - Calderon claims murders rate falls by half since 2010, Juarez
Dec 25 - Guzmán's head of security captured
Oct 4 - Military-led project Operación Veracruz Seguro launched
July 25 - 1,030 arrested in human trafficking raids
July 4 - Jesús Enrique Rejón Aguilar arrested (Los Zetas)
Feb 27 - Sergio Mora Cortes captured (Los Zetas)
Dec 9 - Nazario Moreno González killed (Michoacana Cartel drug lord)
Jul 29 - Shootout, Ignacio Coronel Villarreal killed (Sinaloa Cartel)
Feb 11 - Protest during visit of President Calderón, Juarez
Jan 13 - additional 2,000 Federal Police arrive, Juarez
$15.6
2012
2011
Mar 19 – Vicente Zambada Niebla captured (Sinaloa Cartel) Mar 26 – Germán Torres Jiménez captured (Los Zetas founder) Aug 8 - Manuel Invanovich arrested (Tijuana Cartel) Mar 26 – 8 helicopters received from US Aug 9 - Police defused attempt to kill President Calderón by Sinaloa Cartel Sep15 - Mayor asks Fed. for 6 months military support
14 killed at boy's birthday party, Juarez - Oct 22
Gunmen killed 25, Juarez - Sep 9
Car bomb by La Línea kills 3 police, Juarez - Jul 15
Leader of the Los Zetas arrested - Jun 9 12 Police +13 killed, Juarez - Jun 14 Mayor, 3 police, and 9 gunmen killed, Juarez suburb - Jun 19
March, Hitmen kill 3 linked to U.S. consulate in Juarez in March, President Barack Obama claims “outrage”. Army accused of rights abuse, Calderon switches control of anti-drug operations to federal police. June, police claim success cutting violence, business leaders and residents say the shift in 6 police and 17 year old girl killed on street, Juarez - Apr 23 strategy has yet to show results.
2010
10 killed in drug clinic, Juarez - Oct 16
8 found dead Juarez - Aug 2 Drug violence escalates, cartel kidnappings and extortions soar in Juarez. Calderon increases his military deployment to 7,000 troops and 3,000 Gunmen killed 17 federal police. Juarez becomes world’s most at drug clinic, Juarez - Sep 3 violent city, 2,750 drug killings during the year 10 killed in drug clinic, Juarez - Sep 16
$15 15,273
$26
16,466
$16.25
3,810
$13
Vio le n c e
On average 3,000 persons per year have been murdered in drug related incidents since 2006.
As of August 2009 there were 7500 federal troops stationed in Ciudad Juarez
In 2009 Ciudad Juarez recorded the highest murder rate for any city in the world outside of a declared war zone
70%
Guns traced to the U.S.
30.000
Fig. 39:
guns
Mexican police deaths, 2007 - 2010 272
213 174 123
I nt roduc 2007t ion
2008
2009
2010
Federal Police State Police Military/Interior Ministry Municipial police Fig. 40:
Img. 20: Pinc Crosses for Slain Women in Juarez
30.000:
Total Number of Firearms seized by Mexican Authorities, in 2008 70% Traced to US
Fig. 41: Img. 21: The family of 28-year-old Alberto Rodriquez, killed in his car outside his house, cries. Shaul Schwarz
Problems in Mexico
according to Pew Research Center Poll 75%
Cartel-related violent
74%
Human rights violations by military and police
73%
Crime
69%
Corrupt political leaders
68%
Illegal drugs
68%
Economic problems
62%
Terrorism
58%
Pollution People leaving for jobs Poor quality schools
50% 49%
Fig. 42: Img. 22: A pregnant 14 year old girl was shot in Ciudad Juarez. David Rochkind
Drug Homicide Comparison, Mexico - U.S. Mexico 29.3%
U.S.A
3.9%
2.595
2007 590 44.1%
3.5%
6.183
2008 500 45.0%
3.6%
8.906
2009 496 54.0%
3.5%
13.174
2010 463
Fig. 43:
Number of Homicide Per State, 2010
+192 Ciudad Juarez
Per 100.000
Chihuahua 27%
CHH
DUR
NLE
SIN TAM > 250 151 - 200 201 - 250
MEX
101 - 150 51 - 100 1 - 50 0 Fig. 44:
GRO
Img. 23: A marijuana themed belt adorns the victim of an apparent drug-related execution, John Moore
Img. 24: Crime scene investigation of two dead bodies found in the desert outside of Juarez. August 2, 2009, Shaul Schwarz
Unidentified gunmen opened fire on a youth soccer game, killing four people and leaving four others in critical condition.9
Ciudad Juarez has been plagued by violence between warring cartels.9
Authorities also say a 12-year-old boy was followed into a restaurant by assailants and killed.9 Gunmen opened fire on a man who was walking down a street in downtown Juarez, killing him.10 Masacran a cinco hombres en Ciudad Juárez.8
Fin de semana violento en Ciudad Juárez; al menos 11 muertos.8 Gunmen stormed a party in the border city of Ciudad Juarez and opened fire, killing at least 13 people and wounding 14 others, authorities 6 said Saturday. Young women and teenage girls continue to be murdered and continue to vanish from Juarez's streets - more than 50 killed since January, according to estimates, and nearly 100 gone missing in the past two years some forever lost, others resurfacing only in death.5
Wednesday's rampage on a drug rehab center claimed the lives of 18 men shot down by an armed commando with AK-47s.4
Muere nino lesionado a balazos en la colonia Galeana.7 The hit men moved in on their target, shot him dead and then disappeared in a matter of seconds. It would have been a perfect case for José Ibarra Limón, one of this violent border city’s most dogged crime investigators — had he not been the victim.3 Yesterday in downtown Ciudad Juarez, across the border from El Paso, Texas, a car packed with 22 pounds of C4 explosives and detonated by mobile phone killed two police officers and a paramedic, and wounded at least 16 other civilians or officers.2 A young woman was found decapitated in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, late Tuesday, local officials told CNN.3
Road Network
Train
Gateway
Rio Grande
Drug Related Violence Map, 2011 Journalists killed in
2011
Civilians killed in
2011
Police Station
Hospital, Med-Center Zona PRONAF Downtown Juรกrez Parque Industrial Omega
Estacion de Ferrocarril
Parque Industrial Los Fuentes Parque Industriales Antonio Bermudez Parque Industrial Zaragoza Parque Industrial Rio Bravo
Central Camionera
CJS
Fig. 45:
C IT Y A B A N D ON ME N T
Social and Spatial Consequences
P ER SON A L S EC U R IT Y
MIL IT A R Y IN T E R V EN T IO N
C R IMIN A L IT Y
“residential construction in Juárez soared in the 1990s thanks to federal policies that made lowincome housing credits
Total: 475,665
“2,500 Cops in Mexico Abandon Their Homes
475,665
Private Homes in Juarez, 2010 111,103 Unoccupied
Thanks to Cartels... The gang threatened a week ago to kill one policeman a day” -FoxNews.Com
“Decades of growth have been replaced by exodus. The city
widely available as a measure of economic stimulation.”
has lost nearly 20 percent of its population in the past
-El Paso Times, 2011 364,562 Occupied
churches and whole neighborhoods have fled either north or into rural areas for security.”
three years, or about 230,000
people” Thounsand
111,103
40
“Many families,
Homes Abandoned in 5 Year Span
2010
2005
70,434
-AbandonedChildrensFund.org
Number of Unoccupied Homes, Juarez
-NY Times, 2011
half of those displaced crossed the border into the United "An estimated
States, which would leave about 115,000 people internally displaced”
-680News.Com
Immediate Relative U
.S
.V isa
sI
ative Visa
Immediate Rel
s Is
ss
sue
ue
dt
d to
oM
Me
ex
xic
ica
an
ns
Par
ent
s of U.S. Citi
zens
2001
“The neighborhood
of Villas Residencia has lost nearly all of its residents, leaving the
door open for vandals, drug users and further violence.” -El Paso Times, 2011
“Take Juarez Cuidad for example where the social and family situation has rapidly deteriorated under the strain, leaving many aban-
doned children severely at risk.”
-AbandonedChildrensFund.org
“Hundreds of abandoned children wander the streets
alone, not knowing what tomorrow will bring. It is estimated that about two million Mexican children are orphaned or abandoned in Mexico.” -AbandonedChildrensFund.org
“Out of the city's almost 400
construction companies, only 30 currently have work,”
“’Back home, you either work
at
the mines or with the narcos,’” 6,000 -El Paso Times, 2011
“Soaring unemployment, the well-publicized escalation in
violent gang and drug related turf battles, [and] poverty has deepened in many
parts of Mexico.”
-AbandonedChildrensFund.org
-El Paso Times, 2011
4, 500
3,000
1,500
2010
“installing locks,
safety
bars and other security devices,
changing their daily habits and routines, frequenting fewer public establishments...dressing modestly and deciding not to purchase a new car.” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“San Lorenzo Shopping Center closed
off its parking lot and installed booths to avoid auto thefts and
facilitate arrests of criminals. ‘We made it into a paying parking lot to control entry and exit of vehicles,’” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“When shoppers arrive they receive fliers with a list of safety recommendations, including not to carry valuables in purses, to be alert to strangers when you get in or out of your car, not to walk alone, and to take different routes home. -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com “SUV’s are a popular carjacking target... a modest compact Nissan Tsuru that is less likely to call the attention of car thieves.” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“The park had been the site of a previous drive-by shooting... Now he plays [soccer] at an under-
ground park protected by walls.” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“’People don’t have faith in government,’ Professor Velázquez said,
‘They have faith in their neighbors.’” -NY Times, 2011
“In many Juárez neighborhoods, residents have pooled their money to install security gates,
guardhouses, hire security guards, or even set up rows of large orange highway construction barrels to bar access to their street.”
-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“If they’re intent on holding you up, they will hold you up; if they’re going to kidnap you, they’ll kidnap you.” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“We had to install a system of
cameras that we monitor from home through the Internet,” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“’familia anclada,’ a family
anchored”
-NY Times, 2011
“what little faith there is seems to be springing from the residents’ own self-reliance: the five boul-
ders that block an entrance
to one neighborhood; the additional guard dogs bought communally by another; the bodega owners in several areas who have stayed open by disguising their stores, hiding them from extortionists by
painting them white to look like houses.” -NY Times, 2011
“installed panic buttons to know immediately what
store it is... panic button that can be easily kept out of sight in their pants pocket.” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“Las Torres Shopping Center has undercover security guards constantly moving to avoid detection... are rotated and they dress as civilians,”
“The most drastic measure is that we almost never go out anymore to nighttime activities,” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“Contracted a security
guard and installed alarms.... early afternoon, they lock the doors
of their businesses... open the door only for known customers.... removed business ads... and switched business and private
telephone numbers to unlisted” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“[Planning to stay] means guarding her children with a fence of discarded wooden pallets, in a hollowed-out neighborhood where a blue plane filled with federal police officers can often be seen landing in the distance,
ready to make war.”
-NY Times, 2011
“children’s school have hired armed undercover guards... parents are issued identification cards they must show when they come to pick up their children.” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“My wife controls access to our colonia... with personal codes that are changed periodically,” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
-Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“I now burn all my papers and dump them into the trash...Many of
my friends don’t know where I now live” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“Thousands fled the city while
those who stayed barricaded
their neighborhoods with boulders or cement barriers”.
-PRI, 2012
“We try to take refuge in our house.” -Mexodus.Borderzine.Com
“The public... is suspicious of the military's participation in the drug war.” -NPR, 2009
“the army, together with federal, state, and municipal police, have focused on poor neighborhoods.” -NPR, 2009
citizens and torture by electric shocks and simulated suffocations with plastic bags.”
“Mexican people... were tired of corrupt police, corrupt judges,
corrupt everything, and the
bad guys always getting away. The troops arrived, but still
-NPR, 2009
things got worse, much worse.”
-NPR, 2009
3000
Federal Police
“From March to mid June of 2008, the attorney general's office in Juarez received 50 complaints... accusing the military of such things as forcibly disappearing
“[The military] could have driven their
armored vehicles to the drug lords' houses. It's no secret where they live. And
yet no drug lords have been arrested in Juarez.” -NPR, 2009
“Juarez, like Mexico, is a series of gangs. There's a city police gang. There's a state police gang. There's a federal police gang. There's the
army, a separate gang. And then there's 500 independent gangs. And then there's the cartels. And so what
you get is a society that's disintegrating, fighting for a piece of the pie. And
in the crossfire, the Mexican people get slaughtered.
That's the situation in Juarez today and in much of Mexico.” -Mr. Charles Bowden Author of "Down by the River" on NPR, 2009
“The army broke into my house, breaking down doors, breaking
things... even stealing things. They had on blue clothes. They wore round helmets and blue or black clothes with masks. They had no search warrant or arrest warrant. They arrived, beat up the family... There
were around 30 houses where these kind of events happened.” -NPR, 2009
“Four armed men entered the room, shooting and shooting.
They were dressed like soldiers, like military men, and
they wore bulletproof vests and their black ski masks, their shoes, all of it like military gear.” -NPR, 2009
“It is possible the people... were impersonating the military. But there's no reason...
You don't have to have a costume to kill people.” -Mr. Charles Bowden Author of "Down by the River" on NPR, 2009
“The assassins, they say, arrive in SUVs with shaded windows and no license plates. They
wear black clothes and black ski masks and carry automatic rifles and pistols. People say they position themselves around their target in disciplined and practiced maneuvers. These armed commandos are said to travel the city at night when the streets are empty, without being pursued by the military. So, the reasoning goes, they
must be from the military.” -NPR, 2009
“seven or eight men wearing the uniforms of a special Mexican
army unit, the Red Berets,
had parked about 50 yards away from the massacre site, but did not come to the aid of those being attacked.”
“The troops patrolled the streets in armored vehicles mounted with machine guns, dressed in full battle gear - helmets, flack jackets, kneepads.” -NPR, 2009
-NPR, 2009
7000
Troops
“In 2008... the cartels began
employing the city's youth.
The teenagers took to the streets to become sicarios
hitmen.”
or
-PulitzerCenter.Org
“The Juárez Cartel relies on two
enforcement gangs... La Linea, a group of corrupt (current and former) Chihuahua police officers... on the Mexican side...[and] the
Barrio Azteca street gang [which] operates in Mexico and in Texan cities such as El Paso, Dallas and Austin, as well as in New Mexico and Arizona.” -Wikipedia.Org
“the area of Juarez where most factory workers lived had one
high school for over 600,000 inhabitants.” -PulitzerCenter.Org
“Los Novenos get high on marijuana and paint thinner on the soccer fields in their neighborhood.”
-PulitzerCenter.Org Image by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011
“the lure of easy livable wages from
working for a cartel is an irresistible temptation to
many Juarenses. Drug bosses offer the equivalent
of a factory worker’s weekly wages to perform an execution.” -PulitzerCenter.Org
“With infrastructure
damaged from the drug war and few opportunities for work, Ciudad Juarez's
youth often turn to crime to make ends meet.” -PulitzerCenter.Org
“Most of these gang
members never made it to middle school because the tuition was
too high.”
-PulitzerCenter.Org
“At an average
rate of eight
burials a day, the only
municipal cemetery in Juárez with remaining space for new burials will reach its maximum capacity
in less than four years.” -El Paso Times, 2012
48%
of Juarez Residents between age 14 and 24 are Neither Employed nor Studying
-PulitzerCenter.Org
“City officials are also planning on building a dedicated space to keep cremated remains. The
vertical 6.5-foot shelf would have 360 spots. Two other
identical shelves could be built if there is a demand” -El Paso Times, 2012
“The most vulnerable in Juarez are Los Ninis, young men and women who got their name from the phrase “ni estudian, ni trabajan”—those 25% of the City’s Total Homicide Victims are Los Ninis
-PulitzerCenter.Org
who neither work nor study.” -PulitzerCenter.Org
“Without work, or a real incentive to work, young people are increasingly turning to the cartels where
the boundaries between crime and an honest path are often blurred by the bloodshed and fear enveloping the city” -PulitzerCenter.Org
“A couple dances at a gang affiliated party... This gang has tried hard to keep out of the larger war, but neighboring barrios continue to try to control their barrio for extortion and to sell drugs. They have been associated with at least one vigilante killing.” -PulitzerCenter.Org Image by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011
“A group of young men catch a ride in the back of a car to their friends funeral in one of the poorer areas of Ciudad Juarez. The 15-year-old boy, Sergio Adrian Hernandez Guereca, was shot by a US Border Patrol agent.” -PulitzerCenter.Org Image by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011
“Novenos get stoned at a friend's house. The Novenos have suffered three murders in the last year in conflicts with rival gangs.” -PulitzerCenter.Org Image by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011
static/infocus/4202012/m10_22024235.jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 14: heavy hand, sunken spirit. http://www.davidrochkind. com/#/photography/heavy-hand-sunken-spirit/2011_Mexico018 (15.07.2012) Img. 15: Drug Money. http://1x1.fi/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color039.jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 16: Vicente Carrillo Fuentes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Vicente_Carrillo_Fuentes_(narcotraficante).jpg (13.07.2012) Img. 17: Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano. http://msnlatino.telemundo. com/_cache/images/assets/2012-07/ep_capodecapos16_13419504 9178___484x363.jpg (15.06.2012)
L ist o f I m a g e s
Img. 18: Joaquin Guzman. http://www.tenorama.com/sites/default/ files/foto/chapo-guzman.jpg (12.07.2012) Img. 19: Osiel Cardenas Guillen. http://sdpnoticias.com/files/ posts/800/El_junior.Rafael_Cárdenas_Vélez.jpg (12.07.2012)
Img. 1: Mexican Federal policemen. http://www.puppetgov.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/08/r345632_1577449.jpg (14.07.2012)
Img. 20: Pinc Crosses for Slain Women in Juarez. http://media.portland.indymedia.org/images/2005/04/315230.jpg (15.07.2012)
Img. 2: Greetings from Juarez. http://cache2.allpostersimages. com/p/LRG/61/6174/P7B1100Z/poster/greetings-from-ciudad-juarezmexico.jpg (15.07.2012)
Img. 21: The family of 28-year-old Alberto Rodriquez—killed in his car outside his house while his family watched—cries as authorities descend on the crime scene. November 10, 2008. http://1x1.fi/7711 (15.07.2012)
Img. 2a: The Desert. http://ridedualsport.com/forum/index. php?topic=402.0 (14.07.2012) Img. 2b: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/USMexico_border_deaths_monument.jpg (16.07.2012) Img. 2c: http://1x1.fi/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color039. jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 2d: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uQt7YfFGA3U/S6Y_DH0gRrI/ AAAAAAAAFig/Wao3qhF1w8U/s1600/Ejecutados-en-ManteTamaulipas.jpg (16.07.2012) Img. 3: Soaptree Yucca. http://landcovertrends.usgs.gov/west/ eco24Report.html (14.07.2012) Img. 4: The Desert. http://ridedualsport.com/forum/index. php?topic=402.0 (14.07.2012) Img. 5: Desert, Skull. http://cdn.theatlanticwire.com/img/upload/2011/06/97878694/large.jpg (14.07.2012) Img. 6: Here to Make the Border. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8aBLPbEEHSY/T6Gks4geiaI/AAAAAAAAANI/h8NRA-DWr0Q/s1600/ IMG_0039.jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 7: Sylvia Baumgartner (2007): Untitled (Border Crossing, Flags). unpublished Img. 8: Sylvia Baumgartner (2007): Untitled (Border Crossing, Through Fence). unpublished Img. 9: A Maquiladora in Mexico. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquiladora (16.07.2012) Img. 10: Operacion Conjunta Chihuahua. http://1x1.fi/wp-content/ uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color034-625x416.jpg (13.07.2012)
Img. 22: A pregnant 14 year old girl was shot in Ciudad Juarez. http://cdn.lightgalleries.net/4bd5ebff85c3e/images/2011_Mexico013-1.jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 23: A marijuana themed belt adorns the victim of an apparent drug-related execution on February 29, 2012 in Acapulco, Mexico. http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/4202012/s_m15_40183539. jpg (15.07.2012) Img. 24: Crime scene investigation of two dead bodies found in the desert outside of Juarez. August 2, 2009. http://1x1.fi/wp-content/ uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color002-625x416.jpg (16.07.2012) Img. 25: Wieviel kann eine Stadt aushalten? http://www.peterkilchmann.com/files/juarez_d3_web.jpg (16.07.2012)
List of Figur es Fig. 1, Fig. 2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juárez, http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Paris, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome (10.07.2012) Fig. 3: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juárez, Google Earth (15.07.2012) Fig. 4: http://www.imip.org.mx/mapa/mapa.php, http://www.planjuarez.org/files/pdf_168.pdf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_ Juárez, http://wikimapia.org/, Google Earth (15.07.2012)
Img. 11: Drug Use. http://1x1.fi/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Drugwar_Color040-625x415.jpg (13.07.2012)
Fig. 5: http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?e=8&i=i, http://www.txcip.org/tac/census/profile. php?FIPS=48141, http://www.elpasotexas.gov/demo.asp, http:// quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/48141.html (15.07.2012)
Img. 12: Cocaine Bricks. http://0.tqn.com/d/alcoholism/1/0/D/v/1/cocaine05.jpg (15.07.2012)
Fig. 6: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=201106061531 46AAbDROS, (14.06.2012)
Img. 13: A soldier walks through a cloud of smoke from burning marijuana on an illegal plantation at the Sierra de Juarez, in Tecate, northern Mexico, on September 21, 2010. http://cdn.theatlantic.com/
Fig. 7, Fig. 8: see Fig. 5 Fig. 9: Google Earth, https://maps.google.com (15.07.2012)
Fig. 10: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Mexico_Border_Barrier, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juรกrez, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Rio_Grande (16.07.2012) Fig. 11: http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2011/05/agriculturaltrade-between-us-and.html, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_ Drug_War, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquiladora (15.07.2012) Fig. 12: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/realestate/ commercial/28juarez.html?pagewanted=all (16.07.2012) Fig. 13: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012)
timeline, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mexican_ Drug_War, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/special/ mexico-drug-war-timeline/index.html, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/7917904/ Mexicos-war-on-drugs-timeline.html, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ americas/country_profiles/1210779.stm, http://dailyinfographic.com/ drug-war-infographic, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11174174 (16.07.2012) Fig. 39: http://extranosalley.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/ mexgun-300x300.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juรกrez (16.07.2012)
Fig. 15: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War (15.07.2012)
Fig. 40: http://media.mcclatchydc.com/smedia/2010/12/15/18/20101215_MEXICO_POLICE.large.prod_affiliate.91.jpg (16.07.2012)
Fig. 16: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/realestate/ commercial/28juarez.html?pagewanted=all (15.072012)
Fig. 41: http://extranosalley.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/mexgun-300x300.jpg (16.07.2012)
Fig. 17: # of Maquiladoras per State. http://infranetlab.org/ blog/2010/05/border-economies-the-maquiladora-export-landscape (16.07.2012)
Fig. 42: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KZRyljfkHAg/T-oMBZUGWVI/ AAAAAAAACE4/cEgobeN1TEw/s1600/2012-MEXICO-09+pew+10. png (16.07.2012)
Fig. 18, Fig. 19: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012)
Fig. 43: http://extras.mnginteractive.com/live/media/site525/2012/ 0328/20120328_072748_US_mx_drug_homicides_300.jpg, http:// justiceinmexico.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/2012-tbi-drugviolence. pdf, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-10681249 (12.07.2012)
Fig. 14: See Figure 11
Fig. 20:http://www.elpasoredco.org/regional-data/ciudad-juarez/twinplant/maquila-industry (16.07.2012) Fig. 21: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012) Fig. 22: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_Highway (16.07.2012) Fig. 23, Fig. 24: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012) Fig. 25: http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default. aspx?e=8&i=i (15.06.2012) Fig. 26:http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/display-afficher. do?id=1204258695800&lang=eng (16.07.2012) Fig. 27: http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2011/05/agriculturaltrade-between-us-and.html (14.06.2012) Fig. 27a: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Juรกrez, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquiladora, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/realestate/commercial/28juarez. html?pagewanted=all (15.072012) Fig. 28: see Fig. 4 Fig. 29, Fig. 30: http://www.sunstar-solutions.com/DCLsurvey.htm (08.07.2012) Fig. 31, Fig. 32: http://www.industrytoday.com/article_view. asp?ArticleID=F289 (16.07.2012) Fig. 33: http://www.dailyinfographics.com/drug-war-infographic (15.07.2012) Fig. 34: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War#Ju. C3.A1rez_Cartel (15.07.2012) Fig. 35, Fig. 37: http://hosted.ap.org/specials/interactives/_international/mexican_cartels/index.html?SITE=AP (16.07.2012) Fig. 36: http://infographiclist.com/2012/04/08/illegal-drug-marketviolence-in-mexico-infographic (16.07.2012) Fig. 38: http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/06/16/idUSN16449, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/mexico/100708/ciudad-juarez-
Fig. 44: see Fig. 36 Fig. 45: http://sites.google.com/site/policereform/narco-killings, http:// www.imip.org.mx/mapa/mapa.php (15.07.2012) 1 http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-20/world/mexico.woman.killed_1_
ciudad-juarez-decapitated-young-woman?_s=PM:WORLD 2
http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/07/ deadly-car-bomb-in-juarez-is-a-first-for-mexican-drug-gangs/1#.T_ tEbxzr9c0 3
http://focusmexico.wordpress.com/tag/narcos/
4
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-5289387-503543.html
5
http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Ciudad-Juarezwomen-still-being-tortured-by-1703010.php#photo-1223515 6
http://articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/23/world/la-fg-mexico-shooting-20101024 7
https://sites.google.com/site/policereform/2012-mar-24-to-april1/2012-april-1-to-april-9/2012-april-8-to-april-15/2012-april-15-toapril-21/2012-april-21-to-april-27 8
https://sites.google.com/site/policereform/narco-killings/jan-16-tofeb-28/june-11-to-july-11/aug/aug-8--aug-17/aug-17-to-aug-25 9
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/mexico-killings-cartelviolence_n_896691.html 10
http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2012/01/eight-men-murdered-inviolent-ciudad.html
L ist o f C o l l a g e S o u rces
Collage 1: City Abandonment http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_18118887 http://mexodus.borderzine.com/side-story/411/ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/americas/09juarez. html?pagewanted=all http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/02/02/mexican-cartelsforce-juarez-police-into-hotels-for-safety/ http://www.abandonedchildrensfund.org/what-we-do-mexico.html http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/202894--report-says230-000-displaced-by-mexico-s-drug-war-census-shows-abandoned-houses http://www.hispanicallyspeakingnews.com/notitas-de-noticias/details/ relocate-or-die-mexican-entrepreneurs-migrate-to-the-interior-fleeing-/10025/ http://mexodus.borderzine.com/side-story/411/ Collage 2: Personal Security http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/americas/09juarez. html?pagewanted=all http://www.theworld.org/2012/02/nightlife-in-juarez/ http://mexodus.borderzine.com/life/surviving-juarez-besieged-residents-and-businesses-devise-strategies-to-stay-safe-in-the-violenceplagued-city/ Collage 3: Military Intervention http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99047804 http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/06/16/idUSN16449 Collage 4: Criminality http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Cartel http://www.elpasotimes.com/news/ci_20669007/drug-related-violence-quickly-pushes-juarez-cemetery-near-capacity http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/mexico-ciudad-juarez-violencedrug-war-cartels-youth-los-ninis (Images by Dominic Bracco II. Mexico, 2011
Img. 25: