NEMATHORIN Stewardship
Introduction This NEMATHORIN stewardship guide has been produced to provide both the grower and the operator with the necessary knowledge to make safe and effective applications of NEMATHORIN. Without effective stewardship of nematicide products, legislative authorities will not continue to register them for use. Syngenta have a considerable commitment to stewardship of all of their products and aim to make this as accessible as possible to the user. Stewardship documents such as this are complimented by grower meetings and application workshops at various locations around the country. Attendance at these workshops gives farmers & operators confidence in their methods and also allows them to gain NRoSO points for their ongoing training record. Syngenta’s area managers are available to offer advice and support through face to face meetings with growers and operators and Syngenta’s technical advice helpline is open Monday to Friday with an emergency helpline available 24 hours a day. Syngenta Technical Helpline: 0800 169 6058 Email: customer.services@syngenta.com 24 hour Emergency Helpline: 01484 538444
Contents 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3
Effects of soil pests Potato cyst nematode Free living nematode Wireworm
2. Integrated management 2.1 Integrated crop management 2.2 Integrated pest management 2.3 Variety choice 2.4 Chemical control 2.5 Evaluation 3. Soil sampling, pest thresholds & recommendations 3.1 Soil sampling for PCN and FLN 3.2 Thresholds 3.3 Wireworm monitoring 4. Using NEMATHORIN 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6
Factors affecting nematicide efficacy The product Human error The environment Pest biology The crop
6. Operator safety 6.1 Before use 6.2 During use 7. Minimising environmental risk 8. 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7
Application & calibration Application equipment Granule applicator cartridge fitting Granule applicator seasonal servicing Output check Calculating hopper output using a calculator Other useful calculations Ratio charts
9. Incorporation & granule destination 9.1 Application during bed tilling 9.2 Application to flat ground before deep ridging 9.3 Application on a de-stoner 9.4 Application on a power harrow followed by a de-stoner 9.5 Application on a rotovator 10. Tuber sampling for residue testing 10.1 Tuber sampling in field 10.2 Tuber sampling from store
Effects of soil pests
1
Soil pests such as Potato Cyst Nematode (PCN), Free Living Nematodes (FLN) and Wireworm can cause considerable damage to crops. With 60% of potato production land being infested, PCN alone causes an average yield loss of 9% in the UK, and in extreme cases yield losses can be 40-95%. This costs the potato industry ÂŁ50 million/year and additional costs are incurred by processors and retailers due to reduced crop quality from the effects of other pests. 1.1 Potato cyst nematode
1.3 Wireworm
There are two main species of PCN, Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida. G.pallida populations have risen over the past few years and, being the more difficult of the two species to control, has caused increased problems.
Wireworm have become more prevalent in recent years resulting in an increased risk of feeding damage. Wireworm are the larvae of click beetles and they feed on potato tubers. The larval stage can last for 4-5 years resulting in the potential for damage which reduces the value of pre-pack crops and can be particularly costly in processing crops where damage has penetrated through the skin and excessive peeling is required.
Larvae of both species feed on the plant roots causing dwarfed plants, premature death and therefore lower yields. The eggs hatch in the spring when potato roots begin growing and over the growing season females develop into cysts which can contain up to 500 eggs each. Eggs can remain viable in the soil profile for many years.
NEMATHORIN has been proven to have activity on all three of these major soil pests
1.2 Free living nematode Free living nematodes (FLN) live within the soil profile and are responsible for transmitting Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) which causes brown internal cork like effects called Spraing. Spraing can render a crop of potatoes almost worthless and therefore FLN control is very important. FLNs are most mobile in light sandy soils and this is where they are likely to cause most damage. Internal tuber damage caused by Spraing
Golden eggs of G. rostochiensis and white eggs of G.pallida
Wireworm
Integrated pest management 2.1 Integrated crop management The principle of Integrated Crop Management (ICM) suggests that the method of cultivation, rotation and variety choice should form the first line of defence in crop protection. Prediction and evaluation by mapping and forecasting should be used where possible and biological control should come before chemical control in an Integrated Pest Management strategy.
2.2 Integrated pest management Monitor and identify pest: • Soil sampling • Pheromone traps • Bait traps Record keeping: Keeping a record of pest species and numbers can help to identify if your pest management strategy is effective and if changes need to be made. A record of the application of any chemical products should also be kept. Such records should include: • Date of application • Rate applied • Method of application • Method of soil incorporation • Weather conditions at time of application • 1st incidence of rain after application • Weather records and irrigation records can also be useful Prevention: Land which is free of PCN, FLN and wireworm should be kept clean using the following methods: Good hygiene • Ensure all machinery is free of soil, particularly contract and shared machinery which operates on other land. • Dispose of waste soil in the field of origin or in a sacrificial area • Be careful of bringing slurry or manure onto farm as PCN can survive through the digestive system of animals. • Ensure all waste disposal arrangements are in compliance with Waste Management Regulations
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Plant certified seed Certified seed is classified under The Seed Potatoes (England) Regulations 2006 which aims to address the quality of seed used for growing both seed and ware crops. The Regulations restrict the amount of land on which seed potatoes may be produced so as to minimise the risk of infection by certain diseases or pests. Trap cropping: A ‘trap-crop’ such as Sticky Nightshade (Solanum sisymbriffolium) can be used as its root system mimics that of the potato plant and therefore the exudates from it stimulate egg hatch for both species of PCN. This plant is completely resistant to attack by PCN therefore the PCN die, thus reducing the risk to the following potato crop. Caliente Mustard can be used as a ‘Bio-fumigant’. When the crop is grown, cut and incorporated in to the soil it releases cyanide which slows biological activity in the soil, therefore reducing the risk posed by PCN. Rotation: A decline in PCN numbers is usually seen over 6 years in the absence of a potato crop. The decline is dependant on your starting PCN population. Extending rotations to a minimum of 6 years may therefore reduce the PCN population in the soil. Volunteer potatoes between potato crops must be controlled for this method to be effective.
Integrated pest management 2.3 Variety choice A resistant variety reduces (partial resistance) or prevents (full resistance) nematode multiplication. Root invasion & damage still occurs! A tolerant variety yields well in spite of root invasion. BUT does not prevent multiplication! Use of a tolerant variety, despite giving reasonable yields, will leave a legacy of high PCN population in the soil and is therefore not a sustainable method of PCN management when used alone. There are 88 varieties described as ‘highly resistant’ to G. rostochiensis (score 9 in the Potato Council Variety Database). The highest resistance level for G. pallida is 6 and only 2 varieties (Vales Everest and Crisps4all) exhibit this. G. pallida is at present the most common species found.
2.4 Chemical control Use a nematicide product such as NEMATHORIN (which contains the active ingredient fosthiazate). Granular nematicides in general have been shown to reduce the multiplication of post-cropping populations of PCN and reduce yield losses. When used in conjunction with AMISTAR yield increases of up to 19 t/ha have been experienced and the number of the most marketable tubers (>65 mm) has increased by 66%.
2.5 Evaluation Assessing the Pf/Pi ratio (final PCN population (Pf) divided by the initial population (Pi)) indicates the efficacy of the product or method used for control. Lower values for this ratio indicate more efficient control.
Pheremone trap
2
Soil sampling, pest counts and recommendations
3
3.1 Soil sampling for PCN & FLN Soil sampling and subsequent analysis can be used to determine the approximate numbers of PCN eggs and FLN in an area. • Fields should be sampled when potatoes are not currently being grown. Samples for FLN analysis should be taken in the summer before planting and those for PCN analysis should be taken in the autumn/winter before planting • Fields should be sub-divided into areas no larger than 1 hectare or where there is a change in soil type or cropping history. • Samples should be taken using a GPS grid system or in a ‘W’ configuration, cleaning the probe between each sample. • A minimum of 30 samples should be taken to a depth of 15 cm.
• Enough samples should be taken to provide at least 500 grams of soil per sampling area. • Place the soil from each sampling area in a large heavy gauge polythene bag and secure the bag to prevent cross contamination. Samples for FLN analysis should be handled carefully and should not be stored for any length of time as this will have a detrimental effect on the number of viable FLN in the sample. • Samples should be sent to an accredited laboratory for analysis, such as FERA. • PCN soil sampling guidance for seed growers can be found in the 2010 PCN directive.
Soil sampling, pest counts and recommendations
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3.2 Thresholds PCN Thresholds Results Category
Advice
None found
No treatment necessary. However, a result of 0 eggs/g does not mean there is a complete absence of PCN.
Non-viable
Only non-viable eggs found, no treatment necessary. However, this does not mean there is a complete absence of viable PCN eggs.
Low (1-8 eggs/g)
Nematicide use is recommended especially if using a close cropping rotation or in light soils where there is additional stress. The use of a PCN resistant variety may limit nematode multiplication.
Moderate (8-15 eggs/g)
Nematicide treatment is highly recommended. The use of a PCN resistant variety in conjunction with nematicide treatment should be considered.
High (>15 eggs/g)
Consider other ground. Note: Silt land and black land (>50% organics) may withstand higher populations of 20-30 eggs/g.
There is currently very little industry information regarding thresholds for FLN. The transmission of Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) which causes Sprang is not dependant on a certain number of FLN in the soil, it simply depends if those present are carriers of the virus, which unfortunately cannot be determined through laboratory tests. The risk of feeding damage is dependent on the population of FLN and the species present. Conditions at the time of planting can also impact upon the risk posed by FLN; if soils are cold or wet then the risk of damage is increased. The table below outlines the best information available at the time this document was produced. FLN Thresholds Results Category
Risk
>75 Trichodorus in 250 g soil
High risk of feeding damage.
>150 Trichodorus in 250 g soil
Very high risk of feeding damage.
>25 Longidorus in 250 g soil
High risk of feeding damage.
>60 Longidorus in 250 g soil
Very high risk of feeding damage.
Combined population >100 in 250 g soil
High risk of feeding damage.
Soil sampling, pest thresholds and recommendations
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3.3 Wireworm monitoring Syngenta has developed pheromone traps to detect populations of all three species of click beetles which are the adult form of wireworm. By attracting click beetles using species specific pheromones and trapping them, the population of wireworm can be inferred. The pheromone traps can detect levels that traditional soil sampling and bait trapping are not able to. They are low labour intensive and no identification skills are necessary since the traps themselves are species specific. Traps should be set in the May-July prior to potato cropping, allowing plenty of time for a pest management decision to be made according to IPM practices. Syngenta recommends that two sets of three traps (one with pheromone for each species of click beetle) are
used per field. The distance between each set should be greater than 100 m and traps should be placed well away from headlands. Bait trapping should be carried out in the spring, prior to planting potatoes the following season, when soil is warming and wireworm rise to the surface. Traps should be buried in the soil close to the surface and filled with a food source such as an old potato. To obtain a trap kit or replacement pheromone capsules please contact Syngenta Publications by phoning 0800 652 4216 or speak with your local Syngenta Area Manager.
>100m 30-40m
Example of field set up of pheromone traps
Wireworm pheromone trap result recommendations Results Category
Advice
None trapped
If no wireworm are detected in subsequent soil sampling and bait trapping the risk of wireworm damage is very low and it is likely that potatoes may be grown safely without the use of a nematicide.
<50 click beetles trapped
Some tuber damage may occur. Either apply NEMATHORIN at 15 kg/ha to reduce damage or plant a variety that can be lifted early to reduce damage occurring.
50-100 click beetles trapped
Significant tuber damage may occur. Apply NEMATHORIN at a rate of 15 kg/ha to reduce damage.
>150 click beetles trapped
Severe damage is VERY likely. Growers should avoid growing potatoes in this field.
Using NEMATHORIN
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PCN cysts on roots
If you decide that using NEMATHORIN is the best option for the pest problem you have, the following advice must be adhered to: • For the control of PCN and FLN (Spraing) the maximum dose of NEMATHORIN is 30 kg/ha incorporated overall • For reducing wireworm damage the maximum dose of NEMATHORIN is 15 kg/ha incorporated overall • DO NOT APPLY NEMATHORIN IN-FURROW • Application machinery must be operated by a PA4G qualified operator and machinery should be calibrated at the beginning of every season and regularly throughout the entire season • Granules must be applied and incorporated in one pass to avoid leaving granules exposed on the surface
• Once planted the crop must be grown for a minimum of 119 days (17 weeks) before being desiccated or lifted green-top, whichever comes first • If a prolonged period of dry weather is experienced before planting, or at the time of planting consider irrigating the crop prior to tuber initiation • If a crop starts to senesce before 119 days the grower should consider a pre-lifting residue test • The grower has responsibility for ensuring that the MRL is not exceeded and to avoid the crop being rejected Always read the label and product information before use.
Factors affecting nematicide efficacy
5
There are many factors which affect the performance of granular nematicides, some of which are beyond our control. It is important to understand how these factors influence the products in order to take actions which will help to get the best performance possible. 5.1 The product Product Degradation – the half life of NEMATHORIN (the time it takes for half of it to degrade) in soil is approximately 35 days. This means that after 70 days only 25% of the initial concentration of the active ingredient will be present. This natural degradation is important to prevent residues occurring in the final crop. However, if PCN eggs hatch late or a second generation hatches later in the season then the ability of the nematicide to control these populations is decreased due to the degradation of nematicide in the soil.
5.2 Human error Soil sampling – the use of improper soil sampling techniques can cause a misinterpretation of the initial PCN/FLN population. Underestimating the initial population may cause the efficacy of the nematicide used to appear reduced. Field selection – close rotation causes PCN populations to build very rapidly. The use of ground which is known to have high PCN/FLN populations is likely to cause reduced efficacy of a nematicide. Application error – reduced efficacy of the product and lower concentrations of a nematicide within the soil may be caused by poor application. Under-applying the product due to poor calibration of machinery and incorporation with too much soil will both reduce the efficacy of the nematicide.
PCN cyst
Factors affecting nematicide efficacy 5.3 The environment Warm, moist soil conditions – warm, moist soil conditions may cause the degradation of the active ingredient to be more rapid. Soil biology – the degradation of the active ingredient in a nematicide is carried out by bacterial organisms in the soil. With multiple applications of the same active ingredient to the same ground the population of these organisms will increase, and therefore the speed of nematicide degradation will also increase. This affect has not been proven to occur with repeated use of NEMATHORIN. Do not apply NEMATHORIN more than once every four years on the same field. Soil moisture – the active ingredient in the nematicide may not be activated in continuous dry/warm conditions and PCN hatch may occur.
5.4 Pest biology Species population – an increase in the population of G. pallida in recent years is well documented. G. pallida egg hatch occurs later than G. rostachiensis which was previously more common. Extremely dry weather conditions and slow root development in the early stages of growth may also cause eggs to hatch later. If eggs hatch later when nematicide activity has declined the efficacy of the product will appear reduced.
5
2nd generation – an increase in spring soil temperatures could lead to the development of a second generation of PCN. Rapid cycling – rapid life cycling and therefore faster maturation of PCN (possibly caused by warmer soil conditions) would cause greater competition for root nutrients and the efficacy of the nematicide will appear reduced.
5.5 The crop Unusual crop growth – if early root growth is impeded by environmental conditions then the stimulation of egg hatch will not occur at the most optimum time for control. Variety choice – a number of varieties are classified as resistant to G. rostachiensis however very few are resistant to G. pallida. Some species are tolerant to G. pallida however the use of a tolerant variety alone is not a recommended method of PCN management as PCN multiplication will still occur despite the tolerant variety yielding well. The choice of cultivar used should be based upon the Potato Council variety database.
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Operator safety 6.1 Before use
6.2 During use
Always read the label thoroughly before considering use of a pesticide product.
• Ensure there is adequate ventilation in the area of use.
• Do not use NEMATHORIN if you have been advised by your doctor not to work with anticholinesterase compounds. • Ensure a COSHH assessment has been carried out. • Ensure those dealing with the product have the necessary qualifications (NPTC PA4G) NEMATHORIN 10G Fine granule containing 10% w/w fosthiazate. Contains fosthiazate. May produce an allergic reaction. Fosthiazate is an anticholinesterase organophosphate. Handle with care. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. MAY CAUSE SENSITISATION BY SKIN CONTACT. TOXIC TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS, MAY CAUSE LONG-TERM ADVERSE EFFECTS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT.
HARMFUL
DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Keep out of reach of children. Keep away from food, drink and animal feeding stuffs. When using, do not eat, drink or smoke. Avoid contact with skin. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label (show the label where possible). This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way. Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination. To avoid risks to man and the environment, comply with the instructions for use.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR USE ONLY AS AN AGRICULTURAL NEMATICIDE / INSECTICIDE Crops: Potatoes Maximum individual dose per crop, Maximum number treatments, Latest time of application and Other specific restrictions: Full details are given in IMPORTANT INFORMATION on attached leaflet.
• Wear the correct Personal Protective Equipment: i) When handling the product, adjusting granule application machinery, cleaning contaminated equipment and handling contaminated surfaces always use the following: – Protective Clothing (coveralls) – Suitable gloves – Eye protection (goggles) – Filtering facepiece respirator disposable filtering facepiece to at least EN 149 (FFP3) ii) When applying product using tractor mounted/drawn machinery – Wear protective clothing/coveralls – Wash all protective clothing after use. Take off immediately heavily contaminated clothing. – Wash dust from skin or eyes immediately. – DO NOT breathe dust. Avoid all contact by mouth. – Wash hands and exposed skin before eating drinking or smoking.
READ THE LABEL BEFORE USE. USING THIS PRODUCT IN A MANNER THAT IS INCONSISTENT WITH THE LABEL MAY BE AN OFFENCE. FOLLOW THE CODE OF PRACTICE FOR USING PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS. 7-3405-611-560-14/08 1704/424806/DPD
Surefill™ packaging All NEMATHORIN is now packed in returnable and refillable Surefill containers (right). The Surefill system provides a clean, quick and safe closed-transfer system, which minimises the risk of operator exposure or spillage during filling in the field. Returnable containers eliminate any packaging waste. Mindful of the need for farmers to meet waste management legislation, Syngenta is committed to minimising waste through concentrated formulation technology and innovative packaging design. Furthermore, Syngenta supports a range of initiatives to reduce and recycle packaging.
Minimising environmental risk • NEMATHORIN is dangerous to livestock therefore livestock should be kept out of treated areas for at least 13 weeks following treatment • To protect birds/wild mammals the product must be fully incorporated in the soil; ensure that the product is also fully incorporated at the end of rows • To protect birds and wild mammals remove spillages • Do not contaminate water with the product or its container • Do not clean application equipment near surface water. Avoid contamination via drains from farmyards and roads • To protect groundwater do not apply this or any other product containing fosthiazate more than once every four years • The incorporation of the product into the soil to a minimum depth of 15 centimetres and ridging-up of treated soil must be carried out immediately after application • Returnable packaging reduces waste and environmental damage caused by landfill
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Application & calibration
8
8.1 Application equipment do not use nemathorin in-furrow For the application of granular nematicides such as NEMATHORIN, Syngenta recommends the use of : Horstine Farmery: • TMAir – Implement mounted granular insecticide applicators for bed tillers • TMAir – Front mounted granular insecticide applicators for bed tillers and rotavators • Microband – Granular insecticide applicators for planters, destoners, bed tillers and drills Techneat Engineering: • Maxicast • Microcast 30, 70, 200 and 250 Syngenta runs workshops in conjunction with independent experts which address the set up, calibration and maintenance of application machinery. This is a free service and Syngenta would encourage any grower using a nematicide to attend.
8.2 Granule applicator cartridge fitting The application of NEMATHORIN is metered by a series of rotors, either separately mounted or pre-arranged in a cartridge. Both Horstine Farmery and Techneat Engineering have developed cartridges for more accurate application of granular nematicides.
• The bearings are self-lubricating. Do not lubricate it will damage the cartridge.
• The cartridges can rotate in either direction and their lifespan may be extended by turning the cartridge 180 degrees to change the direction of rotation when they begin to wear.
Cartridge fitting instructions: • Loosen the casting screws and remove old metering parts from the host machine – Retain the drive shaft, shaft sealing washers and shaft collars – Fit cartridge to shaft, with a shaft-sealing washer & collar at either end. Allow some free-play. • Fit the new cartridge into the metering chamber with small openings visible in the hopper.
• Cartridges must be fitted as complete sets and cartridges should not be replaced individually. • The cartridge drive must be through the primary bearing set fitted to the host machine.
• Please follow the host machine instructions for the general disassembly and re-assembly of the machine.
Application & calibration 8.2 Granule applicator cartridge fitting (continued) Cartridge fitting instructions continued: • Look into the hopper and centre the small openings equally in the chamber. • Using the end screws in the casting, lock the cartridge into place. • Check that the cartridge rotates freely before moving on to the next hopper. – Multiple hoppers must be aligned in all planes to avoid tightening or jamming. – No liability can be accepted for damage caused by misaligned hoppers, or incorrect drive layout. OUTPUT WILL GO UP WITH WEAR. Calibrate machine before use, after the first day and regularly thereafter. Watch for wear: Know your treated area and calculate how much you are using each day or small block (not how much you have used on all the treated area). The longer you leave it before you check, the more likely you are to under correct.
NEMATHORIN cartridge
8
8.3 Granule applicator seasonal servicing End of season cleaning – remove all ‘live’ product. This is best done by running the machine out in the field. Any granules removed from the hopper must be returned to the original packaging. DO NOT PUT OIL INSIDE THE HOPPERS OR WASH THEM OUT. Waterproofing/storage – check the condition of lids and seals to prevent water getting in. Store the machine in a closed dry place, if it must be stored in an open barn put a water proof cover over the hoppers and plug the drop tubes. Cartridge condition – visually check the condition of rotors and turn the shaft so that the full circumference of each rotor can be viewed to assess for plugging of flutes or notching. All cartridges should be changed if damage is found. DO NOT CHANGE CARTRIDGES SINGLY OR MIX USED CARTRIDGES. Alignment/binding – with the belt or chain off and no more than 4 hoppers fitted to any one shaft, test for freedom of movement. Using a vice grip on the hopper shaft as a handle, the shaft should turn easily with one hand through the full rotation. Hopper misalignment is a common cause of sticking at one point of the rotation. This is often cured by slackening one of the hopper mounting bolts and turning the shaft until it runs free then re-tightening the bolts, some packing may be required to stop the binding. If binding is throughout the rotation, dismantling, cleaning and reassembly of all hoppers is necessary. General condition – check for wear of all moving parts and service following manufacturers instructions. DO NOT OIL CARTRIDGES, the cartridges are self-lubricating and oil will reduce wear life. Spiked land wheel – check the condition and circumference. Spokes should be even and will require measuring. They should have a flat area on the end and the landwheel should be replaced if the spokes are pointed. 100 ÷ Circumference (in metres) = Turns per 100 m • For turns per 100 m use a field check – it is more accurate. • Small differences in the circumference of the land wheel causes big output differences.
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Application & calibration 8.4 Output check
8.6 Other useful calculations
• The output test should be over at least 100 metres or a minimum output of 100 grams per outlet. Weigh outlets separately on scales with a maximum increment of 2 grams. • Put sufficient material into the hopper, so that the rotors are well covered when the test is complete (a minimum of ¾ of a litre or about 1.5 litres for wide rotors). • Turn shaft 5 to 10 times to ensure that the cartridges are well filled and bedded in. Turn rotors at no more than one turn per second. • Individual outputs should be within 10% of the average and not more than 10% above the output for new cartridges (refer to product label ), if not replace cartridge. • If available use blank/dummy granules.
Output ratio = drive ratio (the ratio for any given sprocket/ pulley combination)
8.5 Calculating hopper output using a calculator 1 Measure the working width (tractor passes centre to centre) in metres.
0.1
= working factor
working width 2 To calculate output in kilograms per hectare: Total machine output (g/100m) x working factor = 1:1 output (kg/ha) 3 To calculate the ratio required to achieve the target rate: Target rate (kg/ha) 1:1 output (kg/ha)
= ratio required to achieve target rate
4 Using the output ratio tables, select the output ratio closest to (but lower than, rather than higher than) the ratio calculated. Read across the columns to the left to give the land driver and hopper driver values required. For example if the required ratio is 1.6 but on the table this lies between 1.55 and 1.63 choose the lower number and use the associated land and hopper
land driver
= output ratio
hopper driven Using output ratio: Hopper shaft output is the 1:1 ratio figure as grams per 100 metres or kg/ha. This is a universal figure that can be converted to output for any given sprocket/pulley combination using the ratio: 1:1 output x output ratio = output for sprocket/ pulley combination
Note: Applicators should be calibrated by their manufacturer or a qualified person.
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Application & calibration 8.7 Ratio charts
Chain drive
Belt drive Land driver
Hopper driven
Output ratio
3.25 4.00 4.50 3.25 5.00 3.25 4.00 3.25 4.00 4.50 4.00 5.00 4.50 4.00 5.00 4.50 7.00 5.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
7.00 7.00 7.00 5.00 7.00 4.50 5.00 4.00 4.50 5.00 4.00 4.50 4.00 3.25 4.00 3.25 5.00 3.25 4.50 4.00 3.25
0.46 0.57 0.64 0.65 0.71 0.72 0.80 0.81 0.89 0.90 1.00 1.11 1.13 1.23 1.25 1.38 1.40 1.54 1.56 1.75 2.15
Application and calibration information kindly supplied by Graham Basil of GSBtec.
Land driver
Hopper driven
Output ratio
19 19 22 23 19 22 25 23 19 22 25 23 28 19 19 22 25 28 31 23 22 22 23 25 34 31 28 25 22 23 34 28 31 28 25 31 34 31 28 34 34 31 34
34 31 34 34 28 31 34 31 25 28 31 28 34 23 22 25 28 31 34 25 23 22 22 23 31 28 25 22 19 19 28 23 25 22 19 23 25 22 19 23 22 19 19
0.56 0.61 0.65 0.68 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.96 1 1.05 1.09 1.1 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.32 1.35 1.36 1.41 1.47 1.48 1.55 1.63 1.79
Incorporation & granule destination
9
Soil movement during and after application of granules will affect their distribution within the soil profile. It is important that granules are mixed with the correct volume of soil to create the optimum concentration of active ingredient for pest control. The information in this section is a representation of what is likely to occur, however in some situations such as in wet or cloddy soils the final results may be different. 9.1 Application during bed tilling â&#x20AC;&#x201C; followed by de-stoner Incorporation using a combination of a bed tiller and a web de-stoner will cause granules to be mixed too deeply in the soil profile as both actions mix the granules vertically in the profile. Incorporation using a star de-stoner after a bed tiller will result in granules being mixed in the ideal volume of soil as the star separator does not mix the soil vertically. The same results will be achieved if these operations are carried out in reverse (i.e. If the star destoner is followed by the bed tiller).
Incorporation & granule destination 9.2 Application to flat ground before deep ridging NEMATHORIN granules applied before deep ridging will not be incorporated evenly within the soil profile. Use of a de-stoner in this instance will cause some dilution however granules will not be fully incorporated in the soil to the correct depth.
Star
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9.3 Application and incorporation on de-stoner Use of a web de-stoner alone will result in satisfactory incorporation of granules in the soil profile providing that the fish tails are placed at the front of the de-stoner to allow maximum mixing. If soil is too wet or heavy this method is not advised. Use of a star de-stoner alone will result in the granules being incorporated into too little soil in a non-uniform pattern within the bed.
Web
Incorporation & granule destination 9.4 Application on a power harrow followed by de-stoner Use of a power harrow before a de-stoner will produce similar results to bed tilling followed by a de-stoner (see 9.1). Two passes of the power harrow at right angles to one another will provide satisfactory incorporation if application is at the front of the power harrow during the first pass. If using a star de-stoner the granules should be applied at the front of the power harrow during the first of 2 passes at right angles to one another, before following with the star de-stoner. If using a web de-stoner, power harrowing should be carried out before application of the granules on the front of the following web de-stoner. If both power harrowing and the web de-stoner follow application, the granules will be incorporated too deeply within the soil profile.
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9.5 Application and incorporation on rotovator Application of granules at the front of the tractor with a rotovator at the back can provide sufficient incorporation. Rotors should be L or J shaped and the depth of rotovation should be to the depth of planting窶馬ot the full plough depth as this will cause over dilution of the nematicide.
Tuber sampling for residue testing
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If residue tests are required by the processor, packer or retailer, it is important that the samples tested are random and therefore a true representation of the whole crop. 10.1 Tuber sampling in field Take samples from the entire plot, excluding a 1 metre margin around the edge of the planted area. • Samples should be taken systematically in an ‘S’ or ‘X’ pattern as shown. • The number of sampling points depends on the size of the crop area. • One tuber per plant should be taken after removal of the tops and adhering soil should be removed by rinsing or brushing. • Minimum sample size is 10 tubers collectively weighing 1 kg. • Samples should be placed in a labelled inert container to avoid contamination and damage.
10.2 Tuber sampling from store • A ‘lot’ is a quantity of crop delivered at one time which is presumed to have uniform characteristics such as origin, producer and variety. • Where a sample is taken from a lot while loading or unloading the sampling position is a point in time. • Bulk crops should be sampled avoiding tubers within 0.5 m of the edges and upper surface of the container. Divide the bulk lot into sections according to how many samples are needed and take one sample from each section. • Crates should be sampled by removal of one tuber from each crate for each sample e.g. if three samples are needed three tubers should be removed from each crate and one put into each sample. • Minimum sample size is 10 tubers collectively weighing 1 kg. • Samples should be placed in a labelled inert containers to avoid contamination and damage.
Syngenta Crop Protection UK Ltd. Registered in England No. 849037. CPC4, Capital Park, Fulbourn, Cambridge CB21 5XE Tel: 01223 883400 Fax: 01223 882195 Technical Enquiries Tel: 0800 169 6058 Email: customer.services@syngenta.com Website: www.syngenta-crop.co.uk NEMATHORIN is a Registered Trademark of Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd., 3-15, Edobori, 1-chome, Nishi-ku, Osaka, Japan. NEMATHORIN (MAPP 11003) contains fosthiazate.Use plant protection products safely. Always read the label and product information before use. For further information including warning phrases and symbols refer to the website www.syngenta-crop.co.uk ŠSyngenta AG March 2012. GQ 02545.