reLIVE: Kuala Lumpur Independent Homeless Hub by Syuhadah Hamdan

reLIVE Kuala Lumpur Independent Homeless Hub NUR SYUHADAH BINTI HAMDAN GS52883 2021

Design Thesis Report Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, University Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Master of Architecture

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Abstract

Supervisor Coordinator Faculty

: Dr Wan Srihani Wan Muhamad : Ar Wan Sofiah Wan Ishak : Faculty of Design and Architecture

Homeless issues in Malaysia, especially in a big city like Kuala Lumpur, have become a new norm to the city sceneries. The number of homeless in Kuala Lumpur has increased ten-fold over the past few years. Malaysia still struggling to develop a sustainable program to handle the homeless issue in the country. Out-dated policy and punishing solution fail to curb the homeless statistic from rising by the year. Hence, raise the question of what is the effective approach in handling the homeless issue in the urban Kuala Lumpur and what is the effective approach in handling the homeless issue in the urban Kuala Lumpur? Therefore, the aim of this design thesis it to emerge with a suitable and effective programme that aid the homeless of Kuala Lumpur to be self-reliance & independent. This can be archive by exploring the function of architecture in handling homeless issues & its impact on the physical and mental health of the homeless and by exploring the option of homeless haven in Kuala Lumpur, in which it will support the self-development & betterment of the homeless. Through this perimeter, the thesis will explore the possible architecture solution that can mitigate the issue of homelessness in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Keywords: Homeless initiative, long-term aids programme, reintegration, salutogenic architecture for homeless initiative

Acknowledgement I would like to thank everyone who played a role in my accomplishment. To my parent, who supported me with their love and understand. To my friends, who listen and encourage me all the way through. To my supervisor, who has been patient and provide valuable advice. Lastly, to the course coordinator, who has been guiding us all along this journey. Thank you for all the support.

Table of Contents

Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Content

Project Brief

Ideation

Architecture Proposal

// Thesis Statement // Issues of Homelessness // Need, Approach, Benefits, & Competition // Aim & Objectives // Revolution of Homeless Aid in KL // Target User

// Space Planning Strategies // Site Plan // Floor Plans // Section & Elevations // Special Study

Programming &Typology

Technical Details

// Of Income and House // Road to Permanent Home // Salutogenic Principle in Homeless Aid Perspective // Programme & Flow of Programme // Precedent Study

// Construction Method // Material Choices // Construction Details

Thesis Reflection

Contextual Respond

// reLIVE Hub Structure // Design Approach // Form Morphology

// Site Consideration // Potential Site // Location Background // Macro Site Analysis // Potential Client & Contributor // Site Approach - Urban Strategies

07 References

CHAPTER 1 IDEATION

CHAPTER 1

The homelessness is not a new societal issue. However, there are still no definite solution to contain and control the homelessness and its effect. This is partly because the scope and cause of homelessness are so big which make finding the solution to the issue is tricky. As the turn of millennial, the dimension of the homeless is expend beyond those who living on the street and include those who live in a below minimum living standard or living in fear or insecure (Busch-Geertsema et.al., 2015). The homeless and poverty are often closely related as a lot of homelessness start when an individual cannot afford a stable house due to low income. Living rough in the street can greatly affect one’s health. They also have limited access to health care and services, making them more vulnerable to the element. Hence, this resulting in the life expectancy of the homeless is significantly less than the normal population by 30 years (Sparkes, 2019). Homeless issue in Malaysia, especially in big city like Kuala Lumpur, have become a new norm in the city sceneries. The number of homeless people in Kuala Lumpur has increased ten-fold over the past few years. The lack of effective intervention from the government agencies also has been blamed to further worsen the issue, hence the research is aim to explore architecture solution to help curbing the issue in Kuala Lumpur while providing clear and holistic ways for the homeless people to come out of homelessness.

Thesis Statement Homelessness, once considered to be the problem only to Third World countries, has recently become an epidemic to the developed countries as well as developing countries (Toro, 2007). The issue has become more pressing as the years past, which lead to many studies done to get a clear idea of the cause in order to find the perfect solution to the crisis. As far as widely known, there is no clear and coherent field of the homelessness history (Bloom, 2005) but is understood that the homelessness problem in the world has been going on for a long time. In developed countries, the issue of homelessness has been studied for a long time; hence there are more record and history of when the problem starts gaining attention. Bloom (2005) stated that the early mention of the existence of homeless people is in the 1700s. The warning out policy excluded the unwanted people from the general midst; avoid the responsibility of poor relief as well as to keep people in their ‘proper place’. These unwanted people were labelled as the warned out or transients and two-third of them are female. Although at that time, it was not explicitly saying the transient as homeless, a good majority of them were actually live without a home. Meanwhile, the sudden inclination of the homeless in Australia in the 70s which is due to the global change in the social and economic aspect, changed the character of the homeless to be more diverse and focus on both male and females homeless (Johnson, 2006). The change than triggered the growth in the study of homelessness. Most often, this study focuses on the issue of cause and sometimes the effect of the homeless. As a result of the change, scholars called the new generation of the homeless as ‘new homeless’ where it represents more of families, women, youth, and minorities. While the ‘old homeless’ often portrays as the inhabitant of the slum area of the city and hoboes (Bloom, 2005). On the other hand, in the developing countries like Malaysia, the homeless issue has been largely blamed on the globalisation. The imbalance in the development of country economies with the living cost and human social resulted in the vulnerable group to get left behind (Mohamed et al., 2018). This group eventually become unable to sustain a decent living arrangement and turn to the street for shelter. However, there not much known as from when the problem exactly start other than it has been going on for a long time (Amalina et al., 2018). The earliest mention of homeless in Malaysia is in 1870, where the British introduced the vagrancy law as a response to the increase of vagrancies in Kuala Lumpur (Rusenko, 2018).

The term homeless only becoming more common after the 1780s as per suggested by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Before that time, the early American homeless people were called ‘wandering poor’ or simply ‘vagrants’. Often, the mental image of the general public of the homeless are peoples that walked the street, smelly, dirty and hungry who are either alcoholic, obnoxiously loud, and drunk peoples that occupy the street side (Alhabshi et al., 2014). Although to most, it seems that homelessness is a self-explain annotation, there still no clear understanding as to what governs homeless (Alhabshi et al., 2014). While Amore et al. defined the homeless as a group of people that live in severely inadequate housing (Aizuddin et al., 2019). In which inadequate housing, according to the American Housing Survey (AHS), means when the housing is lacking in basic services like plumbing heating, electricity and upkeep (Brennan et al., 2018). It is then established that the wider definitions of the homelessness cover beyond the housing issue. Where it also includes the notion of individuals and families that live in inadequate housing not by choice but because of lack of resources necessary to get and maintain housing (Takahashi, 1996). In the article Homelessness in Malaysia: Victims of circumstance or by choice by(Yu Ghee and Norliana, 2015), it was stated that in 1992, Mackenzie and Chamberlain's had defined the homeless into three categories. First is the primary homelessness where the people have no conventional accommodation. Secondly, secondary homeless where the people often moved from one shelter to another and lastly, the tertiary homeless who are people that stayed in accommodation that below the minimum community standard. These categories then become accepted as the standard for the categorization of the homeless in general. Meanwhile in Malaysia, the issue of homeless, especially in a big city like Kuala Lumpur, has become a norm to the city scenery. It is only recently the issue have caught the eyes of the authorities and NGO’s. So, it is not surprising that Malaysia has yet had our own definite definition of the homeless. At the moment, each Malaysian agencies and authority have their own set of definition and characteristic of homeless people (Li, 2018). More so, sometimes the definitions are contradicting to one another. This makes tabulating one cohesive data for the homeless in Malaysian difficult. Hence, it is masking the real severity of the homelessness problem.

Malaysia homeless population demographic in 2010 Source: Homelessness in Our Cities, Penang Institute (2015)

As it is widely agreed that homelessness is a multifaceted issue, there are many other significant factors that affect the rise and fall of the population. The main identified causes are unemployment or underemployment, substance abuse, mental illness and violent among many other causes (Institute of Global Homelessness, 2019). Whereas in developing countries, there is an additional threat that causes the hike in the number of homeless. The threat like climate change, the war of civil crisis, and the global economic uncertainty make more people vulnerable to homelessness (Speak, 2019). Finding the solution to mitigate the issue is tricky as there are so many cause that lead to homelessness. The typical one solution fit all has been proven not effective. Therefore, there is a need for new typology of homeless aid facilities that target a specific group of homeless people. This will be the main idea in this thesis, to explore the options of homeless aid typology that cater for specific group of homeless people. The function of the facilities will also be re-imagine to efficiently assisting the homeless people to get a sense of life normalcy and eventually able to get out of homelessness. the thesis will also explore the needs of homeless people by increasing their level of well being.

Issue of Homelessness According to Marlow's theory of human need, home or shelter is the most basic physiological needs. It act as a centre of human life,where people come back to. It provide security, control, belonging and privacy in human life. Home also give sense of identity to individual. Often, when we introduce ourselves one of the information we give is where we live. It symbolised human spiritual value and merit. Where we live also play a significant role in one’s self esteem and confidence. As home is a place of private and more personal interaction, peoples that are homeless is deprived of thee degree of environment that define and shaped an individual. These degree of environments are home environment, work environment and leisure/friends environment. Therefore, being a homeless people strip a right of individualism in a person. This will give a negative impact to their self esteem and dignity. Hence the argument that being a homeless person is harmless and do not need to be solved is invalid and damaging to the homeless people themselves as well as the society.

Need

Approach

There is a necessity to assist the homeless people to get a sense of normalcy as the common public and gain independence.

By assisting them to alleviate their skill and economic stability which in turn will improved their quality of living and selfesteem.

Benefits

Competition

Give an opportunity to the homeless people to have a safe place where they can reconstruct and re-plan their future without stereotype patronizing programming

The current shelter and homeless aid program like the Anjung Singgah and soup kitchen do not have enough facilities and sustainable, holistic programs to give a significant change to the homeless issue in Kuala Lumpur.

Aim To develop a suitable and effective programme that aid the homeless of Kuala Lumpur to be self reliant and independent

01.

02.

Objective

To redefine the function of architecture in aiding the homelessness issue and its impact on the physical and mental well being of the homeless people

To explore the option of homeless haven in Kuala Lumpur,in which it will support the self-development and betterment of the homeless people in order for them to be self reliant and and dependant

Revolution of Homeless Aid in Kuala Lumpur

Target User

The thesis will focus on addressing the issue of the primary homelessness that live in the street around Chow Kit and Jalan Lumut. As they are the most vulnerable and exposed to the element, their problem should be a priority to be address. The target user than is further narrow to the primary homeless that became homeless due to breakdown of economic instability. This breakdown can happen because of lack of necessary skill, unpredictable life event, or/and loss of will.

CHAPTER 2 PROGRAMMING AND TYPOLOGY

CHAPTER 2 Of Income and House

According to the survey data in the Homeless in Our City Report, Penang Institute (2015) the biggest factor that lead to homelessness in Kuala Lumpur is unemployment and low wages. Therefore it can be assume that the target user of this thesis will be a significant percentage from the whole population of homeless people. Even though there are homeless people that are working, the low salary and high living cost in the city make them unable to sustain a house or even a rented room.

In order to solved the problem, a policy change is needed. However this will take a long time to happen and take effect. On the other hand, equipping these people with better skill that can generate better income. This step can be consider as a medium term step that can be done to eliminate reason of homelessness. Lastly, the current solution that is comment in Malaysia is the emergency shelter like the Pusat Transit Gelandangan and many more. This solution is the short term step that only concern in providing basic need and nightly safety for the homeless people. However, if the short term and medium term solution are combine, it will create a new homeless aid facilities that focus on helping them to come out of homelessness through economic stability

Road to Permanent Home As it is mention before, the homelessness issue is a multi-faced issue that goes beyond the housing problem. Therefore, the help facilities proposed should have steps that enable and give mean for these people to maintain a house before providing a permanent housing. Referring to the diagram above, the thesis will provide a new shelter typology that aim to set a stable fo u n d at i o n fo r t h e h o m e l e s s p e o p l e to co m e o u t o f homelessness and give mean for them to maintain a house. Eventually, after this step is implement, the next step will be providing a supporting housing facilities that able to support the newly ex homeless people to navigate their new life. After that, through a policy change, social housing and affordable housing provision should be revised to make sure there are enough to cater to the needs of society.

Sautogenic Principle in Homeless Aid Perspective Salutogenic principle is first being coin by Aaron Antonovsky in effort to set a new design approach where the environment itself promote health instead of treating illness. The principle has since gain traction in the health related facilities. The principle that prioritise providing a positive resources that help improve the general health of users has been observed beneficial to the occupant and user. In the perspective of homeless people well-being, this is applied by providing the generalised resistance resources (GRR) as a tool for the user to used and to manipulate their situation (sense of coherent). This resources change the way the user react to the stressor of homelessness, which in result better well-being of the user. The table below summarize the type of GRR that can trigger beneficial SOC in order to lesser the stressor of homelessness.

The GRR Translated into Programming

Programming Flow & Connection

The programme start from sorting the future trainee into appropriate module. This is depending on their skill levels and their experience in the skill that they are interested in. Their current work status also will be a factor in determining the hours their going to work and/or learn. The list of skills and jobs offer on site are as previous table. All traine e a re p rov i d e d w i t h te m p ora r y accommodation. The length of stay will be determined by the time to complete their individual module course, which vary from 6 months to 1 year. On the other hand, the homeless people that are not ready to commit to the programme can work as a low skill crew at the site. They will be given daily pay as well as meals as a reimbursement for their labour. As we can see above, the hub will be manage by existing aid agencies from government body as well as NGO. Lastly the open shared space and income module are the platform for the community to use the facilities.

Programming Precedent Study Precedent 1: Community First! Village

Community First! Village is a 52 acre master planned community that provides affordable, permanent housing and a supportive community for men and women coming out of chronic homelessness. This transformative residential programme exists to love and serve neighbours who have been living on the streets, while also empowering the surrounding community into a lifestyle of service with the homeless. The extensive programme give a full support for the ex homeless that goes beyond housing. The village setting of the project also give a strong sense of supportive community for it residences,

Precedent 2: Morris+Company Imagine London Tube Station Repurpose for the Homeless

T h e co n c e pt u a l p ro p o s a l t r a n s f o r m t h e u n u s e d Yo r k R o a d Underground Station to a homeless shared home. The scheme provide a stepping stone toward a home for life. The publicly accessible coworking spaces and charity shop empower residents as their shared home acts as a key destination for the local community.

Precedent 3: Kuala Lumpur Tour Guide Programme for the Homeless People The programme employs the Kuala Lumpur homeless as a tourist guide through a programme called Unseen Tours Kuala Lumpur. the founder of the programme, Yellow House KL, believe that giving back the homeless people dignity by treating them like a normal human being.

Precedent 4: California’s Community Action Plan on Homelessness

The end goal of the programme are to end youth and veterans homelessness while decrease the number of u n s h e l te re d h o m e l e s s n e s s b y 5 0 % i n California. The city providing the homeless community their own services like public toilet and giving them the responsibility to maintain it. Instead of cash wage, the people are offered a non- cash reimbursement and support. The simple act of giving them roles and purposed restores their dignity as people and members of their community.

CHAPTER 3 CONTEXTUAL RESPOND

CHAPTER 3 Site Consideration The preliminary site selection criteria are set as a guide to determine the best site for the project proposal. Those criteria are:

Near to the current homeless community hotspot, so they don’t feel removed from their comfort place

Close proximity from other supporting services for easy access and reachability

The nature of the site will complement their place of comfort and familiar environment to give the trainee a sense of familiarity

Potential Site

Location Background

The site located just beside the Chow Kit LRT Train Station in Kuala Lumpur. While the land zoning of the site is main commercial, currently the site is under utilise and used mainly for parking. The main strength of the site is it strategic location that will be beneficial for the hub viability. Even though currently there is severe lacking of public spaces in t h e c l o s e p r o x i m i t y, t h i s g i v e t h e opportunity for the hub to be the gathering spot for the local. As the site located just outside the Chow Kit enclave, it gave an opportunity to carry in the strong Chow Kit i d e nt i t y i nto t h e p ro p o s e d h u b . T h e proposal also will bring in fresh new addition to the otherwise dilapidated part of Kuala Lumpur.

Current Homeless Hotspot

Below show the current homeless hotspot near the selected context. Majority of the homeless people here are men. The homeless people around the area mostly stay in the back lane of the shop lot at night and hold odds jobs during the day

Macro Site Analysis

Potential Client & Collaborator

Currently, the welfare and issue of the homeless people in Kuala Lumpur are being manage and handle together by various agencies. The main agencies are the Social Department of Malaysia and Dewan Bandaraya of Kuala Lumpur. Beside that, many non profit agencies also provide support and aid for the Kuala Lumpur homeless community. Therefore, for the proposed homeless hub, these agencies will manage and collaborate together. This will bring these agencies to work together under one hub for the first time. The hub will help them to coordinate the aid for the homeless better.

Site Approach - Urban Strategies

Site Context Connection

The propose hub aim to serve the neighbouring context by providing services and product to them. The hub not only will provide leisure and gathering spaces for the community, it also aim to supply fresh produce to the fame Chow Kit Market through it urban farm programme.

CHAPTER 4 PROJECT BRIEF

CHAPTER 4 reLIVE Hub Structure

The three main spaces component of the hub will be the accommodation or the shelter , the commercial centre, and the open public spaces. All this component will play a vital part in the rehabilitation of the reLIVE trainee to be an independent individual in the future. As for the accommodation and shelter part of the hub, the trainee will learn to co-live with other trainee. They also will be enrol in differences classes depending on their skill and interest. The purpose of this component is to give a specific spaces for the trainee to rebuilt and upskilling their self.

Meanwhile for the commercial centre part, the main goal is to provide a spaces for the trainee to gain work experience. Here they will gain knowledge in mingling and handling the public in a work setting. The commercial centre also will hopefully lessening the public stigma against the homeless community and help show that these people are just another members of the society. The distinct roles played by the reLIVE trainees give them a standing in the community and help built back their damage dignity when they were homeless. Lastly, the public spaces on the hub ground serve the local community as their leisure and recreational spaces. On the other, these public spaces also provide further opportunity for the reLIVE trainee to blend in and mingle with public. The neutral spaces put these trainees as an equal as the other user which can help built their self confident and self esteem. The under-one-roof concept of the hub give the feeling of belonging and safety for the trainee.In the end, these combine spaces component will support the need of the trainee and help them gain the necessary skill and experience to be independent.

Design Approach: Salutogenic Principle Through the salutogenic design, the spaces are design to facilitate in coping against the stress of human existence. Study publish by Oxford University Press show the positive influence in enhancing the homeless people well-being. Salutogenic design is a design that aim to attract human attention, which may reduce anxiety and promote positive psychological emotion. This is done by providing the Generalised Resistance Resources (GRR) through quality spaces in order to heighten the Sense of Coherence (SOC) or the ability of a person,in this case, the homeless people to utilise the GRR to enhance their well-being. It is then summarize that a good design for the homeless should be comprehensible, meaningful, and manageable.

Space That Support Social Interaction & Comprehensibility

Therefore, in order to increase the comprehensibility of the spaces, the spaces is divided and grouped according the level of interaction that happen in them. The same grouping of spaces will be cluster together and have the same space character.

Space Organisation: Space Relation and User

Even though the hub welcome the public to use the hub facilities and spaces, separation of spaces is important to give necessary privacy for the trainees. The clear separation of used and function of spaces is demonstrate in the schematic section below.

Past Form Study

Multiple attempt is made to explore the option of building form and spaces arrangement. This is done to find the solution that fulfil the need of the reLIVE trainee while solving the issue of the site.

Form Morphology

The buildable boundary first identify.

The existing urban exis is continued into the site, while another one is added to cut through the middle to bring pedestrian traffic into the site.

The building massing is than separated into two. The front portion of the site is left empty for the link bridge from the train station.

The height of the massing is staggered to create a gradual change from the existing building skyline.

The circulation walkway is put in the front façade which form visible connection between floor.

The vertical circulation also is put on the edge that further make the circulation of the hub highly visible.

The link is than place that connect the train station to the second floor. The connection will be extended and connect the two block together.

The green patch is carried up through the building to ensure each user group in the proposed hub have quick access to a small green space.

CHAPTER 5 ARCHITECTURE PROPOSAL

CHAPTER 5 Space Planning Strategies

1. Control Permeability

2. Multiple Active Frontage

3. Vehicular & Pedestrian Access Point

Precedent Studies on Spaces

Sky Garden, Seoul The project studied as example on how it become a catalyst of pedestrianise of city connector. The linear elevated park also serve as the city community green space, while did not take extensive valuable city land.

Behavioural Health Pavilion, Zucker Hillside Hospital The Behavioural Health Pavilion is a study on the salutogenic approach being implemented in a health cultivation environment. The design strategy like the accessible to green and nature, separation of user circulation, and maximising the natural light and ventilation are taken to be applied to this thesis.

Site & Floors Plans

Sectional Perspective

Special Study: New Accommodation Typology

The current homeless temporary shelters are typically used bunk bed. The shelter residents also cannot claim ownership of the bed, where the beds are assign based on first come first serve basis. This practice may give a bad psychological effect to the user as they feel dehumanise. The pathogenesis design then will add to the stressor of being homeless where it will lead to negative physical and psychological health of the shelter user, the homeless people.

Taking a cue from the salutogenic principle, the hub reLIVE accommodation spaces need to give sense of security, ownership and privacy, and supporting social connection. The separation of the accommodation from the other spaces programme on the hub give the trainees necessary security. Whereas the individual living pod give ownership and privacy to the resident. On the other hand, the co-sharing living spaces supprt social connection among the trainees. The co-live spaces also will help the trainee re-learn on how to maintain a house life as they take turn to do chores like cleaning and cooking.

The individual living pod is made from a light weight plywood and can be assamble on site by the trainee themself. The modular model allow room to be expand and adjust to suit the need of the occupant. The pods also provide individual storage, essentially giving them a sense of ownership of the pod.

The built and dimension of the sleeping pods

The family pods The family pods are for the trainees with a small family. They can accomodate 1 double bed and 1 single bed. The design is as below. Even though these pods are not ideal for family living, it is still better and safer option for them than the street. There have enough spaces to accomodate them for a temporary period of time.

The accomodation capacity While the numbers of pod on the accommodation can expand and shrink depending on the need, it is aim for the hub to be able to acommodate up to 200 trainee at one time. The spaces is devided into three categories of trainee, male, female, and family. The provision for each groups are based on the previous survey of the homeless people population in the closed vacinity of the proposed hub.

The approximate jobs offered

Type of Jobs

Units

Est. jobs position per unit

Total jobs offers

Kiosk

Shop

2+2 (shift)

Tourist info counter

Demonstration classes

Tourist Guide

Food court

Backpacker hostel

36 rooms

Front office

3+2 (shift)

Office clark

Housekeepers

Startup offices

Gardeners

Security guard

5+5 (shift)

Estimate jobs offer

188

*Not including management and general maintenance staff

The Co-Living Spaces

CHAPTER 6 TECHNICAL DETAILS

CHAPTER 5 Construction Method

Material Choices

The materials used through the proposed hub are locally available and common materials. The choice of materials are as such after consideration of the economic viability of the hub. The material chosen also reflect the culture and architecture of the local

Sliding Screen Door Detail

Green Roof Detail

Rain Water Harvesting System

CHAPTER 7 THESIS REFLECTION

CHAPTER 5 Thesis Reflection

As a recap, the aim of the thesis is to develop a suitable and effective programme that aid the homeless of Kuala Lumpur to be self reliant and independent. After the exploration on the homeless aid option, the proposal answer the aim and objectives through the proposed main programme as above. The proposed salutogenic principle also support the self development and betterment of the hub trainee. The hub introduce a new typology of homeless aid that focus on helping the trainee to come out of homelessness. However, to completely tackle the issue further study and steps should be taken. As it was mention before, the next step is to study on function of supporting housing for the ex homeless people and whether it is applicable in Kuala Lumpur.

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