Caribbean RTD Quantitative and Qualitative Survey report by tahirí calderón

Caribbean RTD Quantitative and Qualitative Survey report

Authors: “Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), University of West Indies (UWI), Centre d’Etudes des Relations entre l’Union Européenne et l’Amérique Latine CERCAL).

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Copyright notice: Copyright ÂŠ APRE. EUCARINET (Strengthening sustainable scientific cooperation between Europe and the Caribbean) is a project co-funded by the European Commission in its 7th Framework Programme under the Grant Agreement no 244510 running from 1st April. 2010 to 30th March 2014. The information contained in this document reflects only the author's views and the Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS A STUDY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN THE CARIBBEAN: INSTITUTIONS, OUTPUT, PRIORITIES & COLLABORATION

1.1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7

1.3

INTRODUCTION TO THE CARIBBEAN REGION .................................................................................................................................................. 7

CARIBBEAN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH OUTPUT – ....................................................................................................................................... 9 A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1

INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY ............................................................................................................................................... 9

2.2

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

2.2.1

Data Management.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.2

Search Strategy ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

2.2.3

Bibliometric indicators ............................................................................................................................................................................... 14

2.2.3.1

General productivity .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

2.2.3.2

Specialisation ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

2.2.3.3

Impact .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

2.2.3.4

Collaboration .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

2.2.3.5 2.3

Visibility of Caribbean-EU papers ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 ANALYSIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PERFORMANCE OF CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES/TERRITORIES ...................................................................... 15

2.3.1

Number of documents per Caribbean Country/Territory ............................................................................................................................ 15

2.3.2

Number of documents per Caribbean sub-region ........................................................................................................................................ 16

2.3.3

Thematic Profile of Publications of the Caribbean Region ......................................................................................................................... 20

2.3.4

Thematic Profiles of Publications of the four Caribbean Sub-regions ......................................................................................................... 21

2.3.5

Thematic Profiles of Publications of each Caribbean Country/Territory ................................................................................................... 24

2.3.6

Visibility and Specialisation of the Publication Profile of each Caribbean Country/Territory ................................................................... 26

2.3.7

Relative Performance of Caribbean Countries/Territories by Thematic Area ............................................................................................ 37

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS OF THE COMBINED STUDIES ................................................................................................................................................ 97 4.1

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 97

4.2

RESEARCH OUTPUT IN THE CARIBBEAN REGION .......................................................................................................................................... 97

4.3

THEMATIC PROFILE OF CARIBBEAN RESEARCH ........................................................................................................................................... 98

4.4

VISIBILITY OF CARIBBEAN RESEARCH........................................................................................................................................................... 99

4.5

COLLABORATION OF CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES ............................................................................................................................................... 99

4.6

INDICATORS FOR MONITORING CARIBBEAN STI ACTIVITY......................................................................................................................... 100

4.7

CARIBBEAN-EU COLLABORATION - BARRIERS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................. 101

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 104 APPENDIX 1 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 106 APPENDIX 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 114

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A STUDY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN THE CARIBBEAN: INSTITUTIONS, OUTPUT, PRIORITIES & COLLABORATION 1.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Science and Technology (S&T) activity has been mapped in the Caribbean by an objective, quantitative bibliometric study of the region's publications and by a comprehensive survey of the region's active scientific research centres. The results of this study provide a firm foundation for a sustainable S&T policy dialogue between the European Union (EU) and the Caribbean region. Some key descriptors are given below.  The bibliometric study analysed data, derived from the Web of Science (WoS) © online database, based on all research publications from all Caribbean countries/territories except Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands for the period 1999-2009. This lengthy time span was chosen to provide high enough resolution to detect publications from the less productive territories of the region.  The survey was based on responses from 94 Caribbean scientific research centres, most from the University/Higher Education category, comprising 50 from the English sub-region, 20 from the French subregion, 9 from the Dutch region and 15 from the Dominican Republic. Cuba did not participate in the survey.  The centres targeted in the survey ranged from small field research centres to relevant units of Government Ministries to research institutes and University Faculties. Half of these are funded by both the private and public sector except in the Dominican Republic where private sector funded institutions are more common.  Research is the main activity of most surveyed institutions with applied research predominating and the French sub-region reporting the highest proportion of employees engaged in research (75%) and the highest percentage of PhD-level employees (26%). Most of these institutions offer postgraduate training except in the Dutch sub-region. Bibliometric analysis From the Bibliometric analysis of the Caribbean publications for 1999-2009 the most significant outputs are:  The thirty-two countries/territories together published 12,817 papers, an estimated 0.08% of world publications for that same period. Just over half of these publications are produced by the Spanish-speaking Caribbean (mainly Cuba), about 32% by the Anglophone Caribbean, about 13% by the French Caribbean and less than 2% by the Dutch Caribbean, all sub-regions but the Dutch showing annual growth.  Half the territories examined produced less than 50 publications in the 11 year period (together 1.7% of all publications) and were not included in further analyses. Cuba produced about half the publications while the remaining major producers are (with output in parentheses);- Jamaica (1465), Trinidad & Tobago (1353), Guadeloupe (818), Barbados (485), French Guiana (421), the Dominican Republic (276), Martinique (242), Bermuda (220), Haiti (149), Curacao (138), Guyana (135), Grenada (127), the Bahamas (102), and Suriname (83).  Most of the publications from the region fall into three thematic domains Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (28%); Biomedical Research (21%); and Clinical Medicine (18%) - and this trend is also evident on a subregional basis.  Indicators were generated which allowed comparison of the relative visibility or impact of a country's publications based on whether papers of one country in a particular research area were more highly cited than the regional average.  By this approach, Curacao then Belize have the highest visibility in the Agriculture/Biology/Environment domain. For Biomedical research, the top performers are Barbados followed by the Dominican Republic while for Clinical Medicine it is the Dominican Republic that leads followed by Haiti. For Chemistry, Jamaica is most visible followed by Trinidad & Tobago while for Engineering/Technology it is Guadeloupe first with Jamaica in second 4|Page



place. For Mathematics, Jamaica, Martinique and Guadeloupe are all top performers while in Physics the Dominican Republic and Guadeloupe out-perform other countries. A specialisation index was also calculated to assess whether some countries tend to publish more in particular areas than the regional average and in most cases the research areas of specialisation or apparent focus are not necessarily those of high impact.

Survey The survey provides insight in a number of areas:  The same themes were identified as prime areas of current research by the French and English Caribbean but using the FP7 groupings, Environment & Climate, Medicine & Biology (Health) and Agriculture & Food Supply (KBBE).  The survey results differed from the bibliometric findings for the Dutch sub-region with Socio-economic concerns the top research area and for the Dominican Republic ICT and Industry & Industrial Technology being also top-ranked.  Current research topics recurring in the survey from all sub-regions are natural hazards, climate change, water resources, biodiversity, marine ecosystems, chronic diseases, HIV/AIDS, public health and renewable energy.  Areas identified as priorities for the next 5 years in the survey by all sub-regions are Agriculture & Food Supply (KBBE), Environment & Climate and Energy, with Biology & Medicine (Health) in fourth place. 

In the survey, Dutch and English Caribbean institutions tended to list the most research networks while the Dominican Republic reported the least. In addition to Caribbean networks, the English and French sub-regions also listed many European research networks, while the Dominican Republic added Latin American networks. Over one hundred actual networks were reported and six were common to several sub-regions, four of these six focusing on marine science.

EU-Collaboration The survey suggests that industrial collaboration in research in the Caribbean does not seem particularly well-developed, especially in the case of the French and Dutch sub-regions where only 22% and 29% of institutions reported collaboration with industry compared to those of the Dominican Republic (50%) and the English Caribbean (40%). 

Most collaboration were within the country or sub-region and involved companies in the agriculture, food, cement, hotel, mining, spirits, and petroleum/gas sectors.



There is, however, greater collaboration taking place between Caribbean research institutions than is observed between Caribbean research institutions and the private sector.

The English sub-region represents the area where the highest proportion of institutions (85%) report collaboration with a different Caribbean institution, followed by the French (74%) and Dutch (71%) sub-regions and then the Dominican Republic (55%). This was also examined objectively in the bibliometric study. 

Low output Caribbean countries/territories mainly publish in collaboration with others while the percentage of collaborative publications is often much less for the higher output members, probably reflecting their greater research capacity.



For intra-Caribbean collaboration, the English and French sub-regions collaborate most with their own subregion while the Dutch and Spanish sub-regions publish most with Anglophone Caribbean countries

Looking beyond the Caribbean, 5|Page



Spain, France and the UK are the main EU collaborators for the Caribbean but the Netherlands, despite equally strong colonial links, is less engaged and lags well behind. The main EU collaborating country for each sub-region is the one with which it has the strongest historical and linguistic ties, i.e. for the English Caribbean - the UK, the French Caribbean - France, the Dutch Caribbean - the Netherlands, the Spanish Caribbean - Spain.



The Anglophone Caribbean tends to collaborate more with North America than Europe while the other subregions generally collaborate more with Europe than North America.



Cuba and the Dominican Republic are distinct in also having very strong collaboration with Latin America.

The bibliometric study shows that there are clear advantages to EU collaboration: 

Caribbean publications with EU co-authors have higher visibility than those without, on average being cited twice as much.



EU collaboration as evidenced by publications, is growing faster in the French and Spanish sub-regions than in the Dutch and English Caribbean. This may relate to funding as the survey reports most French and Dutch Caribbean research is EU-funded while this is not the case for the Dominican Republic or the English sub-region.

Awareness of EU programmes 

The survey shows that there is an abysmal lack of knowledge in the Caribbean about the EU FP7 programme with 26-42% of institutions never having heard of it with the Dutch sub-region worst in this regard.



Knowledge of the programme seemed no better in EU Caribbean territories than in independent Caribbean countries. On the other hand, the survey showed there is overwhelming interest throughout the region in applying for FP7 support for future research activities.

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1.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY The European Union continues to strengthen and expand its cooperation in Science & Technology (S&T) with different regions of the world as it seeks to address global issues and problems. With this in mind, the European Commission developed a new instrument in the 7th Framework Programme for Science & Technology (FP7) - the INCONET. This provides a means of establishing a bi-regional dialogue for Science, Technology & Innovation (STI). The EUCARINET project (http://www.eucarinet.eu/) is such an INCONET Coordination Action, launched in April 2010. It is supported by the European Commission (DG RTD-INCO), with the main goal of strengthening bi-regional sustainable dialogue on Science and Technology (S&T) between Europe and the Caribbean. A study in 2008 for the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) identified ''a growing need in Caribbean countries for a consistent information system and database on S&T statistics" (Holbrook, n.d.). It went on to state that most Caribbean countries are small and relatively poor and to expect these to produce reliable S&T statistics may be unreasonable. Our report tries to address this general deficiency. It consolidates two mapping exercises which seek to provide baseline data on STI in the Caribbean and in cooperation with Europe. The first study is a bibliometric one which objectively and quantitatively analyses the S&T publications of Caribbean countries/territories, the areas of specialisation and high impact and how the Caribbean is collaborating as a region and with the European Union and Norway. The second study is a survey of Caribbean institutions engaged in S&T research, generating a comprehensive database of such centres which up to now has been sadly lacking. It further provides qualitative information on research areas, priorities for research and collaborative links within the Caribbean and between the Caribbean and the EU. These studies complement each other and together provide a foundation on which the bi-regional dialogue on STI can be built.

1.3 INTRODUCTION TO THE CARIBBEAN REGION The Caribbean typically refers to the archipelago historically known as the West Indies or Antilles which comprise over a hundred inhabited islands and numerous uninhabited islets and cays. These stretch from Cuba in the west to Barbados in the east, and from Grand Bahama in the north to Trinidad in the south, a distance of some 2700 km in each case. Yet the Caribbean region is also generally recognised to include countries and territories beyond these islands of the Caribbean basin. Strong cultural and historic ties bind the peoples of the Caribbean islands with those of Belize in Central America and French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname in South America. In fact, Belize, Guyana and Suriname are all full members of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the organisation of 15 countries and territories established in 1973 to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members. A weaker case for inclusion is Bermuda, located in the Atlantic, way beyond the Caribbean Sea, but with strong historic links with the region, membership of the University of the West Indies (UWI) and associate membership of CARICOM. The Caribbean can be viewed as four geo-linguistic sub-regions reflecting their history of colonisation by the English, Dutch, French and Spanish. The Spanish-speaking Caribbean comprises three large island states, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Both Cuba and the Dominican Republic have been independent countries for some time, having first declared independence in 1868 and 1821 respectively, with independence being formally gained after further years of struggle. Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands are possessions of the USA and are not included in the EUCARINET project and will not be discussed further. The English-speaking Caribbean comprises twelve independent countries;- Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, the Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines and Trinidad & Tobago. These gained their independence from the United Kingdom (UK) over a number of years starting with Jamaica in 1962 and culminating in St. Kitts & Nevis in 1983. The Anglophone Caribbean also includes six British Overseas 7|Page

Territories (OCT), namely, Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat and the Turks & Caicos Islands.

The French-speaking Caribbean comprises the Republic of Haiti and the French Overseas Territories of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and St. Martin. French Guiana, Guadeloupe and Martinique are overseas departments (DOM) of France, each equivalent to a region of France. Haiti which encompasses the western half of the island of Hispaniola has the distinction of being the oldest independent country of the Caribbean, having declared independence in 1804. St Martin is the southern portion of an island partitioned between the French and the Dutch, with the Dutch portion using the Dutch version of the name, St. Maarten. The Dutch Caribbean comprises the independent country of Suriname on the South American mainland, the islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao off the Venezuelan coast and the Lesser Antillean islands of St. Eustatius (or Statia), Saba and St. Maarten. Until recently, the Dutch islands with the exception of Aruba made up the Netherlands Antilles, a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This grouping was dissolved in October 2010, but these islands all remain part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Despite the historical ties, Dutch is not widely spoken in some members of this group such as Saba and St. Eustatius. As the foregoing indicates, the Caribbean is a diverse, complex region, historically, geographically and culturally. This heterogeneity is further reflected in numbers of inhabitants and economic indicators like GDP. Populations range from about 2,000 inhabitants on Saba to almost 11.5 million on Cuba. The South American Caribbean nations of Guyana and Suriname present the largest land areas with approximately 215,000 and 156,000 km 2 while Saba and St Eustatius are the smallest territories of 13 and 21 km2 respectively. While about half the countries have a GDP of the order of $10,000 US per capita, Haiti is the lowest at $1,300 while Bermuda is the highest at $69,900. In short, these countries vary widely and this diversity must be borne in mind as we examine scientific research institutions in the region.

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CARIBBEAN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH OUTPUT – A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY by Charles Plaigin, CERCAL, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium & C.M. Sean Carrington, The University of the West Indies, Barbados 2.1

INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

This bibliometric study seeks to quantitatively analyse the scientific publications produced by Caribbean researchers to generate a number of S&T performance indicators reflecting overall productivity, specialisation, impact and collaboration. To date, there has been no attempt to carry out such an analysis for the entire Caribbean region although recent UNESCO publications cite data for a few Caribbean countries (Ramkissoon & Kahwa, 2010) and with respect to Latin America (Lemarchand, 2010). In this regard, the publication output of Latin America and the Caribbean per million inhabitants is a tenth of that of Europe or North America but comparable to that of Asian & Pacific countries (Lemarchand, 2010). As the study aims to map Caribbean countries on the basis of excellence in Research & Technical Development (RTD), the internationally recognised Web of Science ©, a database of high profile journals is used. This may underestimate the absolute number of publications as only 1.6% of an estimated 12,000 Latin American and Caribbean journals are indexed in this database (Cetto & Alonso-Gamboa, 2010) but it does mean the same stringent criteria are applied to all countries in the study and that only quality publications are assessed. The goal of this bibliometric study is to identify, down to the country-level, in which areas of Science & Technology the Caribbean actively publishes, what are the areas of specialisation and high impact and the degree of collaboration that exists within the region and with the European Union and Norway. 2.2

METHODOLOGY

2.2.1 Data Management The database Web of Science ® (WoS), a product of Thomson Reuters, was selected to extract the publication data for the Caribbean region. It is acknowledged as the world’s leading citation database and has multidisciplinary coverage of over 10,000 high-impact journals in the sciences, social sciences, and arts and humanities. Its bias is towards Science & Technology but this is also the focus of the EUCARINET project. Publication data for each of the 32 target countries/territories of EUCARINET were downloaded to a local database from WoS for the period 1999-2009. This extended time-frame was chosen in order to ensure capture of data from low output target countries. The search was carried out on the combined WoS sub-databases SCI-Expanded, SSCI and A&HCI, selecting all languages and only "articles" as against other publication categories such as book reviews and conference proceedings. A simple country search was successfully employed for most of the target countries/territories but some OCTs required a search 9|Page

strategy based on the address field as these are not indexed in WoS as countries. This is detailed below below under search strategy. Table 1: Assignment of Web of Science Sub-Categories to Ten Broad Thematic Areas (after G贸mez et al, 2009). Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences Agricultural Economics & Policy Agricultural Engineering Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science Agriculture, Multidisciplinary Agronomy Biodiversity Conservation Biology Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology Ecology Entomology Environmental Sciences Evolutionary Biology Fisheries Food Science & Technology Forestry Horticulture Limnology Marine & Freshwater Biology Mycology Ornithology Plant Sciences Soil Science Veterinary Sciences Water Resources Zoology Biomedical Research Anatomy & Morphology Behavioural Sciences Biochemical Research Methods Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Biophysics Cell Biology Chemistry, Medicinal Developmental Biology Endocrinology & Metabolism Genetics & Heredity Immunology Medicine, Research & Experimental Microbiology 10 | P a g e

Chemistry Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Electrochemistry Polymer Science Clinical Medicine Allergy Andrology Anaesthesiology Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems Clinical Neurology Critical Care Medicine Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine Dermatology Emergency Medicine Engineering, Biomedical Gastroenterology & Hepatology Geriatrics Gerontology Hematology Infectious Diseases Medical Informatics Medical Laboratory Technology Medicine, General & Internal Medicine, Legal Neuroimaging Nutrition & Dietetics Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otorhinolaryngology Pediatrics Peripheral Vascular Disease Psychiatry Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Microscopy Neurosciences Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology & Pharmacy Physiology Reproductive Biology Virology

Engineering, Technology Acoustics Automation & Control Systems Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence Computer Science, Cybernetics Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture Computer Science, Information Systems Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications Computer Science, Software Engineering Computer Science, Theory & Methods Construction & Building Technology Energy & Fuels Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geological Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering, Marine Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Multidisciplinary Engineering, Ocean Engineering, Petroleum Imaging Science & Photographic Technology Instruments & Instrumentation Materials Science, Biomaterials Materials Science, Ceramics Materials Science, Characterization & Testing Materials Science, Coatings & Films Materials Science, Composites Materials Science, Multidisciplinary Materials Science, Paper & Wood Materials Science, Textiles 11 | P a g e

Radiology, Nuclear Med.& Medical Imaging Respiratory System Rheumatology Sport Sciences Substance Abuse Surgery Toxicology Transplantation Tropical Medicine Urology & Nephrology Humanities Archaeology Architecture Art Asian Studies Classics Film, Radio, Television Folklore History History & Philosophy Of Science Humanities, Multidisciplinary Language & Linguistics Linguistics Literary Reviews Literary Theory & Criticism Literature Literature, African, Australian, Canadian Literature, American Literature, British Isles Literature, German, Dutch, Scandinavian Literature, Romance Literature, Slavic Medieval & Renaissance Studies Music Philosophy Poetry Religion Theater Mathematics Mathematics Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications Operations Research & Management Science Statistics & Probability Multidisciplinary Sciences Education, Scientific Disciplines

Mathematical & Computational Biology Mechanics Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering Mining & Mineral Processing Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Nuclear Science & Technology Optics Remote Sensing Robotics Telecommunications Transportation Transportation Science & Technology

Social Sciences Anthropology Area Studies Business Business, Finance Communication Criminology & Penology Demography Economics Education & Educational Research Education, Special Environmental Studies Ergonomics Ethics Ethnic Studies Family Studies Geography Geography, Physical Health Care Sciences & Services Health Policy & Services History Of Social Sciences Industrial Relations & Labor Information Science & Library Science Integrative & Complementary Medicine International Relations Law Management

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Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Astronomy & Astrophysics Crystallography Geochemistry & Geophysics Geology Geosciences, Multidisciplinary Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences Mineralogy Oceanography Paleontology Physics, Applied Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Fluids & Plasmas Physics, Mathematical Physics, Multidisciplinary Physics, Nuclear Physics, Particles & Fields Spectroscopy Thermodynamics Medical Ethics Nursing Planning & Development Political Science Psychology Psychology, Applied Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Educational Psychology, Experimental Psychology, Mathematical Psychology, Multidisciplinary Psychology, Psychoanalysis Psychology, Social Public Administration Rehabilitation Social Issues Social Sciences, Biomedical Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods Social Work Sociology Urban Studies Women's Studies

Table 2: Search codes for downloading of publication data of EUCARINET countries/territories from Web of Science. Countries/territories Anguilla Antigua Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Curacao Dominica Dominican Republic French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica St Kitts & Nevis Martinique Montserrat Saba St Lucia St Maarten St Martin St Vincent St Eustatius Suriname Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos Islands

Search codes used in WoS ad=anguilla NOT cu=jamaica cu=antigua ad=aruba cu=bahamas cu=barbados cu=belize cu=bermuda ad=bonaire AND (cu=Netherlands OR cu=Neth Antilles) ad=tortola OR ad=virgin gorda ad=cayman cu=cuba cu=curacao cu=dominica cu=dominican rep ad=cayenne cu=grenada cu=guadeloupe cu=guyana cu=haiti cu=jamaica cu=st kitts & nevis cu=martinique ad=montserrat NOT ad=spain NOT ad=usa NOT ad=portugal NOT ad=mexico ad=saba AND (cu=Netherlands OR cu=Neth Antilles) cu=st lucia ad=st maarten AND cu=Netherlands NOT cu=Belgium cu= st martin cu=st vincent ad= eustatius AND (cu=Netherlands OR cu=Neth Antilles) cu=surinam cu=trinid & tobago ad=caicos

The data was obtained using the advanced search mode of the Web of Sciences website, one country at a time. Each request returns a maximum of 500 records which meant that data for countries with more than this number of publications had to be downloaded as multiple searches and files. The files for a single country were then merged, cleaned and harmonized. Finally, the resulting 32 country/territory files were merged into one database containing the information on publications for all the countries/territories in the study.

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Records in WoS are assigned to some 256 subject categories ( 2010) which are too narrow for this bibliometric study and so these were reassigned in the local database to 10 broad thematic domains as defined by Gómez et al. (2009) and reproduced in Table 1. While WoS records can be assigned to more than one subject category only the first and primary subject category was used in this study. A number of bibliometric indicators were then generated from the local database. The full count method was applied in which documents with authors in two or more countries are assigned to each of these countries. This method is favoured over the fractional count method in which a multinational publication is shared between the various countries with each receiving a fraction representative of its participation. 2.2.2 Search Strategy The ability to download publications of particular countries relies on the indexing of the entries by WoS. The requests on WoS utilise field tags of two letters where e.g. CU means country, AD means address and CI means city. All the field tags are detailed on the website. Boolean search operators AND, OR, NOT, and SAME may be used to combine terms in order to broaden or narrow retrieval. Publications for all independent countries can be accessed by the country field. There are, however, some inconsistencies as Table 2 reveals. Conveniently, Bermuda, Guadeloupe and Martinique, are indexed as countries but not the other British OCTs nor the Dutch OCTs. In addition, the full name of some countries is not used as a country tag, e.g. Trinidad & Tobago (Table 2). 2.2.3

Bibliometric indicators

2.2.3.1 General productivity The following indicators were generated from the local database for 1999-2009: - The annual production of articles for each country. - The annual production of articles for the Dutch, English, French and Spanish sub-regions. - The relative growth in articles for each sub-region. - The annual production of articles in each thematic domain for the Caribbean. - The proportion of articles in each thematic domain for each sub-region and each country (only for countries with > 50 publications). 2.2.3.2 Specialisation For the larger producers a Specialisation Index (SI) was calculated for each thematic domain for each higher output country. The Specialization Index (SI) is the ratio of the percentage of publications of a country in a specific discipline to the percentage of publications in that discipline for the whole region (i.e. the Caribbean). 2.2.3.3 Impact Two indices were calculated as a measure of the impact or visibility of a country's publications in a particular discipline. The Citation Share (CS), also called the Relative Citations per Document, is the ratio of the mean citations per document of a particular country to the mean citations per document for the whole reference region (Mustar & Esterle, 2006), in this case, the Caribbean. The Relative Non-cited Rate or what we term the Non-Citation Share (NCS) was also calculated and this is the ratio of the percentage of publications of a particular country without citations to the percentage of publications without citations for the whole Caribbean. In both cases these indices were calculated for each thematic domain of a country’s output. These indices were only calculated where there was a minimum of 10 publications in that discipline. 14 | P a g e

2.2.3.4 Collaboration The number of collaborations of any country with other Caribbean countries or with five regions of the world, viz. the EU (plus Norway), North America (USA & Canada), Latin America (Central & South America excluding Caribbean countries), Other (none of the fore-mentioned), was determined directly from the WoS using the Analyse Results (Country/territory) feature. Unfortunately, a more complicated approach was required to analyse Caribbean-EU collaborations in detail. The collaborations with EU countries were derived from the WoS using the search codes presented in Table 2 adding a Boolean relation: AND cu=Country, where country was replaced by the 27 EU states and Norway. (The United Kingdom publications are not so indexed by WoS. Collaboration with the United Kingdom was obtained by combining publications indexed under England, North Ireland, Scotland and Wales.) We were then able to develop a database for all high output Caribbean countries/territories containing only collaborative publications with Europe. The previous full database and this smaller database restricted to EU collaborative publications could be linked through the specific ID number of each publication. This enabled the detailed analyses of collaboration with an European country for each paper of the initial database. The percentage of EU collaboration by thematic area, by the number of EU collaborating countries and the growth of publications with or without EU collaboration were all calculated from this database. 2.2.3.5 Visibility of Caribbean-EU papers It is widely accepted that international collaboration boosts the visibility of scientific publications (Chinchilla-RodrĂguez et al., 2009). For each thematic area and then each sub-region, the rate of citation and the percentage of uncited papers were compared for papers produced with EU collaboration and those without.

2.3

ANALYSIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PERFORMANCE OF CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES/TERRITORIES

2.3.1 Number of documents per Caribbean Country/Territory In the eleven year period, 1999-2009, the thirty-two Caribbean countries/territories of this study produced just over 12,800 research articles, based on the output retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database (Table 3). This is based on the full count method which is used throughout this study and which credits multinational publications fully and not fractionally to each contributing country. This means some records are counted more than once. About half of these were produced by Cuba, followed by Jamaica and then Trinidad & Tobago, the latter two countries accounting for just over 10% and just under 10% of all publications respectively (Figure 1). Guadeloupe was the next most prolific territory generating 818 documents or about 6% of all publications. A fourth tier of productivity is represented by the following ;- Barbados, French Guyana, the Dominican Republic, Martinique and Bermuda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; which each produced 201-500 publications in this same period. Below these are a number of territories which produced 51-200 publications over the same time interval, namely Haiti, Curacao, Guyana, Grenada, the Bahamas, Suriname and Belize. For the remaining sixteen countries/territories, which constitute half of those targeted, the output is very low, at less than 50 publications each for the eleven year period. Of this group, the lowest output is shown by the British Overseas Territory Anguilla with one publication and by the French territory St. Martin with no publications, although the Dutch half of the latter, St. Maarten, produced 8 publications.

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For many of the parameters which are examined, the publication sample size is too small to attempt these detailed analyses with the sixteen low output (<50 publications) countries/territories. For this reason, many of the subsequent specialised analyses are restricted to the sixteen higher performing countries/territories. For completeness, it should also be noted that Puerto Rico, a US possession, generated 5,839 WoS-indexed publications in the same period (data not shown). This productivity is of the order of magnitude of Cuba and while Puerto Rico is not a target country of the EUCARINET project, and so will not appear in this report, its ranking as a major generator of research publications in the Caribbean should not be forgotten. The other Caribbean territory outside the scope of this study is the US Virgin Islands which produced 180 WoS-indexed publications in the same period (data not shown).

2.3.2 Number of documents per Caribbean sub-region Table 4 shows how the four geo-linguistic sub-regions of the Caribbean contribute to the annual output of publications for the region. Just over half of the publications are produced by the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, almost one-third by the Anglophone Caribbean, about 13% by the French Caribbean and less than 2% by the Dutch Caribbean. What is noticeable, in this regard, is that there seems to be no increase in the annual output for the Dutch sub-region in contrast to the other three sub-regions, all of which show growth. If one examines this growth relative to the initial year 1999 it can be seen that while the Dutch output is quite erratic, the English, French and Spanish sub-regions show a similar rate of growth (Figure 2). The final year, 2009, is quite variable, but, ignoring this, the three sub-regions show an approximate 50% increase in the number of publications over a ten period or an average annual growth of about 5%. The total number of articles produced by the entire world cannot be easily obtained from the WoS for any year. Published values for world scientific publications from WoS for the years 2002 through 2006 suggest an annual growth rate of 4.8% (Gomez et al., 2009; Table II, p9). The average annual growth rate for those years for Caribbean publications is slightly lower at 3.3% (from Table 3) but for the Latin American region this is much higher at 8.1% (Gomez et al., 2009; Table II, p9). For this same period, Caribbean publications represent a miniscule 0.08% of world publications.

16 | P a g e

Table 3: Number of documents per Caribbean country over the period 1999-2009. 1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Total

Anguilla

Antigua

Aruba

Bahamas

102

Barbados

485

Belize

Bermuda

220

Bonaire

Virgin

Cayman Islands

Cuba

507

547

624

536

599

546

558

610

640

727

605

6499

Curacao

138

Dominica

Dominican Republic

276

French Guiana

421

Grenada

127

Guadeloupe

127

818

Guyana

135

Haiti

149

126

113

139

142

127

138

134

129

147

144

126

1465

St Kitts & Nevis

Martinique

242

Montserrat

Saba

St Eustatius

St Lucia

St Maarten

St Martin

St Vincent

Suriname

101

115

121

109

117

133

122

151

144

146

1353

Turks & Caicos Islands

973

1018

1133

1063

1111

1117

1142

1200

1315

1428

1309

12817

British Islands

Jamaica

Trinidad Tobago

Total

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Table 4: Yearly evolution of documents per Caribbean sub-region. 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total Dutch 25 20 20 28 21 25 26 20 17 33 17 252 English 307 299 350 364 338 371 389 391 465 457 429 4160 French 114 114 115 120 137 151 149 163 160 175 232 1630 Spanish 527 585 648 551 615 571 579 630 673 765 631 6775 Total 973 1018 1133 1063 1111 1118 1143 1204 1315 1430 1309 12817

Turks & Caicos I. Trinidad & Tobago Suriname St Vincent St Lucia St Maarten St Kitts-Nevis St Eustatius Saba Montserrat Martinique Jamaica Haiti Guyana Guadeloupe Grenada French Guiana Dominican Republic Dominica Curacao Cuba Cayman I. BVI Bonaire Bermuda Belize Barbados Bahamas Aruba Antigua Anguilla 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400 6000 6200 6400 6600

Number of publications

Figure 1: Number of publications for 1999-2009 per Caribbean territory

18 | P a g e

Dutch English French Spanish

Figure 2: Growth in publications of Caribbean sub-regions relative to 1999

Figure 3: Publication thematic profile of the entire Caribbean Region (1999-2009).

19 | P a g e

2.3.3

Thematic Profile of Publications of the Caribbean Region

Most of the publications from the region fall into three thematic domains â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (28%) ; Biomedical Research (21%) ; Clinical Medicine (18%) [Figure 3]. The other three thematic areas which are well represented are Chemistry (9%), Engineering, Technology (8%) and Physics (8%). Social Sciences and Humanities are poorly represented which may be partly explained by the bias of the WoS database. When the yearly production in these thematic areas is examined (Table 5; Figure 4), there seems little growth in the Chemistry, Clinical Medicine and Physics domains. On the other hand, in the two largest sectors, Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Research there is growth throughout the period under study. Mathematics, Social Sciences and Engineering, Technology also seem to show modest growth. Table 5: Thematic profile of Caribbean output (all countries). Area Agriculture, Biology Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences Other Total

20 | P a g e

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 & 274 269 271 282 317 328 346 348 382 417 328 186 79 201 89 5 16 4 90 29 0 973

Total 3562

208 234 194 241 261 247 279 277 290 283 2700 108 97 102 109 105 102 91 104 125 111 1133 204 264 206 182 205 193 188 225 235 228 2331 70 101 95 95 79 98 93 116 122 123 1081 7 8 18 11 7 5 9 10 17 18 115 13 12 17 19 24 25 26 28 41 43 264 6 5 6 5 6 4 8 8 5 11 68 98 110 86 100 69 93 107 87 111 96 1047 35 31 55 29 34 29 53 75 64 68 502 0 0 2 3 0 1 2 3 3 0 14 1018 1133 1063 1111 1118 1143 1204 1315 1430 1309 12817

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Figure 4: Yearly evolution of publications from the Caribbean (all countries) per thematic area. 2.3.4

Thematic Profiles of Publications of the four Caribbean Sub-regions

For the entire Caribbean the largest thematic domains were Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences followed by Biomedical Research then Clinical Medicine (Figure 3). When one looks at the four sub-regions (Table 6), Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences still constitutes the largest category of publications for all but the English sub-region where Clinical Medicine (28%) just overtakes Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (26%). The Biomedical Research thematic area is still in the top three in all sub-regions but in the Spanish sub-region Clinical Medicine is no longer in the top three, being just edged out by the Engineering, Technology theme. In fact, publications from the Spanish sub-region show the most even distribution with six of the ten thematic categories each having greater than 10% of total publications. The Spanish sub-region comprises only two countries, Cuba with 6499 publications and the Dominican Republic with 276 publications for the 11 year period. The profile for the Spanish sub-region is therefore dominated by Cuba and as Figure 6 shows the Dominican Republic profile differs in several ways which will be described later. The other three subregions are more specialised in their output with only three thematic domains ever equalling or exceeding 10% of total publications (Figure 5, 7, 8). As will be discussed in the next section, half the countries/territories produce too few publications to be meaningfully examined on a thematic basis. For this reason some countries/territories are omitted from the thematic profiles depicted in Figure 5, 7 & 8. 21 | P a g e

Table 6:

Percentage of publications in each thematic area for each Caribbean sub-region

AgBioEnv BioMed Chem ClinMed Eng. Hum Math Multi Phy Soc Sc Total Dutch

100

English

100

French

100

Spanish

100

Total

100

Of the sub-regions, the Dutch sub-region shows the least spread of publications across disciplines, with half of the ten thematic areas almost having no ( â&#x2030;¤ 0.1% ) publications (Figure 8). It is also the most homogenous of the sub-regions with the two territories Suriname and Curacao quite similar in thematic output. Of all sub-regions, the English sub-region is the most heterogeneous with especially wide variation in the Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences sector (Figure 5). With respect to the Francophone territories, Martinique differs most with its strong Clinical Medicine output largely at the expense of the Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences domain (Figure 8).

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

Biomedical Research

Chemistry

Clinical Medicine

Engineering, Technology

Humanities

Mathematics

Multidisciplinary Sciences

Physics

Social Sciences

Figure 5: Thematic profile of higher output English sub-region countries/territories. 22 | P a g e

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Figure 6:

Thematic profile of Spanish sub-region countries.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Figure 7: Thematic profile of French countries/territories.

23 | P a g e

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Figure 8: Thematic profile of higher output Dutch sub-region countries/territories. 2.3.5

Thematic Profiles of Publications of each Caribbean Country/Territory

Table 7 depicts the spread of publications between the ten thematic areas in each of the sixteen higher output countries/territories. One obvious difference from the regional and sub-regional profiles is that Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences is eclipsed by Clinical Medicine in terms as the largest category of publications in three islands, Grenada, Jamaica and Martinique, probably reflecting the prominent medical schools there. In the case of Grenada, Biomedical Research even exceeds Clinical Medicine. Belize stands out in having the most specialist output, with 73% of publications in the Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences grouping. Bermuda also has a very distinctive profile with 78% of publications in two categories. These are Physics and Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences and reflect the two major research institutions on Bermuda, the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences and the Bermuda Weather Services. The Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences domain is, nonetheless, very robust for the majority, aided by the many Field Research Stations throughout the region and the various Government Agricultural and Fisheries Departments. The strength of Chemistry in the Guyana profile (21%) stands out and reflects the prominence of this discipline at the University of Guyana. The Engineering Technology domain is best represented in Cuba (12%) and Trinidad & Tobago (11%) where University Engineering Faculties exist. Four of the countries, Barbados, Cuba, Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago, show the widest spread of publications across the ten thematic domains (majority of categories 24 | P a g e

with â&#x2030;Ľ 5% of publications) and this probably reflects the presence in these countries of Universities with a range of Faculties. Table 8 shows the thematic profiles of the sixteen countries/territories with low output of publications (< 50). Generally, these are territories with smaller populations or land area where critical mass comes into play. For most of these, the

few publications are in the Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences area where even if universities or research centres are lacking there are Government Agriculture, Fisheries and/or Forestry Departments which generate applied research on this theme. Montserrat is singular in having an active volcano and its concentration of publications in the Physics area reflects the geophysical research of the Montserrat Volcano Observatory. The publications of Antigua, Dominica, St Maarten and the Cayman Islands in the Clinical Medicine and/or Biomedical Research fields reflect offshore medical schools located on those islands. These are essentially for-profit teaching establishments with weak research output. No further in depth analyses will be carried out in this Report on these sixteen countries/territories with low publication output. Their total publications represent 1.7% of the total for the Caribbeanregion. Table 7: Percentage of publications in each thematic area of each higher output Caribbean country/territory

Bahamas

Ag. Bio Chem Med Eng. Hum Math Multi Phy Soc Sc Total 36 17 1 17 5 2 2 3 4 14 100

Barbados

100

Belize

100

Bermuda

100

Cuba

100

CuraĂ§ao

100

Dominican Republic

100

French Guiana

100

Grenada

100

Guadeloupe

100

Guyana

100

Haiti

100

Jamaica

100

Martinique

100

Surinam

100

Trinidad & Tobago

100

Total

100

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Table 8: Distribution of publications per thematic area from each low output Caribbean country/territory. Ag. Bio Chem Med Eng. Hum Math Multi Phy Soc Sc Total Anguilla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Antigua 4 1 0 18 0 0 0 0 1 1 25 Aruba 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Bonaire 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 British Virgin Islands 8 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 8 1 22 Cayman Islands 17 19 0 5 0 1 0 1 1 3 47 Dominica 9 6 1 10 0 0 0 1 0 12 39 St Kitts & Nevis 8 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 18 Montserrat 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 17 Saba 4 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 St Lucia 6 2 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 14 St Maarten 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 St Martin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saint Vincent 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 St Eustatius 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 Turks & Caicos Islands 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Total 72 46 1 46 0 1 0 6 27 27 226

2.3.6

Visibility and Specialisation of the Publication Profile of each Caribbean Country/Territory

For each of the higher output countries/territories it is possible to assess the visibility or impact of publications by measuring how many times these are cited. One index is Citation Share (CS), also called the Relative Citations per Document, which is the ratio of the mean citations per document of a particular country to the mean citations per document of a reference region (Mustar & Esterle, 2006), in this case, the Caribbean region. The publications of countries with this ratio greater than one are more highly cited than the average for the region and so have higher visibilities or impact. A related index is the Relative Non-cited Rate or, what we term, the Non-Citation Share (NCS) which is the ratio of the percentage of publications of a particular country without citations to the percentage of publications without citations for the whole region (here, the Caribbean region). In this case, a value less than one indicates higher impact as this means proportionately fewer publications from that country have no citations compared to the regional average. In both cases these indices will be applied to each thematic domain of a countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s output to identify those which have higher visibility or impact relative to the regional average. While these address quality, the Specialization Index (SI) is the ratio of the percentage of publications of a country in a specific discipline to the percentage of publications in that discipline for the whole region. It is relevant to the quality indices just described as if a country does show specialisation in a particular discipline ideally these publications should be of high visibility.

26 | P a g e

These indices need to be calculated using a sizeable number of publications to be meaningful but even for these higher output countries these numbers are relatively low. Faced with these small publication numbers, we will only consider these indices for samples of at least ten publications, but even this number we consider rather low. Table 9 shows the visibility and specialisation indices for publications of the Bahamas. Only four thematic areas meet the criterion of having an adequate number of publications (> 10) to apply these indices, namely Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Research, Clinical Medicine and Social Sciences. For both Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Research, papers from the Bahamas have a Citation Share greater than one (CS = 1.25, 1.14, resp.) meaning they attract more citations than the regional average for that discipline. Similarly, in these disciplines the Non-Citation Share is less than one (NCS = 0.85, 0.00, resp.) meaning there are a lower proportion of papers having no citations relative to the regional norm. In fact, for Biomedical Research the NCS index of zero means all papers have been cited. Proportionately fewer Social Sciences publications from the Bahamas are non-cited relative to the region but in terms of the CS this is less than one, meaning that these publications are less cited than the regional average for the discipline. Of these, Clinical Medicine is the lowest ranked with the relative citation rate and the proportion of non-cited papers worse than the regional average (CS=0.45; NCS= 1.65). The Bahamas has a higher proportion of publications than the regional average in the Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences and the Social Sciences domains (SI=1.25, SI=3.50, resp.). This suggests this specialisation is paying off in terms of the higher impact of these publications. In contrast, despite Biomedical Research being under-represented in the publications from the Bahamas relative to the region (SI=0.79) these publications have higher visibility than the regional average. Table 9: Bibliometric indices for publications of the Bahamas per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplina ry Sciences Physics Social Sciences

27 | P a g e

Publication number 37

Citation/ Doc 7.30

% Doc without Citation 0.24

Specialisation Index (SI) 1.30

Citation Share (CS) 1.25

Non-citation Share (NCS) 0.85

12.88

0.00

0.79

1.14

0.00

1 17

0.00 3.29

1.00 0.47

0.11 0.92

0.00 0.45

4.90 1.65

7.20

0.20

0.58

1.49

0.67

2 2 3

0.00 0.50 20.00

1.00 0.50 0.33

2.18 0.95 5.54

0.00 0.15 0.35

1.20 1.26 2.83

4 14

34.50 1.64

0.00 0.29

0.48 3.50

4.27 0.45

0.00 0.83

For Barbados (Table 10), five thematic areas - Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences; Biomedical Research; Chemistry; Humanities; Physics - have relatively high visibility based on their NCS indices (NCS = 0.62, 0.55, 0.80, 0.83, 0.74, resp.). For all of these except Physics, the CS also exceeds one (CS = 1.38, 3.21, 1.09, 1.97, resp.), further confirming the higher impact of these domains for Barbados relative to the entire Caribbean. In fact, the visibility for Biomedical Research is particularly high. Two of these thematic areas, Chemistry and Humanities, also represent areas of specialisation (SI= 1.28, SI=2.99, resp.). Table 10: Bibliometric indices for publications of Barbados per thematic area. Publication number

Citation/Do c

% Doc without Cit

Citation Share (CS)

Non-citation Share (NCS)

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

8.06

0.18

0.72

1.38

0.62

Biomedical Research

36.28

0.08

0.84

3.21

0.55

Chemistry

7.89

0.16

1.28

1.09

0.80

Clinical Medicine

4.66

0.35

0.94

0.63

1.22

Engineering. Technology

1.68

0.51

0.91

0.35

1.73

Humanities

1.08

0.69

2.99

1.97

0.83

Mathematics

2.47

0.60

1.50

0.75

1.51

Multidisciplinary Sciences

88.50

0.25

1.56

2.13

Physics

7.97

0.14

0.88

0.99

0.74

Social Sciences

3.67

0.38

3.16

1.00

1.11

As Table 11 shows, for Belize, only the Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences thematic area has an adequate number of publications for this analysis and in this case the impact is high based on both indices (CS=1.53; NCS=0.62). This is also an area of specialisation for Belize (SI=2.63). Table 11: Bibliometric indices for publications of Belize per thematic area. Publication number

Citation/Doc

% Doc without Cit

Citation Share (CS)

Non-citation Share (NCS)

8.93

0.18

2.63

1.53

0.62

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

Biomedical Research

0.75

0.25

0.24

0.07

1.67

Chemistry

Clinical Medicine

8.60

0.40

0.35

1.17

1.40

Engineering, Technology

Humanities

1.33

0.33

4.28

2.43

0.40

Mathematics

Multidisciplinary Sciences

16.00

0.00

2.41

0.28

0.00

Physics

19.00

0.00

0.94

2.35

0.00

Social Sciences

0.00

1.00

0.65

0.00

2.90

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For Bermuda (Table 12), four thematic areas are for consideration - Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences; Biomedical Research; Physics; Social Sciences â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and all have relatively high visibilities based on both impact indices (CS = 2.54, 1.78, 2.94, 1.18; NCS = 0.22, 0.89, 0.34, 0.58, resp.). Of these, all but Biomedical Research are areas in which Bermuda shows specialisation (SI > 1). Table 12: Bibliometric indices for publications of Bermuda per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Publication number

Citation/Doc

% Doc without Cit.

Citation Share (CS)

Non-citation Share (NCS)

111

14.83

0.06

1.81

2.54

0.22

15 4 2 6

20.13 30.25 0.50 7.50

0.13 0.00 0.50 0.17

0.32 0.21 0.05 0.32

1.78 4.18 0.07 1.55

0.89 0.00 1.75 0.56

1 0 9

1.00 168.11

0.00 0.00

0.51 7.71

1.83 2.96

0.00 0.00

62 10

23.81 4.30

0.06 0.20

3.45 1.16

2.94 1.18

0.34 0.58

Cuba with its large number of publications allows these indices to be applied and interpreted with the greatest confidence (Table 13). In only one domain, Clinical Medicine, is Cuba performing better than the regional average on the basis of both impact indices (CS=1.08; NCS=0.99) although, based on the SI, this is not an area of specialisation for Cuba (SI=0.62). On the other hand, both higher impact (CS=1.04) and specialisation (SI=1.42) are evident in the area of Engineering, Technology. In Humanities, Cuba also has high visibility (CS=1.62) even though this is not a specialisation (SI=0.62). Similarly, although Mathematics is not a specialisation (SI=0.78), Cuban publications in this discipline have relatively high impact based on the proportion of uncited publications (NCS=0.92). Cuba shows specialisation with respect to Biomedical Research, Chemistry and Physics (SI=1.17, 1.43, 1.25 resp.) but, based on the respective CS and NCS indices, publications in these areas are not of higher than average visibility. Curacao has three thematic areas with relatively high impact publications (Table 14), viz. Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (CS=2.68; NCS=0.29), Biomedical Research (CS=1.50; NCS=0.74), Clinical Medicine (CS=1.45; NCS=0.48). Of these only Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (SI=1.59) and Clinical Medicine (SI=1.75) are country specialisations.

29 | P a g e

Table 13: Bibliometric indices for publications of Cuba per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Publication number 1654

Citation/Doc 4.20

% Doc without Cit 0.37

1593 821 727 776 36 104 20

9.76 6.67 7.92 5.00 0.89 3.34 24.80

662 99

6.05 3.70

SI 0.92

Citation Share (CS) 0.72

Non-citation Share (NCS) 1.31

0.17 0.21 0.28 0.30 0.83 0.37 0.15

1.17 1.43 0.62 1.42 0.62 0.78 0.58

0.86 0.92 1.08 1.04 1.62 1.02 0.44

1.14 1.03 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.28

0.22 0.42

1.25 0.39

0.75 1.01

1.15 1.23

In the five disciplinary areas with sufficient publications for analysis, the Dominican Republic has high visibility (Table 15). Publications are more highly cited than the regional average in Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (CS=1.11) and this is also an area of specialisation (SI=1.17). The Dominican Republic also shows specialisation in Biomedical Research (SI=1.50) and Social Sciences (2.31) and publications in these two disciplines are relatively highly cited (CS=1.60, 1.68 resp.) and with relatively few uncited papers (NCS=0.54, 0.81 resp.). Clinical Medicine is another area in which the Dominican Republic is performing particularly well (CS=3.60; NCS=0.44). Although Physics is not a specialisation, the few papers (10) are all cited (NCS=0) and at a higher than average rate for the region (CS=1.34). Table 14: Bibliometric indices for publications of Curacao per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences 30 | P a g e

Publication number 61

Citation/Doc 15.64

% Doc without Cit 0.08

18 1 44 1 0 0 3

17.00 5.00 10.64 11.00 11.67

4 6

12.25 3.00

SI 1.59

Citation Share (CS) 2.68

Non-citation Share (NCS) 0.29

0.11 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.33

0.62 0.08 1.75 0.09 4.09

1.50 0.69 1.45 2.28 0.21

0.74 0.00 0.48 0.00 2.83

0.25 0.00

0.35 1.11

1.52 0.82

1.30 0.00

For French Guiana, there are five thematic areas with adequate numbers and all are noteworthy (Table 16). Publications are more highly visible in Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (CS=1.38; NCS=0.48) which is also a specialisation (SI=1.61). Clinical Medicine also shows high visibility (CS=1.79; NCS=0.75) but is not a specialisation (SI=0.61). Biomedical Research is an area of concentrated output (SI=1.58) and this pays off with relatively few noncited articles (NCS=0.77). While neither Physics nor Engineering, Technology are specialisations (SI= 0.55, 0.34 resp.) relatively few Physics publications lack citations (NCS=0.55) and Engineering, Technology publications are more cited than the regional average (CS=1.05). Table 15: Bibliometric indices for publications of the Dominican Republic per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinar y Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Publication number 90

Citation/ Doc 6.47

% Doc without Cit 0.33

Citation Share (CS)

1.17

1.11

Non-citation Share (NCS) 1.17

18.06

0.08

1.50

1.60

0.54

1 48

15.00 26.50

0.00 0.13

0.04 0.96

2.07 3.60

0.00 0.44

2.67

0.44

0.39

0.55

1.50

3 0 3

0.33 80.33

0.67 0.00

1.21 2.05

0.61 1.42

0.80 0.00

10 25

10.80 6.12

0.00 0.28

0.44 2.31

1.34 1.68

0.00 0.81

In the case of Grenada (Table 17), there are two domains in which output is concentrated, Biomedical Research (SI=1.95) and Clinical Medicine (SI=2.08), but publications in both these areas have relatively low citation rates (CS= 0.33, 0.17, resp.) and a higher than average proportion of uncited papers (NCS= 1.93, 1.61, resp.). However, Grenada is unusual in that there is not an even evolution of publications but instead 80% of the articles are published in the last four years of the study period (data not shown). This is likely to lower the rate of citation and negatively impact these impact indices compared to a country where production is evenly spread over the eleven year period under study. Despite this, the low output in Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (n=13) does attract a citation rate higher than the regional average (CS=1.24).

31 | P a g e

Table 16: Bibliometric indices for publications of French Guiana per thematic area. Publication number

Citation/ Doc

% Doc without Cit

Citation Share (CS)

Non-citation Share (NCS)

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

189

8.06

0.14

1.61

1.38

0.48

Biomedical Research

140

11.29

0.11

1.58

1.00

0.77

Chemistry

10.20

0.00

0.13

1.41

0.00

Clinical Medicine

13.15

0.21

0.61

1.79

0.75

Engineering, Technology

5.08

0.33

0.34

1.05

1.12

Humanities

0.00

1.00

0.53

0.00

1.20

Mathematics

1.00

0.00

0.12

0.30

0.00

Multidisciplinary Sciences

41.25

0.00

1.79

0.73

0.00

Physics

7.21

0.11

0.55

0.89

0.55

Social Sciences

17.00

0.00

0.12

4.65

0.00

Table 17 : Bibliometric indices for publications of Grenada per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

32 | P a g e

Publication number 13

Citation /Doc 7.23

% Doc without Cit 0.38

3.73

0 48 1

SI 0.37

Citation Share (CS) 1.24

Non-citation Share (NCS) 1.35

0.29

1.95

0.33

1.93

1.23 10.00

0.46 0.00

2.08 0.09

0.17 2.07

1.61 0.00

1 0 2

0.00 3.00

1.00 0.00

0.88 2.97

0.00 0.05

1.20 0.00

0 10

2.50

0.40

2.01

0.68

1.16

Guadeloupe (Table 18) shows specialisation in Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (SI=1.33), Clinical Medicine (SI=1.02) and Mathematics (SI=5.06) and correspondingly higher than average citation in these thematic areas (CS = 1.04, 1.03, 1.18 resp.). Of these, there are also relatively fewer uncited publications in Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (NCS=0.55) and Clinical Medicine (NCS=0.86). Relatively higher citation rates and lower noncitation rates are evident in publications in Biomedical research (CS=1.24; NCS=0.47), Engineering, Technology (CS=1.16; NCS=0.31) and Physics (CS =1.12; NCS=0.96) but none of these are areas of specialisation (I=1.00, 0.48, 0.41, resp.). The low output in Social Sciences is also relatively well-cited (CS=1.51) but the citation level in Chemistry is below the regional average (CS=0.45; NCS=1.40). Table 18: Bibliometric indices for publications of Guadeloupe per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Publication number

Citation/Doc

Citation Share (CS)

Non-citation Share (NCS)

6.10

% Doc without Cit 0.16

302

1.33

1.04

0.55

172 21 151 33 7 85 3

14.03 3.29 7.56 5.61 0.00 3.88 9.33

0.07 0.29 0.25 0.09 1.00 0.44 0.33

1.00 0.29 1.02 0.48 0.96 5.06 0.69

1.24 0.45 1.03 1.16 0.00 1.18 0.16

0.47 1.40 0.86 0.31 1.20 1.09 2.83

27 14

9.04 5.50

0.19 0.43

0.41 0.44

1.12 1.51

0.96 1.24

Table 19: Bibliometric indices for publications of Guyana per thematic area. Publication number

Citation/Doc

% Doc without Cit

Citation Share (CS)

Non-citation Share (NCS)

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

8.79

0.23

1.62

1.50

0.81

Biomedical Research

8.31

0.00

0.46

0.73

0.00

Chemistry

1.48

0.52

2.43

0.20

2.54

Clinical Medicine

2.83

0.33

0.49

0.38

1.17

Engineering, Technology

5.57

0.29

0.61

1.15

0.96

Humanities

0.00

1.00

0.83

0.00

1.20

Mathematics

Multidisciplinary Sciences

22.00

0.00

1.40

0.39

0.00

Physics

7.20

0.00

0.45

0.89

0.00

Social Sciences

1.83

0.33

1.13

0.50

0.97

33 | P a g e

Like many Caribbean states, the output of Guyana (Table 19) emphasises Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (SI=1.62) and publications in this grouping have relatively high visibility (CS=1.50; NCS=0.91). While Chemistry is another specialisation of Guyana (SI=2.43), publications in this discipline are less well-cited than the regional average (CS=0.20; NCS=2.54) and this is probably the domain of Guyana with least impact. The modest output in the area of Biomedical Research (n=13) are all cited but this is not a specialisation for the country (SI=0.46). Haiti (Table 20) has proportionately higher than average output in three areas, Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (SI=1.48), Biomedical Research (SI=1.25) and Clinical Medicine (SI=1.08). In all three areas, the publications enjoy higher citation rates than the regional average (CS= 1.44, 1.25, 2.49 resp.) and lower non-citation rates relative to the regional norm (NCS=0.23, 0.00, 0.24 resp.). No other disciplines have sufficient publications to be assessed by the bibliometric indices. Table 20: Bibliometric indices for publications of Haiti per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Publication number 61

Citation/Doc 8.43

% Doc without Cit 0.07

39 2 29 2 2 0 1

14.13 3.00 18.34 5.00 0.00 204.00

4 8

18.25 1.50

SI 1.48

Citation Share (CS) 1.44

Non-citation Share (NCS) 0.23

0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 1.00 0.00

1.25 0.15 1.08 0.16 1.51 1.27

1.25 0.41 2.49 1.04 0.00 3.60

0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 1.20 0.00

0.00 0.63

0.33 1.38

2.26 0.41

0.00 1.81

Jamaica has three areas of specialisation, Clinical Medicine (SI=2.40), Humanities (SI=1.67) and Social Sciences (SI=1.57) but, of these, higher than average visibility (NCS=0.84) is only apparent in Social Sciences (Table 21). There are three disciplines in which publications from Jamaica make a higher than average impact, Chemistry (CS=1.55; NCS=0.79), Engineering, Technology (CS=1.14; NCS=0.94) and Mathematics (CS=1.09; NCS= -0.52). Interestingly, none of these represent a country specialisation (SI= 0.96, 0.29, 0.96 resp.), least of all Engineering, Technology. Higher visibility with respect to proportionately fewer non-cited papers is also seen in the areas Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (NCS=0.87) and Biomedical Research (NCS=0.94). The discipline with the lowest relative citation rate for Jamaica is Humanities (CS=0.33). Martinique shows specialisation in Clinical Medicine (SI=2.29) and Mathematics (SI=3.44) and in each of these disciplines the proportion of papers that lack citation are fewer than the regional average (NCS = 0.70, 0.74 resp.) [Table 22]. While Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences is not one of the islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s specialisations (SI=0.90) it is an area in which the 34 | P a g e

indices indicate higher citation than the regional average (CS=1.05; NCS=0.53). The lowest ranked discipline for Martinique relative to the regional average is Biomedical Research (CS=0.63; NCS=1.91).

Table 21: Bibliometric indices for publications of Jamaica per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Publication number 229

Citation/D oc 4.92

% Doc without Cit 0.25

193 124 639 36 22 29 3

10.57 11.23 6.30 5.50 0.18 3.59 48.67

100 90

6.03 3.28

SI 0.56

Citation Share (CS) 0.84

Non-citation Share (NCS) 0.87

0.14 0.16 0.31 0.28 0.86 0.21 0.00

0.63 0.96 2.40 0.29 1.67 0.96 0.39

0.93 1.55 0.86 1.14 0.33 1.09 0.86

0.94 0.79 1.08 0.94 1.03 0.52 0.00

0.15 0.29

0.84 1.57

0.75 0.90

0.78 0.84

Table 22: Bibliometric indices for publications of Martinique per thematic area.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences

Publication number 60

Citation/ Doc 6.13

% Doc without Cit 0.15

42 2 100 8 0 17 0

7.17 5.00 5.55 14.63 2.59 -

5 6

1.60 1.17

SI 0.90

Citation Share (CS) 1.05

Non-citation Share (NCS) 0.53

0.29 0.00 0.20 0.25 0.29 -

0.83 0.09 2.29 0.39 3.44 -

0.63 0.69 0.75 3.03 0.79 -

1.91 0.00 0.70 0.84 0.74 -

0.20 0.33

0.25 0.64

0.20 0.32

1.04 0.97

For Suriname (Table 23), there is relatively high visibility for publications in Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (CS=1.61; NCS=0.55) and Biomedical Research (CS=1.05; NCS=0.56), with only the former being a specialisation (SI= 1.65). Clinical Medicine is also a discipline in which Suriname specialises (SI=1.13) and in which it has proportionately fewer non-cited papers than the region (NCS=0.62) but in this discipline its relative citation rate is below the regional average (CS=0.70). 35 | P a g e

Table 23 : Bibliometric indices for publications of Suriname per thematic area. Publication number

Citation/ Doc

% Doc without Cit

Citation Share (CS)

Non-citation Share (NCS)

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

9.39

0.16

1.65

1.61

0.55

Biomedical Research

11.83

0.08

0.69

1.05

0.56

Chemistry

3.50

0.00

0.27

0.48

0.00

Clinical Medicine

5.12

0.18

1.13

0.70

0.62

Engineering, Technology

10.50

0.00

0.29

2.18

0.00

Humanities

Mathematics

Multidisciplinary Sciences

Physics

2.75

0.25

1.18

0.34

1.30

Social Sciences

4.25

0.00

1.23

1.16

0.00

Trinidad & Tobago shows specialisation in Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (SI=1.14), Clinical Medicine (SI=1.28), Engineering , Technology (SI=1.28), Humanities (SI=1.78) and Social Sciences (SI=2.24) but in none of these areas does it have high visibility based on the two impact indices, CS and NCS (Table 24). Its highest impact is seen in Chemistry where proportionately fewer of its publications lack citation and those that are cited have a higher rate of citation than the regional average (CS=1.24; NCS=0.54). It also has heightened visibility in the Biomedical Research discipline where a lower proportion of its publications lack citation compared to the regional average (NCS=0.82) but once again this is not one of its areas of specialisation (SI=0.60). The discipline with the lowest visibility for Trinidad & Tobago is Mathematics (CS=0.06; NCS=2.06). Table 24: Bibliometric indices for publications of Trinidad & Tobago per thematic area. Publication number

Citation/ Doc

% Doc without Cit

Citation Share (CS)

Non-citation Share (NCS)

430

4.51

0.29

1.14

0.77

1.00

Biomedical Research

172

10.60

0.12

0.60

0.94

0.82

Chemistry

8.95

0.11

0.53

1.24

0.54

Clinical Medicine

316

6.20

0.31

1.28

0.84

1.08

Engineering, Technology

146

3.52

0.31

1.28

0.73

1.04

Humanities

0.33

0.90

1.73

0.61

1.08

Mathematics

0.18

0.82

0.39

0.06

2.06

Multidisciplinary Sciences

79.80

0.00

0.70

1.41

0.00

Physics

6.97

0.26

0.62

0.86

1.36

Social Sciences

119

3.41

0.35

2.24

0.93

1.02

Agriculture, Biology Environmental Sciences

36 | P a g e

2.3.7 Relative Performance of Caribbean Countries/Territories by Thematic Area Norms for citation exist within a discipline which allows comparison between countries/territories with respect to the impact indices within a discipline. Some caution should, nonetheless, be exercised, bearing in mind the small numbers of publications involved in some cases. Levels of production vary widely even among the higher output Caribbean countries. With half the regional publications generated by Cuba this means that indices based on regional output in many ways reflect the contribution of Cuba. Finally, publications in the Humanities and Social Sciences tend to be published locally or regionally and to be poorly represented in the WoS database. These caveats should be borne in mind in the foregoing comparisons. Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences is the only disciplinary domain in which all of the sixteen higher output countries/territories have a large enough pool of publications to be meaningfully compared with respect to the specialisation (SI) and impact (CS, NCS) indices (Table 25). For ten countries/territories this is an area of specialisation, foremost among these being Belize (SI=2.63). Perusal of these publications for Belize reveals that these primarily deal with wildlife conservation and are produced by some twenty research centres and organisations which focus on the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s terrestrial and marine biodiversity. Table 25 : Agriculture, Biology and environmental Sciences Indices for relevant countries Countries Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Cuba CuraĂ§ao Dominican Republic French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Martinique Suriname Trinidad & Tobago

Number of publication

Cit/Doc

Citation Share (CS)

37 97 57 111 1654 61 90 189 13 302 61 61 229 60 38 430

7.30 8.06 8.93 14.83 4.20 15.64 6.47 8.06 7.23 6.10 8.79 8.43 4.92 6.13 9.39 4.51

1.30 0.72 2.63 1.81 0.92 1.59 1.17 1.61 0.37 1.33 1.62 1.48 0.56 0.90 1.65 1.14

1.25 1.38 1.53 2.54 0.72 2.68 1.11 1.38 1.24 1.04 1.50 1.44 0.84 1.05 1.61 0.77

Non-citation Share (CS) 0.85 0.62 0.62 0.22 1.31 0.29 1.17 0.48 1.35 0.55 0.81 0.23 0.87 0.53 0.55 1.00

Eleven countries/territories have higher than average visibility based on both the CS and NCS indices, while two of these have higher than average visibility based on just one of these indices. Two territories are particularly outstanding. Publications from Curacao in this area have the highest relative citation rate in the region (CS=2.68) closely followed by 37 | P a g e

those of Bermuda (CS=2.54). With respect to having the lowest proportion of papers which lack citation, the order is reversed with Bermuda more highly ranked than Curacao (NCS = 0.22, 0.29 resp.). Both of these territories are specialised in this thematic domain (Bermuda SI = 1.81; Curacao SI = 1,59). Cuba is the lowest ranked in this list based on

citation share (CS=0.72) with Trinidad & Tobago close behind (CS=0.77). In this thematic area, Cuba also has the second highest rate of non-citation of papers (NCS= 1.31) while this index for Trinidad & Tobago is the average for the region. Table 26: Biomedical Research Indices for relevant countries Countries Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Cuba Curaรงao Dominican Republic French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Martinique Suriname Trinidad & Tobago

Number of publication 17 85 15 1593 18 87 140 52 172 13 39 193 42 12 172

Cit/doc

Citation Share (CS)

12.88 36.28 20.13 9.76 17.00 18.06 11.29 3.73 14.03 8.31 14.13 10.57 7.17 11.83 10.60

0.79 0.84 0.32 1.17 0.62 1.50 1.58 1.95 1.00 0.46 1.25 0.63 0.83 0.69 0.60

1.14 3.21 1.78 0.86 1.50 1.60 1.00 0.33 1.24 0.73 1.25 0.93 0.63 1.05 0.94

Non-citation Share (CS) 0.00 0.55 0.89 1.14 0.74 0.54 0.77 1.93 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.94 1.91 0.56 0.82

For Biomedical Research fifteen of the sixteen higher output countries/territories qualify for consideration based on an adequate number of publications (Table 26). In this discipline, Barbados has the highest citation share (CS=3.21), considerably higher than second-ranked Bermuda (CS=1.78). While the relative proportion of papers without citation is lower than the regional average for these two countries (NCS = 0.55, 0.89, resp.), the countries ranked highest on this criterion alone are the Bahamas, Guyana and Haiti (NCS = 0.00 for all) for which there are no uncited publications. Grenada then Martinique are the lowest ranked with respect to the relative citation rate (CS = 0.33, 0.63, resp.) and also in terms of the proportion of papers lacking citation (NCS = 1.93, 1.91, resp.). Specialisation is poorly correlated with publication impact in this discipline. Four of the five countries recognised as having high citation rates or low noncitation do not show specialisation (SI < 1) while Grenada which is specialised in this field (SI=1.95) is the poorest performer. Only six countries/territories show adequate output in Chemistry for impact analysis. Jamaica has the highest relative citation rate in this discipline followed by Trinidad & Tobago (CS = 1.55, 1.24, resp.) but the order is reversed when the ranking is on the proportion of papers without citation (NCS = 0.79, 0.54, resp.) (Table 27). Guyana and Guadeloupe are lowest ranked on the basis of both the relative citation rate (CS = 0.20, 0.45, resp.) and the proportion of papers without citation (NCS = 2.54, 1.40, resp.). Again, there is a lack of correlation between impact and specialisation with Guyana, 38 | P a g e

the lowest ranked, being the most specialised (SI=2.43) while Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago, the highest ranked, being relatively unspecialised in this discipline (SI = 0.96, 0.53, resp.).

Table 27 : Chemistry Indices for relevant countries Countries Barbados Cuba Guyana Guadeloupe Jamaica Trinidad Tobago

Number of publication 55 821 29 21 124 64

Cit/doc

7.89 6.67 1.48 3.29 11.23 8.95

1.28 1.43 2.43 0.29 0.96 0.53

Citation Share (CS) 1.09 0.92 0.20 0.45 1.55 1.24

Non-citation Share (CS) 0.80 1.03 2.54 1.40 0.79 0.54

Almost all the higher output countries are represented in the Clinical Medicine discipline (Table 28). The Dominican Republic is the highest ranked performer in this field with respect to the relative rate of citation (CS=3.60) followed by Haiti (CS=2.49) while the order is reversed when the proportion of papers without citation is the criterion (NCS = 0.24, 0.44, resp.). The worst performing on the basis of citation rate is Grenada followed by Guyana (CS = 0.17, 0.38, resp.) while on the basis of the proportion of papers without citation the Bahamas is weakest, followed by Grenada (NCS = 1.65, 1.61, resp.). Once again, specialisation in this field is no indicator of publication impact, e.g. one of the more specialised countries, Grenada,( SI=2.08) is least ranked.

Table 28: Clinical Medicine indices for relevant countries Countries Bahamas Barbados Cuba Curaรงao Dominican Republic French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Martinique Suriname Trinidad & Tobago 39 | P a g e

Number of publication 17 83 727 44 48 47 48 151 12 29 639 100 17 316

Cit/doc

3.29 4.66 7.92 10.64 26.50 13.15 1.23 7.56 2.83 18.34 6.30 5.55 5.12 6.20

0.92 0.94 0.62 1.75 0.96 0.61 2.08 1.02 0.49 1.08 2.40 2.29 1.13 1.28

Citation Share (CS) 0.45 0.63 1.08 1.45 3.60 1.79 0.17 1.03 0.38 2.49 0.86 0.75 0.70 0.84

Non-citation Share (CS) 1.65 1.22 0.99 0.48 0.44 0.75 1.61 0.86 1.17 0.24 1.08 0.70 0.62 1.08

Few Caribbean countries/territories have a high output in Engineering, Technology (Table 29). Guadeloupe has the highest visibility in this field (CS=1.16; NCS=0.31) while Jamaica is in second place (CS=1.14; NCS=0.94). The poorest

performer in this discipline is Barbados (CS=0.35; NCS=1.73). The countries showing the least specialisation in this field Jamaica, French Guiana and Guadeloupe (SI = 0.29, 0.34, 0.48, resp.) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; are the top performers.

Table 29: Engineering and Technology indices for relevant countries Countries

Number of publication 37

Cit/doc

Citation Share (CS)

1.68

0.91

0.35

Non-citation Share (CS) 1.73

Cuba

776

5.00

1.42

1.04

1.00

French Guiana

5.08

0.34

1.05

1.12

Guadeloupe

5.61

0.48

1.16

0.31

Jamaica

5.50

0.29

1.14

0.94

Trinidad & Tobago

146

3.52

1.28

0.73

1.04

Barbados

A limited number of countries are listed for Humanities (Table 30). Of these, Barbados is top-ranked (CS=1.97; NCS=0.83) and is also the most specialised (SI=2.99). Jamaica is least-ranked in this discipline with respect to citation rate (CS=0.33) although this position is taken by Trinidad & Tobago when the proportion of papers without citation is the criterion (NCS=1.08). Having said that, it should be borne in mind that the WoS database is primarily a science database and the Humanities data should be interpreted with caution. Furthermore, in this domain, books, monographs and local journals are the major means of publication and these are not considered in this study. Table 30: Humanities indices for relevant countries Countries

Number of publication

Cit/doc

Citation Share (CS)

Non-citation Share (CS)

Barbados

1.08

2.99

1.97

0.83

Cuba

0.89

0.62

1.62

1.00

Jamaica

0.18

1.67

0.33

1.03

Trinidad & Tobago

0.33

1.73

0.61

1.08

In the discipline of Mathematics six countries/territories are considered (Table 31). Jamaica ranks highest on the proportion of papers without citation (NCS=0.52) and second on the relative citation rate (CS=1.09). Guadeloupe is firstranked on relative citation rate (CS=1.18) while Martinique is second-ranked on the basis of the proportion of papers 40 | P a g e

without citation (NCS=0.74). Trinidad & Tobago is ranked lowest using both of these indices (CS=0.06; NCS=2.06). In this field there is some correspondence between specialisation and impact, with both Guadeloupe and Martinique showing high specialisation (SI = 5.06, 3.44, resp.).

Table 31: Mathematics indices for relevant countries Countries

Number of publication 15 104

Cit/d oc 2.47 3.34

1.50 0.78

Citation Share (CS) 0.75 1.02

Non-citation Share (CS) 1.51 0.92

Guadeloupe

3.88

5.06

1.18

1.09

Jamaica

3.59

0.96

1.09

0.52

Martinique

2.59

3.44

0.79

0.74

Trinidad & Tobago

0.18

0.39

0.06

2.06

Barbados Cuba

In Physics, on the basis of relative citation rate, Bermuda is highest ranked (CS=2.94) while the Dominican Republic takes second place (CS=1.34), with the order reversed when the proportion of non-cited papers is the criterion for assessing impact (NCS = 0.32, 0.00, resp.) (Table 32). Using the criterion of citation rate, Cuba and Jamaica share the lowest ranking (CS=0.75) while this position is taken by Trinidad & Tobago if the proportion of non-cited papers is the criterion (NCS=1.36). As for other disciplines, the SI correlates poorly with the impact indices.

Table 32: Physics indices for relevant countries Countries

Cit/doc

Barbados

Number of publication 35

0.88

Citation Share (CS) 0.99

Non-citation Share (CS) 0.74

7.97

Bermuda

23.81

3.45

2.94

0.34

Cuba

662

6.05

1.25

0.75

1.15

Dominican Republic

10.80

0.44

1.34

0.00

French Guiana

7.21

0.55

0.89

0.55

Guadeloupe

9.04

0.41

1.12

0.96

Jamaica

100

6.03

0.84

0.75

0.78

Trinidad & Tobago

6.97

0.62

0.86

1.36

For Social Sciences (Table 33), the Dominican Republic is top-ranked based on both the relative citation rate (CS=1.68) and the proportion of uncited publications (NCS=0.81). Guadeloupe is next in line based on relative citation rate 41 | P a g e

(CS=1.51) but this place goes to Bermuda if the proportion of uncited publications is the criterion used (NCS=0.58). The worst performer is the Bahamas, based on relative citation rate (CS=0.45), while this position is taken by Guadeloupe if the proportion of uncited publications is the criterion used (NCS=1.24).

Table 33: Social Sciences indices for relevant countries. Countries

Cit/doc

Bahamas

Number of publication 14

3.50

Citation Share (CS) 0.45

Non-citation Share (CS) 0.83

1.64

Barbados

3.67

3.16

1.00

1.11

Bermuda

4.30

1.16

1.18

0.58

Cuba

3.70

0.39

1.01

1.23

Dominican Republic

6.12

2.31

1.68

0.81

Grenada

2.50

2.01

0.68

1.16

Guadeloupe

5.50

0.44

1.51

1.24

Jamaica

3.28

1.57

0.90

0.84

Trinidad & Tobago

119

3.41

2.24

0.93

1.02

2.3.8

Collaboration Profile of Caribbean Countries/Territories

Table 37 summarises the degree and spectrum of collaboration of the thirty-one Caribbean countries/territories with publications in the study. While politically some of these are independent countries and some are EU overseas territories, for the purposes of this analysis we have assessed each of the thirty-one as if it was an independent Caribbean country. This means that collaboration of a Caribbean country with a French overseas territory such as Martinique is not scored as a collaboration with France but with Martinique. This allows us to build up a picture of collaboration within the Caribbean which is also key to the aims of the EUCARINET project. We have not limited this analysis to the higher output countries/territories as it was felt that that the collaboration profile of the low output members may be quite distinct and needs to be understood, if this performance is to improve. The number of collaborations reported is that derived from the WoS database. Collaborations are not synonymous with collaborative publications. Instead collaborations are the number of collaborating countries co-authoring a publication, e.g. a paper from Barbados co-authored with one Cuban institution and two French institutions is reported as two collaborations, not three. Note also that it is not possible in our analysis to identify national collaborations, e.g. co-authorship by two different institutions within one Caribbean state. Based on the small size of most Caribbean countries/territories we believe these are less significant than in large countries with many research institutions.

42 | P a g e

As Table 34 shows, there is a rough correlation between the number of publications and the number of collaborations. For many countries/territories, there is about one collaboration per publication. Notable exceptions are low producers where the number of collaborations tends to exceed the number of papers. While there is something approaching parity for higher producers, notable exceptions are Belize, the Dominican Republic and Haiti where there are on average about two collaborations per publication. It is clear from this study that the Caribbean collaborates widely, with Cuba publishing in collaboration with 117 countries and the third highest producer Trinidad & Tobago co-publishing with 107 countries. It is noteworthy that the Dominica Republic with a much lower output almost matches these with 101 collaborating countries. Generally speaking the low producers on average publish papers with a higher number of collaborating countries than the high producers.

In this same vein, low output countries/territories mainly publish in collaboration with others. In contrast, the percentage of collaborative publications is often much less for the higher output members - Barbados, 53%; Cuba, 59%; Jamaica, 46%; Martinique, 58%; Trinidad & Tobago, 50% (Table 34). This probably reflects the relatively developed state of these societies where there is greater capacity to undertake and publish scientific research independently. Some higher output countries/territories, nonetheless, almost entirely publish in collaboration with other countries - Belize, 94%; the Dominican Republic, 95%; Grenada, 93%; Haiti, 95%.

100

6.0

6.00

16.6

33.3

0.0

16.6

1.4

0.56

13.9

25.0

44.4

2.8

13.9

The Bahamas

100

132

1.3

0.30

16.5

20.3

51.1

3.8

8.3

Barbados

488

427

0.9

0.13

14.5

23.0

45.0

4.7

12.9

150

1.9

0.41

10.7

17.3

43.3

24.7

4.0

223

284

1.3

0.13

0.7

33.1

56.3

2.1

7.7

British Virgin Islands

2.1

0.63

2.5

57.5

30.0

5.0

Cayman Islands

1.7

0.60

24.3

25.6

34.6

7.7

Antigua & Barbuda English

Belize Bermuda

43 | P a g e

Number of Collaborations

Number of publications

% Other Country Collaborations

% North America Collaborations

Anguilla

% Latin American Collaborations

% European Union Collaborations

Country/Territory

% Caribbean Collaborations

Collaborating countries/publication

Subregion

Number of Collaborating Countries % Collaborative Publications

Collaborations/publication

Table 34: Collaboration profiles of Caribbean Countries/Territories (1999-2009).

Dominica

1.1

0.49

19.5

22.0

48.8

2.4

7.3

Grenada

127

190

1.5

0.20

5.3

8.9

56.3

1.1

28.4

Guyana

138

141

1.0

0.22

10.7

32.6

35.5

9.2

12.1

Jamaica

1493

983

0.7

0.05

7.9

31.2

43.4

4.7

12.7

Montserrat

1.8

0.32

1.6

62.3

32.8

0.0

3.3

St Kitts & Nevis

1.9

1.06

26.5

11.5

32.4

0.0

29.4

St Lucia

1.7

1.29

29.2

33.3

20.8

4.2

12.5

100

4.0

2.83

62.5

16.7

4.2

0.0

1370

1079

107

0.8

0.08

7.1

33.5

32.5

5.9

21.0

100

2.3

1.50

14.3

28.6

0.0

42.9

6581

5688

117

0.9

0.02

0.6

47.2

8.6

34.5

9.1

280

676

101

2.4

0.36

4.5

17.2

29.4

30.3

18.6

Aruba

1.0

0.75

0.0

25.0

50.0

0.0

25.0

Bonaire

100

1.3

1.00

20.0

60.0

20.0

0.0

Curacao

138

172

1.2

0.19

6.4

76.7

12.8

1.2

2.9

1.0

1.00

40.0

0.0

20.0

0.0

40.0

1.9

0.94

6.7

40.0

30.0

0.0

23.3

100

1.9

0.75 20.06

46.6

33.3

0.0

115

1.4

0.37

10.4

41.7

22.6

7.0

18.3

Martinique

245

217

0.9

0.14

20.7

57.1

5.5

2.3

14.3

Guadeloupe

813

849

1.0

0.11

6.5

60.9

8.2

5.4

19.0

French Guiana

415

616

1.5

0.17

3.7

58.0

7.0

9.3

22.1

Haiti

148

276

1.9

0.36

10.5

18.1

47.1

10.1

14.1

St Vincent & the Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos Islands Spanish Cuba Dominican Republic Dutch

St Eustatius Saba St. Maarten Suriname French

Generally speaking the majority of collaborations of Caribbean countries/territories involve two regions - Europe (the 27 EU member states plus Norway) and North America (the USA & Canada). For the Anglophone Caribbean this collaboration is typically skewed in favour of North America but St Lucia and two British Overseas Territories, the British Virgin Islands and Montserrat, show the converse (Table 34). Also bucking this trend are Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago where collaboration with the two regions is evenly matched. In the Dutch and French Caribbean sub-regions the majority of collaborations are with the EU possibly reflecting the closer political ties. Exceptions to this are Dutch St Maarten, where a high North American collaboration relates to an US off-shore medical school, and Haiti, in the French sub-region, where the collaboration with North America (47%) is more than double that with the EU (18%). The Spanishspeaking Caribbean, comprising Cuba and the Dominican Republic, is distinct in having the majority of its collaborations with Latin America (here defined as Central & South America, excluding Belize, French Guiana, Guyana & Suriname). Cuba's remaining collaborations are mainly with the EU while for the Dominican Republic those with North America 44 | P a g e

(29%) far exceed those with the EU (17%). Other notably strong collaborations with Latin America are shown by Belize, French Guiana, Guyana and Haiti, all but the last-mentioned explicable on the basis of geographic proximity. The collaboration with the rest of the Caribbean varies widely, with Cuba and Bermuda showing particularly low percentages of collaborative papers (0.6%, 0.7%, resp.). In Bermuda's case this probably stems from its geographical isolation while Cuba's focus seems more international than Caribbean. 2.3.9

Collaboration between Caribbean countries/territories

Collaboration between Caribbean countries/territories takes place, for some sub-regions, as one might expect, along geo-linguistic lines. In the English sub-region, most of the collaborations are with other English Caribbean members (Table 36). A similar trend is seen in the Francophone Caribbean where most of the collaborations are with other French Caribbean territories except in the case of Haiti where collaborations with the English Caribbean predominate. In the Dutch Caribbean, on the other hand, for the higher output territories (Curacao, St Maarten, Suriname) most collaborative publications are with the Anglophone Caribbean and, in the case, of Suriname, surprisingly, there are no collaborative publications with the rest of the Dutch sub-region. The Spanish sub-region comprises two countries, Cuba and the Dominican Republic, and in both cases the largest share of their Caribbean collaboration is with the English subregion, especially so for the Dominican Republic. Several countries/territories - Barbados, Belize, the Cayman Islands, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago, the Dominican Republic, Curacao, Martinique and Haiti - have collaborative publications with all four geo-linguistic sub-regions (Table 34). While this is largely a list of the larger producers and so may be expected to have Caribbean-wide collaborations, there are some important exceptions. Despite, generating the highest number of publications, Cuba has no collaborative publications with the Dutch Caribbean, and the same is true of Guadeloupe. Similarly, neither French Guiana nor Guyana share any publications with the Spanish sub-region. Table 35: Collaboration of Caribbean countries/territories with each sub-region

ENGLISH

45 | P a g e

Anguilla Antigua & Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands

1 25 100 488 79 223 22

16.6 8.3 13.5 12.6 7.4 0.4 2.5

0.0 0.0 1.5 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 1.5 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.0

0.0 5.6 0.0 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.0

All Caribbean

Spanish Caribbean

French Caribbean

Dutch Caribbean

Country/Territory

English Caribbean

Sub-region

No. of publications

% Total Collaborations

16.6 13.9 16.5 14.5 10.7 0.7 2.5

SPANISH

DUTCH

FRENCH

Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat St Kitts & Nevis St Lucia St Vincent & the Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Aruba Bonaire Curacao St Eustatius Saba St. Maarten Suriname Martinique Guadeloupe French Guiana Haiti

47 39 127 138 1493 34 18 14 6 1370 6 6581 280 4 4 138 5 16 8 83 245 813 415 148

20.5 19.5 4.2 5.7 6.6 1.6 20.6 20.9 50.0 4.9 14.3 0.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 20.0 6.1 2.3 1.0 0.6 5.4

1.3 0.0 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 2.9 0.0 4.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 20.0 1.2 40.0 6.7 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.4

1.3 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.4 0.0 2.9 8.3 4.2 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 15.7 4.7 2.8 2.5

1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.7 0.0 0.2 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.8 0.0 2.2

24.3 19.5 5.3 10.7 7.9 1.6 26.5 29.2 62.5 7.1 14.3 0.6 4.5 0.0 20.0 6.4 40.0 6.7 20.0 10.4 20.7 6.5 3.7 10.5

Trinidad & Tobago is the country which shows the greatest collaboration with the rest of the Caribbean, having published with 17 other Caribbean countries/territories (Table 36). Using co publication with â&#x2030;Ľ10 Caribbean countries/territories as a criterion to identify countries with wide-ranging Caribbean collaborations, seven of these are Anglophone, both Cuba and the Dominican Republic would qualify while in the Dutch and French sub-regions only Curacao and Haiti respectively show this breadth of collaboration. Bermuda is anomalous in collaborating with only 2 Caribbean countries despite its high output and this may relate to its singular location. Yet Belize boasts ten collaborating countries despite its distance from the rest of the Caribbean on the Central American mainland. Location and language may explain French Guiana's collaboration with only 4 Caribbean partners, neighbouring Guyana and Suriname and French-speaking Martinique and Guadeloupe. The collaboration of Montserrat solely with Trinidad & Tobago reflects the specialised nature of that research (volcanology) with few centres having this expertise. It should be noted that collaborations with British Overseas Territories are under-reported in Table 36 because they are not indexed as countries but classified under England (and at times even under the USA in the case of the British Virgin Islands). These collaborations are revealed where these territories are the subject of the search, i.e. Barbados publications will not reveal Montserrat collaborations but a Montserrat search will reveal collaborations with Barbados. 46 | P a g e

1.5

0.8

Barbados

0. 5 0. 2.0 7

0.7

0. 2

0. 8 0. 2 0. 7

4.5 6.6 2.0

Bermuda

Dominica

2.5 1. 1.3 3 2.4

1.3

1. 3

11. 5 2.4

7.3 1. 6

47 | P a g e

0.2

1. 3 2.4

0.5

Guyana

Montserrat

0. 8 0. 2 0. 7

0. 8 0. 7 0. 7

0.5

1. 3 2. 4 0. 5

1.4 0. 2.9 6

0.3

0.1

0. 1

0.1

0. 2

Collab. Countries

Haiti

French Guiana

Guadeloupe

Martinique

Suriname

St. Maarten

Saba

St Eustatius

5. 6

4.5 3.3 0.7

0.4

Grenada

Jamaica

Curacao

1 8.3

Bahamas

Br. Virgin I. Cayman I

Dominican Republic Bonaire

& 16. 6

Antigua

Belize

Trinidad Tobago Cuba

St Vincent

St Lucia

St Kitts & Nevis

Montserrat

Jamaica

Guyana

Grenada

Dominica

British Virgin Isl.

Bermuda

Belize

Barbados

The Bahamas

Antigua Anguilla

1.3

0.8 0. 5 1. 3 0. 4

0. 2

0.2

0.1

0. 2

0. 8

0.8 0.7

0.7

1. 3

1.3

2.4 1.1

1.1

4.3 0. 1

0. 8 0. 2

1.9 1.6

0. 4

0.1

1 1 1 6 6

0. 7 0. 4

1 1 1 4 1 0 2

1.4

2. 8

5 0.4

1 5 1

St Kitts-Nevis St Lucia St Vincent s Trinidad Tobago Turks Caicos Is Cuba

0.3

Dominican Republic Aruba Bonaire Curacao

0.0 4

2. 2.9 9 4.2

2.9

4. 12. 2 5 0. 1.3 6 7. 1 0.0 4 0. 0.2 2

4.2

2. 9 4. 2 4. 2 0. 1

0.1

2.9 4.2

4.2

8.3

0.2

0. 6

1.7

2. 9 4. 2 4. 2 0. 1

4.2

2.9

2.9 4. 2

4.2 0. 1

0. 1

4. 2 0. 6

0.0 4 0.2

0. 0.6 6

0.0 2

0.1 0.6

0.6

0.0 2 0. 2

0. 2

0.0 2 0.9

0. 2 1. 3

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0. 6

17. 0 0. 0.9 9 0. 5

3.8 0. 9

0.5

0.3

0. 1

0.1

0.0 4 0.7

1 1 1 0 0 1

0.6

1 1 2

0.7

0.6 20. 0

2 1. 9

3.5

0. 2 0. 6 0. 1.1 4

20. 0 3.3

0.5

1.4

0.1

0.6

2. 6 1. 4 0. 8

1. 4

0. 3 1.5

0. 4

1.1

0. 4

1. 8

0.4

1 2 1 7 2

0. 3

0.2

3. 3

Guadeloupe

48 | P a g e

0. 4

20. 0

St. Maarten

French Guiana Haiti

4.2

0.1

9 7

7.1

Saba

Martinique

4.2

St Eustatius

Suriname

2.9

12. 0 3. 1 1. 5

1. 7 3. 7 0. 8

6 7 0.8

1.3

2.5

1 1

Collaboration between European countries and Caribbean countries/territories In assessing EU-Caribbean collaborations, Spain has the highest number of collaborations (1106) of all EU countries with France close behind (1076) and the UK (838) in third place (Table 37). These EU countries would be expected to be the most highly ranked based on past colonial linkages but the Netherlands breaks this pattern being ranked sixth (246), behind Germany (442) and Italy (316). Two EU countries, Latvia and Slovakia, have no collaborations with the Caribbean. As expected, Cuba is responsible for about half of all Caribbean publications and so it is not surprising that this is the country showing the most EU collaborations (Table 37). In fact, only a few EU countries show no collaborations with Cuba and among these are several former Soviet bloc countries (the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania & Slovakia) where such linkages might have been expected to persist. France, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK are the EU countries with the strongest historical links to the Caribbean. Ignoring collaborations with Cuba, most of France's collaborations are predictably with its overseas departments, French Guiana, Guadeloupe and Martinique, with Haiti coming in behind Trinidad & Tobago (Table 37). For the Netherlands, most collaboration are with its overseas territory Curacao, with Cuba in second place and Suriname, a former Dutch colony, third. Spain's collaborations are overwhelmingly with Cuba, with the other Spanish-speaking country, the Dominican Republic, doing little better than other Caribbean countries. Ignoring collaborations with Cuba, most of the UK's collaborations are with the English Caribbean, Trinidad & Tobago just edging out Jamaica, with the British overseas territory, Bermuda in third place. Interestingly, the UK's collaborations with the Dominican Republic, French Guiana and Guadeloupe are each more than those with the remaining English Caribbean countries/territories. Of the 28 European countries, only the Netherlands and the UK have collaborations with all 16 higher output Caribbean countries/territories.

Table 37 : Collaborations countries/territories.

Martinique

Suriname

Trinitad & Tobago

Total

4 1 0 1 2 0 1

Jamaica

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Caribbean

Haiti

39 185 5 0 0 17 0

output

Guyana

1 0 0 0 1 4 0

higher

Guadeloupe

Cuba

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

and

Grenada

Bermuda

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(EU+Norway)

French Guiana

Belize

0 0 0 0 0 1 0

countries

Dominican Republic Curaรงao

Barbados

49 | P a g e

European

Bahamas Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech republic Denmark Estonia

between

2 8 0 0 2 3 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0

5 22 5 0 4 1 0

0 2 0 0 0 0 0

2 3 0 0 0 0 0

3 5 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 4 0 0 0 0 0

2 2 0 1 2 4 1

58 232 10 2 11 31 2

Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Rumania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 9

1 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 13

0 16 10 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 40

33 0 207 2 339 4 7 0 13 0 19 0 265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 103 36 0 21 0 77 2 8 0 0 0 7 0 1049 0 37 1 239 8

12 10 5 4 1 1 11 0 1 0 1 6 3 1 1 0 0 0 13 1 25

2 267 13 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 30

0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 7

13 376 11 2 3 4 14 0 0 0 0 10 2 1 5 1 0 0 8 2 27

0 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 15

0 20 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 9

0 1 18 100 19 3 1 1 1 0 8 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 2 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 5 0 196 11

0 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

12 74 32 1076 24 442 3 23 0 18 11 48 9 316 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 13 264 2 51 2 27 3 90 0 10 0 0 0 7 10 1106 4 59 204 838

2.3.11 Collaboration with European countries from the Caribbean perspective We can now examine the EU-Caribbean collaboration with reference to each high output Caribbean country/territory. The Dominican Republic collaborates with the highest number of EU countries (22), followed by Trinidad & Tobago (17) and then Guadeloupe and Cuba tie for third place (14) (Table 38). These are the same four top collaborators, although not in that order, identified with respect to world-wide collaboration (Table 34). The Bahamas, Curacao, Guyana and Suriname are at the opposite extreme, collaborating with the fewest number of European countries, namely six EU countries each. An examination as to who are the main European collaborating partners of each Caribbean country/territory reveals historical ties persist. For all English Caribbean countries/territories, the UK is the main collaborating EU member, with the exception of the Bahamas and Guyana (Table 38). For the Bahamas, this is shared with the Netherlands, each accounting for one quarter of all collaborations. For Guyana, 41% of its EU collaborations are with France while the UK share is 34%. For all Francophone territories, France is the main collaborating EU country, viz. French Guiana 77%, Guadeloupe 73%, Martinique 81% and Haiti 40%. France also represents the second largest EU collaboration for Belize, Bermuda and Trinidad & Tobago. For the Dutch Caribbean territories, collaboration is strongest with the Netherlands, viz. Curacao 86%, Suriname 69%. Dutch collaboration was already recognised as top ranking in the Bahamas and also represents the second highest collaboration for Barbados, Grenada and Haiti. For the Spanish Caribbean, Spain takes the lion's share (86%) of Cuba's 50 | P a g e

EU collaborations, while for the Dominican Republic the UK is the main collaborator (24%) with Spain ranked second (12%). Of EU countries which figure less prominently in the Caribbean, Denmark, Greece, Romania and Sweden each represent 13% of the EU collaborations of the Bahamas, a tie for third place for that country (Table 38). In that same vein, Finland is the Dominican Republic's second ranked collaborator, garnering 11% of that country's EU collaborations. While Belgium is not a minor EU collaborator, just trailing behind the Netherlands in its collaborations with the Caribbean (Table 37), its most significant impact is in Suriname where it takes third place in that country's share of EU collaborations (Table 38). 2.3.12 EU Collaboration profile for the Caribbean region by thematic area Table 39 shows that the thematic area with the least proportion of publications in collaboration with the EU is the Humanities (1.8%) while Multidisciplinary Sciences shows the highest proportion of EU collaborative publications (46.8%). These are also the categories with the smallest numbers and so should be interpreted with some caution. For the remaining disciplines, EU collaboration is highest in Physics (39.4%), Chemistry (37.6%) and Engineering, Technology (36.7%) and lowest in Social Sciences (21.3%), Clinical Medicine (24.3%) and Mathematics (24.6%). In general, EU collaborative papers represent 25-40% of all papers, depending on the discipline.

Table 38: Percentage of collaborations with individual European countries for each Caribbean Country/territory

Martinique

Trinitad & Tobaggo Suriname

4 1 0 1 2 0 1 11 10 5 4 1 1 10

Jamaica

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0

Haiti

1 7 0 0 0 1 0 1 8 13 0 0 1 10

Guyana

1 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 17 11 0 0 5 0

Guadeloupe

Cuba

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 13 9 0 0 0 9

Grenada

Bermuda

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 6

French Guiana

Belize

0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0

Dominican Republic Curaรงao

Barbados

51 | P a g e

Bahamas

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy

1 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 77 4 1 0 0 2

0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6

1 4 1 0 1 0 0 3 73 2 0 1 1 3

0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 9 0 0 0 0

4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 8 0 0 0 4

1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 81 2 1 0 0 1

0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 2 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 9 7 1 0 3 3

Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK Total EU collaborators

0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 13 25 100 6

0 0 0 0 22 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 50 100 7

0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 57 100 7

0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 43 100 11

0 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 39 1 9 100 14

0 0 0 0 86 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 7 100 6

0 1 0 1 6 3 1 1 0 0 0 12 1 24 100 22

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 100 12

0 0 0 0 13 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 44 100 9

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 5 100 14

0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 34 100 6

0 0 2 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 18 100 10

0 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 68 100 11

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 9 100 8

Table 39: EU Collaboration profile by thematic area for the whole Caribbean

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering. Technology Humanities Mathematics Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics Social Sciences Total

52 | P a g e

% % Total Publications Publications Publications Without EU with EU Collaboration Collaboration 70.1 29.9 3490 63.0 37.0 2654 62.4 37.6 1132 75.7 24.3 2285 63.3 36.7 1081 98.3 1.7 114 75.4 24.6 264 53.2 46.8 62 60.6 39.4 1020 78.7 21.3 475 68.2 31.8 12577

0 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 100 6

0 0 0 0 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 1 59 100 17

2.3.13 EU Collaboration profile for each Caribbean country/territory The Caribbean countries/territories showing the highest percentage of publications co-authored with the EU are Curacao (75%) and French Guiana (69%) (Table 40). At the other extreme, the countries with the lowest EUcollaboration are Barbados (2%) and the Bahamas (5%). Martinique, Guadeloupe and Suriname occupy a median position with about half the publications in collaboration with the EU. For the remaining countries/territories, most of their publications are not in collaboration with the EU (Table 40). These are all independent countries except for Bermuda which is a British overseas territory. Most Caribbean-EU collaborative publications involve just one EU country but most Caribbean countries have a few EUcollaborative publications with two EU countries (Table 40). On the other hand, collaborative publications with five or more EU countries are quite uncommon, limited to French Guiana, Guadeloupe and Haiti. Table 40 : Share and degree of EU-Collaboration for each Caribbean country/territory No. of publications % Publications With EU Total Without EU With EU collaboration collaboration collaboration Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Cuba CuraĂ§ao Dominican Republic French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe

5 11 20 71 2205 103 74

102 484 78 220 6492 138 276

95 98 74 68 66 25 73

5 2 26 32 34 75 27

With 1 EU country 2 2 22 24 29 63 23

292

421

15 439

127 815

88 46

12 54

11 48

1 5

0 0

0 1

Guyana Haiti Jamaica Martinique Suriname Trinidad & Tobago

40 34 257 111 44 283

135 148 1465 240 83 1353

70 77 82 54 47 79

30 23 18 46 53 21

27 20 16 41 48 19

3 1 1 5 5 2

0 1 0 0 0 0

53 | P a g e

With 2 EU countries 3 0 4 7 4 11 3

With 3 EU countries 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

With â&#x2030;Ľ4 EU countries 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.3.14 Evolution of documents per Caribbean sub-region with respect to EU-collaboration Figure 9 depicts the annual production of publications without EU-collaboration for each Caribbean sub-region relative to 1999. What is clear from this is that for the Dutch sub-region there is marked decline in the number of such papers falling to half the initial publication rate by the end of the 11 year study period. If one ignores the final year, 2009, the other three sub-regions all show increasing annual production. The growth is about 50% for the English sub-region and around 30% for the French and Spanish sub-regions.

When one looks at the remaining publications produced in collaboration with the EU the pattern is quite different (Figure 10). The Dutch sub-region shows quite erratic growth and will not be discussed further. The French and Spanish sub-regions show very similar evolution of publications with growth of around 70% by 2008. This is higher than the roughly 30% growth seen for the same period for papers without EU collaboration from these sub-regions. What is also clear is that the production of EU-collaborative papers in the English sub-region is lower than that seen for the French and Spanish sub-regions and grows by only about 25% for the same period ending in 2008. When the two graphs are compared it is clear that for both the French and Spanish sub-regions there is greater growth in papers in collaboration with the EU than those not in collaboration with the EU (Figure 9 & 10). This is especially so for the Spanish sub-region. For the English sub-region it is the converse. Growth for papers in collaboration with the EU is about half that of growth for those not co-published with the EU. The actual numbers of publications are given in Tables 41 & 42.

Table 41 : Evolution of EU-collaborative publications for each Caribbean sub-region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total Dutch 11 10 12 19 12 15 14 10 8 25 11 147 English 56 44 64 63 53 66 72 76 70 73 65 702 French 57 61 66 66 81 86 82 81 86 95 115 876 Spanish 154 154 199 170 195 202 215 237 228 270 255 2279 Total 278 269 341 318 341 369 383 404 392 463 446 4004

Table 42: Evolution of publications without EU-collaboration for each Caribbean sub-region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total Dutch 10 8 8 7 8 7 7 6 4 4 5 74 English 243 245 274 289 269 298 295 291 369 361 328 3262 French 57 53 49 53 54 65 66 81 74 79 117 748 Spanish 373 431 449 380 420 369 364 392 442 493 376 4489 Total 683 737 780 729 751 739 732 770 889 937 826 8573

54 | P a g e

Figure 9: Growth in publications without EU collaboration for each Caribbean sub-region relative to 1999

Dutch English French Spanish

Figure 10: Growth in EU-collaborative publications for each Caribbean sub-region relative to 1999

Dutch English French Spanish

2.3.15 Visibility of EU Collaborative Papers Table 43 reveals that there is a higher visibility of Caribbean publications produced in collaboration with EU authors than those without such partners, as evidenced by a Relative EU to non-EU Citation Rate greater than one (1.86). This is also true also when the data is analysed at the sub-regional level. In this case, the English sub-region derives the greatest 55 | P a g e

benefit from EU co-authorship, followed by the Spanish sub-region. For both of these, EU-collaborative papers have about twice the visibility of those published without EU collaboration. Enhanced visibility with EU collaboration may

partly be attributable to the greater opportunity for networking and presentation of research European scientists enjoy relative to their Caribbean counterparts. If so, this may explain the lower enhancement of visibility with EU collaboration seen in the French and Dutch sub-regions which are mainly overseas territories of the EU whose scientists have similar benefits to those based in Europe.

Table 43: Comparative citation rates of publications with and without EU collaboration for each Caribbean sub-region. Caribbean Subregion

Total

Number of EU collab. papers

Citations of EU collab. papers

% EU collab. papers

Citations per documen t of EU collab. papers

Number of papers without EU collab.

Citation s of papers without EU collab.

% papers without EU collab.

Citations Relative per EU to documen Non-EU t of Citation papers Rate without EU collab. 6.55 2.22

English

3964

702

10201

17.7

14.53

3262

21350

82.3

French

1624

876

8950

53.9

10.22

748

4860

46.1

6.50

1.57

Spanish

6768

2279

23094

33.7

10.13

4489

23724

66.3

5.28

1.92

Dutch

221

147

1827

66.5

12.43

672

33.5

9.08

1.37

Entire Caribbean

1257 7

4004

44072

11.01

8573

50606

5.90

1.86

Table 44 affords a comparison of the citation rates by sub-discipline for papers co-authored with EU partners and those without EU participation. For all thematic fields except Multidisciplinary Sciences the citation rate is higher for EUcollaborative papers. No such analyses are attempted for disciplines with less than ten publications such as the Humanities, in this case. While different citation norms for each discipline prevent comparison of direct citation rates, these relative EU/non-EU citation rates can be compared. From this it can be seen that Clinical Medicine benefits the most from EU-collaboration with an almost fourfold higher level of visibility (EU to Non-EU Ratio = 3.91). Social Sciences is the discipline with the second highest enhancement of citation for EU-collaborative papers (EU to Non-EU Ratio = 2.18).

Table 45 shows the comparative citation rates for papers for the English sub-region with and without EU collaboration. As was seen for papers from the entire Caribbean, EU collaboration increases the visibility of papers in all domains except Multidisciplinary Sciences (Relative EU to non-EU Citation Rate = 0.68). Papers in Clinical Medicine are most positively impacted with EU collaboration increasing visibility over six fold (EU to non-EU Citation Rate = 6.38).

56 | P a g e

Mathematics and Social Sciences are the thematic areas which show the next highest enhancement with about a threefold increase in visibility with EU collaboration.

Table 44: Comparative citation rates of Caribbean publications with & without EU collaboration for each thematic area. Thematic Field

Total no. of papers

No. of EU collab. papers

Citation s of EU collab. papers

% EU collab. papers

Agriculture, 3490 1045 8625 29.9 Biology & Envtl. Sci. Biomedical 2654 981 14054 37.0 Research Chemistry 1132 426 3807 37.6 Clinical 2285 556 9466 24.3 Medicine Engineering 1081 397 2215 36.7 , Technology Humanities 114 2 20 * Mathematic 264 65 270 24.6 s Multi62 29 1384 46.8 disciplinary Sciences Physics 1020 402 3600 39.4 Social 475 101 632 21.3 Sciences Mean * Only data from disciplines with >10 papers are shown.

Citations per documen t of EU collab. papers

No. of papers without EU collab.

Citation s of papers without EU collab.

% papers without EU collab.

Relative EU to Non-EU Citation Rate

70.1

Citations per documen t of papers without EU collab. 4.65

8.25

2445

11368

14.33

1673

16125

63.0

9.64

1.49

8.94 17.03

706 1729

4938 7529

62.4 75.7

6.99 4.35

1.28 3.91

5.58

684

3001

63.3

4.39

1.27

112

4.15

199

596

75.4

2.99

1.39

47.72

2301

53.2

69.73

0.68

8.96 6.26

618 374

4170 1075

60.6 78.7

6.75 2.87

1.33 2.18

5.97

1.84

11.01

1.78

Table 46 examines the effect of EU collaboration on citation rates for the French sub-region. In this case, the greatest positive effect of EU-collaboration on citation is shown by Social Sciences and Physics where citation rates are roughly tripled and doubled respectively. Interestingly, two disciplines show lower rates of citation for EU-collaborative papers. These are Engineering Technology and Mathematics where papers with EU collaboration are roughly cited half as frequently as those without EU collaboration.

57 | P a g e

Table 47 shows the effect of EU collaboration on the visibility of Spanish Caribbean publications. In this case, the largest enhancement of visibility associated with EU collaboration is shown by Clinical Medicine and Mathematics which have roughly four times and twice the citation rates of papers without EU collaboration. No disciplines exhibit lower citation rates with EU-collaboration compared to papers without -EU collaboration. Table 45: Comparative citation rates of English Caribbean papers with & without EU collaboration per thematic area. Thematic Field

Total no. of pape rs

No. of EU collab. papers

Relative EU to Non-EU Citation Rate

81.6

Citations per docume nt of papers without EU collab. 5.79

Agriculture , Biology and Environme ntal Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry

1035

191

2018

18.5

10.57

844

4886

551

121

1905

22.0

15.74

430

5868

78.0

13.65

1.15

277

573

18.4

11.24

226

1990

81.6

8.81

1.28

Clinical Medicine Engineerin g, Technology Humanities * Mathemati cs Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics

1122

145

3193

12.9

22.02

977

3374

87.1

3.45

6.38

238

247

18.5

5.61

194

657

81.5

3.39

1.66

10.5

6.83

103

89.5

2.02

3.38

712

46.4

54.77

1804

53.6

120.27

0.46

281

1148

29.2

14.00

199

1979

70.8

9.94

1.41

Social 311 49 364 15.8 7.43 Sciences Mean 14.53 * Only data from disciplines with >10 papers are shown.

262

659

84.2

2.52

2.95

6.55

2.22

58 | P a g e

Citation % EU s of EU collab. collab. papers papers

Citations per docume nt of EU collab. papers

No. of Citation % papers s of papers without papers without EU without EU collabo EU collab. ration collab.

1.83

In the Dutch Caribbean, where publication numbers are fewer, only three thematic areas have sufficient numbers of publications to permit this kind of analysis (Table 46). In this case, the Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences grouping shows just over twice the citation rate for EU-collaborative papers compared to those without EU collaboration. In contrast, Biomedical Research papers with EU partners are less cited than those without EU partners while Clinical Medicine is just about the same irrespective of EU involvement. That said, the relatively small number of papers means that these data should be interpreted with caution. Just as the number of citations per document is a measure of the visibility of a publication so too is the proportion of uncited papers, i.e. papers without a single citation. If the ratio of the percentage of uncited EU-collaborative papers to the percentage of uncited non-EU papers (termed here the EU to non-EU Uncited Ratio) is calculated to be less than one this indicates a greater visibility of EU-collaborative papers compared to those without EU involvement. The closer this value is to zero the greater is the enhancement of visibility associated with EU co-authorship. In Table 49, it can be seen that the proportion of uncited publications from the entire Caribbean is about half as high for EU collaborative papers relative to those without EU collaboration. When the four sub-regions are examined, this effect is less marked in the French and Spanish sub-regions (Table 49). Table 46: Comparative citation rates of French Caribbean papers with & without EU collaboration per thematic area. Thematic Field

Total number of papers

Number of EU collab. papers

Citation s of EU collab. papers

% EU collab. papers

Citations per document of EU collab. papers

Number of papers without EU collab.

Citation s of papers without EU collab.

% papers without EU collab.

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry

612

350

2660

57.19

7.60

262

1586

42.81

Citations per documen t of papers without EU collab. 6.05

393

218

3290

55.47

15.09

175

1556

44.53

8.89

1.70

104

70.00

4.95

30.00

3.56

1.39

Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities*

327

163

1773

49.85

10.88

164

1073

50.15

6.54

1.66

154

58.18

4.81

219

41.82

9.52

0.51

Mathematics

103

319

74.76

4.14

0.52

25.24

2.15

Relative EU to Non-EU Citation Rate

1.26

Multidisciplinary Sciences* Physics

395

420

81.82

9.33

18.18

4.20

2.22

Social Sciences

50.00

6.60

50.00

2.07

3.19

6.50

1.57

Mean

* Only data from disciplines with >10 papers are shown. 59 | P a g e

10.22

Table 47: Comparative citation rates of Spanish Caribbean publications with and without EU collaboration for each thematic area.

Thematic Field

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Humanities* Mathematics

Total Number of Citations % EU Citations Number of Citations % Citations number EU of EU collab. per papers of papers per of collaborative collab. papers document without EU papers without document papers papers papers of EU collaboration without EU of papers collab. EU collab. without papers collab. EU collab. 1744

451

3007

25.86

6.67

1293

4525

74.14

3.50

1680

621

8575

36.96

13.81

1059

8537

63.04

8.06

822

353

3125

42.94

8.85

469

2369

57.06

5.05

775

196

4023

25.29

20.53

579

3004

74.71

5.19

785

319

1797

40.64

5.63

466

2110

59.36

4.53

5.13

104

173

31.73

5.24

174

68.27

2.45

Multidisciplinary Sciences Physics

262

34.78

32.75

475

65.22

31.67

672

267

1965

39.73

7.36

405

2145

60.27

5.30

Social Sciences

124

147

23.39

5.07

372

76.61

3.92

Mean * Only data from disciplines with >10 papers are shown.

60 | P a g e

10.13

5.28

Table 48: Comparative citation rates of Dutch Caribbean publications with and without EU collaboration for each thematic area.

Thematic Field

Agriculture, Biology and Environmen tal Sciences Biomedical Research Clinical Medicine

Total numb er of paper s

Number of EU collaborati ve papers

Citatio ns of EU collab. papers

% EU colla b. paper s

Citation s per docume nt of EU collab. papers

Number of papers without EU collaborati on

Citatio ns of papers withou t EU collab.

% papers witho ut EU collab.

Citation s per docume nt of papers without EU collab.

Relativ e EU to NonEU Citatio n Rate

940

53.54

17.74

371

46.46

8.07

2.20

284

70.00

13.52

164

30.00

18.22

0.74

477

85.25

9.17

14.75

8.67

1.06

9.08

1.37

12.43

Mean

Table 49: Percentage of uncited publications with and without EU collaboration for each Caribbean sub-region.

Caribbean Sub-region

Number of EU collaborativ e papers

Number of uncited EU collaborativ e papers

% Uncited EU collaborativ e papers

Number of papers without EU collaboration

% Uncited papers without EU collaboratio n

EU to non-EU Uncited Ratio

3262

Number of uncited papers without EU collaboratio n 937

English

702

13.39

28.72

0.47

French

876

115

13.13

748

170

22.73

0.58

Spanish

2279

388

17.03

4489

1424

31.72

0.54

Dutch

147

8.84

18.92

0.47

Entire Caribbeanl

4004

610

15.23

8573

2545

29.69

0.51

In Table 50, EU-collaboration results in higher visibility of all thematic areas for papers from the entire Caribbean. As was previously found when citation rates were the focus (Table 44), Clinical Medicine gains the greatest increase in visibility with proportionately fewer uncited papers where there is EU collaboration (Table 50). Physics and Engineering, Technology are the domains where the enhanced visibility associated with EU collaboration is least. 61 | P a g e

Table 50: Percentage of uncited Caribbean publications with and without EU collaboration by thematic area. Thematic Field

Number of EU collaborativ e papers

Number of uncited EU collaborativ e papers

% Uncited EU collaborativ e papers

Number of uncited papers without EU collaboration

17.13

Number of papers without EU collaboratio n 2445

EU to non-EU Uncite d Ratio

809

% Uncited papers without EU collaboratio n 33.09

Agriculture, Biology and Environmenta l Sciences Biomedical Research Chemistry

1045

179

981

8.97

1673

305

18.23

0.49

426

12.91

706

176

24.93

0.52

Clinical Medicine Engineering, Technology Mathematics

556

15.29

1729

564

32.62

0.47

397

24.18

684

225

32.89

0.74

26.15

199

44.22

0.59

Physics

402

16.17

618

134

21.68

0.75

Social Sciences Mean

101

21.78

374

145

38.77

0.56

3973

607

15.28

8428

2446

29.02

0.51

0.52

One can take this analysis further, looking at thematic areas within the four sub-regions, but the low numbers of publications in the Dutch Caribbean eliminate this sub-region from consideration. In the French sub-region, of the three domains for comparison, Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences gains the greatest visibility through EU collaboration while Biomedical Research is the least leveraged (Table 51). The English and Spanish Caribbean (Tables 52 & 53) show similarities in that in both sub-regions Clinical Medicine (EU to Non-UE Uncited Ratio = 0.48, 0.42, resp.) shows the highest increase in visibility associated with EU collaboration while Physics publications are least affected (EU to Non-UE Uncited Ratio = 0.76, 0.79, resp.). Clinical Medicine was also the discipline whose visibility was most enhanced by EU collaboration when citation rates were considered (Tables 45 & 46).

62 | P a g e

Table 51: Percentage of uncited French Caribbean publications with and without EU collaboration by thematic area. Number of EU collaborative papers

Number of uncited EU collaborative papers

% Uncited EU collaborative papers

Number of papers without EU collaboration

Number of uncited papers without EU collaboration

% Uncited papers without EU collaboration

EU to non-EU Uncited Ratio

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

350

11.43

262

17.56

0.65

Biomedical Research

218

9.17

175

11.43

0.80

Clinical Medicine

163

17.18

164

25.00

0.69

Total

731

13.13

601

107

22.73

0.58

Fields

Table 52: Percentage of uncited English Caribbean publications with and without EU collaboration by thematic area. Number of EU collaborative papers

Number of uncited EU collaborative papers

% Uncited EU collaborative papers

Number of papers without EU collaboration

Number of uncited papers without EU collaboration

% Uncited papers without EU collaboration

EU to non-EU Uncited Ratio

Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

191

14.66

844

214

25.36

0.58

Clinical Medicine

145

16.55

977

336

34.39

0.48

Engineering, Technology

22.73

194

35.05

0.65

Physics

12.20

199

16.08

0.76

Social Sciences

20.41

262

36.26

0.56

Total

511

13.39

2476

745

28.72

0.47

Fields

63 | P a g e

Table 53: Percentage of uncited Spanish Caribbean publications with and without EU collaboration by thematic area. Number of EU collaborativ e papers

Number of uncited EU collaborativ e papers

% Uncited EU collaborativ e papers

Number of papers without EU collaboratio n

Number of uncited papers without EU collaboratio n

% Uncited papers without EU collaboratio n

EU to non-EU Uncite d Ratio

Agriculture, Biology and 191 Environmental Sciences

14.66

844

214

25.36

0.58

Clinical Medicine

145

16.55

977

336

34.39

0.48

Engineering, Technology

22.73

194

35.05

0.65

Physics

12.20

199

16.08

0.76

Social Sciences

20.41

262

36.26

0.56

Total

511

13.39

2476

745

28.72

0.47

Fields

2.4

CONCLUSIONS OF THE BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

Using the Web of Science database, it was found that for the period 1999-2009 the thirty-two Caribbean countries/territories together published 12,817 papers, an estimated 0.08% of world publications for that same period. Cuba produced about half the publications while Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago each produced about 10% of the total with Guadeloupe next in line producing about 6% of the Caribbean output. Half the territories examined produced less than 50 publications in the 11 year period, 1.7% of the sum total, and were not included in further analyses. Marked growth in output was evident in all geo-linguistic regions except the Dutch Caribbean. Most of the publications from the region fall into three thematic domains â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (28%) ; Biomedical Research (21%) ; Clinical Medicine (18%). When the thematic profile of the constituent countries of each sub-region were examined, the English sub-region proved the most heterogeneous. The visibility and specialisation of the publication profile of each Caribbean country/territory was also analysed and the relative performance of Caribbean countries/territories by thematic area compared. In the Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Science area Curacao and Bermuda had the highest visibility while Belize showed the strongest 64 | P a g e

specialisation. In Biomedical Research, Barbados and Bermuda showed the highest visibility while Grenada was the most specialised in this area. In Chemistry, publications of Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago were better cited than the average for the region. In Clinical Medicine, the Dominican Republic and Haiti led the way with respect to visibility of publications. With respect to collaboration, countries with fewer papers tend to publish with more collaborating countries. Typically, Caribbean countries tend to publish in collaboration with Europe and with North America. Generally, the Anglophone Caribbean tended to collaborate more with North America than Europe while the converse tended to be the case for the other Caribbean sub-regions. With few exceptions, present day patterns of collaboration tended to mirror historical links between European countries and Caribbean territories. Of European countries, most collaborations were with Spain, France and the UK while the Netherlands and the UK had collaborative publications with the largest number of Caribbean partners. Of Caribbean countries, the Dominican Republic then Trinidad & Tobago collaborated with the highest number of EU states. EU collaboration was highest in Physics - about 40% of all collaborative papers. The evolution of papers in collaboration with the EU is higher in the Spanish- and French-speaking Caribbean and grew faster than papers not co-authored with the EU. Finally, the visibility of Caribbean papers published with European collaboration was higher (on average twofold) than those without. This was seen in virtually all thematic fields, the greatest enhancement evident in Clinical Medicine.

A SURVEY OF CARIBBEAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS Prepared by Gustavo Perez, Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Universitat AutĂ˛noma de Barcelona, Spain & C. M. Sean Carrington, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, the University of the West Indies, Barbados

3.1

INTRODUCTION TO THE SURVEY

This survey has the overall aim to map Caribbean scientific institutions on the basis of their excellence in STI. More specifically, it was designed to provide information on basic statistics and capacities of these scientific research centres, their resources and funding, their activities, their research priorities, their collaborative links and their networks. It relies on self-reporting and so, where there is overlap with the companion bibliometric study, data from the latter will be more objective and reliable. To date there has been no published database of the scientific research institutions of the entire Caribbean. A detailed, comprehensive, though slightly dated, listing of Caribbean agricultural research centres (Roseboom et al., 2001) proved useful in providing a starting list for this sector as did the EU-funded WINDS-Caribe report for the ICT sector (CortĂŠs et al. 65 | P a g e

2009). In contrast, the EU-funded LAC Access Directory (Johann, 2008) focused on Latin America and listed only a handful of Caribbean centres in Cuba and the Dominican Republic.The centres targeted in the survey range from relevant units in Government Ministries of Agriculture, Environment, Forestry and Fisheries to research institutes and discrete University units such as Faculties. These were all selected by the relevant Caribbean project partners (see section 3.2). Subsequent to the survey launch, a UNESCO report was published which listed CARICOM scientific centres (Lemarchand, 2010) but did not add to the list developed by the EUCARINET project. A very practical deliverable from this survey therefore is the first comprehensive database of scientific research institutions for the entire Caribbean, the core of which is available in this report as Appendix 2 and which will be available subsequently as an on-line searchable database. 3.2

METHODOLOGY & ADMINISTRATION OF THE SURVEY

In the original project proposal it was envisaged that the survey would only be administered to a select group of institutions based on certain criteria agreed by the partners. It was, however, agreed that imposing too stringent criteria in a region where many research institutions were in their developmental stage might be counter-productive to the objectives of the project. It was therefore agreed to be inclusive with the invitation to participate in the survey and have Caribbean partners send the questionnaire to all entities they considered to be involved in scientific research, no matter how limited. As indicated below, four agreed criteria were then imposed on the responding institutions to ensure that those surveyed conveyed a representative picture of Caribbean research institutions which could be targeted to foster the intra-regional and interregional cooperation central to the project; 1. The institution is a physical entity located in the Caribbean and is not simply a research network. 2. The institution is also sustainable and is not simply an entity established by project-funding with no future beyond the life of the project. 3. The institution is engaged in some form of scientific research as evidenced by the answers to the survey, its published mission and/or its publications or patents. 4. The Institution participates in the survey beyond simply providing contact information.

The survey questionnaire (Appendix 1) was developed by the UWI and the Centre d’Etude des Relations entre l’Union Européenne et l’Amérique Latine (CERCAL) with input from other EUCARINET project partners, using as a starting point a related survey employed in the EULARINET project. CERCAL provided French and Spanish language versions of the survey while the Ministerie Van Economische Zaken (EL&I) provided the Dutch translation. The survey in the four languages was then available on-line for the period September 8, 2010, through April 29, 2011, hosted by a commercial site, SurveyMonkey ©. EUCARINET Caribbean partners, the Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG), the University of the Netherlands Antilles (UNA), and the UWI invited suitable institutions involved in scientific research from the French, Dutch and English Caribbean respectively to take part in the survey while the Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE) did the same in the Dominican Republic. Through the Cuban Ministry of Science, Technology & the Environment (CITMA), Cuban institutes were also expected to participate but this activity was not launched in Cuba aside from two preliminary responses which do not reflect the numerous research institutions in that country and so have been ignored. As a result the Spanish Caribbean is 66 | P a g e

represented solely in this report by responses from the Dominican Republic. In light of the dire situation in Haiti following the 2010 earthquake, it was decided at the start of the project not to include Haiti in the survey. Each month, Caribbean partners were provided by CERCAL with a list of respondents from their sub-region and were urged to followup on those who had not yet responded and to thank those who had. The questionnaire comprised five sections; (i) Identity of the institution (ii) Identity of the respondent (iii) Research activities (iv) Identification of R&D priorities (v) Resources and funding (vi) Cooperation, collaboration and development. The survey results are presented and analysed in this sequence, with the questionnaire available for consultation in Appendix 1. A total of 137 persons responded to the survey as shown in Table 54. Of those 137 persons, 43 provided only their contact information and did not answer the research activities, resource/funding and cooperation/collaboration sections of the survey, in breach of Criterion 4. This left a final total of 94 respondents in the survey which all met the remaining criteria for inclusion. Table 54: Participation in the Survey Number of uncited EU collaborativ e papers

% Uncited EU collaborativ e papers

Number of papers without EU collaboratio n

Number of uncited papers without EU collaboratio n

% Uncited papers without EU collaboratio n

EU to non-EU Uncite d Ratio

Agriculture, Biology and 191 Environmental Sciences

14.66

844

214

25.36

0.58

Clinical Medicine

145

16.55

977

336

34.39

0.48

Engineering, Technology

22.73

194

35.05

0.65

Physics

12.20

199

16.08

0.76

Social Sciences

20.41

262

36.26

0.56

Total

511

13.39

2476

745

28.72

0.47

Fields

67 | P a g e

Number of EU collaborativ e papers

3.3

SURVEY RESULTS

3.3.1

Characterisation of the Surveyed Institutions

3.3.1.1 Institutional Type Figure 11 illustrates the make-up of institutions responding to the survey. For the Dominican Republic and the English and French Caribbean, the majority belong to the University or Higher Education (HE) category, with this largest in the Dominican Republic (68%). The Dutch Caribbean stands out in that the HE component is matched in first place by the Private non-profit sector. This sector is the second largest in the Dominican Republic while in the English sub-region this shares second place with Government Agencies. In the French Caribbean, the Private non-Profit organisation represents the smallest fraction of respondents while the Governmental sector is the second largest. The only respondents in the Business Enterprise category came from the English Caribbean and the Dominican Republic while the Other category (International Organizations excluding business enterprises and institutions beyond a country's borders) was restricted to the English Caribbean. Some institutions choosing the Other category were reassigned based on the definition of these categories in the Frascati Manual (OECD, 2002).

Figure 9 Sectoral composition of the institutions in the survey. (number of respondents in parentheses). The other category includes institutions/organisations (except business entreprises) beyond a country's border

3.3.3.2 Institutional Funding One striking funding similarity in the Dutch, French and English Caribbean is that half the institutions are supported financially by both the public and private sector (Figure 12). The French sub-region is distinctive in that none of the respondents are solely funded by the private sector while this category is sizeable in the other sub-regions, representing almost half of the institutions in the Dominican Republic and 17% and 20% from the Dutch and English Caribbean respectively. 68 | P a g e

Figure 10 Composition of surveyed institutions based on their funding (number of respondents in parentheses)

3.3.3.3 Geographical Range of the Scientific Institutions National institutions comprise the majority of the respondents in all sub-regions, representing 95% and 75% of institutions in the Dominican Republic and the Dutch sub-region respectively but only just over half in the French and English Caribbean (Figure 13). The Dominican Republic is distinctive in having no regional institutions but does have a small proportion of international institutions. The Dutch, French and English Caribbean respondents included both regional and international institutions with the regional institutions outnumbering international ones in both the English and Dutch sub-regions. Although the wording of the question made clear that regional meant the Caribbean, the responses must be interpreted with some caution for the French Caribbean where, strictly speaking, national equates with France and regional can mean Martinique, Guadeloupe or French Guyana, which are each regions of France.

69 | P a g e

Figure 11 Classification of Caribbean scientific institutions based on their operational geographic area (Number of respondents in parentheses)

3.3.3.4 Involvement in Postgraduate Training Institutions were queried as to whether they offered any of three levels of postgraduate training - Taught Masters, Research Masters or PhD. As Figure 14 shows, the Dutch and French Caribbean are at two ends of this spectrum with the majority of Dutch institutions (58%) offering no such programmes while few (13%) of the French institutions had no postgraduate programmes. Only in the Dutch Caribbean were there no institutions offering all three types of postgraduate training while most of the French institutions with postgraduate training offered the full range of programmes (Figure 14). The Dutch profile may reflect the fact that its survey comprised a relatively low proportion of University or HE institutions (Figure 11). With respect to the range of postgraduate programmes mounted, the Dominican Republic and English Caribbean show a similar pattern (Figure 15).

Figure 12 Institutions characterized by the number of types of postgraduate programmes (taught masters, research masters, PhD) each offers. (number of respondents in parentheses) 70 | P a g e

When one looks to see which of the three types of training are offered, there seems to be completely different postgraduate training strategies in the different sub-regions. In the French and English sub-regions PhD and Research Masters programmes predominate (Figure 16). Furthermore, on a proportionate basis, French institutions lead the region in the provision of these research degree programmes. The situation in the Dominican Republic differs from the other sub-regions in that Taught Masters programmes outnumber the research-based postgraduate programmes (Figure 15). While the Dutch rub-region has fewer respondents, on a proportionate basis, its institutions lag behind the rest of the Caribbean in the provision of postgraduate training (Figure 15).

Figure 13 Proposition of various types of postgraduate programmes by the surveyed institutions (number of respondents in parentheses)

3.3.4

Research Activities

3.3.4.1 Time Devoted to Research and Other Activities Institutions from the Dutch, French and English sub-regions show a similar distribution of time allocated to various types of work, with research being the main activity and French centres devoting the highest proportion of time to this (Figure 16). The Dominican Republic differs markedly from these in that teaching is the predominate activity (51%) in its institutions. Teaching is second-ranked (29%) in the English Caribbean but is third ranked in the French and Dutch subregions (15% and 22% respectively) after the Other category.

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Figure 14 Distribution of time devoted to various activities by the surveyed institutions Respondents listed the following activities as Other;- clinical services, public health services, diagnosis and prevention, development and cooperation, public services, social services, technical assistance, extension programmes, think tanks and outreach activities such as exhibitions, communication and dissemination. This component was third ranked in all sub-regions except the Dominican Republic where the least time was allocated to this. Administration typically occupied 10-16% of time while only 6% of time was spent on product development in the Dominican Republic and French and English Caribbean, while Dutch institutions devoted twice as much time to this.

3.3.4.2 Types of Research Undertaken Institutions were asked whether they were involved in Experimental, Applied or Basic Research or combinations of these. To avoid ambiguity, these classes of research were clearly defined in the questionnaire (for convenience, repeated below in parentheses). As Figure 17 shows, the main type of research performed in Caribbean scientific institutions is applied research (original research applied to a specific problem), taking place in 88-100% of centres. Experimental research (drawing on previous studies to produce new/improved products/processes) and basic research (acquisition of new knowledge without regard to applicability) are less common, with between one third and two thirds of institutions engaged in this type of research (Figure 17). The Dominican Republic with its relatively strong industrial sector stands out with the highest proportion of institutions engaged in experimental research (63%) while the French Caribbean leads with the proportion of centres engaged in basic research (58%).

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Figure 15 Percentage of institutions undertaking basic, applied and experimental research in the Caribbean

Figure 16 Number of types of research (applied, basic and experimental) per surveyed partner.

Figure 18 shows quite different trends in different parts of the Caribbean with respect to the number of classes of research in which institutions are engaged. In the Dominican Republic, almost a third of institutions are involved in all three types of research, applied, basic and experimental, while a similar proportion undertake two of these three kinds of research and the remaining portion (just over a third) undertake only one of these types of research. The pattern in the English Caribbean is quite similar to this but the spread is less even with only 24% of institutions involved in all three types of research and 40 % undertaking two of the three types of research. The Dutch and French sub-regions differ from this pattern. In the French Caribbean, about half of the institutions are engaged in two types of research and 30% are involved in all three types while only 17% undertake only one type of research (Figure 17). The Dutch Caribbean is the converse; half the institutions engage in only one type of research, a third undertake two types of research and 17% carry out all three types (Figure 18). The Dutch sub-region is therefore quite different with half of its institutions doing 73 | P a g e

one type of research whereas for other parts of the Caribbean most institutions (63-83%) are engaged in multiple forms of research. 3.3.4.3 Current Key Research Areas Each institution provided up to five key words that encapsulated their research focus. For each sub-region, keywords were sorted according to the FP7 thematic area under which each fell. In this case we have used the current FP7 theme name (e.g. KBBE or Knowledge Based Bio-Economy) vs the earlier name (e.g. Agriculture & Food Supply). Figure 19 depicts the distribution of these key research topics for each sub-regional grouping of institutions. Although respondents were not asked to rank these research areas one might expect that the first keyword given would be a more important research area compared to that provided last. For the English, French and Dutch Caribbean there is little evidence of ranking with the proportion of research areas in the various thematic domains much the same irrespective of whether the first or last keyword is considered (Figure 19). Only for the Dominican Republic does the thematic profile seem to differ with the order of the keywords. The English and French Caribbean present the most similar profiles with Environment being the largest category, Health the second ranked and KBBE a close third. The English Caribbean differs from the French with the consistent inclusion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) topics as well as mention of Energy-related topics. The Dutch Caribbean is distinguished by its emphasis on Socio-economic research while the only other consistent research domains are KBBE and Environment, the former slightly more prominent than the latter. For the Dominican Republic, while four thematic areas are consistently singled out â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Environment/Climate, ITC, Energy and Health - the relative prevalence of these varies with the keyword order. If one assumes the first keyword represents the most important research topic then one would argue that foremost and equally important are ITC, Energy and Health. Interestingly, only in the Dominican Republic was the Energy domain consistently reported as a research focus. A full listing of the keywords can be consulted in the profiles of the institutions in Appendix 2, but a synopsis of these research topics is provided here. For the English Caribbean, six distinct clusters were apparent. There was an ICT grouping which included key words like internet security, high performance computing and telecommunications. Under the broad Environment/Climate umbrella there was an Earth Sciences grouping which included natural hazards, volcanology, seismology, climate change and water management and then biological topics like biodiversity, coral reefs, ecosystem services, invasive species, protected areas, sea turtles and wildlife management. In the Health area, asthma, chronic diseases, infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS and public health were prominent while in the Energy domain renewable energy was the recurring theme. Under the Socio-economic category, crime, livelihoods and tourism were listed while prominent in the KBBE sector were fisheries, animal diseases, biotechnology, natural products, crop and livestock improvement as well as various named crops.

For the French Caribbean, Environment/Climate keywords also fell into two clusters, those relating to Earth Sciences like hydrology, seismology, volcano monitoring, tsunami and natural hazards and then the bioscience ones like biodiversity, ecology, forestry and mangrove ecosystems. In the KBBE area topics included agroecology, fisheries, forage systems and various animal diseases/pathogens (e.g. arbovirus). The Health domain included epidemiology, public health, emerging 74 | P a g e

diseases and specific diseases such as dengue and malaria. Several keywords relating to computer science and mathematics were also listed. For the Dutch Caribbean, Socio-economic sciences and the humanities was the largest domain with keywords like cultural & social awareness, migration/integration, gender relations, creole linguistics, Caribbean literature, multilingual education, small island development, economics and governance. The Environment group included climate change, coastal zone management, coral reef ecology, geology, water resources and forecasting. The Energy domain comprised renewable energy and wind energy. For the Dominican Republic, ICT keywords included mobile applications, real time software, GIS, GPS and virtual communities. Under Environment, natural resource management, environmental quality and disaster were listed while socio-economic keywords included knowledge creation, languages, gender, human development, institutional strengthening, sustainability and violence. Health keywords were HIV/AIDS, rehabilitation and cognitive neuroscience while those for KBBE were agricultural development, food safety, fermentation and biotechnology. Energy keywords included biofuels, clean energies and renewable energy. Unlike other sub-regions this was the only one to list nanotechnology as a research area. Institutions were also presented with a list of eight FP7 research domains and asked to indicate whether these were research areas in which they were very active, active or not active, an exercise complementary to the previous openended one where they had indicated their research profile by submitting five keywords. In this case, we retain the FP7 areas used in the questionnaire. One general trend is that for all parts of the Caribbean there was little or no research activity (0-21% active institutions) reported for the Transport & Construction area (Figure 19). For the English Caribbean, Environment & climate, Biology & medicine and Agriculture & Food Supply are the three major research areas (Figure 20), a similar result gleaned from the research keywords for this sub-region (Figure 19).What is quite different is the strong research activity (69% institutions active or very active) in the socio-economic domain (Figure 20) which was not apparent from the keywords submitted (Figure 19). Energy and ICT are also significant research areas for this sub-region (Figure 20) although energy was less prominent based on keywords (Figure 19). The French sub-region is very similar in its research profile to the English Caribbean (Figure 20) but with an even stronger focus on Environment/Climate (87% of respondents). It also differs by reporting less research activity in the Energy, ICT and Socio-economic domains (Figure 20). While the profile of the top three research areas confirms that inferred from the keywords, again, the strong reporting of socio-economic research differs from the keyword research profile (Figure 19). The Dutch sub-region shows a completely different trend, with Social & Economic Concerns being the research area with the highest activity, followed by Energy and Environment/Climate tied in second place and ICT and Agriculture/Food Supply next in prominence (Figure 20). This is very consistent with the profile derived from keywords except in that case Energy research had a low and inconsistent ranking (Figure 19). The Dominican Republic differs from the preceding in that its institutions appear to be quite active in every research area (except Transport & Construction) and generally at a higher level than in the other sub-regions. Unlike the other parts of the Caribbean, ICT and Industry & industrial Technologies are the leading areas of research but, as in other sub75 | P a g e

regions, Environment/Climate is also an area of high activity (Figure 20). A tier below these, the Energy, Socio-economic, Biology/Medicine and Agriculture/Food domains also figure prominently (Figure 20). The profile based on keywords is consistent with this pattern in that it showed a relatively even spread of research activity across domains compared to the other sub-regions (Figure 19).

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English Caribbean ENV

ICT

ENERGY

5th keyword

HEALTH

41%

4th keyword

15%

44%

2nd keyword

40%

18%

23%

20% 21%

60%

ENV

ENERGY

5th keyword

53%

4th keyword

55%

0% 2%

10% 5% 0%

80%

ICT

7% 7%0%

25%

14% 0%

20%

24%

11% 2%

50%

NMP

21%

6% 12%

41%

1st keyword

SOCIAL

15% 0%

36%

3rd keyword

KBBE

French Caribbean

100%

3rd keyword

58%

2nd keyword

47%

1st keyword 0%

5th keyword

ENERGY

17%

4th keyword

20%

40%

29% 13% 0% 13%

2nd keyword

13% 0% 13% 11% 0% 11% 0%

KBBE

20%

NMP

43% 63%

25%

50% 22%

44% 60%

Percentage

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SOCIAL

14% 0% 14%

40%

26% 23%

26%

16% 0% 14%

5% 0%

16% 0%

32%

21%

33%

28%

60%

80%

100%

Dominican Republic

50%

13%

11%

NMP

Percentage

17% 0% 17%

3rd keyword

1st keyword

HEALTH

SOCIAL

5% 0%

39%

Dutch Caribbean ICT

KBBE 5%0%

Percentage

ENV

HEALTH

80%

ENV 0%

5th keyword 0%

4th keyword

3rd keyword

2nd keyword

1st keyword

100%

ICT

ENERGY

25%

HEALTH 25%

13%

25%

13%

50% 36% 14% 0%

KBBE

20%

25%

13% 0% 13%

20% 18% 29% 40%

60%

Percentage

NMP

25%

18% 29%

SOCIAL

10% 9%

20%

18%

29% 80%

0% 100%

French Caribbean

English Caribbean Transport and construction 0% 10% 90% Social & economic concerns 18% 51% 31% Information and communication… 12% 27% 61% Industry & industrial technology 2% 10% 88% Environment and climate 41% 35% 24% Energy 8% 27% 65% Biology & medicine 29% 29% 41% Agriculture & Food Supply 29% 25% 45% 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Transport and construction 0% 100% Social & economic concerns 13% 33% 54% Information and communication…4% 25% 71% Industry & industrial technology 4%13% 83% Environment and climate 38% 46% 17% Energy 4%13% 83% Biology & medicine 29% 21% 50% Agriculture & Food Supply 33% 21% 46% 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Dominican Republic

Dutch Caribbean Transport and construction 0% 8% 92% Social & economic concerns 25% 58% 17% Information and communication… 8% 25% 67% Industry & industrial technology 0%17% 83% Environment and climate 25% 25% 50% Energy 17% 33% 50% Biology & medicine 0% 25% 75% Agriculture & Food Supply 8% 25% 67%

Transport and construction 5% 16% 79% Social & economic concerns 16% 47% 37% Information and communication… 42% 37% 21% Industry & industrial technology 37% 42% 21% Environment and climate 42% 37% 21% Energy 21% 53% 26% Biology & medicine 26% 32% 42% Agriculture & Food Supply 21% 26% 53%

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20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Previous figure, showed the classification by FP7 themes of key words provided by institutions to indicate their research focus. ENV = Environment, ICT = Information and communication Technology, KBBE = Knowledge-Based Bio-Economy, SOCIAL = Socio-economic sciences & Humanities; NMP = Nanotechnology & Nanomaterials. Figure 20 shows the ranking of research areas classified in terms of active participation by the surveyed institutions. 3.3.4.4 Contribution of Visiting Scientists To Research Output From Figure 21 it is clear that for all parts of the Caribbean region that visiting scientists make only a minor contribution to the research output of the majority of institutions (58-67%). The French Caribbean is also distinctive in that it is the only sub-region in which all institutions reported some contribution from overseas-based scientists. The other subregions all had a minority of institutions (4-17%) which reported no contribution at all from visiting, overseas-based scientists. This difference probably reflects the unique political situation of the French Caribbean where its major territories are regions of France and their institutions are more integrated with Europe counterparts than elsewhere. A minority of institutions (4-10%) in the English, Dutch and French Caribbean, but none from the Dominican Republican, indicated that most of their scientific output relied on visiting overseas-based scientists. There are several small field stations and marine research centres in the region (and the survey) which employ just a few scientists but host a steady stream of visiting scientists from North America and Europe year round who make use of their unique location to carry out their research and these may well explain this category. Institutions of the Dominican Republic are the most selfsufficient of those surveyed in that none of these depended on overseas visitors for most of their publications and a sizeable proportion (11%) had no publications co-authored with visiting scientists (Figure 21).

Figure Impact of overseas-based scientists on Caribbean institutions research output

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3.3.4.5 Numbers of Publications And Patents There are stark differences in the reported number of publications for each sub-region. The English sub-region clearly dominates with more than 6800 publications, followed by the French sub-region with up to 2234 publications and with the Dutch sub-region and Dominican Republic far behind (Figure 22). These numbers though inflated do reflect the trends obtained objectively from the Web of Science ÂŠ database for a similar time period and presented in the accompanying Bibliometric Survey. It must be borne in mind that the Dominican Republic is but one, albeit populous, country and not a sub-region. No patent data was examined in the Bibliometric Report and so these results fill a void. What is significant here is the relatively high number of patents reported for the Dominican Republic which exceeds that for the French Caribbean (Figure 22). This may reflect the high level of industrialisation found in the Dominican Republic.

Figure total number of total publications and patents reported by the surveyed institutions Due to differences in the number of institutions surveyed in the various sub-regions it seemed useful to also present the data as an average number per institution (Figure 23). On this basis, the difference in publication numbers between the French and English sub-regions is considerably reduced, averaging 126 and 168 respectively. On average, the number of patents in Dominican Republic is very close to the claimed by the English sub-region institutions, 0.9 and 1.2 respectively, and three times that found in the French Caribbean (Figure 23).

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Figure Average number of publications ans patents within the surveyed institutions

3.3.5

Identification of Priorities for the Next Five Years

When presented with the list of eight FP7 research domains, all sub-regions of the Caribbean identified the same three areas as the top priority for the next five years, namely, Energy, Agriculture & Food Supply and Environment & Climate (Figure 24). While all of these tie for first place in the Dominican Republic, for the other sub-regions each had its own ranking. The French prioritised Environment/Climate (31%) over Energy (21%) and Agriculture/Food (17%), the English put Agriculture/Food (26%) before Environment/Climate (24%) and Energy (19%) and the Dutch ranked Energy highest (21%) then Environment/Climate (18%), then Agriculture/Food (15%). In fact, the Dutch also ranked Socio-economic concerns equally (15%) with Agriculture/Food and this was also priority #4 for the English sub-region. In the French Caribbean, Biology/Medicine took fourth place (10%) which was also the case in the Dominican Republic (14%) except in this case this was tied with ICT (Figure 24), an area of very active research for that country (Figure 20).

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Figure Areas of science, technology & Innovation selected as most important for the Caribbean over the next five years

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The other domains were not rated as priorities and only the Dutch made use of the Other category (Figure 24), listing several topics which actually fall under the socio-economic umbrella (linguistics, literature, language acquisition, education, parent child relationships and criminology).

3.3.6

Resources and Funding

3.3.6.1 Size and Staffing Of Institutions Analyzing the reported total employee numbers of the institutions surveyed clearly shows that the Dominican Republic has the highest proportion of large institutions with up to 30% of these having more than 500 employees (Figure 25 ). In contrast, at the other extreme is the Dutch sub-region with no institutions of more than one hundred employees and with the highest percentage (50%) of small institutions with less than ten employees. The English and French sub-regions are similar in that a quarter of the institutions have more than 100 and around a half of the institutions, 50% for the French and 60% for the English, comprise 11-99 employees (Figure 25 ). Institutions were also asked to indicate their total annual budget but many skipped this question and those figures provided seem too unreliable to analyse and include.

Figure Classification of the institutions based on the size of their workforce

Figure 26 shows a much higher proportion of employees engaged in research in the French sub-region (75%) and the Dominican Republic (72%) compared to the Dutch (43%) and English (35%) sub-regions. Even where there may be many researchers, however, the percentage of employees who work full-time in research is generally low (9-35%) with Dutch institutions having the highest proportion of full-time researchers (35%). With respect to the qualifications of employees of scientific institutions, those in the French sub-region have the highest percentage of PhD-level employees (26%) while those in the English Caribbean and the Dominican Republic have the lowest (12%), with the Dutch intermediate (18%). 83 | P a g e

Figure 26 Average percentages of employees of the surveyed institutions who are researchers, full time researchers and PhD degree.

3.3.6.2 Grant Funding Institutions were asked to report up to three of their largest current or recent research grants. As Figure 27 shows, 6793% of institutions responded, with the lowest response from the Dutch Caribbean and the highest from the Dominican Republic. Most of the respondents from any sub-region listed three projects, 52-60% of respondents in the case of the Dominican Republic and English and French Caribbean, but only 33% in the case of the Dutch sub-region (Figure 27).

Figure 17 percentage of Caribbean centers providing details on up to three recent research grants 84 | P a g e

Table 55 gives a flavour of the size of the grants reported. While the size of the largest grant varied considerably between sub-regions, from about $2 million in the Dominican Republic to about $16 million (all in US$), there was more consistency in the average grant reported. In the English, French and Dutch sub-regions this average was around $1 million but the Dominican Republic was considerably less ($0.3 million). When one looks at the source of this funding, not surprisingly the bulk of research funding come from Europe in the case of the French and Dutch Caribbean which are respectively regions of France within the Caribbean and, with the exception of Suriname, parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean. Interestingly, only 40% of research funds reported for the English sub-region came from Europe and no European grants were reported by the Dominican Republic. While there may be some questions as to the accuracy of these self-reported figures, the trend of comparatively low European funding for the English Caribbean and the Dominican Republic is important.

Table 55: Largest, smallest and average research grant s reported by Caribbean institutions along with the percentage of European funding (EU agencies and European governments). Maximum Grant / $US

Mean Grant / $US

% European Funding

English sub-region

16,011,000

918,300

40.3

French sub-region

5,000,000

949,600

97.5

Dutch sub-region

6,200,000

1,338,000

76.1

Dominican Republic

2,319,000

317,000

0.0

Research funding for the English sub-region is the most heterogeneous with, in addition to EU funding, funding from Caribbean governments and a range of donors and lending agencies. International agencies reported include the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), the Organisation of American States (OAS), the Pan-American Health Organisation (PAHO), UNEP, UNICEF and the World Bank. Non-Caribbean Governmental agencies include the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Development Research Corporation of Canada (IDRC), DAAD of Germany, the Government of Italy, the UK Darwin Initiative and from the USA - the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA), National Science Foundation (NSF), US Agency for International Development (USAID) and US Forestry & Wildlife Service. Private charitable foundations listed are the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, the Gates Foundation, the Lighthouse Fund, the MacArthur Foundation, the Moore Foundation and the Save our Seas Foundation.

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3.3.7

Cooperation, Collaboration & Development

3.3.7.1 Research Networks Active in The Region Respondents were asked to identify up to five research networks in which their institution participated. As Figure 28 shows, only a minority of respondents (3-10%) listed five networks. The Dutch and the English sub-regions had the highest proportion of answers listing multiple networks while the Dominican Republic was the least informative with half of the respondents providing the name of just one network (Figure 28). All sub-regions listed Caribbean networks but the Dominican Republic also included South American networks reflecting their shared linguistic heritage. In the case of the English and French sub-regions, the participation in networks was more global including several European research networks compared to those reported by the Dutch sub-region and Dominican Republic. The names and/or acronyms of a total of 156 networks were submitted but some of these were organisations, e.g. named universities, which may themselves host networks but are not networks per se. Several of these networks were listed more than once, namely the Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean (AMLC), the Caribbean Food Crops Society (CFCS), the Consortium of Southeastern Hypertension Control (COSEHC), the Gulf & Caribbean Fisheries Institute (GCFI), the International Society for Reef Studies (ISRS) and the Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST). Not surprisingly for island nations, four of these six focus on marine science. The remaining 'networks' with multiple listing were either funding agencies like Groupe de recherche international (GDRI) and Programa iberoamericano de ciencia y tecnologĂa para el Desarrollo (CYTED) or institutions like the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the University of the West Indies (UWI) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). It should also be noted that many institutions did not answer this question.

Figure 28 Percentage of institutions from each sub-region identifying one to five research networks

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3.3.7.2 Institutional Industrial Collaborations Figure 29 suggests that industrial collaboration in research in the Caribbean does not seem particularly well-developed, especially in the case of the French and Dutch sub-regions where only 22% and 29% of institutions reported collaboration with industry. The Dominican Republic (50%) has the highest percentage of reported industrial collaborations (50%), followed by the English sub-region (40%).

Figure 29 Collaboration reported between Caribbean research institutions and the insdustrial sector

Figure 30 Number of insdustrial partners named by institutions with industrial collaborators

Within the English sub-region, all surveyed who affirmatively answered the question provided at least one contact and country location of their industrial collaborators. These were mainly Caribbean companies, primarily in Jamaica and Trinidad, but extra-regional collaborations were reported with companies in Australia, Belgium, Canada, South Africa, 87 | P a g e

the UK and the USA. In the case of the Dominican Republic, all reported collaborations were with industries within the country. For the French sub-region, few provided contact details for their industrial collaborations which were either in Guadeloupe, France or Japan. For the Dutch sub-region, few collaborators were again named but these were either in the Netherlands or Suriname. One trend was apparent for all those who reported industrial collaboration. Despite being asked to provide the names of up to five, the tendency was to name only one industrial link (33-75%) and even less common to name two (Figure 30 ). In fact, no Dutch or French institutions provided five industrial contacts, suggesting industrial linkages are less common in research institutions in those sub-regions (Figure 30 ). Companies named were in the agro-industry, cement, hotel, mining, petroleum and gas and spirit sectors. 3.3.7.3 Intra-Caribbean Collaboration Figure 31 reveals that, irrespective of the sub-region, greater collaboration takes place between Caribbean research institutions than was observed between Caribbean research institutions and private companies (Figure 29). The English sub-region represents the area where the highest proportion of institutions (85%) report collaboration with a different Caribbean institution, followed by the French (74%) and Dutch (71%) sub-regions and then the Dominican Republic (55%). Interestingly, in the case of the Dominican Republic, this percentage is similar to that reported for industrial collaboration (Figure 29).

Figure 31 Collaboration reported between differents Caribbean research institutions As was the case for industrial collaborations (Figure 30), although institutions were asked to list up to 5 collaborating institutions most only listed one (33-56%), with progressively fewer institutions listing 2, 3, 4 and 5 collaborating institutions (Figure 32).

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Figure 18 Number of Caribbean research institutions named as collaborators by surveyed institutions reporting collaboration

As Figure 33 shows, English respondents mainly collaborate with other English Caribbean institutions with few exceptions, namely a handful of collaborations with Cuba, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saba and Suriname as well as bilingual Puerto Rico. In addition, they reported single instances of collaboration with countries not in our definition of the Caribbean, namely, Colombia, Nicaragua and Venezuela. Within the Dutch sub-region, those with collaborations provided very limited details of the cooperating institutions but these were in the Dutch and English sub-regions with the exception of a single collaboration with Panama. Most of the French institutions who reported collaboration with other institutions provided details and generally these were more wide-ranging geographically than for other subregions, encompassing not only French-speaking territories but Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, Montserrat, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Two French collaborations with Brazil were also mentioned. For the Dominican Republic, collaboration was reported with Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Martinique but most was with Spanish-speaking islands like Cuba and Puerto Rico as well as non-Caribbean, Spanish speaking countries like Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama and Colombia. Institutions that were repeatedly mentioned as collaborators were the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), the Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CDRC) of the UWI, the Observatoire volcanologique de Guadeoupe, UAG, the UWI, the University of Puerto Rico and the Inter-American Institute for Co-operation in Agriculture (IICA).

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Figure 33 Percentage of caribbean collaborations for research institutions of each sub-region

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3.3.7.4 Collaboration with European Research Institutions Majority of English (64%) and French (61%) Caribbean research institutions have research collaborations with EU research institutions, but this proportion falls to 50% for the Dutch Caribbean and 45% for the Dominican Republic (Figure 34 ).

Figure 34 percentage of Caribbean research institutions reporting collaboration with european research institutions

As Figure 35 shows, the majority of Caribbean institutions reported multiple EU collaborators with a similar pattern across the sub-regions except for the Dutch where no institution named more than three EU collaborators. It should be noted that relatively few respondents provided this specific information compared to simply affirming EU collaboration.

Figure 35 Number of European research institutions named as collaborators by Caribbean institutions reporting collaboration

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Figure 3619 Percentage of EU collaborations for research institutions of each sub region

Figure 36 shows that the main EU collaborating country for each sub-region was the one with which it had the strongest historical and linguistic ties, i.e. for the English Caribbean - the UK, the French Caribbean - France, the Dutch Caribbean the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic - Spain. It also suggests that for the whole Caribbean the UK is the EU country involved in the most collaborations. Of all sub-regions, the French Caribbean collaborates with the widest range of EU countries in that it with the English Caribbean collaborated with the most EU countries yet it had almost a third of the number of respondent institutions as the English Caribbean. Only the English and French Caribbean provided enough collaborators that certain institutions occured more than once in the lists. These recurring institutions are Bristol University, CIRAD (France), Exeter University, INRA (France), Nuffield Health Taunton Hospital (UK), University of Leeds, University of Oxford, University of Newcastle and the University of Reading. The University of Zurich was also cited more than once but Switzerland is not part of the EU.

3.3.7.5 Familiarity with the EU 7th Framework Programme (FP7)

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The survey shows that there is an abysmal lack of knowledge in the Caribbean about the EU FP7 on RTD with 26-42% of institutions never having heard of it (Figure 37 ). This situation is worst in the Dutch sub-region which had the highest percentage of respondents who had never heard of it (42%) and which had no respondents in the "know something about it" category. Even for the Dominican Republic and English and French sub-regions this most aware category was 42%, 26% and 35% respectively. Surprisingly, knowledge of the programme seemed no better in the French Caribbean territories which are part of the EU compared to the English Caribbean which largely comprises independent countries.

Figure 37 knowledge of respondents about the EU FP7 on RTD Related to the previous question, the perceived ignorance regarding the existence of FP7 is countered by a strong interest for information from respondents of the different sub-regions. All respondents (104) except one from the Dutch Caribbean indicated they would be interested in applying for FP7 support for future research activities (data not shown).

3.3.8

Interest in the Eucarinet Project

As Figure 38 shows, most respondents indicated they would be willing to provide further information toward the identification of priorities and research needs of their countries. More than 83% of them responded affirmatively although, surprisingly, a minority in each region (2-17%) declined to participate further.

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Figure 38 Willingness to proactively contribute to identification of country research priorities and needs

Respondents were then asked whether the information they provided could form part of an on-line directory of Caribbean research institutions and more than 83% responded in the affirmative (Figure 39). The few institutions which declined such use of the information may have done so due to confidential agreements related to their activities. On the other hand, the pattern of unwillingness to be part of an on-line directory (Figure 39 ) closely mirrors that declining to participate further in the project and may simply reflect an overall lack of interest.

Figure 39 20 Institutional agreement for the survey information to be included on a public on-line directory

3.4

CONCLUSIONS OF THE SURVEY

A total of 94 Caribbean scientific research centres are included in the final mapping excercise, 50 from the English subregion, 20 from the French sub-region, 9 from the Dutch region and 15 from the Dominican Republic. The majority of these belong to the University/Higher Education category. The Dutch Caribbean differs in this regard in that the number of Higher Education institutions is matched in first place by private non-profit institutions which constitute the second largest category in other sub-regions, except in the French Caribbean where Government agencies come second. Half 94 | P a g e

the research institutions are financed by both the public and private sector in the Dutch, French and English Caribbean while in the Dominican Republic almost half the centres are financed by the private sector alone. In the French subregion there are no institutions funded solely by the private sector. National institutions comprise the majority of the respondents in all sub-regions, especially in the Dominican Republic and the Dutch sub-region. All regions had a minority of international institutions while regional institutions were a major category except in the Dominican Republic where none were recorded. The majority of Dutch Caribbean institutions (58%) offer no postgraduate training while at the opposite extreme few of the French Caribbean institutions (13%) are without postgraduate programmes. In the French and English sub-regions, PhD and Research Masters programmes predominate with French institutions, on a proportionate basis, leading the region in the provision of research degree programmes. The situation in the Dominican Republic differs from the other sub-regions in that Taught Masters programmes outnumber research-based postgraduate programmes. Institutions from the Dutch, French and English sub-regions show a similar distribution of time allocated to various types of work, with research being the main activity and French centres devoting the highest proportion of time to this. The Dominican Republic differs markedly from these in that teaching is the predominate activity in its institutions. Product

development is an activity to which institutions devote the least amount of time except in the Dutch Caribbean which spends twice as much time on this. Applied research (research to solve a problem) is the type of research taking place in the majority of Caribbean research centres (88-100%, depending on sub-region). Less common are experimental research (products/process improvement) and basic research (research without regard to applicability) in which roughly half the respondents are active. The Dominican Republic with its relatively strong industrial sector stands out with the highest proportion of institutions engaged in experimental research (63%) while the French Caribbean leads with the proportion of centres engaged in basic research (58%). French and English sub-regions indicated Environment & Climate, Medicine & Biology (Health) and Agriculture & Food Supply (KBBE) as their three main research areas. The Dominican Republic reported broad research activities but was strong on Energy and ICT. The Dutch Caribbean was quite distinct in placing most research emphasis on Socio-economic concerns, a theme selected as fourth ranked by the English & French sub-regions. Research key words common to all sub-regions were natural hazards, climate change, water resources, biodiversity, marine ecosystems, chronic diseases, HIV/AIDS, public health and renewable energy. AIl sub-regions of the Caribbean identified the same three areas as the top priority for the next five years;- Energy, Agriculture & Food Supply and Environment & Climate. The Dutch sub-region also ranked Socio-economic concerns equally with Agriculture & Food Supply and this was also priority #4 for the English sub-region. In the French Caribbean, Biology & Medicine took fourth place which was also the case in the Dominican Republic except in this case this was tied with ICT. Generally, these priority areas agree with current research areas except the high ranking of Energy as a priority which until now has not been a strong research area for the region. While for all parts of the Caribbean visiting scientists make only a minor contribution to the research output of the majority of institutions (58-67%), the French Caribbean is distinctive in that all its institutions reported some 95 | P a g e

contribution from overseas-based scientists. A minority of institutions (4-10%) in the English, Dutch and French Caribbean, but none from the Dominican Republic, indicated that most of their scientific output relied on visiting overseas-based scientists. These probably represent the several small field stations and marine research centres in the region which employ hardly any staff but host visiting field researchers from abroad each year. The total publications reported for the last decade by institutions suggest three times as many publications from the English sub-region than the French sub-region which is compatible with objective data from the Bibliometric Report. These are both much higher than reported numbers from the Dutch sub-region and from the Dominican Republic and this is also to be expected. The total number of patents for the region is around 60 for the decade with patents per institution being higher for the English Caribbean and the Dominican Republic. Turning to resources and funding, for the Dutch, French and English Caribbean 50-60% of the institutions comprise 11-99 employees. The Dutch sub-region has no centres of over 500 employees and for the French and English these represent less than 7% of institutions but for the Dominican Republic 30% of the centres are of this large size. A much higher proportion of employees are engaged in research in the French sub-region (75%) and the Dominican Republic (72%) compared to the Dutch (43%) and English (35%) sub-regions. Even where there may be many researchers, however, the percentage of employees who work full-time in research is generally low (9-35%). With respect to employee qualifications, the French institutions have the highest percentage of PhD-level employees (26%) while those in the English Caribbean and the Dominican Republic have the lowest (12%), with the Dutch sub-region intermediate (18%).

While there are big differences in terms of the maximum grants reported by each region the mean grant values for the English, French and Dutch sub-regions are quite similar, of about 1 million US dollars. Interestingly, the Dominican Republic reported no EU-funded research grants while at the other extreme almost all funding for the French sub-region is from Europe. Research funding for the English sub-region is the most heterogeneous with funding from Caribbean governments, the EU, international agencies, US, Canadian and European governmental agencies and a range of private international charitable foundations. With respect to research networks, the Dutch and the English sub-regions had the highest proportion of answers listing multiple networks while the Dominican Republic was the least informative with half of the respondents providing the name of just one network. All sub-regions listed Caribbean networks but the Dominican Republic also included South American networks, reflecting their shared linguistic heritage. In the case of the English and French sub-regions, the participation in networks was more global including several European research networks, compared to those reported by the Dutch sub-region and the Dominican Republic. Over one hundred actual networks were reported and six were common to several sub-regions, four of these six focusing on marine science. Turning to collaboration, industrial collaboration in research in the Caribbean does not seem particularly welldeveloped, especially in the case of the French and Dutch sub-regions where only 22% and 29% of institutions reported collaboration with industry. The Dominican Republic has the highest percentage of reported industrial collaborations (50%), followed by the English sub-region (40%). Most collaborations were within the country or sub-region with a sprinkling of extra-regional industrial links. Companies named were in the agriculture, food, cement, hotel, mining, petroleum, gas and spirit sectors. 96 | P a g e

Irrespective of the sub-region, greater collaboration takes place between Caribbean research institutions than is observed between Caribbean research institutions and private companies. The English sub-region represents the area where the highest proportion of institutions (85%) report collaboration with a different Caribbean institution, followed by the French (74%) and Dutch (71%) sub-regions and then the Dominican Republic (55%). Institutions that were repeatedly mentioned as collaborators were the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), the Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CDRC) of the UWI, the Observatoire volcanologique de Guadeloupe, UAG, the UWI, the University of Puerto Rico and the Inter-American Institute for Co-operation in Agriculture (IICA). A majority of English (64%) and French (61%) Caribbean research institutions have research collaborations with EU research institutions, but this proportion falls to 50% for the Dutch Caribbean and 45% for the Dominican Republic. The main EU collaborating country for each sub-region was the one with which it had the strongest historical and linguistic ties, i.e. for the English Caribbean - the UK, the French Caribbean - France, the Dutch Caribbean - the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic - Spain. It also appears that for the whole Caribbean the UK is the EU country involved in the most collaborations. Several institutions were repeatedly mentioned as collaborators. There consisted of a number of British Universities as well as the French agencies INRA and CIRAD. The survey shows that there is an abysmal lack of knowledge in the Caribbean about the EU FP7 on RTD with 26-42% of institutions never having heard of it. The Dutch sub-region is worst in this regard having the highest percentage of respondents who had never heard of it (42%) and was the only sub-region which had no respondents in the "know something about it" category. Knowledge of the programme seemed no better in EU Caribbean territories than in independent Caribbean countries. All respondents except one indicated they would be interested in applying for FP7 support for future research activities. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS OF THE COMBINED STUDIES 4.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The bibliometric study quantitatively maps the research output of the Caribbean region comprehensively in an objective manner based on quality publications in the WoS database. It speaks to general productivity, the subject areas of the publications, the visibility of the output and the collaborations involved in the publications. The survey of Caribbean scientific institutions (hereafter the survey) is by its nature based on a sample of the complete set of institutions whose publications were analysed in the bibliometric study and so is more subjective but ideally is based on a representative sample. Lastly, while the survey elicited 94 usable responses - 50 from the English sub-region, 20 from the French subregion, 9 from the Dutch region and 15 from the Dominican Republic - typically this translates into a relatively small number of responses from any one country. This meant that analysing the survey results on a country basis would not be statistically meaningful and so these data are analysed at the sub-regional level with country-data restricted to the bibliometric survey, except in the case of the Dominican Republic. 4.2 RESEARCH OUTPUT IN THE CARIBBEAN REGION The analysis of the Caribbean publications for 1999-2009 showed that the thirty-two countries/territories together published 12,817 papers, an estimated 0.08% of world publications for that same period. ď&#x201A;ˇ Of the thirty-two Caribbean countries/territories targeted in the bibliometric study, the following sixteen are the focus as they account for 98.3% of the publications, namely, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Cuba, Curacao, the Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, 97 | P a g e



Suriname and Trinidad & Tobago. Of these, two will be omitted from further discussion. Geographically, Bermuda was always a questionable inclusion in the project and the failure of its institutions to partake in the survey suggest it does not consider itself part of the Caribbean and will not be considered further. Haiti is very much a Caribbean nation but it was early on agreed by the EUCARINET partners that due to the devastation caused by the recent earthquake there it was not practical to actively include it in this phase of the project. Just over half of the publications are produced by the Spanish-speaking Caribbean (mainly Cuba), about 32% by the Anglophone Caribbean, about 13% by the French Caribbean and less than 2% by the Dutch Caribbean (Table 4). The Spanish, French and English Caribbean all showed an annual growth in publications of about 5% but there was no growth for the Dutch sub-region (Figure 2). In harmony with this, the total number of publications in the survey reported by the English Caribbean is about three times that reported by the French sub-region while those for the Dutch sub-region are an order of magnitude less. These similar trends from the survey suggest we are dealing with a representative sample although the absolute numbers of publications for the decade differ, as expected, from those reported in the bibliometric study. Half the publications in the 11 year period were produced by Cuba (Table 3) making it the most productive country scientifically in the study. Unfortunately, Cuba did not participate in the survey of scientific institutions and so further discussion of Cuba is based on the bibliometric study alone. The other major publication centres in decreasing order of output (Table 3) are Jamaica (1465), Trinidad & Tobago (1353), Guadeloupe (818), Barbados (485), French Guiana (421), the Dominican Republic (276) and Martinique (242). Not surprisingly these are the countries with the highest representation in the survey. Curacao while not in this league is the highest output territory from the Dutch Caribbean.

4.3 THEMATIC PROFILE OF CARIBBEAN RESEARCH The bibliometric study shows objectively the thematic areas in which the Caribbean has been actively researching and publishing.  Most of the publications from the region fall into three thematic domains – Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (28%); Biomedical Research (21%); Clinical Medicine (18%) [Figure 3]. Unfortunately, these thematic domains to which WoS publications have been assigned do not match exactly the FP7 thematic areas but comparisons are simple. The Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences is a combination of two FP7 categories, Agriculture & Food (KBBE) and Environment & Climate, while Biomedical Research and Clinical Medicine equate to the single Biology & Medicine (Health) FP7 category. Chemistry, then Engineering & Technology then Physics were the next three largest areas of publications respectively (Table 5). These have no clear FP7 equivalents but the FP7 domains ICT and Industrial & Industrial Technology fall under the Engineering & Technology publication grouping. In the survey, subject areas of active research were determined in two ways, by asking respondents to provide key words describing their research and by having institutions select which of the eight FP7 domains reflected their active research.  By both methods the French and English Caribbean selected Environment & Climate, Medicine & Biology (Health) and Agriculture & Food Supply (KBBE) as their three top research areas (Error! Reference source not ound. & 21). These three choices clearly agree with what was found to be the case in the bibliometric study.  According to the bibliometric survey, the Dutch sub-region and the Dominican Republic also published most in the same top three areas as the English and French Caribbean (Figure 7 & 8). In contrast, in the survey the Dutch Caribbean reported socio-economic concerns as the prime current research focus while for the Dominican Republic only the Environment/Climate FP7 area remained at the top, a ranking shared with ICT and Industry & Industrial Technology (Error! Reference source not found. & 21). 98 | P a g e



This discordance between the publication profiles and the survey for the Dutch sub-region and to a lesser extent the Dominican Republic suggest the sampling for the survey in these regions may not have been representative or that there has been a recent marked shift in research focus. In all sub-regions except the Dutch Caribbean, the majority of surveyed respondents belong to the University/Higher Education category (Error! Reference source not found.) and this discrepancy for the Dutch ub-region survey might be symptomatic of a sampling issue. Key words recurring in the active research topics from all sub-regions were natural hazards, climate change, water resources, biodiversity, marine ecosystems, chronic diseases, HIV/AIDS, public health and renewable energy. Related to all this, in the survey, institutions were asked what areas of STI were most important for the region for the next five years. Agriculture & Food Supply and Environment & Climate still remained in the top three in all sub-regions but Energy was now consistently prioritised over Medicine & Health (Error! Reference source not ound.).

4.4

VISIBILITY OF CARIBBEAN RESEARCH

This mapping exercise has focussed more on identifying what S&T research is being done in the region rather than singling out centres of excellence. That said, the bibliometric study used the WoS database which only indexes journals with high editorial standards and this stringency ensures that the output assessed was of high quality. In one area, however, objective comparisons were made and this was in the relative visibility or impact of a country's publications. In the bibliometric study this was assessed based on whether papers of one country in a particular research area were

more highly cited than the regional average using two indices, Citation Share (CS) and Non-citation share (NCS). By this approach:  Curacao then Belize have the highest visibility in the Agriculture/Biology/Environment domain (Table 25). For Biomedical research, the top performers are Barbados followed by the Dominican Republic (Table 26) while for Clinical Medicine it is the Dominican Republic that leads followed by Haiti (Table 28). For Chemistry, Jamaica is most visible followed by Trinidad & Tobago (Table 27) while for Engineering/Technology it is Guadeloupe first with Jamaica in second place (Table 29). For Mathematics, Jamaica, Martinique and Guadeloupe are all top performers (Table 31) while in Physics the Dominican Republic and Guadeloupe out-perform other countries (Table 32).  A specialisation index was also calculated to assess whether some countries tend to publish more in particular areas than the regional average and in most cases the research areas of specialisation or apparent focus were not necessarily the areas with high impact. This is clearly a matter of concern as a country would like to think that its emphasis on a particular discipline pays off in high impact publications in that discipline. 4.5 COLLABORATION OF CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES The degree of collaboration between Caribbean countries and between Caribbean countries and Europe was examined objectively in the bibliometric study.  Low output Caribbean countries/territories mainly publish in collaboration with others while the percentage of collaborative publications is often much less for the higher output members, e.g. Barbados, 53%; Cuba, 59%; Martinique, 58% (Table 34).  99 | P a g e



While this probably reflects the relatively developed state of these societies and their research capacity, some higher output countries/territories almost entirely publish in collaboration with other countries, e.g. Belize (94%) and the Dominican Republic (95%).  Caribbean countries collaborate widely, with some Caribbean countries publishing with over 100 countries. The Anglophone Caribbean tends to collaborate more with North America than Europe while the other sub-regions generally collaborate more with Europe than North America (Table 34). Cuba and the Dominican Republic are distinct in also having very strong collaboration with Latin America.  In terms of intra-Caribbean collaboration, the bibliometric study shows that the English and French sub-regions collaborate most with countries in their own sub-region while the Dutch and Spanish sub-regions publish most with Anglophone Caribbean countries (Table 36).  The survey confirmed that the majority of institutions had collaborations with other Caribbean territories (Error! eference source not found.) and for the English and Dutch Caribbean most of these were with the English Caribbean (Error! Reference source not found.), as the bibliometric study also reported.  The survey, however, suggests that the intra-Caribbean collaborations for the French Caribbean and Dominican Republic are not biased toward any sub-region (Error! Reference source not found.), as indicated by the ibliometric study. In assessing EU-Caribbean collaborations, the bibliometric study shows that:  Spain, France and the UK are the main EU collaborators for the Caribbean but the Netherlands, despite equally strong colonial links, is less engaged and lags well behind (Table 37). Most of France's Caribbean co-publications are with its overseas departments, for the Netherlands most are with its overseas territory Curacao, for Spain most are with Cuba and for the UK most are with the English Caribbean (Table 37). This same pattern of collaboration, reflecting strong historical ties, is confirmed by the survey (Error! Reference source not found.).  It should be noted that most co-publications with the EU involve only one EU country, suggesting a limited involvement of the Caribbean in large, multi-partner EU projects. This is not surprising based on the survey findings that Caribbean institutions are not knowledgeable about the EU FP7 programme (Error! Reference ource not found.). 

It is important to note that the output of Caribbean-EU publications is growing faster than that of Caribbean publications without EU collaboration for the French and Spanish sub-regions but the opposite is true for the English Caribbean (Error! Reference source not found. & 10). (The trends in the Dutch sub-region are unclear in his regard.) There therefore seems to be an opportunity for increasing collaboration between the English Caribbean and the EU to reverse this trend, especially since this sub-region tends to publish more with North America. There are clear advantages for the Caribbean in increasing its collaboration with Europe:  From the bibliometric study, Caribbean publications produced in collaboration with EU authors have higher visibility than those without EU partners, on average being cited twice as much (Table 43).  The differences in EU collaboration seen within the Caribbean probably relate to funding opportunities. The survey, based on research grants, reports that the French and Dutch Caribbean get most of their research funding from the EU while the Dominican Republic lacks EU funding and the English Caribbean supports research from a broad mix of sources, viz. Caribbean governments, the EU, international agencies, US, Canadian and European governmental agencies and a range of private international charitable foundations.  Greater collaboration between the English and Spanish Caribbean and the EU will require greater access to EU funding for these sub-regions. 4.6

INDICATORS FOR MONITORING CARIBBEAN STI ACTIVITY

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This study has generated a range of indicators of STI activity of Caribbean countries which identify trends and reflect performance of the S&T sector and can be used to help formulate STI policy. Indicators may be on the input side, reflecting the human or financial resources devoted to S&T or on the output side such as the various bibliometric indices reported right up to the level of changes in national development. We conclude:  The bibliometric indicators reported can be used to benchmark Caribbean countries with respect to other parts of the world and have the advantage of being objective and are derived from reliable raw data which is relatively easy to obtain.  While we have attempted to gather some data on human resources in science and technology (HRST) in the survey, these and other economic and social data relevant to S&T activities require the gathering of these statistics by institutions dedicated to this purpose, so called S&T observatories.  The Caribbean Council on Science & Technology (CCST) has demonstrated leadership in this regard but requires the resources to do this systematic and consistent gathering of S&T statistics from across the region. 4.7 CARIBBEAN-EU COLLABORATION - BARRIERS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES The Caribbean region is a complex one comprising some thirty islands varying greatly in size and economic development. It is a mixture of ethnicities and languages and of political and economic systems and a region of inadequate internal travel links. Below we highlight some opportunities, barriers and challenges which can be translated into future EUcollaboration: Opportunities  The Caribbean's very geographic location presents an opportunity to forge stronger economic links with North, South and Central America.  The Caribbean is also a biodiversity hotspot which can be sustainably exploited and through a bio-economy sector generate new jobs.  As island states, the Caribbean has great potential to develop new renewable energy resources, be they solar, geothermal or ocean energy, while those mainland Caribbean states of Belize and the Guianas complement the insular Caribbean with their mineral, forestry and land resources. 

In all of this, the overarching advantage that the Caribbean possesses is a well-educated, resilient people who as this report demonstrates have built capacity in RTD and generated a body of scientific knowledge in this region despite the challenges they face.  Innovation is not simply the application of technology but typically transforms the existing economy and involves economic and social processes and actors besides those who create new technologies (Holbrook, n.d.). All nations engage in the importation of knowledge and this may be a more important engine for fuelling innovation in the small countries of the Caribbean than formal R&D (Holbrook, n.d.). Barriers  Public research funding is very limited and is primarily organised at the national level and this leads to costly duplication and fragmentation.  Regional integration is key to addressing this but the main vehicle for this, CARICOM, is essentially an affiliation of Anglophone Caribbean countries, Haiti and Suriname being the exceptions. While most CARICOM members are independent countries, the French and Dutch Caribbean territories (Haiti and Suriname excepted) are parts of France and the Netherlands respectively. This political disparity does not foster regionalism. Cuba and the Dominican Republic have also been on the periphery of Caribbean regionalism probably due to their large size, location and language. 101 | P a g e

 



There is no regional funding mechanism for S&T. The private sector does not effectively link the region. It is largely focused on distribution and sales of goods and tends to comprise small national companies with few regional entreprises and these generally do not cross linguistic barriers. In developed countries there is typically a National System of Innovation (NSI) which is based on relationships between public and private institutions involving the movement of knowledge, finances and human resources. No such NSIs have been identified among Caribbean states (except possibly in the French Caribbean) but ideally if these existed they should interact to generate a Caribbean Regional System of Innovation which is greater than the sum of its parts. While there are many opportunities for the EU to collaborate with the Caribbean in STI for mutual benefit, the diverse political systems of the Caribbean seem a serious barrier to the regionalism that seems critical to EUCaribbean collaboration. This suggests that to be successful future EU-Caribbean STI collaboration must include the provision of a mechanism to forge a regional public-private sector framework through which multiple Caribbean states and territories can collaborate with Europe. Critical mass is a serious issue which is inescapable for the majority of Caribbean countries. The smallest islands will probably always have limited research capacity for this reason alone. For the larger more developed Caribbean territories there are a few regional institutions (e.g. UAG, UWI) and frameworks which can lead to coordinated division of labour with different research activities focused in different parts of the region. There is a disconnect between research which takes place largely in academic centres and the limited product and process development undertaken by business entreprises. All this means that there is underinvestment in research and innovation. The diverse countries of the region with a matching complexity of legislation and regulations do not make matters easier.

Challenges The Caribbean faces a number of societal challenges which can be addressed by coordinated research action and Science and Technology need to be harnessed to find new ways to improve the economic future of the region.  The insular Caribbean is also an area at great risk from natural hazards. Each year tropical storms and hurricanes cause major damage and loss of life and, in addition, most of the islands of the Lesser Antilles are volcanic. The

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region is also one of great seismological activity as the people of Haiti were recently reminded. Added to these threats is the potential for sea level rise as a result of global warming for islands that are already small in area. Natural hazard mitigation and management is therefore an absolute priority for regional scientific research. The Caribbean is currently a net importer of food and with a year long growing season this should not be. Likewise surrounded by bountiful marine resources that can be exploited sustainably and more profitably, this should not be. Another major challenge is the very nature of the region, islands scattered over a broad expanse of ocean, in need of an efficient, green transport system to allow them to work efficiently together and of cutting edge ICT that effectively eliminates this insularity. Above all, unless the Caribbean can find new ways to increase competitiveness and create jobs the current problems of increasing crime and lack of security will only get worse. The over-riding challenge is to increase the interaction between neighbouring countries/territories and create a synergism in the Caribbean through the creation of a Regional System of Innovation.

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REFERENCES Cetto AM, Alonso-Gamboa JO (2010) Latin America and Caribbean scientific journals, pp 64-65, in National Science, Technology and Innovation Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean. Lemarchand, GA (ed.). UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science in Latin America and the Caribbean, Montevideo. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001898/189823e.pdf. Chinchilla-Rodríguez Z, Vargas-Quesada B, Hassan-Montero Y, González-Molina A, Moya-Anegón F (2009) New approach to the visualization of international scientific collaboration. Information Visualization 9: 277-287. Cortés U, Davidziuk A, Moreau O, Muñoz D, Nascimbeni F, Pimienta D, Sanatan R, Eds. (2009) ICT Research in the Caribbean: Insights and perspective of Cooperation with Europe. MENON Network EEIG, Brussels. http://www.winds-la.eu/winds/images/WINDSCaribe%20ICT%20R&D%20in%20the%20Caribbean%20Report.pdf Gómez I, Bordons M, Morillo F, DeFilippo D, Aparicio J (2009) Science & technology indicators for EULARINET. A Report prepared for the EULARINET project funded by the EC. 108pp. Holbrook, JAD (n.d.) Capacities of Anglophone Caribbean countries for collecting and analysing indicators on science, technology and innovation. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington. http://docs.politicascti.net/documents/Doc%2005%20-%20regional%20caribe.pdf. Johann D (ed.) (2008) Directory LAC Access2008, Austrian Latin American Institute, Vienna. http://lac-access.net/images/directorio_lac_access_final.pdf Lemarchand GA, ed. (2010) National Science, Technology and Innovation Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean. UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science in Latin America and the Caribbean, Montevideo. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001898/189823e.pdf Mustar P, Esterle L (eds.) (2006) Key Figures on Science and Technology. Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques. Paris. OECD (2002) Frascati Manual. Propoposed standard practice for surveys on research and experimental development. OECD Publications Service, Paris. Ramkissoon H, Kahwa IA (2010) pp 133-146 in UNESCO Science report 2010. The Current Status of Science around the World. UNESCO, Paris. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/sc_usr10_caricom_EN.pdf. Rosebroom J, Cremers M, Lauckner B (2001) Agricultural R&D in the Caribbean: An Institutional and Statistical Profile. International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR ), the Hague.

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ABBREVIATIONS AMLC, Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean CARICOM, Caribbean Community CCCCC, Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre CCST, Caribbean Council on Science & Technology CDB, Caribbean Development Bank CDRC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre CERCAL, Centre d'Étude des Relations entre l'Union Européenne et l'Amérique Latine CFCS, Caribbean Food Crops Society CIDA, Canadian International Development Agency CIRAD, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement CITMA, Cuban Ministry of Science, Technology & the Environment COSEHC, Consortium of Southeastern Hypertension Control CS, Citation Share CYTED, Programa iberoamericano de ciencia y tecnología para el Desarrollo DAAD, Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst EL&I, Economische Zaken, Landbouw en Innovatie EU, European Union EUCARINET, European Union - Caribbean research and innovation networks EULARINET, European Union - Latin American research and innovation networks FP7, Framework Programme 7 GCFI, Gulf & Caribbean Fisheries Institute GDRI, Groupe de recherche international GEF, Global Environmental Facility HE, Higher Education HIV/AIDS, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HRST, Human resources in science and technology IADB, Inter-American Development Bank ICT, Information and Communication Technologies IDRC, International Development Research Corporation of Canada IICA, Inter-American Institute for Co-operation in Agriculture INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ISRS, International Society for Reef Studies KBBE or Knowledge Based Bio-Economy NCS, Non-citation share NIH, National Institutes of Health NOAA, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency NSF, National Science Foundation NSI, National System of Innovation OAS, Organisation of American States OCT, Overseas Countries & Territories 104 | P a g e

OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OVSG, Observatoire volcanologique de Guadeoupe PAHO, Pan-American Health Organisation RTD, Research & Technical Development S&T, Science & Technology SI, Specialisation Index STI, Science, Technology & Innovation UAG, UniversitĂŠ des Antilles et de la Guyane UK, United Kingdom UNA, University of the Netherlands Antilles UNEP, United Nations Environment Program UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIBE, Universidad Iberoamericana UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund USAID, US Agency for International Development UWI, University of the West Indies WB, World Bank. WHO, World Health Organisation WIDECAST, Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network WINDS, Widening IST Networking Development Support WoS, Web of Science

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APPENDIX 1 Survey Questionnaire 1. Guidance note This survey aims to compile information about the known research centres in the Caribbean. The ultimate goal of collecting such information about Caribbean Research & Technology Development (RTD) is to have a clear map of: - The kinds of research going on - The level of excellence - The sources and levels of funding - The familiarity of the region with the EU 7th Framework Programme (FP7) - The barriers, opportunities and special needs relating to regional FP7 participation - Regional and international Science & Technology (S&T) collaboration 2. The structure of the questionnaire The questions that follow collect several types of information about the research centres. Those in the first part will be used to make a public on-line directory of Caribbean research institutions. Those in the second part will be treated confidentially. The questions address the following:-: - Identification of the research centre - Identification of the contact person - Research activities - Priority settings - Resources/Funding - Training - Cooperation, connections and collaboration

IF YOU ARE RESPONDING AS HEAD OF A DIVISION WITHIN A LARGE ORGANISATION YOUR ANSWERS SHOULD PERTAIN TO YOUR DIVISION SPECIFICALLY, NOT THE ENTIRE ORGANISATION.

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IDENTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH CENTRE 1. Organisation name:

2. Division/Department: (if applicable)

3. Acronym: (if any)

4. Country:

5. Postal Address:

6. Website:

7. Type of Organisation: University or Higher Education

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Business enterprise

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Government Agency

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Private non-profit

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Other specify :

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8. Which sectors fund your Organization?:  Private Public

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Both

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9. Is your organisation? :

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National (located only in your country)

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Regional (located also in other regional countries)

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International (located also beyond the Caribbean)

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10. Is your Institution involved in postgraduate training?  Not at all  Taught Masters progamme(s)  Research Masters progamme(s)  PhD programmes

IDENTIFICATION OF THE CONTACT PERSON 11. Gender: Male Female 12. Title: Mr.

 



Mrs.



Ms.



Dr.



Prof.



13. Last name:

14. First name:

15. Position (e.g. Director):

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16. Tel. No.:

17. Email:

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 18. Indicate the approximate % of time your institution devotes to the following: Teaching Research Product development Administrative tasks Other (specify): 19. Summarise (<15 words) your institution’s Research & Development activities:

20. List up to five keywords that indicate these Research Areas: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 21. In which of these research areas is your institution/division active? Very Active

Active

Not active

Agriculture & Food Supply



Biology & medicine



Energy



Environment and climate



Industry & industrial technology



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Information and communication technology



Social & economic concerns



Transport and construction



22. What kind of research are you doing? Basic research:

to acquire new knowledge without regard to its applicability

Applied research:

 

original research mainly directed to a specific problem



Experimental research: draws on previous studies to produce new or improved products or processes. 23. Do visiting, overseas-based scientists contribute much to your research output? Not at all



Minor contribution



About half of our publications



Most of our publications



24. Please indicate the number of publications and patents your institution had in the past ten years

Scientific publications Patents

25.

How

aware

are

you

the

7th

Never heard of it



Heard about it, but know little about it



Aware of it and know something about it



26.

Would Yes 

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you No 

interested

applying

Framework

for

FP7

Programme

support

for

(FP7)

your

RTD?

research?

PRIORITY SETTINGS 27. Aside from your research area, what TWO research areas do you think are the most important for the Caribbean over the next 5 years? Agriculture & Food Supply



Biology & medicine



Energy



Environment and climate



Industry & industrial technology



Information and communication technology



Social & economic concerns



Transport and construction



Other (specify)...............................



28. Would you be willing to provide further feedback on research priorities and needs for your country? Yes  No  29. Do you agree to allow us to use the information you have provided so far for our study of Caribbean RTD and for our public on-line directory of Caribbean research institutions? Yes 

No 

YOUR ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW WILL NOT FORM PART OF THE ON-LINE DIRECTORY AND WILL BE TREATED CONFIDENTIALLY.

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RESOURCES â&#x20AC;&#x201C; FUNDING

30. List the largest current or recent research projects of your division or institution: Project Title

Funding Agencies

Collaboratoring institutions and countries

1. 2. 3.

31. Please indicate for your division/institution the: total number of employees number of researchers who are full-time employees: number of researchers who are full-time researchers: number of PhD-level Researchers: annual Research Budget :

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Project budget (USD)

OPERATION, COLLABORATION AND CONNECTIONS 32. Give the names of some of the research networks in which your staff participate. Research network

Acronym

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 33. Does your institution have any industrial collaborations? Give examples. Company name

Acronym

Country

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 34. Does your institution work with other Caribbean research Institutions? Give examples. Institution name

Country

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 35. Does your institution work with European research Institutions? Give examples. Institution name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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Country

APPENDIX 2 SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS Dutch Sub-region ARUBA Centrale Bank van Aruba, Research Department, Aruba J.E. Irausquin Boulevaard 8 www.cbaruba.org Private non profit organisation (bv. Stichting), Public sector; National Mr. Rendell de Kort, Economist, Research Department 2975252173 dekort@gmail.com Central banking related research mostly using economic tecnhiques, monetary, economics, finance, forecasting, banking Fundaci贸n Aruba Consciente, F.A.C., Aruba http://www.facebook.com/ArubaConsciente Private non profit organisation (bv. Stichting), Public & Private sector; National Mr. Urvin Leest, urvinleest@hotmail.com Reduce dependence on food imports through promoting, Permaculture practices, Permaculture, Aquaponics, Cultural awareness, Environmental awareness, Social awareness Government of Aruba Ense帽ansa Pa Empleo Aruba EPE Aruba Governmetnal organization, Public sector, National Mr. Gregory Koolman, Director, (297) 582-5662, EPEAruba@gmail.com Consult with Private Sector to see what training demands exist in the marketplace., Customer Service,Business Ethics, Professional Needs, Communications (Language), Technical (Computer) Instituto Pedag贸gico Arubano Centro di Investigaci贸n y Desaroyo di Ensenansa CIDE I. Wagemakerstraat 11 www.ipa.aw University or higher education institution. Private sector, National Mrs. Regine Croes coordinator of the Center for Educational R&D (CIDE), 00-297-5843100, regine.croes@ipa.aw Researching and developing innovative educational practices in Aruban education within cooperative learning communities, Multilingual education, Active learning in meaningful contexts, Parent and Community Involvement Healthy schools

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BONAIRE STINAPA Bonaire STINAPA P.O. Box 368 www.stinapa.org Private non-profit. National No postgraduate programmes Ms. Elsmarie Beukenboom Director, 5997178444, director@stinapa.org, Marine, terrestrial CURACAO Caribbean Management and Research of Biodiversity, CARMABI Curacao, Piscaderabaai z/n www.researchstationcarmabi.org Private non profit organisation, Public&private sector, International PhD programma’s Dr. Mark Vermeij, Science director, 59995103067, carmabilog@gmail.com nature management, research support, Coral reef ecology, Geology, Terrestrial biology, Bat biology, Nature conservation Curacaosche Huisartsen Vereniging, CHV, Curacao www.chv-site.org Anders Business enterprise; Private sector; National Mr. Human Jeung, voorzitter, 5999-5611999, hmjeung@interneeds.net interests in preparation, teaching assistants, epidemiology Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia, FAPE Curacao, Jan Noorduynweg 111, Greater Willemstad, Curaçao Private non profit organisation, Public&Private sector, National Mrs. Margo Guda, manager & senior scientist, +5999-869-6970, mhguda@cura.net project acquisition, mostly wind resource assessment both island-wide and for specific sites, wind energy UNIVERSITEIT NETHERLANDS ANTILLES faculty social and behavioral sciences FMG 1234 www.una.an University or higher education institution. Public&Private sector. Regional PhD programma’s Prof. Jeanne De Bruijn, HOOGLERAAR, 005999 5164913, jgm.debruijn@una.an Small island development, Gender studies, matrifocality, migration studies, higher education, social work, public administration, good governance, fraude, creative society, small island development gender relations and matrifocality, good governance, migration and integration, creative society 115 | P a g e

SURINAME UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES Departement of Infrastructure, Orientation: Land and water management AdeKUS-FTeW-Infra- LWB Leysweg 86, WBL http://adekus.uvs.edu/ University or Higher Education, Public&Private sector, National, Taught Masters programme(s) Prof. Sieuwnath Naipal Coordinator, 597-8715714, s.naipal@uvs.edu; naipals@yahoo.com

Early Flood Warning Systems; Renwable energy implementation coastal zone mangement and Climate change, coastal zone management, climate change and impacts, renewable energy, water resources, early flood warning systems

Spanish sub-region DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Fundación Naturaleza, Ambiente y Desarrollo FNAD Costa Rica 139 Ens. Alma Rosa, Santo Domingo Este. Private non-profit organisation. Public&Private sector. National Dr./Dra. Santana Richardson Frank Presidente, 809-594-3460, fnad@gmail.com Technical assistance, basic research on environmental and clean energy technologies and developing them., Clean energy, food security, environmental quality, natural resources management, institutional strengthening Fundación Redes y Desarrollo FUNREDES Aptdo 2972 Santo Domingo http://funredes.org Private non-profit organisation. Public&Private sector. International Sr. Daniel Pimienta, Director, pimienta2@funredes.org Creating indicators of linguistic diversity on the Internet. Action Research in ICT for development (social, virtual communities, multilingüísnmo), indicators, languages, TICpD (ICT4D), methodologies, virtual communities Instituto Dominicano para el Estudio de la Salud Integral y la Psicología Aplicada IDESIP Calle Eugenio Deschamps #5, Esquina Mercedes Mota. La Castellana, Santo Domingo, D.N. 10133. República Dominicana www.idesip.org Private non-profit organisation. National Taught Masters programme, PhD programmes 116 | P a g e

Dr./Dra. Cesar Ernesto Castellanos Araujo, Director Ejecutivo, +1 (809) 549-7071, cesarcastellanos1@gmail.com Mental Health Clinical Services, Mental Health and natural disasters, neuroscience and HIV / AIDS, domestic violence, development of protocols for mental health care, AIDS, Disaster, Cognitive Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Violence Instituto Tecnológico de Las Américas, ITLA Aut. Las Américas km. 27 1/2, La Caleta, Boca Chica www.itla.edu.do University or Higher Education, Public. National Srta. Liana Marien Polanco Ramos Vicerrectora Académica, +8097384852 ext. 305 ó 254, lpolanco@itla.edu.do Technology Solutions, Development of a technological model that integrates Radio Frequency Identification, Global Positioning System and Geographic Information Systems for inventory management. Identification, Radio Frequency, Global Positioning System, GIS, Inventories INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE SANTO DOMINGO, INTEC Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Vinculación Avenida de Los Próceres, Galá, P.O. Box 342-9 y 249-2 www.intec.edu.do University or Higher Education, Private. National Taught Masters programme Sra Andrea Paz López, Directora Ejecutiva de Investigación, (809) 567-9271, apaz@intec.edu.do Draw lines with respect to the pursuit of human and financial resources to further develop research to strengthen the scientific-technological development, Human Development, Science and Technology Development, Innovation, Knowledge Creation, Transfer Instituto Virtual de Programación Avanzada Desarrollo de Software INVIPROA Calle 3 #2 Residencial Caribe http://www.inviproa.com Business enterprise. Private. National Research Masters programme Dra. Rina Familia Director, 18099386271, rfamilia@inviproa.com Development of specialized software to control robots, mechatronics, mobile applications and software engineering of real time., Real Time Software, Control, Robotics, Mobile Applications, Mechatronics Ministerio de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología MESCyT Dirección de Fomento a la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica Av. Máximo Gómez No.31 es. Pedro Henriquez Ureña, Santo Domingo 10204 www.seescyt.gov.do Governmental agency. Public. National Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme Dr./Dra. Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Peña, Director Fomento Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, 829-452-8046 carlosrguez96@gmail.com 117 | P a g e

Regulates and supports your research work. The promotion is done by funding research projects with grant funds., Basic Sciences, Environment, Technology, Innovation, Biotechnology PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA MADRE Y MAESTRA Vicerrectoría de Investigación PUCMM Autopista Duarte km 1 1/2 http://www.pucmm.edu.do/PUCMM/ University or Higher Education, Private. National Taught Masters programme Dr. Fabrice Piazza, Lider del grupo de investigacion en materiales nanoestructurados de carbono, NANOCARBON, +1 809 580 1962 ext. 4081, fpiazza@pucmmsti.edu.do Sevice to society, supports the implementation of research projects sponsored by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology. It has an internal fund to promote research (seed fund). It is in the process of defining institutional policy matter and a strategic plan of development for 4 years, At an early stage of development, limited financial resources, some doctors with experience to develop new research programs, some linked to teaching, disconnected from the productive sector Universidad Abierta Para Adultos, UAPA Centro Universitario de Información y Comunicación Educativa Avenida Hispanoamericana, URb. Thomén #100 www.uapa.edu.do University or Higher Education, Private. National Taught Masters programme Dra. Reyna María Hiraldo Trejo, Directora, 1-809-724-0266 ext 257 reynahiraldo@uapa.edu.do Outreach Program to support communities, Ivestigaciones in the interest of the institution and according to themes or issues that affect society. Social problem, Relevance, institutional interest, originality, novelty Universidad APEC (UNAPEC) Centro de Innovación, Desarrollo y Transferencia Tecnológica de la Universidad APEC, CIDTEC Ave. Máximo Gómez #72, El Vergel, Santo Domingo www.unapec.edu.do University or Higher Education, Private. National Taught Masters programme, PhD programmes Sra Teresa Hidalgo, Directora, 809 686 0021 Ext. 2323/2283, thidalgo@adm.unapec.edu.do No keywords given. UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE SANTO DOMINGO Escuela de Ingenieria Quimica, Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Cuidad Universitaria http://www.uasd.edu.do University or Higher Education, Public&Private sector. National Taught Masters programme Prof. Luis Mejia Terrero Docente-investigador, (809) 6861124 (Ext 26, Ingenieria Quimica), lmejia79@uasd.edu.do 118 | P a g e

Participation in research projects with contestants from public and private financial, energy, biotechnology, fermentation, Biorefinery Nanotechnology. Participating in projects of research, product and process design and participation in Fermentation Bioprocess Day científica.Biotecnologia Biofuels Biomass Conversion UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE SANTO DOMINGO Dirección de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Av. Alma Mater, Distrito Nacional, santo Domingo www.uasd.edu.do University or Higher Education, Public. National Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes Profra. Bélgica Cesarina Naut Medina, Directora, 1-809-682-9052, belgicanaut6@hotmail.com Extension days will be credited scientific research in universities, a day reliza year scientific research which includes the results of completed investigations. Projects that are prepared will be subject to competition at national and international funds. Has some 18 sections of the Council for Scientific and Technological year, which approves the hiring of researchers themselves and partners, as well as new research projects. Are monitored ongoing projects., Applied Sciences, Renewable Energy, Environment, Health, Agriculture Has implemented 70 projects of research: humanities Area (7), economic and social area (7), Area of science (34), legal and political area (3), area of engineering and architecture (7), Area health (1), agricultural and veterinary Area (9). Applied Sciences Gender Renewable Agricultural Health has 20 institutes. They run 48 projects of research, some funded FONDOCYT or international organizations, others with own funds. Scientific conferences conducted in each school (8) and a general where the results of the investigations are reported. Promoted the Investigator of the Year Award. We keep constantly updated. Our researchers are involved in national and international scientific conferences. Renewable Energies Applied Sciences, Agricultural Development, Health Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña UNPHU Autopista Duarte Km. 6 1/2 Santo Domingo, D. N: www.unphu.edu.do University or Higher Education, Public&Private sector. National Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes Dr. José Guillén Sarita, , Esc. Informática, (809) 562 6601 ext. 2202, jguillen@unphu.edu.do Extension services, institutional research are limited to institutional interests, and scientific research are restricted to the area of agriculture and the environment. Environment, agriculture, natural resources, basic science, innovation

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French sub-region GUADELOUPE CIRAD Guadeloupe UMR CMAEE Domaine Duclos, prise d'eau 97122 Petit Bourg University or Higher Education. Public & Private sector. International Research Masters programme, PhD programmes M. Thierry, Lefrancois, Directeur adjoint UMR CMAEE, 590590255995, thierry.lefrancois@cirad.fr epidemiology, animal diseases, Caribbean, emerging diseases, ticks and diseases, CRPMEM Guadeloupe 2 bis rue Schoelcher 97 110 Pointe-à-Pitre FWI Business enterprise. Public. National Research Masters programme M. Nicolas, Diaz,Secrétaire Général, 590590909787, diaz.crpmem971@orange.fr Fisheries, Fisheries, Sustainable, Sea, Aquaculture Inserm - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane UMR 763 CHU, Hôpital Ricou, BP465, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre Governmental agency. Public. National Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes M. Jacques, Elion, Director, 33140032339, jacques.elion@inserm.fr Sickle cell anemia, genetic diseases, cell biology, molecular genetics, clinical research, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane Biologie UMR 7138 SAE UFR SEN. Département de biologie. BP 592. 97159 Pointe à Pitre cedex http://www2.univ-ag.fr/SAEmangrove/index.html University or Higher Education Prof. Olivier, Gros, Directeur du laboratoire de biologie Marine. Responsable de l'équipe Biologie de la Mangrove au sein de l'UMR 7138 SAE, 00 590 590 48 30 06, olivier.gros@univ-ag.fr Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes Biodiversity, Microbiology, interactions between bacteria and invertebrates, mangrove and seagrass ecosystem, Phanerogams, molecular interactions Institut Karibéen et Amazonien de l'Elevage IKARE BP 35 Convenance 97122 Baie Mahault - Guadeloupe University or Higher Education. Public. Public&Private sector. Régional. No postgraduate programmes 120 | P a g e

M. Frederic Galan, responsable de projet, (590)0590320886, frederic.galan@inst-elevage.asso.fr Forage systems in breeding ruminants, monogastric feed production, environmental, technical and economic references, quality initiatives Centre de Recherches et de Ressources en Education et Formation CRREF IUFM de Guadeloupe, Morne Ferret, BP 517, 97178 Abymes Cedex (Guadeloupe) http://www.iufm.univ-ag.fr/guadeloupe/RECHERCHE/1-presentation.php University or Higher Education. Public. National Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes Prof. Antoine, Delcroix, Directeur, 590 (0) 590 21 36 13, antoine.delcroix@iufm.univ-ag.fr Analysis of practices, teaching, learning contextualisation, education, vocational training INRA Antilles-Guyane 97170 Petit-Bourg www.antilles.inra.fr Governmental agency. Institut de Recherches Agronomiques. Public. National Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes Mme. Danielle Alice, Celestine-Mirtyl-Marlin, Présidente, 0590 590 25 59 00, Danielle.Celestine-MirtylMarlin@antilles.inra.fr Tropical crops, livestock, forestry, sustainable development, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe IPGp Morne Joiliviere BP 484 97183 ABYMES CEDEX http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr Private non-profit organisation. Public&Private sector International Research Masters programme, PhD programmes M. Antoine, Talarmin, Directeur, 00 590 590 89 76 60, atalarmin@pasteur-guadeloupe.fr Mycobacterium tuberculosis, molecular epidemiology, arbovirus vectors, antiobioresistance, environmental pathogens L'Office National des Forêts ONF Direction Régionale Gaudeloupe Jardin Botanique BP 648 97109 Basse-Terre Cedex http://www.onf.fr Governmental Agency. Public&Private sector. National. No postgraduate programmes Dr./Dre. Patrice, Mengin-Lecreulx, Directeur Régional, (590) 5 90 99 28 99, patrice.mengin-lecreulx@onf.fr Forest biodiversity, Continuous monitoring of the forest, Sylvicuture Mahogany, Pear Breeding countries, Invasive Species

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FRENCH GUYANA (GUYANE) Bibliothèque Numérique de Recherche en Mathématiques et Informatique BNRMI Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG) http://malavoi3.martinique.univ-ag.fr/buag/bnrmi University or Higher Education. Public. National Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes M. Abdennebi, Omrane, Directeur Scientifique, + (590) 590 48 30 85, aomrane@univ-ag.fr All research areas in Mathematics and Computer Science: Analysis, Algebra, Geometry, Statistics, Applications, Image, Artificial intelligence, reconnaissance, partial differential equations, optimization, control, image processing, numerical analysis, distributed systems UAG Epidémiologie des Parasitoses Tropicales Equipe UPRES EA 3593 EPaT Campus Saint Denis, 97306 Cayenne En cours de réfection University or Higher Education. Public. National Research Masters programme Prof. Carme Bernard, Directeur, (594) 594 39 53 09, carme.bernard@wanadoo.fr Epidemiology, parasitic, fungal infections, Diagnosis, Public Health Institut PASTEUR de la Guyane IP-Guyane 23 avenue Pasteur BP 6010 - 97306 Cayenne Cedex http://www.pasteur-cayenne.fr Private non-profit organisation. Public&Private sector. National No postgraduate programmes. Prof. ,Andre, Spiegel, Director, +594 594 29 26 01, aspiegel@pasteur-cayenne.fr dengue (virological and entomology), malaria (resistance and entomology), vriales emerging diseases, immunology and leishmaniasis, arbovirus UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane UMR EcoFoG Campus agronomique / BP 316 / F97310 Kourou http://www.ecofog.gf University or Higher Education. Public. National Research Masters programme, PhD programmes M., Eric, Marcon, Director, +594 594 32 93 00, eric.marcon@ecofog.gf Ecology, Forest, Tropical Biodiversity, Carbon Adaptation, Climat Tropical, Exercice et Santé ACTES UFR-STAPS, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Campus de Fouillole, 97157 pointe à Pitre http://calamar.univ-ag.fr/uag/staps/actes/index.html University or Higher Education. Public&Private sector. National 122 | P a g e

Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes Prof. Christian Olivier, Dominique, Hue, Directeur, 00 590 690 55 19 95, olivier.hue@univ-ag.fr Physiology, physical activities and sports, health, tropical climate, Caribbean environment, MARTINIQUE CIRAD Direction Régionale Antilles-Guyane CIRAD-DRAG PRAM, B.P. 214, F-97285 Lamentin Cedex 2 www.cirad.fr Governmental agency. Public&Private sector. International Research Masters programme, PhD programmes Dr. Christian, Chabrier, Directeur, (596)596423042, chabrier@cirad.fr Agro-ecology, nematology, entomology, modeling, soil science Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières Service Géologique Régional Martinique / Regional Office in Martinique BRGM 4 Lot. Miramar, Route Pointe des Nègres, 97200 Fort-de-France www.brgm.fr/brgm//Fichiers/SGR/fiche_mar.pdf Governmental Agency. Public&Private sector. International PhD programmes Dr. Jean-Christophe, Audru, Directeur régional / Regional Director, +(596)596 711 770, jc.audru@brgm.fr Natural Hazards, Groundwater, Geology, Geothermal Energy, Contaminated land Centre de recherche sur les pouvoirs locaux dans la Caraïbe CRPLC Faculté de droit de Martinique, BP 7209, 97275 Schoelcher Cédex http://www2.univ-ag.fr/CRPLC University or Higher Education. Public. National PhD programmes M., Daniel Justin, Directeur, (596)596727418, d.justin@orange.fr Governance, regional cooperation, sustainable development, local government, public policy CIRAD Performance des systèmes agronomiques Unité HortSys PRAM petit Morne entrée CTCS 97232 LE LAMENTIN www.pram-martinique.org University or Higher Education. Public Public&Private sector. International Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes Dr. Magalie, Lesueur Jannoyer, chercheur, responsable d'équipe de recherche, 596-596423039, jannoyer@cirad.fr 123 | P a g e

Agricultural innovation, agricultural practices, health and environmental impact, biological regulation, agro ecosystem Institut de recherche pour le développement Martinique - Guadeloupe IRD - Martinique IRD BP 8006 97259 - Fort-de-France cedex www.mq.ird.fr University or Higher Education. Public. International Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes M. Marc, Morell, Représentant, 596596397739 , martinique@ird.fr Nematology, soil physics, microbiology, hydrology, remote sensing, Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de la Martinique, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris OVSM/IPGP Morne des Cadets, Fonds Saint Denis http://www.ipgp.fr/pages/030303.php University or Higher Education. Public.National Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes DR. Valérie, Clouard, Directrice +596 596 78 41 41, clouard@ipgp.fr Monitoring, volcano seismology, instrumentation, tsunami UNIVERSITE DES ANTILLES ET DE LA GUYANE (UAG) Centre d'étude, de recherche en économie, gestion modélisation et informatique appliquée Faculté de Droit et d'Economie - Campus de Schoelcher- BP 7205 - 97275 SCHOELCHER CEDEX www.ceregmia.eu University or Higher Education. Public & Private sector. Regional Taught Masters programme, Research Masters programme, PhD programmes M. Fred, Celimen, Professeur, Directeur du CEREGMIA, 00 596 72 73 98, fred.celimene@martinique.univ-ag.fr Optimization, Health, Environment, Society and territories, Risk

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English sub-region ANTIGUA & BARBUDA Environmental Awareness Group EAG Antigua & Barbuda PO Box 2103, St. John's, Antigua www.eagantigua.org Private non-profit. Both. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Ms. Lia Nicholson, Executive Director, (268) 462-6236, eag@candw.ag Biodiversity, Invasive Species, Sea Turtles, Flora, Roaming Livestock THE BAHAMAS The College of The Bahamas COB P O Box N 4912, Nassau, The Bahamas www.con.edu.bs University or Higher Education. Both. National (located only in your country) Taught Masters programme(s) Mr. William Fielding, Director, 242 302 4311, wfielding@cob.edu.bs Social issues, Environment and sustainability, Health, Marine Technology, The Cape Eleuthera Institute CEI PO Box 29, Rock Sound, Eleuthera, The Bahamas http://www.ceibahamas.org/about-us.aspx Private non-profit. Both. National (located only in your country) PhD programmes Mr. Aaron Shultz, Research Manager, 609-945-0710, aaronshultz@ceibahamas.org, Flats Ecology, Shark Ecology, Marine Ecology, Terrestrial Ecology, Sustainable Food, BARBADOS Agronomy Research and Variety Testing Unit ARVTU Groves, St. George University or Higher Education.Both. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Mr. Harm de Boer, Senior Agronomist, (1246) 433 4157, arvtu@caribsurf.com Varieties, sugarcane, energycane, extension, recommendations BARBADOS PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER AND WILDLIFE RESERVE Farley Hill, St. Peter, Barbados Private non-profit. Private. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes 125 | P a g e

Mr. Jean Baulu, Director, 1 246 422 8826, j.baulu@gmail.com Wildlife Management, SPF Breeding - Polio Vaccine, Medical Devices, Pharmaco Kinetics, Inflammation Bellairs Research Institute of McGill University Folkestone, St. James, Barbados http://www.mcgill.ca/bellairs/ University or Higher Education. Both. International (located also beyond the Caribbean). Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Ms., Susan Mahon, Managing Director, (246) 422-2087, bellairs@caribsurf.com Ecosystems, efficiency, people, creativity, ,sustainability, Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute Breeding and Biotechnology CARDI P.O. Box 64, Cave Hill Campus, UWI www.cardi.org Government Agency. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries). Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Dr., Cyril Roberts, CARDI Representative, Barbados, 246-425-1334, cyrilroberts@yahoo.com Pepper, sheep, marketing, cassava, biotechnology Caribbean Institute for Meteorology & Hydrology CIMH Husbands, St. James, Barbados www.cimh.edu.bb University or Higher Education. Public. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Dr., David Farrell, Principal, +12464251362/63, principal@cimh.edu.bb tropical meteorology, water resources management for small island developing states, disaster risk reduction (flood and drought forecasting), instrument development, climatology, Coastal Zone Management Unit CZMU Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources and Drainage Bay Street, St. Michael, BB11156 www.coastal.gov.bb Government Agency. Public. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Dr., Leo Brewster, Director, 246 - 228 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5955, director@coastal.gov.bb Coastasl Zone Management The University of the West Indies Faculty of Medical Sciences FMS Cave Hill, St. Michael 126 | P a g e

http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/fms/ University or Higher Education. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Taught Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Prof. Joseph Branday, Dean, 1246 417 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4260, joseph.branday@cavehill.uwi.edu Chronic diseases, Epidemiology, Infectous diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Disease, Health promotion The University of the West Indies Chronic Disease Research Centre CDRC Jemmott's Lane, Bridgetown, BB 11115 University or Higher Education. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Prof. Anselm Hennis, Director, 246 426 6416, anselm.hennis@cavehill.uwi.edu cardiovascular surveillance, cancer genetic risk factors, mecahnisms of vascular inflammation, chronic non-, Communicable disease risk factors, informing policy The University of the West Indies Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences FPAS Cave Hill Campus, St. Michael, Barbados www.cavehill.uwi.edu University or Higher Education. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Mr., Peter Gibbs, Dean, 246-417-4715, peter.gibbs@cavehill.uwi.edu Biotechnology, Renewable Energy, Telecommunications, Mobile Applications, Computer Simulations The University of the West Indies Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies CERMES Cave Hill Campus, St. Michael www.cavehill.uwi.edu/cermes University or Higher Education. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Prof., Robin Mahon, Director, 246-417-4570, robin.mahon@cavehill.uwi.edu water management, climate change, goverance, fisheries, marine affairs West Indies Central Sugar Cane Breeding Station WICSCBS Barbados Groves, St. George www.wicscbs.org Private non-profit. Private. Regional (located also in other regional countries) PhD programmes 127 | P a g e

Dr. Anthony Kennedy, Director, , Anthony.Kennedy@wicscbs.org Genetics, Breeding, Selection methods, Statisical analysis experimental design, Sugar cane BELIZE Galen University www.galen.edu.bz University or Higher Education. Private. National (located only in your country) Taught Masters programme(s) Dr. Henry Alegria Provost/Professor, 501-824-3226, halegria@galen.edu.bz Project Management Services, IT Planning, Design, System Selection & Implementation, Environmental & , ecological Studies, Organizational and Management Consulting Services, Strategic Planning, Budgeting & New Development Ministry of Health Belize Policy Analysis and Planning Unit PAPU www.health.gov.bz Government Agency. Public. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Ms. Michelle Vanzie, Ag. Director / Health Economist, 822-2059, mvanzie@health.gov.bz University OF Belize Faculty of Science and Technology FST Belmopan, Belize, Central America www.ub.edu.bz University or Higher Education. Public. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Dr. Thippi Thiagarajan, Dean, 501-605-1164 tthiagarajan@ub.edu.bz Watershed Management, Antimicrobial plant products, Plant tissue culture, Organic chemistry, human impact on ,Ecosystems and conservation University of Belize Environmental Research Institute ERI P.O. Box 340 www.eriub.org University or Higher Education. Private. National (located only in your country) Taught Masters programme(s) Dr. Leandra Cho-Ricketts Marine Science Director 501-822-2701 lricketts@ub.edu.bz Wildlife corridors Marine ecosystem health, Lowland savannah diversity, Fisheries monitoring, Climate change CAYMAN ISLANDS Cayman Islands Government, Department of Environment Department of Environment DOE 128 | P a g e

P.O. Box 486, Grand Cayman KY1-1106, Cayman Islands. www.doe.ky Government Agency. Public. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Mr. Timothy Austin, Deputy Director, Research and Assessment, +(345) 949-8469, Timothy.Austin@gov.ky Conservation, Protected areas, Monitoring, Invasive species, Coral reefs Central Caribbean Marine Institute Little Cayman Research Centre CCMI PO Box 37 http://reefresearch.org Private non-profit. Both. International (located also beyond the Caribbean) Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Dr. Carrie Manfrino, President, 609 933 4559, manfrino@reefresearch.org Deep Corals, Recruitment and regeneration, Climate and stress, coral fluorescence, reef monitoring DOMINICA Ross University School of Medicine RUSM PO Box 266, Roseau, Dominica http://www.rossu.edu/medical-school/ University or Higher Education. Private. International (located also beyond the Caribbean) No postgraduate programmes Dr. Mary Moore, Chair, Research Committee, 767-445-5355 x6316, mmoore@rossmed.edu.dm medical education, community health, biomedical Institute for Tropical Marine Ecology Inc (ITME) www.itme.org Private non-profit. Private. National (located only in your country) Research Masters programme(s) Dr. Sascha Steiner, Founder & Director, admin@itme.org, habitat surveys, monitoring, impact assessments, data base development, curriculum development GRENADA Windward Islands Research & Education Foundation WINDREF P.O. Box 7, St. George's, Grenada http://etalk.sgu.edu/windref/index.html Private non-profit. Both. International (located also beyond the Caribbean) Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Dr. Calum Macpherson, , Director, 473-444-3997, cmacpherson@sgu.edu 129 | P a g e

Public Health, Tropical Medicine, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, GUYANA Guyana Rice Development Board GRDB Rice Research Station, Burma 117 Cowan Street, Kingston, Georgetown http://www.grdb.gy/ Other. Private. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Dr. Mahendra Persaud, Plant Breeder/Chief Scientist, 592-6146234,2321301, mahendra21@gmail.com Varietal improvent, Improved crop management, Diseases management, Integrated Pest Management, High Quality Seed University of Guyana School of Earth and Environmental Sciences SEES Turkeyen Campus, Greater Georgetown, Guyana www.uog.edu.gy/sees University or Higher Education. Public. National (located only in your country) Taught Masters programme(s) Dr. Paulette Bynoe, Director, 592 222 4180, seesuog@yahoo.com Geographical, Environmental, Policy Formulation and Implementation, Climate Change and the Low Carbon , Development, Urban Planning University of Guyana Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry FAF Turkeyen Campus, PO Box 101101 www.uog.edu.gy University or Higher Education. Public. National (located only in your country) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s) Mr. Lawrence Lewis, Dean, 1 592 222 3599, l_lewis16@yahoo.com Estimating the use of NTFP in communities, The effects of Crabwood seed harvesting on natural predators, Biomass estimation for the ACP countries, Understanding whiteflies assemblages and their natural predators, Microscopic identification of mushrooms in the Upper Potaro Basin & Examining the water quality and community composition on the sea coast of Guyana. Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development 77 High Street, Kingston, Georgtown, Guyana, South America www.iwokrama.org International NGO. Private. National (located only in your country) PhD programmes Dr. Raquel Thomas-Caesar, Director, Resource Management and Training, 592 225 1504, rthomas@iwokrama.org Biodiversity, Climate and Hydrology, Business Development, Livlihoods and Capacity building, Ecosystem Services 130 | P a g e

JAMAICA Institute of Jamaica Natural History Museum of Jamaica NHMJ 10-16 East Street, Kingston www.instituteofjamaica.org.jm Government Agency. Public. National (located only in your country) Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Mrs. Tracy Commock, Director, (876) 948-8116 or (876) 922-0620-7, tcommock@nhmj-ioj.org.jm Taxonomic, Biodiversity (Endemic, endangered, invasives), Protected areas, Collections Management, Bioinformatics International Centre for Environmental & Nuclear Sciences ICENS 2 Anguilla Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7 www.icens.org University or Higher Education. Both. National (located only in your country) Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Prof. Gerald Lalor, Director General, 876 927-1777, gerald.lalor@uwimona.edu.jm; icens@uwimona.edu.jm soil geochemistry, lead exposure, cadmium, trace elements Mona GeoInformatics Institute MGI University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica Www.monagis.com Hybrid R&D and commercial organization. Both. National (located only in your country) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s) Dr. Parris Lyew-Ayee, Director, 876-977-3160, Admin@monainformatixltd.com Crime, Natural hazards, Software development, Mapping, GPS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL PRODUCT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT P.O. BOX 350, HOPE GARDENS, KINGSTON 6 www.src-jamaica.org Government Agency. Public. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Mrs. Ann Marie Smith, MANAGER, (876) 927-1771, annmaries@src-jamaica.org Bioactivity, nutraceuticals, functional foods, food products, chemical & microbial analysis The University of the West Indies The Biotechnology Center Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica http://myspot.mona.uwi.edu/biotech. University or Higher Education. Both National (located only in your country) 131 | P a g e

Research Masters programme(s),PhD programmes Prof. Roye Ahmad, Director, 1 876 977 1828, profmhamad@yahoo.com marcia.roye@uwimona.edu.jm Microbiology, Genetics, Agro-Technology, Tissue-Culture, Medicine The University of the West Indies Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mona Campus Mona, Kingston 7 www.mona.uwi.edu University or Higher Education. Public. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Prof. Archibald McDonald, , Dean, 876-927-2556 archibald.mcdonald@uwimona.edu.jm Chronic non- communicable disease, HIV/ AIDS, Trauma and injuries, Early Childhood Development, Cancer The University of the West Indies Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory, Centre for Marine Sciences DBML P.O. Box 35 Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Highway Discovery Bay ; St. Ann; JAMAICA http://www.mona.uwi.edu/cms/dbml.htm University or Higher Education. Both. National (located only in your country) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s),PhD programmes Prof. Dale Webber, Director, 876 935 8835/6, dale.webber@uwimona.edu.jm reef monitoring, coral gardening, fisheries management, coral bleaching, Lionfish The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences FP&AS, UWI Mona Kingston 7, Jamaica http://www.mona.uwi.edu/ University or Higher Education. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Prof., Ishenkumba Kahwa, Dean, 1-876-702-4660, ishenkumba.kahwa@uwimona.edu.jm stochastic processes, ICT Services, Climate change, viral diseases, natural product University of Technology, Jamaica Faculty of Engineering and Computing - Graduate Studies Research and Enterpreneurship FGSRE 237 Old Hope Road KIngston 6 www.utech.edu.jm University or Higher Education. Public. National (located only in your country) Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Dr. Felix Akinladejo, Vice Dean, 1-876-9704309, fakinladejo@utech.edu.jm, Tribology, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science, Alternative/Renewable Energy, Internet Security, Identity Management

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MONTSERRAT Montserrat Volcano Observatory MVO Flemmings, Montserrat West Indies www.mvo.ms Government Agency. Both. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Dr. Paul Cole, Director, paul@mvo.ms Volcanology, Monitoring, Surveillance, Petrology ST KITTS & NEVIS Ross University School of Vetinary Medicine Research RUSVM P.O. Box 334 www.rossu.edu University or Higher Education. Private. International (located also beyond the Caribbean) No postgraduate programmes Dr. Rosina Krecek, Associate Dean for Research, 1 869 465 4161, ext 119, tkrecek@rossvet.edu.kn Public Health, Epidemiology, Zootonic Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Conservation Medicine, Novel Teaching , Methodologies ST. LUCIA Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry and Fisheries Forestry Department MALFF; DFOR Government Agency. Public. National (located only in your country) No postgraduate programmes Mr. Andrew Gaspard, CHIEF FOREST OFFICER, 7584502078; 7584685634; 7584685635;7585207065, gaspardtalk@yahoo.co.uk;chiefforest@malffe.org Sustainable Livelihoods, Participatory, Low costs, Conservation, Rural economy ST.VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute Root / Tuber Crops and Fruit Crops CARDI, P.O.Box 594, Kingstown, St.Vincent and the Grenadines www.cardi.org Government Agency. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Dr. Gregory Robin, CARDI Representative, OECS Technical Coordinator, 1 784 494 2715, 1 268 788 6988, 1 767 616 2715, robin_gc99@hotmail.com Productivity, , Poast-harvest,Technical assistance, Training, Value adding 133 | P a g e

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Seismic Reseach Centre SRC The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, W.I. www.uwiseismic.com University or Higher Education. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Dr. Richard Robertson, Director, 868-662-4659, richard.robertson@sta.uwi.edu Physical Volcanology, Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment, Natural Hazard and Risk Communication, ICT , Applications in monitoring geologic hazards, Seismology Caribbean Epidemiology Centre CAREC/ PAHO/ WHO 16-18 Jamaica Blvd., Federation Pk, Port of Spain, Trinidad www.carec.org International Public Health Agency of PAHO. Both. International (located also beyond the Caribbean) No postgraduate programmes Dr. Beryl Irons, Director, 1 868 622 4261 OR 1 868 622 4262, ironsber@carec.paho.org Public Health, Communicable Diseases, Non-Communical Diseases, Mortality Risk Factors The University of the West Indies Faculty of Medical Sciences deanfms@sta.uwi.edu University or Higher Education. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Prof. Samuel Ramsewak, Campus Dean, 1 868 645 3232, deanfms@sta.uwi.edu Diabetes, Asthma, Child Dental Health, Tropical Medicine/ Diseases, Capacity building in HIV/ AIDS treatment Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute CARDI P.O. Bag 212, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO www.cardi.org University or Higher Education. Both. Regional (located also in other regional countries) No postgraduate programmes Dr. H. Arlington Chesney D., Executive Director, 868-645-1205/1206/1207, executive@cardi.org Crops: Roots & Tubers, Hot Peppers, Fruits, Vegetables, Cereals and Grain Legumes, Small Ruminants, Natural Resource Management, New & Emerging Issues Caribbean Natural Resources Institute CANARI Fernandez Industrial Compound, Eastern Main Road, Laventille www.canari.org Private non-profit. Both0 Regional (located also in other regional countries) No postgraduate programmes 134 | P a g e

Ms., Nicole Leotaud, Executive Director, 868-626-6062, nicole@canari.org, Participation, livelihoods, natural resources, Caribbean, The University of the West Indies Faculty of science and agriculture FSA ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD http://sta.uwi.edu/ University or Higher Education. Public. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Prof. Dyer Narinesingh, PROFESSOR AND DEAN1-868-662-5012, dyer.narinesingh@sta.uwi.edu Agri-food Systems, Material Science, Ecosystems services, Alternate energy, ICTs University of Trinidad and Tobago UTT Office of the Vice Provost O'Meara Industrial Estate, Arima www.edu.tt University or Higher Education. Public. National (located only in your country) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Prof. Adel Sharaf, VICE PROVOST, 18686428888, adel.sharaf@utt.edu.tt Value Added Research, Technological innovation, Vanguard of Engineering, emerging technologies in the , National and global contexts Post Graduate Studies U.W.I, St. Augustine Department of Mathematics & Statisitcs DMS St. Augustine Trinidad & Tobago University or Higher Education. Public. Regional (located also in other regional countries) Taught Masters programme(s), Research Masters programme(s), PhD programmes Dr. Shanaz Wahid, HEAD OF DEPARTMENT, 868-498-6007, shanazw@hotmail.com, Applied Mathematics, High Performance Computing, E Learning, Fluid Dynamics TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS The School for Field Studies Center for Marine Resource Studies SFS-CMRS Turks and Caicos Islands 1 West Street, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands www.fieldstudies.org University or Higher Education. Private. International (located also beyond the Caribbean) No postgraduate programmes Dr. John Claydon, Centre Director, +1 649 332 3365, jclaydon@fieldstudies.org Lionfish, Fisheries, socio-econ, tourism, tropical marine systems,

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