AMPHIBIOUS BAMBOO HOUSE A FLOOD MITIGATION SOLUTION FOR AYUTTHAYA, THAILAND
CONNIE LEI TAK YI LEUNG
ARCH285
AMPHIBIOUS
ARCHITECTURE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
1
CLIMATE DATA
3
2011 FLOOD ATTACK
5
AFTER THE FLOOD
7
EXISTING HOUSING TYPES
9
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
13
THE AMPHIBIOUS HOUSE
15
MATERIALITY
17
UNDERSTANDING BAMBOO
19
THE FINAL DESIGN
21
MECHANICAL SYSTEM
25
AMPHIBIOUS SYSTEM
27
CONNECTION DETAILS
29
WORKS CITED
35
1
THAILAND ELEVATION
NTS
CHAO PHRAYA BASIN
NTS
2
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA Geographically the Ayutthaya area is sited with an abundance of economical advantages. It is situated in the conjunction of the 3 major rivers in Thailand and other canals, ideal for maritime trade but also the cause of Ayutthaya being a flood prone province.
Thailand’s World Heritage Site is situated at Ayutthaya; a city accountable for over 10% of the country’s manufacturing output. It is an island South of the Chao Phraya Basin, and its source of flooding is not from the local precipitation but the build-up of water from the North where it drains into the basin. Mountains surround the basin and river capacity is only 1300-2200m3/s but having to withstand discharge of 3000-4000m3/s from the Nakhon Sawon.
AYUTTHAYA
1:50,000
3
WIND ROSE
SOLAR DIAGRAM
4
CLIMATE DATA
Due to its terrain characteristics, poor soil moisture retention and lack of drainage management, during the monsoon seasons (MayOctober) Ayutthaya is likely to be found inside a pool. Due to its long flooding periods, Ayutthaya is also known as the “Venice of the East�.
5
6
2011 FLOOD ATTACK
Heavy monsoon rains and tropical storms attacked constantly around late July of 2011 and caused flash flooding. It swamped entire towns and people had to evacuate. Sand bags and other temporary embankment strucutres were put in place but clearly insufficient in such a short amount of time. Within 50 hours the area was inundated by 2-3m of water, with water flow rate twice as high as it was normally. Parts of Ayutthaya experienced floodwater as high as 10 feet. Twothirds of Thailand was affected by this flood including the seven major industraial estates. It was an estimated cost of $45.7 billion USD, toping the boards of the most economical damage in flood history.
8
AFTER THE FLOOD
After the 2011 major flood, hundreds of Ayutthaya’s historical sites were damaged and are still undergoing restoration. A two year project will assess the flood risks at the Ayutthaya World Heritage site and develop a flood risk mitigation plan. The entire project is to be completed by September 2014.
10
EXISTING HOUSING TYPES
The lifestyle of the Thai people is simple. The modern conveniences in a North American lifestyle are luxuries in the working class of the Thai people. Activities often occur outdoor on the deck or under the house during the day, as the interior of the house heats up quickly with the multitude of human interactions. Community interaction is greatly increased with activities occurring in direct view of neighbours, especially in the dense residential areas of Ayutthaya. Due to this lifestyle, the elevation of the stilt house does not impede on the community culture of the Thai people.
12
Outdoor space is as important as indoor space. The use of outdoor space may include laundry, cooking, washing, sleeping, and storage. Laundry is often hung outdoor as the interior space is limited. This also facilitates better ventilation and a less humid climate indoor. Cooking may occur outdoor to dissipate heat and odour, and storing clutter outside the home keeps the interior open and ventilated. The Thai lifestyle is not impeded by the occurrences of minor flooding. Travel by boat is common during floods and many houses are elevated enough to alleviate the flood risk.The Amphibious Bamboo House retains the current lifestyle of the people.
13
14
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
The preliminary design statement for the Amphibious Bamboo was for it to be a lightweight structure that retains the traditional style of Thailand housing. Ergo,the structure is to be built mainly from bamboo, where it is abundant locally and can be easily treated for preservation. By examining the local housing types and traditional ways of living in Thailand, the structure is to be built on stilts for it to be able to withstand minor floods. When it is not flooded, the space underneath the structure can then be occupied as an outdoor and shaded space.
15
NORMAL CONDITION
FLOODED CONDITION
16
THE AMPHIBIOUS HOUSE
The concept of an amphibious house requires a buoyant foundation system. Unlike a retrofit of an existing house where additional structure is required for this new foundation, new construction can integrate the structure within the house. This new construction takes into account the amphibious system being installed underneath the house.The floor will need additional reinforcement for the barrel loads and the layout of the plan will need to be balanced while continuing to facilitate the daily routine of the Ayutthaya people.
17
EXPLODED STRUCTURAL AXONOMETRIC
NTS
18
MATERIALITY
Corrugated galvanized iron sheets are used for the roofing to further lighten the weight of the house. This material is lightweight, readily available, and a more durable alternative to thatch roofs.
Most of the structure is made up of bamboo culms; treated for longer use and protection from decay.
Walls are woven bamboo to provide a ventilated and permeable space. Although not treated to withstand wear and tear, they are realtively simple and easy to replace when needed.
19
20
UNDERSTANDING BAMBOO Dendrocalamus Asper Culm size:
10-20m (Height) 8-18m (Diameter)
Biggest, strongest bamboo in Thailand Easy growing, native species To fulfill the quality of having Amphibious Bamboo be constructed easily by locals, the Boucherie treatment method is used. It is the quickest and most economical method to preserve bamboo and it can only be done for freshly cut bamboo. Bamboo is to be harvested at the age of 3-5 years old since it will shrink less during the preservation process. The starch and sugar contents are relatively lower hence, decrease the likeliness of insect infestation. The bamboo clums are then taken to be soaked in a borax and boric acid solution for 7 days. Borax or sodium borate is a powder, dissolved into a colourless solution (also used for wood preservation) and acts as an insect repellent and preservative.
It is then taken to be bleached in the sun for another 7 days (dependant on amount of sunlight), stacked vertically to help drain the bamboo. The excess solution can be recycled and used to soak another batch of bamboo. During the 7 days of drying the bamboo, it is rotated twice daily to prevent the bamboo from cracking. The more mature and bigger culm species are used for structural purposes whereas the smaller species can be stripped and weaved to be used as substructure.
21
SOUTH ELEVATION
EAST ELEVATION
1:100
1:100
22
THE FINAL DESIGN
The amphibious house, located across the Chao Phraya River south of the main Ayutthaya island, resembles the surrounding residential architecture. The stairs are stationary and do not move with the house as it begins to float.
NORTH ELEVATION
1:100
A deck facilitates outdoor space, but also benefits as extra surface area for mounting steel drums. The deck becomes a dock when the house floats, allowing the residents to moor their boat during a flood as the stairs are no longer accessible. The pitched roof allows for rain drainage, and protects the bamboo from unnecessary moisture, prolonging its life. Wooden posts support the house during its stationary condition, and become submerged when it floods. They are easy to replace as they are not rigidly connected to the house.
WEST ELEVATION
1:100
23
FLOOR PLAN
1:100
% $ $( " + 1, $ + , % + 2, # $( + * 2, $ + , % # 01 /)//4 1)2 /)027 24/ 37)2 " " % # 21 /)//4 1)2 /)257 24/ 017)7 # 5 /)/002 7 /)4313 24/ 078)73 5 /)/002 0/ /)567 24/ 126)2 #$# 08 /)//4 0/ /)84 24/ 221)4
# 4 /)/002 7 /)341 24/ 047)1 # 05 2)5 /)//4 /)177 24/ 0//)7 153 /)//0 /)153 674/ 1/61)3 "%## # 4 /)//4 1/)2 /)4/64 24/ 066)514 " 7/ /)/1 0)5 24/ 45/ $ "# 8 /)//4 0/ /)34 24/ 046)4 " $ / 7 / 04// / 3052)154
24 The placement of the buoyancy system, 78 200L steel drums, is not arbitrary. The programming of the plan is deliberate to allow for balanced loads when the house begins to float. Barrels are placed around the perimeter, where the loads of the structure and roof is concentrated, to provide the needed uplift for the house. Additional barrels are required under heavier elements such as the bathroom and kitchen.
STRUCTURAL PLAN
% $ $( $ + , 4 5/ " 0 34 $ $ 4 1/ 1 1/ $ 0 2/ ' " 0 14 0 2/ "# 5 5 $$" ## 2 11 % $$" ## 0 3/ &
$ "" $( "" # !% "
Certain areas of the plan do not require additional buoyancy elements as they do support much dead and live loads, otherwise the barrels will put a toll on these areas with unneeded gravity loads and buoyant uplifts.
1:100
2// 34 0// 3/ 2/ 14 2/ 25 55 3/ 601
3764)154 72)6 47
Although 58 barrels are required for the load of the house and its occupants, the additional barrels ensure the house stays afloat during a flood where there is a factor a safety if other buoyant elements fail.
25
TRANSVERSE SECTION - PIPE SYSTEM
1:50
26
MECHANICAL SYSTEM
When connecting the house to the grid, the pipes are to be situated beside the column by the stairs and hidden inside the decking and penetrate into the house through the service wall. Amphibious Bamboo has a deck where buoyancy devices (recycled steel drums) are attached. The house sits at the back of the decking and opens to an outdoor patio.
27
LONGITUDINAL FLOODED SECTION
1:50
28
AMPHIBIOUS SYSTEM The house is situated on stilts allowing it to accommodate for most floods that occur in Ayutthaya. The amphibious system is designed to activate when major flooding occurs.
Concrete columns are situated at the four corners of the house, where most of the loads dissipate to and it is sided with bamboo that also acts as the vertical guidance sleeves. The triple beam and additional pieces of bamboo is used to reinforce the structure when the steel drums uplifts during flooding.
29
CORNER COLUMN AXONOMETRIC - BASE
1:5
30
CONNECTION DETAILS
31
CORNER COLUMN SECTION
1:5
32
CORNER COLUMN PLAN
1:5 The connection methods of the bamboo culms also accentuate the qualities of bamboo. There are no bolts or screws used in the structure but replaced with lashings and pins.
CORNER COLUMN ELEVATION - TOP
1:5
33
JOIST AND FLOORING
JOIST, BEAM, AND STEEL DRUM
1:5
1:10
34
TRUSS JOINT SECTION
1:5
The steel drums are tied to the floor frame through a synthetic nylon rope connection.This ensures that load resistance in both vertical directions occurs during normal and flooded conditions, while protecting the bamboo structure from the flood water.
35 WORKS CITED http://www.air-worldwide.com/Publications/AIR-Currents/2012/The-2011-Thai-Floods--Changing-the-Perception-ofRisk-in-Thailand/ http://voodooskies.com/weather/thailand/phra-nakhon-si-ayutthaya http://www.unescobkk.org/news/article/development-of-a-flood-risk-mitigation-plan-for-the-world-heritage-site-ofayutthaya/ http://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-from-news/266566/floods-damage-to-farms-crops http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/case_studies/chao_phraya/ http://www.adpc.net/blog/?p=2129 http://web.rid.go.th/ffd/papers/Paper-Session%201/p1-04%20Flood%20Mitigation%20Master%20Plan.pdf http://icus-incede.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/kawasaki/results/2012/2012-04_Komori_HRL.pdf http://www.unescap.org/idd/events/2009_EGM-DRR/Thailand-TMD-Sampan-Innovative-Strategies-for-Effective-UrbanFlood-Management.pdf http://unosat-maps.web.cern.ch/unosat-maps/TH/FL20111007THA/UNOSAT_THA_FF20111024_QB_ DamageOverview_v1.pdf http://www.ehs.unu.edu/file/get/4157 http://mysite.du.edu/~gemde/pdfs/Fundamentals_ChaoPhrayaRiverBasinFlooding.pdf http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/case_studies/chao_phraya/chao_phraya.pdf http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/case-studies/asia-the-pacific/thailand-2003/ http://www.unescap.org/idd/events/2009_EGM-DRR/Thailand-Flood-Mitigation-Lower-ChaoPhraya-River-Basin.pdf http://www.unescap.org/idd/events/2009_EGM-DRR/Thailand-Flood%20Protection%20in%20Bangkok.%202009.pdf http://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr.org/files/publication/Thai_Flood_2011_2.pdf http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001297/129726e.pdf#page=407 http://globalcateye.com/media/861/Thailand_Floods_2011.pdf http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=76234 http://democracy.york.gov.uk/documents/s2569/Annex%20Ac%20Recycling%20and%20Re-use%20Scrutiny.pdf http://www.thaimetaldrum.com/product_steeldrum_detial.php?type=1&name=Tight%20Head%20Drum
36 http://greyhill.com/blog/2011/11/8/flooding-in-thailand-ayutthaya-province.html http://tudtu.tripod.com/ayuthis1.htm http://abari.org/treatment http://www.chiangmailifeconstruction.com/bamboo/bamboo-treatment/ http://www.panyaden.ac.th/construction-blog/the-bamboo-treatment-process-at-clc/ Tropical bamboo Villegas, Marcelo. Arango Restrepo, Eduardo. New York : Rizzoli 1990, c1989 Building with bamboo : a handbook Janssen, Jules J. A. London : Intermediate Technology Publications 1988 Architecture of Thailand : a guide to traditional and contemporary forms Nithi Sathapitanon, 1947- Mertens, Brian.; Freeman, Michael, 1945London : Thames & Hudson 2006
IMAGES CITED http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Amphoe-Phra-Nakhon-Si-Ayutthaya-weather-averages/Phra-Nakhon-SiAyutthaya/TH.aspx http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/thaiflood101211/t15_29029310.jpg http://cdn.theatlanticcities.com/img/upload/2011/11/28/RTR2TTHC/large.jpg ttp://i02.i.aliimg.com/img/pb/019/494/258/1279610461763_hz-myalibaba-web8_3380.JPG http://www.inspirationgreen.com/assets/images/Blog-Building/Bamboo/bamboo%20Building.jpg http://mediacdn.shopatron.com/media/mfg/4377/product_image/2bf393487f2669f8a218b8a009b27899.jpg?1360692715
ARCH285
AMPHIBIOUS
ARCHITECTURE