........... .----------_. - ~ - ~~
-~
Post-War Reconstruction FILMS
WORLD EVENTS
Winners of the Best Pidure Ostor /11/ /1!JOIlI Fill'
1950-4 llcight of the ;lllti-COllll11tJl1ist witch· hllnts,
inspired
hy
S"llator
Jos"I,h
M, C~rthy. whirh ~imed to 'root 0111'
\
All AllleriulII ill Paris
'·Ollllllllllists from all I)('rn'i\'ed areas of
tl,'·
'/'Ill'
in 11 lit' I1lI' of Aml'ri, all lif,'
,,~,,\,,~ ~
"I h,' '''-i,lt', 011 fIll' Hitler Klllai (AII'l' (:lIilllH'SS) , (lJ!lIIllhi:1 'li'iSt:1I (Cllllrtc.:.<:V Koh:d)
CrI'tlll'SI Show Oil hlrth
hmll Iler/' 10 J:temity 011 tl/(~ Waler/rllllt Mllrly
MallY of
IlolIyw,'od's writers, I'nldll(('rs, din', tors ;tI1d ;Klors suffered undn M,·( :arthyislll.
1951
The Chilll's,' Peol'lc'.s 1.i1)('ralion AnllY
/lrol/lllltht' World ill l:iKhty J)"ys
illV;lclcs TilH'l, driving the I hLii l,all1a
'I'he HridKt'
into exill' alld thl' monks (2~% of llll'
OIl
the Rill('r I<IIJtli
eiKi /lell-Ifllr
!,O!,llblion) Ollt or the 1l10Ilast,'ri,'s.
1953
I kath of the Sovil't I'n'llIi"H'
'OS""),
SI;llin; Nikit~ KllrIlshtlH'v is ap!",inll'd
Box-Offite Hits C i IIdaf.flII
First Sl'rrl'tary of
1954
Quo Vadis 7
till' COll1l1Hlnist I';In y
alld l'ffl'ltive 1";l(ln oil JSSH,
'I'll(' h,'ginning of thl' Ibull' of Algins,
'Ihis is Cilleramt/
thl' most viokllt ;lI1d prolollgn! p('fiod of
I'eter I'all
fighting
White Christmas
I.IIdy (/lid rhe 'lrtHllfi 'Ihe
'rim
0/1
thl' Ri,ler K,wi
Alg('fia's
strllggll'
lor
indl'l'l'lld"IllT lrom hall'"
1954
TIll' I JS Sllprl'llH' ( :Otllt '" Ilia\\', Sl'grl'gal iOIl
1955
Th" Warsaw I';H I, Ih" Illilitary alli;lIH" III
COIII/Ilt/IIJlllellls
'The IJridKf.
ill
Oil
thl' hasis or skill lolollr ill slate s, hools.
S'Jlltlr I}/(i/ic
th"
/lell-lllIr
satl'lIit"s is !orllll'd, IWlly in n's!'IH),,' III
IJSSH
al"!
F,;l'!"'"
I':"rol'l'all
I h" fllrlll;l! illn of NATC J.
1956
TIll' Sill 'I. (Tisi,. /\ 11Iilit"ry ,"nlmllla! illn inmlving I\rit"in, Fral)( I' ;lIllllsr;ll'l, Id!owillg Ihl' ,,It''IlII'I,'d Il;lliona!i,"lillll
I'"
till' SlIl'l.
(:anal hy 1'''',i,I.'1I1 Na",'r ll( F~',Yl't.
1956
SOl'id
1957
TIll' I JSSI~ la\II" Ill"
trll0l"
,n"h
Ihl'
1IIIIlg:lI;;lIl
Nal illn;d "I'ri,ing. SI'lllllik
/·:"rlh, lIrhi!, ukillg t II(' I,'ad ill
t11('
illl" IIS/\
S",il't 'SI';I(" Ib,,'
(IS'
I
, j
I
Introduction 31ld Background
T
hC wil1l<'l" or Jl)51 il1itiated a I'eliod or PIolllllIHI ('hangl' in rll.~t-wal Britain, '1'1
C()nsen'ati\l'~, elnted hy a landslide ill
11)45, S\Vl'l't tll(' 1.:,IJOur gmTrIllll,'nt Ollt I
rOWI'1. 111 ""h,u:ny 11)52, Kil1g (;I'lllge V I dil'd al1d his tbughtn, the yllung I',illce
[Iizaheth, sU('<'t'('dl'd to thl' th,om'
Thl' ri,st I'Vl'l1t hrought :lhout a ('h:lngl'
III
IlITil'i
gl1\"'JIlnll'nt attitllde towards tlw rillll indllstry; thl' ,snond J.-d to tll(' rist, 01 :t IH'
Il'chl1ologi"al I'hl'llllllH'IHlIl - tell'vision, Bllth I'VI'l1tS W('ll' to sh:ll)(' the British fillll illdustl :lIld rillll IIlakillg dllril1g the 11)50s
'1'1)(' '1)(,IlI'It-'s war had ('1I':tll'd till' illlprl'ssiol1 Ill' :t l1atiol1al <'tlnsensus hut rCllpl,>'> f('
lin's did nllt rl'IJ.-t'l this Sl'nse Ill' l'qu:J!ity, TIH' IH'W Lahoul gO\'l'rIllllent's rrtlgll'ssivI' rolici,
Oil Ill'alth, nllll'atioll :lIld hOllsil1g pllllllisnl to rl'dll\'(' p,e-wa, so,'ial illl'qll:ditics hilt prngre:
was wry slow, hTI1 ahl'r the sl'ttil1g Ill' 01 the N:ltilln;J! I "'alth Snvil'l' ill I 94R and tlH' III a: hllildil1g Ill' I!H'II' afTordahle
1<1l1lKiI
hllllsil1g, Illilliolls still liv"d with general rationing an
shllrtag,'s, It SI'I'II11'd ill lIlallY ways that till' allstnity or the war y,'ars was cllntinlling, TI'
\'(1l11111l1nity spilit, which had helped tllendllll' till' wllrst asrects of till' war, hl'gan to hf(':'
clown in la\'IlIII or a grtlwing c1l'sirl' ror 1I10f(' individllal rrl'I'dllllIS, easier likstyles and 1ll0;
('llnSllllll-r gllods, TIH's,' dl',silTs p;lvnl till' way I'"" till' ll'tllJll or the Illllt'\' nwrkl,t-drivl' CIlllSI'I'\'al in' gOI'<'I"nIIH'111 of 1')51
The Industry and Audiences he nltlls IliadI' 111 this dn;HJ.- ha\'I' IWl'n widl'ly ,riti,ised r,lt, I",ing too tilllid :11
T
(,01TlI'LIlI'llt hoth in styJ.- and ,'ontenl. 'I'll,' higgn )'I"dlll'tioll I<lllll'allies dl"'idl'd plny sal'"
The I'arly I 'lS/)s \\'I'Il' dOlllillatl'c1 h v 1II1illll'II'ssil'\' lihlled ITIsilllls 01 ItOIl:
grllwl1 stolies, Slll'TSSfll1 \VI'sl 1':l1d stage slll1\"s, )'1l1'1I1:n "'1\Tls :lIld I1llst;J!gi,' ll'-cII'alions W,'rl,1 War
'I'h"
I1 "II'I1IS,
11I1/'(I/'/ill/ll'
l'rlldll' li,,"s Ill' Ih,' hlllllhisl'
(1/
llt-illK h/I'III'sl (AI1t1WIlI' Asqllith,
,'1'1'1'
1'0I'IILtI (),,':l1 \\'ild,' "Ltssi,
11)"2) was "IH' III Ill:lll\' sne'
.Iost'I,hilll' 'Il-\' , (',illll' Ihrill,'r, 'I
,-I/ldi,. (1.:1\1'11'11'" Iltllltillgl"ll, IlJ;;;(}) ~I:I,,,'d tilt' :I,lolS 1)lIl-i,' (;':1\' :llId 1<.-li,l"
I),-"i",", tilt' hltlili:1I Ihitish Illiddl"-"Lt,, \IHlpll' AIIII:I N'';'lJ,' had h''l'1I:1 Iltlg"ly stl"'I',s~:1 hllll, 1IlIl"i":11 :llId sl:lgl' :lnist
I'H'
Ill\' Blit ish tI\'I'I'1 IlIiddk-,'I:ISS
\\','I1l;lIl
\I
SIHIlt' lilll\' ,,111'11 )'LII'illg fI,ll's Idli\ h \\'I'It'
tlI\' epil'Hlll'
tlI\' 'Fllglisll '''SI' SIlt' "'t\'III'd at 1',"tr;I\'ing I':ltri,'
,'IIlt'1I 01 "'II1:1g" stI,h:ls Flon'Ill" Nightillgak, Nm.sl' Etlilh (':1\,,11 and ill Or/I'llI' (Ilerh,
..........
Wi!Lnx, I ()SO) she played the war heroine, Odette Churchill in Ckcupierl Frann'. !\n'nrding tn Sarah Street, author of Britislr Niltimltll Cil/I'I//(/, puhlished hI' I{outkdg(' (I q(7):
... Neagle'.~ role as a IIational emblem was also articulated by her portrayal of strong, Britallllia-like womell, a role which was frequently associated with the idea of ordillary women transformed ill to heroines by extraordillary wartime
circu"r.~tances.
CHANGE
'I()\yards the middll' of tht' decade a group or individuals came togl'lher who wnc impatient for change. Linds<IY !\ndnson, an independent Him maker and writl'r and nlllllllittl'dly kftwing, anticipated ,I time when the industry would prodllce films which rellnted thl'
Ill'W
post-war condition of Britain. llis sJ)(,IThes, puhlications and bter films wnl' to he vny inlluenti,d in the New Wavc cyclc
01'
Films. In
;1
pokmical :Irtick cntitled 'CI'I 01/1 (///(1 I'I/slr'
in I ~)S 7 Ill' wrote:
If) cowtlerbalallce the rather tepid ll11maltism oj'our ciltema, it must also be said that
it is snobf,ish, allti-intelligent, emotionally ilzhif,ited, wilfully blind to tire conditions and problems of tire presellt, dedicated to
alt
out-ofdate, exlrausted Illltional ideal.
The pe'lk year for cinema audic'llles in 13ritain was 194(i when tlll're wef(' 1,(iJS million admissions, an ;lYc'rage of OWl'
30 Illillion a weck. DlII'ing thl' Il)50s the numlwrs dc'rrl'asl'd
at an ander;lted r;ltl' until in I ()(iO th('r<' was
;1
w('('kly aver;lge
01'
only 10 million Cilll'lll;1
'Idmissions. In I l lS7 the gOVl'rIlnll'nt reluctantly ;ll'knowledgl'll a financial rrisis dl'l'pc'ning in the linema indllstry and Iwgan to n-duu' the Entertainment I )uty which was <Iholislll'd ;lltogl'llll'r in
I ()(iO. This did not significantly improve the sitllation and ;IS ,nldil'nl('S
continlled to drift away, cinema l'xhihitors raised till' prin' of admission to kn'P their 1ll';Hls ahovc' watcT The nisis continued as linemas dosed down in largl' nUllllwrs. Many o! the cin"lll;IS on'upied prime high street locations ripe for post-war red('VC'lopl1lent as ollil'\' hlllcks or sl1Ops. Retwcen 194(i ,1I1d 19fiO only J,OJ4 Ollt of 4,700 CilH'lllas surviVl'd ;1IHlthe I1Ilmlll'rs halved <Igain Iwtween I ~)S7 and I (l(i]. M;lny cilll'm;IS were transformed into hingo h,dls, t1ll'n a popular alternative to cin(,l1Ia. During this d('cade many othn nl'Wt'f kisurl' 1)(lI'suits n'pbn'd cinema-going, including t('n-pin howling and motoring in ;1 Ill'wl\, a, quired ,;11'; rl'oJlll' were :Ittr<ll'tl'd to a more AIlll'ril':11l likstyl('
TELEVISION
'Il'kvision 11t'l-:an hroadcasting in Britain in the l1\id I 'l.IOs hut was dosl'll down dllrinl-: tlH' w:lr years as it was ctlnsidcrl'd a ('ostly distr;lltil1l1 fro 11 1 th(' war "'lor[ In 1')1\(; tl,.. Ill\(, till' ollly telt-vision cll;III11<'1 ;Il till' tillll', r('sl I 111('(1 hro;llkaslinl-: Illlt ollly withill a III !llil,' radii" 01 !\Il'xandra I'ala,,· in north l.olldon. TIlt' l-:r<lIll11lhlTakinl-: {I,I,'vi,ioll I "''('Iag'' of tl,.. ()II""II' Corollation in 1')5J g;ll'e tl,I"vision tilt' JloJllllar illlfH'tlls it Ilt'('d,·d to
1'(·1:111/1<
h il.St,1I 10 ilL'"
;lIldil'n('es. Lirt'nces wcr(' issll('d at ,In astonishing ratl', ilH r('asing 11'011\ I ..'i !llillio!1 in I')'i?
III
I O.S million hy Il)(iO.
(17 )
•
II"IIywo"d, als" "'l'lillg thrl'at"lll'd hy tl'ln'isi"Il, tri"'l light ha,k with till' I'"llhlltioll "I :1 1l11111lwr ul filJl1s \ 'gilllJl1icky' illll'H':ltiolls like lD :llld wid,'slT'TII illl:lgl'S, ('S:llllrk, Cilll'Jl1:ISCOpl' :lIld Vist:IVisi"ll. TIll's,' illll"V;lti'''IS , s,'rvl'd III IlIrllll'r Irllstr:ltl' Ilritish lilll'lll;1 OWlllTS who did
h:I\'(' till' 1l10lll'V to illvl'st ill till' l\l'll'SS:lry (\l'\\' tl'dlllolog\ SlTl'('n th,'s,' types of lihll,
"I Ill' (
IlIPJl:1IJIl1l
IlqC):~l
''J Lli/.dwtll 11 (\V'· ... tlll;l1"tl·1
Issues
and
Identity
Film S1yles, Themes and Genres POST·WAR WOMEN
D
uring tl\l' I l)<lOs,
I"
11'0111('11
had IWl'1I tl\l' flI:lillstay (llthl' (illl'Jl1:1 illdllStry (st'l' 194
"nll-tillll' "llIrlOYII\l'lIl :lIld illlT":lst'd ,hildclI" rt'sronsihilitil's <T('atl'd hy till' P
11':11' hahy hOOll1 Il'dtll"l'll WOIll"Il'.s kistln' tiJl1l' l"ullsickrahly, 'll'ln'isioll \wg;1I
provick :l1ll':lsil'r, I""lll'-hasl'll ;dlerllativ\' lur
11'(1111('11.
IIlI\(\V:lti,lIIS slll"h ;IS wideslT('('1l iJl1agl's h;HI :lllother ;"lnTsl' l'ITl'lt Oil British I J)lIril/~ 1/11' 19S0s IllI'r\' wen'
prodlldiol1, Durillg thl' war :llld iJl1Jl1l'lli:lt" pust-war ye;1rs WOlIll'1l h:\(lll'l,-kl'd to sce IIri
,1I0fe "H'II Oil sen'!'1I Ilrall
histuril";11 nlslllll,,' dralllas with IIritish stars slll"h :IS tvbrg;\rl't I,orkwood :llld J:lflIl'S M:!'
It'Olllel/,
lIIore
111,,1.> "clors
Ilow,'\'('I", Ilollvwoud pnlll\(\tl'll till' widl's(J"""1I ('1:1 with a Iltlllllwr ul \'l'ry stln l'~ «.Sllllll(' dr;II11;1.s stll"h;1s 'J},c HO/I(' (I kmy Kost,'r, l'lSll. TlIf' '/i'lI COIIIIl'"It1I1l/'I/IS (Cl'l I kMill", I ~l:;fi) ;1lld ill'l/·lllIr (Willi;lI11 Wyln, 1 ~lSl)) :111 "I whit h Wl'n' well 11l')'olld
10/111' "ill/'lIIa, S:u,d,
~~lll'l·t.
('~'l\likth:,·
",;lls11 NIIf/l/III1I {'i,/,-",,,, l'Iq;!
1'i1l;llll i;d ;1l1d It'l"hlli'':d SCOpl' ul :IIIY I\ritish stlldi", British I'rudlll'l'rs W('n' ill d"SI':lir.
I )llIillg the \I'ar \I'Ollll'll h:ld g:lil1l'd ;1 11ll':lSlIIT ul illdl'l"'lIdl'Ill'l' The :lhs"llu' uf opelll'd lip f'ussihilitil's I"r l"'lIl'r ('Jl1pl"yll\l'llt :llld Illl""(' Sl'SII:11 I'n'('doJl1, I 'l')O, so('it'l)' 11Iall)' oftl\(' 1'iI,1Is l1I:ll'" dll!'ing this I'l'riod \I'('H' kt'l'll t" ITstorl' Ih(' Ir:lllitilHI:" \'~rllIl'S"
it. \\I"11Il'11 \l'IIl' inlll':lsingl)' \I'"rk('d ""hid,' 1I<1I11l'
W<'l','
lonsid('r,'d:l thn':lt to till' sl:lhilil\'"
LII 11 i lv, :IS th,'\' \I'l'H,tll<'"ghtt"lH' II<'g"'llillg I"l' 1,,-d:1\' l :I!'l' :1I1l1 dl'l'I'!t'I"II<'llt ofll1('ir "hiltln'll, I sl'l'il'lIs 1l'S\':II',h I'rt,jl',h :lIld ""Llb
"t'
till' tin
1\'(,11 :IS :"t il I"s in till' 1'''I'''':lr !,rl'ss II'('IT l's!'rt k~lI's :"'lllll 1""Il~lg" ,klinqlll'lll'l' :Ill" till' hrt':,k-
th,' LlIllilv, \\I""1('1l
\1','1'"
"Ill'Hlr:lg('d t" gill' "l'
1':lid 1\'lHk :111<1 n'llIrll t" tll'nll'sti('it\' t" IlIlIil
\I'~lshillg
11I:Il,hiIWS
IILlI'kt'll'd
:IS
;llld
\';1'"\1111
dl';llll'rS
It,,,ls 10 1'('r1"rl1l this \'it:rI!',,'"
Ahl'r thl' war, till' British pllhli, 1ll'ld l'llllllidill/\ vi,'ws Illl h"", Ilritish S'l< idy ,Iwllld dl'v"lop, On thl' onl' h:lnd m:HlY wantl'd to /\\'t hark to till' "':Iy lhillgs 11'('1'<',10 r\'-,'st;lhlish th\' sl"lIrity of lik as it IIsl'd to 1)(' On till' othn kind, till' sanifi'Ts IH;Hlc hy Illillions dllrin/\ thl' war - thl'
I""
of lovl'd OIWS, family and IWlIll' . '-"'1l1ir",! S""H' fmm "I'
rOl11lH'ns;ltioll and illlproVI'I11l'llls to II(' m:HI.- ill till' sOl'ial r"hri,' ill "rdl'l 1'01' thl' 11';11' tll haw II('\,n, in SOIll\' way, jllstili",1. I'niods lik,' this, pniods 01 instahility ;lIHI dLln/\l', ortl'1l /\ivl' riS(' to nI'\\' ()J'ohiL-ms whidl in tllrn dl'llland a sollllion. SlIrh II':IS lhl' dilll"tl' in I1ritaill fr"m till' l11iddll' Yl':IrS or till' dl'ladl' 'I'll(' sll-,,:diL-d 'SIKi:d prohiL-m' film aillll'd tll p"rtr:IY llllltl'mp"r:lry sorial <"lllll'\TIlS and also to ,0ntrihllll' 10 lhl' dl'hatl' "hollt tlH' Sllllltillll to till'S(' prohll'ms, l"lIl'S slI,h as jllwllil"
1It,lilHIII"Ill')' .,.he B/III' /.IIIII/, (Basil
l)l'ardl'll, IlJ4 1)), rarl' :lI1d illlllli/\ration SIII'I,hil'c (Basil I kal'<kll, 1'15')), !wnwsl'xII:dity (/ioilll (Ihsil I)\,a.-.1\'Il, I'lfil) and prostitlltion 'I'hl' 1-'1I',lh is WI'III, (I)on Charky, IllS?) 1\'('1(' ")(l'lol'<'d in tlll',St' films, The I'rodlllti"n
te:lln of Ibsil 1)1':Jr(kll (dirl'rlor) :Ind MiLh:ll'1 1{\'lph ((>rodlll,'r) nl:llk /illlls whi,'h ;Hldn'''l'd a widl' sp",t nllll of sOlial prohl\'llIs durillg
t
his nit ir:d
pl'dod or social lhan/\l' Thl'Y wanted to Illak\' film a I'('hick for airill/\ rOlltrovl'rsial iSSlll'S in onkr to mak\' ;1 posilin' lonlrihlllion to till' improvl'llI"1I1 of s",idy, As Mi,hal'1 Iklph him,St,1I said:
",becal/se tire L'illema l/'as'l{c,,,tillelya mass mediI/m', so it ml/st display 'social and eell/catil'l' res!1Onsi!Jilitics as ",ell as artistic lilies'.
•
/)0 yOIlIIRI'i'I' I(lilh Mi.-lllll'l H/'II,h?
•
/JOI'S
11
fillll
III 11 I:/' I'
hllll{' socill! I't'SIJt>llsi/'il;/;I';\?
<:'/11 "OIl/hili'" 01
allY filllls /oh;('h Iw/h 1'lIler/aill 1II1I11wr/ I'UV nJII/I'III/,O/'tIl'V iUIII',I'?
WAR
'1'111' 11IOSt p"plllar /\\,nl'('s in lhi,s derad,' 1~)50s
1I':1r
11"'1'1'
IV:lr, horl'llr :llId I ""ll'cly I'ibm,
IHms /\\'Ill'r;llIy rl'lklt"d a ,han/\,' ill "Ill(lhasis 110111 tllllS" 11l:IlI" dlllill/\ till' \\,;11'
itSl'lr (SIT 11)40s) with nolahk I'XI"ptiollS, hlms lik,'
nit' IlridKI'/JII/11I' Hi,,{!/' KllJfli
(I)avid
I.""",
nit'
C:,.,wISI'«( l( 'h:lr!,'s !-r""d, 1<)')2) :11,,1
I')S?) J"('pJ"('S('ntl'd l"i\'ilt-g"d Illiddl,,-, b,s v:lII",s ;11111
I'l'ass\'rlecl dllty ;11,,1 c1l'i,'J"('IK" I" I':lnk :1I1c1lbss, Th"I'l' II':lS 11" 1""g,'I' all itl""I"!',i, :111H','d I" sill Ill' till' (lrt II ''ss 01' :Il'''il'vill/\ "\lls('IISIl'S :lIld till' ':lIII'"IIillg l",~, '111l'r' sl,i, il "I I1 Il' 11':11 y' ':lI'S, ( JI'" 1Il'I "hi" ,'x, "Ill i"n to this t 1'1'11cl IV:I.S
nit'
/)1/1/1
IlIIs/en (M i,h:,," Alld, '!S"II, 1<)')·1)
;1 111"(('
l,i"gr:l"III<:d
l'I'l'.si"lI of till' 'f<lIIl:III1I" ;wcI ':ld\'''1I11Il'l' "I' till' 11':11' II'hi. hill" :11111':1 l"(llll'x "flil" hit. Th" lIl:ljlll' Briti,h SI:lr, "I till' 11:1",~in', ),,1111 Mill"
"':II'
l'iIlIl' ,11 this pl'li"d i'llllId"c1 K"II 11l't1, Mon', 1:1, ~
AI,'(' (,lIill'll'SS :llId I Jirk l\"g:IId" Till' rol,', 111l')' ,,!:tITcI ,",,\\·... 1
,t"i,'iSlIl, I'ollr:lgl' :Ind "I"llIr:lnl'l' c1",,,il" IIIl'i I' "lwi"IIS p:lill :1I"II"ss: n,:1! 11I"II/III'I""'s \\1,,, t'lllrlcl n"t acllllit to 1\'C';lklH'SS. Tlll'irs II':lS th" n"rll"" "llll:lSllllillily :llIcllll'l"i, /lridKI'
Oil
,1"":,, 1<'1
'/
hI'
,hr' Hil'I'r !<IIYli, c1in"t"c1 hI' i):II'icl 1"':111 in 1'157 :11,,1 lI'illlll'l' "I SI'I"" A<:"I"IIII
AII';mls, is:1 lilrll l"'lith c1"II'OI1S1r:ltt" tllI"t,Ill'I"i, (1"'1':1' 1"li'li,', I"'ll,', III
119 ;
W;II rillll'; "Illlis l"'Ii"d h"lh ,\'khl:lll'd llll' l'Iid,' "I till' Allil'd "ill"Iy '"1£1 "xpl"il,'d ;lllllil'1I1 ,'s' d,',;in' I" I"liv(' th"il ('XI"'Iil'lIn's "r 1I':lItillll' and n,,"lill.st t" I"';lldillll' As ';11 l1ll'y l'I"I'"d
UTI'
IHII'III;II dllling th" 1'Ic;(js,
;\II11'Ii":I ;111,11,,'1' "':lj"I I':llnll""lll ,illil''; '111.1 till' S"lil'l (I,d,," (whil'il "I1ll'Ig"d ;l!llT S"tllt,,! \V",ld 'vV:lI) pHlI'id,'d till' h;ll'kdHII' I" :I 1111111111'1 "r lillllS, Th"y wn" st,,,"gl,,
;It
nltlllllllllist will, Illil:lin lilllJ!\' Oil till' ,sid,' "I 1111' (1Ililt'd Stat"s, l:ihllS sl1,h :IS '/'/,,, )111
/.""I'IS (Anll"'llv AS'lllith, 1'lC;'~J
,",,1
'1'111'1'1'11/11
Belll"'I'1I
l(
:11,,1 I~,'nl, 1')'11) :lI'l' 1)('",il11i~
:lhtHll :Ill ;iltnll:lliu' t" thi,s ill, H'"sinl_~lv p"I;lIi,snl ,-i"II' "r IIll' 1I'"rld,
HORROR
;\IIWli,':l1l ';1ll'1I1\' li.-li,," rillllS al Ilw tillll' (:Ill h" I"'HI "s :I II-"';"I)IHlli"J! ,',;pl'll:lli,," llr I 1(':lI~ "r till' ( "Id \V"I 11'111'1" till' ',J!i"ll
"I
1I1"",st,,r' r"prt's"llts till' 'I~"d M,,";ln"
'''llllllllllisl tlll"'''1. Ilrilish hOlr"I rillllS 11'1'1'" I'"ntl'rnl'l! with :I dili'l-rt'nl sd "t r"ars, Il"ta l 11l(' .1,,( lill(' "I th" Illitish 1:,llIl'iH' :llld IIll' 1"lsl-II'al nisis ill 1ll""'lilillity (111('11 H,(lt-tilling tll 1'1:1,,' ill so, it'l \' l I 1;II1111H" Sllldi"s pr"dlll ,'.I a llllllllll'r "r s, i"1\(\, lit tioll lillllS ",hi, h p"Ilrav th(' :lli,'n a thH'at I" 1111' 'Hldl' ;lIld a dislil~llIillg I"rn' ()IIII/ITIIII/ ,'S
nil'
()/11I1('I'IIIIISS
(,,/'('r;III1'II' (I 'lC;SJ a
11 ( 1'1'17), h"lll di 1'(', \( 'd hI' VJ! ( ; III 'sI, \llIkash Illlk 1l(\\1'Il
I~)f"'('s
whi,11 {'I'('l1tll;1
('llIllI'd 11"'IIls"lv,'s illtoth" IHllllall LI' t' tr;lI\sr"nllillg it illto a r\lllg\lS, <'ritil's h;I\'" arglll'd 1,1 1111's,' rillll,'; "I" illl''I'I'sl illg vi"w('d ill 11ll' ''"It('sl "I (,mlt'lIl/Hlrary pr"t,'sts against disl'i,~lltillg Ilt'WI'1 or '1IIt,II':l1 W""IHIIl.s, "I\(I p"rtit-Ilhrl\, rl'l,'I"llll givl'n Ihl' rOllnding or
:lIIII,,,igll
1'111-
NIIt'II'ar I lis:tr1I1:III"'lll in I'ISH,
/ 1:111111\('1 i.s IIltlsl r"III1'llll"'lnl I'lll ils "I\("'1l1"lIsly .s11l'«('S.sr,t1lltlIT'l/ lillllS \\'hi,'h h"II'
11
'1t'llIirnl:l \l'''lldll'id,' ',h.s.si,' ,statlls, TII\'H' ,,1',' 111:'"\' H'aSIl/lS r",- tll\'il IH'I,"hlily in"III" tll\' H,II' or IIll' /llili.s11 ,','IlS"1 (Ilrili,,;h Il"ald or I:illll ( ,'II~"IS - 1\1\1'<, 1;11"1' to h" kllllllT ,-Lls.sili,alioll) 1I'''i, h ,,11""'t,d tl", riltll III"kl'IS 11101'1' li"''''I' \" sllt)II' .sI'" "lid I'iol"ll'" 'lIld IIlli'lIlI' Slvl.- "Ill", ,H':llil'(' It""l1 and I Ill' ,,,nlt'1I11)01;",\, s'Hi,iI '1Illl!)"lili"d ,olll,'sl, (C)II p:lg,' 7H AI'I"'I\(li, 11 Tihll ( "lIs"rshil' in IlriLlill' has inr"rtllali"n d'lll'S, '111('sli, L1Sks, ;111.1 H'.s,':II'I'" lasks, 1 kLlils or hOllks "llll ,0IlL" l.s "" p'lgl' HO,) 'I'll\' X ('\\"'1' If;) ''('1'1 iI i""tl' lI'as illlr"dllll'll ill 1'lC;1 ",hil-h alloll-"" I'illll nlakl'l's !i",'n,'(' tll 1'111.111"" nlll"h II11HI' glal,hit- d""idi"lI
"I' horrol ;11\(1 "'X th"ll
"\l'I'
1",1011' 11;11111
SllIdi"s 1I.s,'d this lll'llll/lllllilv to all,,,d " "ollngl'l' 'lIldi"IIt't' h," k illlll Ill\' ,ilH'lIla "Ilt! a rl"'1I 1"I,'visi"IL '1'111' 11'('"til,(, t"'III'
"l' -1l'rt'lll'(' I'isll\'l (diHTt"l) alllllll\';\( lllrs, 1\,t"1 ells I
a,,,1 ('llIiS!<ll,h"II_I'I', h"I;II"I' S"nOIl\'IIIIIIlS lIilh I 1:1 11I IIll'" h'l/l'Illl'rodlll ti"ns lI'il" Sill 1. f
a.slh,' ( 'Ill ,,'
'111.1
nil'
,,/
i'lrlll/,'I'IIS,,'ill ( I'l:; 7). 1)/«(( 1111/ ( I'lc;:-;). 'Ih,. //,,/1/,,[ ,,/ If"~, Iltls/,"TI'il/1'\' ( I (
,\(11111111\' (I'l:;'l) '1111' tTisis ill Illast IIlillil\- (H'krrl'd \11 ail,,\(') is at lh" IIl'a,
I "'"II1H'1 iJ"IIIIII'III,iJltti,,"s ",II\'H' Ih"I'rl,k,,,illll,iI "'1"'11 is ,,,111'.1 ill I" H'sl"n' lllll.-r I till' ,ILltl.' 'H'al,'d I", Ill\' 1l/1';lkdllll'll ill 1"llli,,,t1,,,1 ;llIliJ"lit\', (<-;"" I'l/I)s .s"'lil\(1 Illr, 11'''1 k "11 I L\(IIII\(', St\ldi"~,1
COMEDY ( ""l('dy W:lS Ihl' 111:li1lSLly "I I'lS()s, i'l('lll:l, L:llillg ""Il('di,'s k:l\lllnlth,' ,.,Inlggk "lt1l(' lilll,' ''''11lllllllily :lg;lillSt thl' Ul'l'l'illg h11rt';IIIU;Ky "I' 1:IITI('ss illstillllitlllS, This, ;11l,1":lr'" l'iI,1lS likl'
Whi.\l~v C%rl'
(:"rll('lills,
I ').I'l) :llld '1'111' l,ol'('IIi/(,1' lfill ,V/"I, ( :h:lrl,'s (:ri,lll"", I'le; I)
I ').I'l) , n/ssl'o", /" /'illl!i({) (I "'my
(Aln:IIHln tvl:ll'kl'lldril k,
1,'/l/v!<illers (i\I,'x:1I1dl'r M:lckl'lldri,k, I'lS)) t""k
01
I", S",'1l ill
11"\I'('ITr,
nil'
lI11\1" 'Ylli,:d vi"II' 1I1l' ''''llIllllllilv ill
qlll'sti"ll is lTilllill:l1 :llld "V"lltll:dly ,'V(TV 1l11'I11hn "I' till' g:lllg is kill('(1
,,11
nit'
1,'Ii/vl~i11I'1'S W:lS
11I:1I1l' illlhl' S:IIlH' Vl':lr th:1\ 1'::dillgs\"pl'l'd "r"dll' ti"ll :llld Ih,' stlldi",s w,'rt' s"ld "Ilt" Ih,' IIB(',
I:llllllh('(\ III tll" 1'''1'1I la 1'; '), CII/\'
,<,;/
'/i'i"i,," '-'. 1Il(' I )o(/or liI,llS :1I1d IIIl'
011 st'li,'s, hpl"itillg IIIl' British Lis, ill;lti"ll
with s, h",,1 IVlT"
I'lS()s which pnllTd "lHhlrillglv
0111
01
Ill'\\' sni,'s of fil,1lS "llll'rgl'd which
1"":11('(1 :It 1Il(' sh:dlhy alld :l11;lrl hiLIII" 1'1111
'/iilli,m's '),!lool/,,}' (;id, (Sl'(, I '}(;()s) Tlws(' I'ihlls
illtr"dll"l'd till' :1,,1,,1' C;"llIg,' (
"I" :IS I:hsh I 1:11'1 V
:llld "':llll1'l'd ""'lll'dy 1:II'llll1'il('S slllh :IS i\list:lir Silll, .lily'" Cn'ld"'l :llld M:lIg:IlTI RlIllll'r1<ll'lI, TIll' HUR8Y:"WI!1H I
COULD
5UFffR
HE.AVY LOSS'"
A
"ill-Ill'
Dol'/o), snil's s\;IlI'('(1 1111' .,hy ;11111 I)il'k
,h:lIll1ill~~
B"g:Hd,' :llld W:IS "ISI' n\n'IIl('ly
'. \'.1'1.- 1"hl',lId .1,
111"11"",1,;",,, 1""," ,,,,'\ri):hl hlll\ln....
,":"Iv '"
1':1'"
1'111'111:11' Mllst IH'I'"hr ()II ')1'1');1'1111/
"I :Ill,
hllwl'vl'r, \I':lS tll(' (:ol'r" ()II s"ri,'s, 'I'll(' lirst ill 1Il(' slTi,'s (."1111'
(Cl'I;dd Thlllll:IS, I ')SN) fl':ltllrl'd tll(', hy 1l0\\', LlI11ili:lr "lls"flll,I" ':lsl 01 V"I Y
British (TCl'lllri,' "h:lr:llt'T IYIlt'S - lhl' hlllly, tll(' 111:111'''11, lh,' ,I"sl'! g:ly, till' st'SY y"lIllg W'\lIl:IIl, Ill(' y"lIllg lI:1il'" :llld s" 1111, This Sill ,,'ssllll 'llI11i" 1'''l'I1l1lh, hdl
"I I'l'rh:ll
g:lllll'S :1I11lj':1I11'"11illll'
,h:lr:ll'tlTS, d"s"ly n'sl'lllhks d:lssi" Ilritish ,\(';Isid,' I'"stc:lrd hlllllllllr wit h its '1Ildl'
):"IIt11'1'
.stl'II'otypillg :lIld sl'~"I,,1 illlllll'ndo,
WllLlAM HARTHHl SHIRLEY lATOH DORA SRUH KIHHElH COHHOR BOB MOHKHOUSI IRIC BARKIR Bill OWIH CHARlIS HAWTRIY
( .11r 1 \' ( )1/ \('1"R/'ll1lf
11'(
Cl Ik
Htlll,lld (,r:1ll1
.11I;111)11I.., Ar( !lin'l
"CARRY ON, SERGEANT",., ... , .- .. .. ,., . , ,. ,., ,~
,1
~._
~
..
~
,'~,
~
~~~:~';~~~~fi"i~'~~
,,
~
,
\
TIll'
.,
:)
s,'ri,'s Ils,·d "lllli, sU'Il:lri"s :IIHI sll'rl'"lyl"'S 10 I'okt' IIlIl at lhl' Brit
",t;d,li,IIIIl"llt ;llld ils ;llslitllliIlIlS: tlIIIS" ,·I"1l1l'1l1s oll\rilish liI" IVhi,h inhihit IIH' hl'h:l\:illI 1r
~.. ,
•
( " " l \ ' ()//
till' ;l\,-r;l~" 'Iiltl,' l'l'rslln' Th,'y 'l',,"hr;II";l1l all;ll,hic ;llld ~1l"d'";ltlll"\'d disl"\'~;lr(1 Illr 1111lS" ;1I1111l1rit\, ;111.1 Illr ll;ltillll;,1 in"ihilillns 1V11ilsI still n'Il"linill~~"'linlt'SS"llli;llly I\rilish - ll'sal/},
/111"111///",
!i//"
11//1
,,,h,, Ihl" '( :",., \'
a llil
,4
()// liI/I/I
/11\1
1/lI'il"
;I,lllr~ IVllrkill~ tllgl'llll'r;ls '1'1l~'·llIh!,·' l,b\'I'r~, Thl'Y \I'I'I't· 'Try 111111 h :lhlllll 'liS' ;llld 'Ih,'nl'
t'
•
iI
j>:
•
il///"'I//' i/l
or/i", , TIll'
(:,lIrv ()/I lillllS IVcrl' III IS' 'ssI'd lVilh s"\II;d inl\lll'IHIIl; IIll'ir sl;lrs w"n','''1I
'l'll/'ir illl//(t!i/l',l/'SS KlII'e Ill/' lif' III Ihl.' 1I0lhlll Ihal
/i//,/
\1'/" 11
10
I,l.' B"i/ish IIII'alll l!ral
yOI( 1('1
middle·class, relicl'/1I (lIId lI'ell'/I/(lI/llered",
/ll"ili,h
/i/III,' ,,/ ///"'-"
(,/1//",/\, \'(',/1 1 7
//0/1'
'/11
Ih(,\,
1",', I'll!
TEENAGER
('/1///"/1('
"Il"'Il;lgl'r' IV;I' ;I 11<'11' wllrd illlrudllu'd ill till' ";Idy l'l')(), III ,,,"snil,,, ;1 IH'IV ";lll'gory ,,11'''''
11 'hili ,/0
\'11//
1/1 i///"
i1
/
/"'i I"
l'I'IlI'I" \lllll, with;1 grulVin~ disl'''\;I''''' ill'"lll", IV,'I\' 1;,rtlling;1 1ll'1V alld \"I>;II'at" clIltllra! idl'nt
Irlllll Ih"it 1';II"'IIIS, TIll'Y Iwl tlll'ir IlIVIl sl"I"s "I I'"l',d;lr 1ll11.,i, , dn's\ alld Iwh:IVilllll' M, 111I'SSd,J!.I''''
ill11'1llLIIltlv IIll'\' d"IIJ;lIld,·d in"'l':lsingly "rt','r "'~I'n'"i,,"s "ISI'xlI:llily, Thl'Y !WC:lllll' the I:lrgl'l
,"lllSIIIIII-r ~,,,,,ls,,,,II:ls H', Old" ;11111 hsllillll :II'l'ssllril's ;llld largl'\ :1Il(li"1llTS fllr cllllllral prudll' lik,· lillIl ;llld lI'I"I'isi,,'\. '1'l\v:lHls till' I'lld III I Ill' d'·';ld,·lillll\ IWIT I'rudll...·d Ilwl IVl'I\'llIll,h
1111
SI"III:"lv "\I,li, it with 11ll' inl,'nti"n"I:lllr:lllillg yllllllg 1"'''1'''" h:I' k illt" 111<' ,'ilH'Il"t :lIld away In 1\'1, "'isi, III ",g, 'I !II' I-l,',h is \ thl!: (I )( 1I1
(
:11:111, 'V, l'l') 7) ;llld
n(SS/'Orl
10 S/lIll1/1'
(A kill H;I kllll, Il)')~
A BOOM PERIOD
TIJ<' 11)';Il" S;I\\, 1111' gl'\l\\'tll 01 I'ldl ('lIll'ln)'llll'llt :IIII! illl rt':"illg l" Ollnlllil AI1III'IIt'(' III Il)')lJ I ( '"1S''1V;lli\'l' l'rillll' Milli"ln, II;unld M;II'lIlill;lIl, assl'I'lt'd t"alll'I""I' "l'I'l'rlratl it sOKolld;l I',"' 111:111)' t"is \\';lS 1t'lJ<'
M:I,'lllil"'lI ;lr~\l(·d t"at till' nld ,1:I's di,isi'"ls \1"'1"\' Ill'gillnin~
diS:'1)I)";1I ;IS ;1 f~l"\lI\'ill~ 1'l'r"·lllag,·
,,r
thl' 1'"I'"I:!lillll h,'g;11I In I'll
i""
1111' Illlils III :1 I"'"l 11
('lOllOlllY,
TIll' nlfi, i;d 11I1I''''l'lnyllll'1l1 li~lIn's 1"'1 \\'1','11 l'l';' ;11111 Iq,;,) r;II'l·I" nISI' ;dl(l\'l' :2 1"'\ " ;llId rt'~lI"'r \\'llrk IlII':lnl ~rn\\'ill~ 1'1')SI"'lity, Th" IUlllllll'r Ill' IlLIIllI;d \\',"k"I's kll :1,\ I""'" 1ll'lll'I' 1';li,1 \\'hil"-' III "'I' j"hs
I'\l\('
T"l'r" \\';IS;I shirt Il)\I';1I'l1.s skill"d '" ,'III1;llillll--: \\'hi,ll n'll1'1'
Ih,' illlT";ISI'd 1,·\1'1', (II' lil''1:11y ll1'llllghl ahlllll hI' 1'(1,,1-11';11 ,h;lllg,'S ill "dll' ;lli'"I;11 l'r"I'i,illl' ('Illh,,,!i,'d ill tI", 11),1,' Ldll,:llilln All [s,',' Iq,llls) This hl(lllg"l ;lh'llll till' "lid "I Illitilltl 1
I
;111.1 II\(' ,ai~ill,l~ Ill' till' S,'III\(IIIt-;II'ill~ :I~" 'rill'S" 1\\" Lll I"rs ;11'1\[';11",1 I" h,' 1,':"lill~ tll;l ,1~r;,,1 inlT";ls,' illl''1";dit\ "I'I'I)I','rtllnit\, ;11111 Illlli~lll'r lilillg ,'I a11.1;111 Is IIlI \l'll,killg" LIss !',lIllili,''\ \Vhil.'l it i, II'll" th;ll 1"1SI-\\;lr \I'lllk"IS \1"1" ",Llti\'(,1I- Ill""" prll'I"" 1l1lS ,(lIlII';!ITt'
I
I
Illl'I'" '\I';lr \'(';lIS Illth,' d"I''''ssi'lll, till' S;1Il11' im'<jll;dili,'s ,tilll"'1siSl"'1. HI till Illid l'le ,10 l'l'I' ""111 "I' tI", ,"il,I"'1I "I l'I,,,,'s,i"II:d"lll;lIla,I~"li;ll "Illlili,', \\,''''' ,till ill IIIII-li
1'11111 "ti"1I ;I', "1'1''''''.1 1"
l'l,,,,"·,\i~ql :1 ....
'\ I','r "1'11111(1111 "'1I1i ,kill.-d 11l;1I111,,1 h;l,k,I~I"llI\(l, \lllh "
IIH'l'\' llt'lll'llll .... l)Jl
till' \\1I1\\'11H'
pI Ldk"
;Illd j\IIl"I'"'l ti\"l' :-.l,ikl'''';. ( 1l1l'\t'L1llt'
l'II'1,I"",,, ,11" 1I1l 1 1,'li"-'h I" IlLlk,' ""Ill ",,,i"'I' I" kl'l'l' th,' ill,llIslri:d 1"';1'"
Till' IlJ')lls