Derelict by Tania Sandhu

DERELICT

DERELICT TANIA SANDHU

TANIA SANDHU

Derelict

By Tania Sandhu

Thesis Abstract: This thesis seeks to analyze the nature of industrialization and how a nation goes through it. Industrialization has been analyzed in both the western and regional perspectives which led to the understanding of globalization and the lack of regional architectural identity. The period before industrialization holds utmost importance when it comes to defining the development of The United Arab Emirates (UAE). Dubai and Abu Dhabi has seen great success economically because of the discovery of oil. The northern emirates such as Umm Al Quwain (UAQ), Ras Al Khaimah etc. are not as financially capable because of very little or no oil discovery. These areas have hence been neglected and are not visited by as many tourists and many locals have shifted to more successful emirates. After analyzing the development of the second smallest emirate in the UAE, Umm Al Quwain (least developed of all the emirates in the UAE), it was concluded that some of it’s regions have not been developed in over 12 years. The addition of iconic architecture with regional aspects (be it structural or theoretical) can spark urban sprawl (while industrializing). This idea comes directly from the success of the Bilbao Museum in Spain designed by Frank Gehry. Here, proposed is a museum in Umm Al Quwain, that showcases the abandoned (the site is an abandoned airport and has abandoned elements in close vicinity) and formative history (the history of the UAE and the emirate of UAQ, which includes economic activities before globalization/industrialization such as pearl diving, craftsmanship in dhow boat building etc.) This will pave the way for a new take on branding UAQ, as compared to the out of context ‘starchitecture’ in the more developed emirates of the UAE.

Table of Illustrations 1. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/File:Lewis_ Hine_Power_house_ mechanic_working_on_ steam_pump.jpg

http://www.rpbw.com/ project/90/the-whitneymuseum-at-gansevoort/

3. https://www.bl.uk/ romantics-andvictorians/articles/ manchester-in-the-19thcentury

4. https://mbfountain. com/gallery/thamesgallery/

5. https://www.pinterest. com/mirjam0289/ watercolour/

http://www.wsj.com/ articles/the-newwhitney-marks-achange-in-museumdesign-1428599862

7. https://500px.com/ photo/68192341/ working-man-s-hands-byrenata-brooks

8. www.labiennale.org/en/ architecture/exhibition/ https://www.theguardian. com/sustainablebusiness/2014/sep/10/ bijoy-jain-studio-mumbaiarchitecture-design-localnature

9. www.labiennale. org/en/architecture/ exhibition/

10 http://www.archdaily. com/62621/tara-housestudio-mumbai

11. www.katamama. com/

12. www.andramatin. com/

13. www.katamama. com/

14. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Thomas_ Savery

15. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Abraham_ Darby_I

16. www. dartmouthrailriver. co.uk/

17. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Oliver_Evans

18. https:// aurorastrategies. wordpress.com/tag/ technology-in-theclassroom/

19. www.laparola.info/ immigrati

20. www.finedictionary. com/glazier.html

21. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Second_ Industrial_Revolution

22. http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2013/06/03/twittermaps_n_3378749.html

23. https://www. pinterest.com/

24. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Jing'an_Temple

25. http://www.mopo. de/news/panorama/ die-elbphilharmonie-istnichts-dagegen-die-10teuersten-gebaeude-derwelt--24141074

26. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Guggenheim_ Museum_Bilbao

27. www.zaha-hadid. com/architecture/porthouse/

28. https://www. herzogdemeuron.com/

29. http://www. architecturaldigest.com/ gallery/best-of-frankgehry-slideshow/

30. https://www.dezeen. com/2015/12/22/ zaha-hadid-lamentsremarkable-similaritiesbetween-her-design-andkengo-kuma-winningtokyo-2020-olympicstadium/

31. http://www. emirates247.com/ news/ultra-primeresidential-address-indubai-villas-selling-for-

32. https://www. allsoppandallsopp. com/about/communityguides/the-meadows

33. oma.eu/projects/ waterfront-city

35. http://www.medubai. com/old-dubaicreek-1951/

https://www.weforum. org/agenda/2016/01/ the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-meansand-how-to-respond/

36.https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Deira_ Clocktower

37. nabataea.net/ships. html

39. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Al_Quoz

38 https://sites. google.com/site/ historyofeastafrica/alhariri

40. http://www. tradingeconomics.com/ united-arab-emirates/ gdp-growth

41. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Bank_ high-income_economy

42. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_ industrialisation

43.https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Newly_ industrialized_country

44. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_ countries_by_GDP_ (PPP)_per_capita

45. https://www. guggenheim.org/aboutus

47. https://www. pinterest.com/explore/ mus%C3%A9eguggenheimbilbao-935228504665/

46. http://www.archdaily. com/422470/adclassics-the-guggenheimmuseum-bilbao-frankgehry

48. http://garagemca. org/en/event/richardserra-anish-kapoor-trapsfor-space

49. https://www. pinterest.com/explore/ bilbao/

All floor plans, sections and elevations in case study1, Bilbao Museum by Frank Gehry are obtained from El Croquis: Frank Gehry 19872003

50. https://www. pinterest.com/ smartmagna1/ arkitectura/

51. https://www. behance.net/ gallery/13493541/CaseStudy-The-GuggenheimMuseum-Bilbao-byFrank-Gehry

52. https://www. behance.net/ gallery/13493541/CaseStudy-The-GuggenheimMuseum-Bilbao-byFrank-Gehry

53. https://www.tumblr. com/search/the%20 denver%20art%20 museum

54. http://www. arch2o.com/denverart-museum-daniellibeskind/

55. http://www.arch2o. com/denver-art-museum-daniel-libeskind/

56. http://www.arch2o. com/denver-art-museum-daniel-libeskind/

57. http://www.archdaily. com/169223/denver-artmuseum-museum-shoproth-sheppard-architects

All floor plans, sections and elevations in case study 2, Denver Art Museum by Daniel Lebiskind are obtained from http://www.archdaily.com/80309/ denver-art-museum-daniel-libeskind

http://doorsopendenver. com/sites-tours/sites/ denver-art-museumnorth-hamilton-buildings

whitney.org/

http://www.theatlantic. com/entertainment/ archive/2015/05/newwhitney-hurricane-sandyclimate-change/394100/

http://www. livinthehighline. com/2015/05/04/highline-architecture-thewhitney-museum/

http://samsunshine.co/ tag/whitney-museum/

http://www.rpbw.com/ project/90/the-whitneymuseum-at-gansevoort/

http://www.nytimes. com/2010/05/26/arts/ design/26plan.html

https://www. pinterest.com/

http://inhabitat.com/ nyc/whitney-museumbreaks-ground-onnew-leed-seekinghigh-line-building/ whitney-museum-renzopiano-7/

All floor plans, sections and elevations in case study 3, Whitney Museum by Renzo Piano, are obtained http://www.archdaily.com/630574/the-whitneymuseum-of-american-art-at-gansevoort-renzo-pianocooper-robertson

http://www.archdaily. com/630574/thewhitney-museumof-american-art-atgansevoort-renzo-pianocooper-robertson

Table of 01 Introduction

02 International Dogma: The Set Up and Evolution

1.1 PREAMBLE

2.1 PRE- INDUSTRIALIZATION 2.1.1Architecture before the Industrial Revolution 2.1.2 Craftsmanship 2.1.2.1 Definition(s) 2.1.2.2 Overview 2.1.3 Architecture and Craftsmanship 2.2 INDUSTRIALIZATION 2.2.1 Definition(s) 2.2.1.1 What is Industrialization? 2.2.1.2 What are Industrialized (developed) and Developing Nations? 2.2.2 Background 2.2.2.1 How many Industrial Revolutions has the world seen? 2.2.2.2 The Industrial Revolution 2.2.2.3 Rapid Population Growth and Urbanization 2.2.2.4 The Skilled Craftsman 2.2.2.5 Impact of Industrialization on the Architecture Industry 2.3 A GLOBALIZED WORLD 2.3.1 What is Globalization? 2.3.2 Globalization of Architecture 2.3.2.1 Starchitecture 2.3.2.2 Branding in Architecture and the Need for a Local Identity 2.3.2.3 Localism amongst Globalized Architecture 2.3.3 A Globalized Middle East

Contents 03 Regional Periphery

3.1 THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 3.1.1 A Brief History 3.1.1.1 Activities in the UAE Pre-oil 3.1.1.2 Dhow Building 3.1.1.2.1 What is a Dhow? 3.1.1.2.2 Boat Building in the UAE 3.1.2 The Industrialization of Dubai 3.1.3 The Economic Imbalance in the UAE

04 Data Collection and Observtions

4.1 CASE STUDIES 4.1.1 Guggenheim Museum, Bilao 4.1.2 Denver Art Museum 4.1.3 Whitney Museum of American Art

05 Site Context Analysis

06 Concept Design Process and Implementation

Bibliography

5.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA 5.1.1 Site Selection 5.2 DETAILED SITE ANALYSIS 5.2.1 Umm Al Quwain 5.2.1.1 Overview 5.2.1.2 Local Tourist Attractions 5.2.1.3 Economy of UAQ 5.2.2 Site Surroundings 5.2.3 Hitorical Imagery 5.2.4 Natural Charateristics 5.3 AREA ESTIMATION 5.4 DESIGN APPROACH 6.1 DESIGN DOCUMENTATION 6.1.1 Iconoclasm (‘floating’ space) 6.1.2 Strong Axes 6.1.3 Urban Perspective 6.1.4 Craftsmanship/ Boat Building

1 Introduction Preamble

1.1 Preamble

Social and economic change governs how one does business today. What bring about these changes are also topics of national concern. One such change was the industrial revolution, where the world saw, a rather controversial, combination of machinery and man. Industrialization, over the years, ever since the revolution, brought upon globalization. This international movement (of similar architecture around the world) was offsetted by industrialization around the world. Architecture started to get branded and star architects rose to fame. They were seen as economic catalysts. Later, the economy of a town/ country was being advertised by iconic structures around the world. But, then a question arose, are these architects taking into account the regional aspects? Are they thinking beyond just creating iconic architecture?

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) had not flourished until the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, and one cannot define it as an industrialized nation, about that time. Even though, the oil had already put the Middle Eastern states on the map, it wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t pushing the economy enough. Then came the surge of real estate and iconic architecture, as we know it, Burj Al Arab. This is how the UAE, or in fact, Dubai began itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrialization; through the establishment of construction industry, from the production of concrete to hiring builders. When we look at Dubai today, it is a developing concrete jungle, with iconic projects being announced every week. But then again the question arises; does Dubai have a city center? Do iconoclasm and regionalism go hand in hand? Similar question can be asked of the other emirates of the UAE; like Abu Dhabi and Sharjah.

‘‘A brand is worthless if it doesnt connect with the right audiences in a relevant way’’

The northern emirates do not get such exposure, probably because they do not hold any iconic architecture and are instead known for their versatile topography and beaches. One such emirate is Umm Al Quwain (UAQ). This emirate displays life pre-oil (pre-industrialization), i.e., lacking all the iconoclasm of the metropolitan emirates; yet displaying the exuberance of its identity. One of the most iconic elements of this emirate is the mysterious Soviet Union plane, which lies next to an abandoned airport (more of a single landing strip, surrounded by the desert). UAQ the least populated emirate and it’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generated mainly from fishing. It could benefit from some iconoclastic architecture. As mentioned earlier, UAQ is the only emirate that will give you a feeling of the traditional UAE, before industrialization. This very scenario can be explored in creating a contrasting combination of traditions and industrialization. The traditions of UAE include fishing, pearl diving and to some

extent boat building (exploring craftsmanship in UAQ). Industrialization led to the decline of hand craftsman and put many skilled laborers out of occupation. These instances shall be explored when craftsmanship and industrialization are displayed in harmony. This harmony shall seek provide the ‘Bilbao effect’, which can be beneficial for the economy of UAQ; reflecting regionalism through a globalized (industrialized; or has western engineering) structure. Hence, this would be a regional- iconic structure, paying homage to pre- industrialization (craftsmanship) and what we are today; in this very country/ emirate. It is contrasting yet evident idea that industrialization has changed us forever, yet staying very close to our roots. This is what the country is trying to establish through its morals, and now it would, through regional- iconic architecture.

Pre- Industrialization Industrialization Globalization

The International Dogma The Set-up and Evolution

2.1

Pre-Indust

The pre-industrialized civilization may date back centuries; it is usually known as the period just before the industrial revolution (pre-industrial society). This period is the time before machines and automation were used for production. These pre-industrial societies varied depending on the regions, for instance, Europe is known for its feudal system and medieval era; on the other hand, Dubai is known for a monarchy- tribe relationship. Pre- industrialization was an era where skilled artisans did the production and their skills were highly appreciated. These artisans could be highly trained (could work as masters) or trained enough to earn a living (cheap labor). Today, craftsmanship in the architectural field is highly appreciated, but is usually more expensive and a declining field. This field remains one requiring extensive practice and expertise.

2.1.1 Architecture before the Industrial Revolution Before the onset of the industrial revolution, the 18th century architecture mostly consisted of revivals of previous periods (after the Baroque period). Building materials were limited to manmade materials and those found in nature such as, timber, stone, lime mortar and concrete. Metals were not abundantly available in sufficient quantity to be used anything more than ornamentation. Architecture relied on compressive strength to hold buildings up; therefore, larger spans or cantilevers were not possible.

trialization

2.1.2 Craftsmanship 2.1.2.1 Definition(s)

- Skill in a particular craft. - The quality of design and work shown in something made by hand; artistry

2.1.2.1 Overview The history of craftsmanship can go back to prehistoric times, when the Homo sapiens shaped tools to hunt for food or built their own dwellings. There are innumerable artifacts found by archeological teams, which show cased the different forms of art found around the world; from cave paintings to handcrafted armors Napoleon’s army. Craftsmanship is skill in a certain field of work; and these skills kept developing further. There were apprenticeships to teach individuals the art of craftsmanship and become a part of a country’s economy (their input in building furniture, architecture works and many more fields of work). Craftsmanship was also part a traditions around the world. It could have been traditional construction techniques (seen in Japan), clothing, jewelry, musical instruments, etc. Many of these objects are only intended to be used for a short time, such as those created for festival rites, while others may become heirloom that are passed from generation to generation. The skills involved in creating craft objects are as varied as the items themselves and range from delicate, detailed work such as producing paper votives to robust, rugged tasks like creating a sturdy basket or thick blanket. Artisanship, is more of an expressive art than a required field of work. In addition, why craftsmanship might be declining is because “many craft traditions involve ‘trade secrets’ that should not be taught to outsiders but if family members or community members are not interested in learning it, the knowledge may disappear because sharing it with strangers violates tradition.”

2.1.3 Architecture and Craftsmanship Craftsmanship in architecture can relate to the tiniest of details such as the surface texture of a wall to a six- foot ornament on a façade. Craftsmen and architects have worked in harmony for a long time and still can be seen in specific projects. One such example can be the works of architect Bijoy Jain, leader of Studio Mumbai. His practice is based on the very collaboration between craftsmen and architects. In his essay, ‘Praxis’ in ‘Towards an Ecology of Tectonics: The Need for Rethinking Construction in Architecture”, he mentions: The carpenters tend to engage with the work in a particular way. They are also involved all the way. They make a series of drawings while onsite or at the studio, working to produce things and refining the idea at the same time. Much of the communication is done through shared narratives. There is something comforting in the words. “Yes. we have a sense of where we are

Exhibit in Venice Biennale, depicting craftsmanship and architecture

Bijoy Jain going” and then one starts developing stories. We build on these stories, regardless of location and origin. When we develop a project, our aim is to create something both familiar and unfamiliar. The idea is to create an environment where there is a connection for the people building it.

Tara House By Bijoy Jain

Indonesian architect Andra Matin chose multihued bricks, handmade tiles and bespoke terrazzo for the Katamama Hotel in Bali, which is intended as a showcase for local design and craftsmanship.

2.2

Industria

alization 2.2.1 Definition(s)

Develop industries in (a country or region) on a wide scale

2.2.1.1 What is Industrialisation? It is the re- organization of the economy of a region, transformed from an agrarian based society to an industrial one for the sole purpose of manufacturing; leading to social and economic change.

2.2.1.2 What are Industrialised (developed) and developing nations?

Developed countries have post-industrial economies, meaning the service sector provides more wealth than the industrial sector. They are contrasted with developing countries, which are in the process of industrialization, or undeveloped countries, which are pre-industrial and almost entirely agrarian. The simplest definition of a developing country is one with an income per capita of below a certain level, although the precise level of income has no objective basis, as they are currently striving to reach â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;developedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or mature economy status.

The steam engine made way for many inventions

Advanced economies Newly Industrialized Underdeveloped/ in transition

2.2.2 Background 2.2.2.1 How many industrial revolutions has the world seen?

Now, that is the early 21st century, we can say that the world has seen around three industrial revolutions. Each bringing with themselves an explosion of new technology in different spheres. These revolutions represent the evolution of technology in the mass production sphere, how the process became easier. The first revolution was triggered by the invention of the steam engine and the rapid decrease of manual labor. The second revolution came about when Henry Ford developed the Assembly-Line method of production for mass production. During this revolution, advancements were made on electric power. The third and the most advanced revolution was on set of automated production, the IT boom and general use of electronics in daily life. There are speculations of the fourth industrial revolution being around the corner. Klaus Schwab, the founder and executive chairman of World Economic Forum mentions in his article, ‘The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond’, mentions:

Now a Fourth Industrial Revolution is building on the Third, the digital revolution that has been occurring since the middle of the last century. It is characterized by a fusion of technologiesthat is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres. He predicts that world is preparing for ‘cyberphysical systems’ , which is a major leap from the previous revolutions, but may result in the division of labor and create even further inequality in the society. Looking from an architectural perspective, laborers may go out of occupation as everything maybe robotized (we might be already seeing this; 3D printing of usable buildings) or even more advanced, the world might witness the emergence of digital cities.

2.2.2.2 The Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution was the transition from manual labor to a mechanized one. The manufacturing processes were altered from hand production to the methods of machines. The revolution came about 1760 and sometime between 1820 and 1840. Before the revolution, manufacturing was often done using basic tools and machines, and often done in people’s homes. The beginning of the revolution was marked by the invention of the steam engine that powered the machines for mass production. A societal shift was caused when James Watt made improvements to the steam engine, during the 18th and the 19th century. The revolution led to new chemical

l manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of waterpower, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. From the perspective of world history, Europe’s importance rests largely on the fact that industrialization began here and long remained a European monopoly. It was industrialization, more than anything else, which made the nineteenth century very much a “European Century”. The revolution started in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Germany and France.

The industrial revolution was the transition from manual labor to a mechanized one. The manufacturing processes were altered from hand production to the methods of machines. The revolution came about 1760 and sometime between 1820 and 1840. Before the revolution, manufacturing was often done using basic tools and machines, and often done in people’s homes. The beginning of the revolution was marked by the invention of the steam engine that powered the machines for mass production. A societal shift was caused when James Watt made improvements to the steam engine, during the 18th and the 19th century. The revolution led to new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of waterpower, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. From the perspective of world history, Europe’s importance rests largely on the fact that industrialization began here and long remained a European monopoly. It was industrialization, more than anything else, which made the nineteenth century very much a “European Century”. The revolution started in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Germany and France. Developments in the iron industry also played a central role in the Industrial Revolution. In the early 18th century, Englishman Abraham Darby (1678-1717) discovered a cheaper, easier method to produce cast iron, using a coke-fueled (as opposed to charcoal-fired) furnace. In the 1850s, British engineer Henry Bessemer (18131898) developed the first inexpensive process for mass-producing steel. Both iron and steel became essential materials, used to make everything from appliances, tools and machines, to ships, buildings and infrastructure. The industrial revolution changed the building process by then largely dependent on a local base of materials, skills, building knowledge and tradition. In the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century, new machinery, serial produced elements and industrially fabricated materials started to appear

on building sites, complementing long term approved construction techniques. Technological and economic progress continued due to the increased adoption of steam-powered railways, boats and ships; this led the First Industrial Revolution to evolve into the Second Industrial Revolution. The transition was between 1840 to 1870. Large scale manufacturing of machine tools and increased use of machinery in steam-powered factories was recorded. The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the earlymid 1800s, was punctuated by a slowdown in macroinventions before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production line, and ended at the start of the First World

2.2.2.3 Rapid Population Growth and Urbanization (during and after industrialization) The world would not realize the full impact of the industrial revolution until about 100 years later, when it spread throughout Europe and North America. This is usually referred to as the industrialization of the world. Production capacities shot up, including food production, medicine, housing, and clothing. The society could not only develop things faster but also make them better. These processes continue today. According to the online blog, Boundless; At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the mid 1700s, the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s human population grew by about 57 percent to 700 million. It would reach one billion in 1800. (Note: The Black Plague reduced the world population by about 75 million people in the late 1300s.) The birth of the Industrial Revolution altered medicine and living standards, resulting in the population explosion that would commence at that point and steamroll into the 20th and 21st centuries. In only 100 years after the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the world population would grow 100 percent to two billion people in 1927 (about 1.6 billion by 1900). Later on in the 20th century, just before the onset of the 21st century, the population would rise exponentially by 6 billion. This is a 400% increase in a single century.

2.2.2.4 The Skilled Craftsman As the prices of goods fell dramatically, due to over production; there were great upheavals and improved standards in society. The living standards had seen a facelift in the past 20 years (1870-1890) of economic growth. This in turn caused unemployment in commerce, with many laborers being displaced by machines and many factories, ships and other forms of fixed capital becoming obsolete in a very short time span.

The skilled craftsmen were now out of jobs and had to settle for other jobs that paid less than usual. Job titles had changed dramatically. Unskilled laborers were performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers. Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased, as their wage rates grew. Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise. Small businesses were established and a middle class was born (during the industrial revolution). Today, the skilled craftsman is someone we seek amidst the trained labor who have focused on a single way of production for a long time. The craftsman has finesse to an extent that cannot be mechanized or computerized. Even today factories have a flow of line method of assembly, for mass production. This method does require labor at every interval but, only for very specific limited tasks that do not test the laborerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to produce; before the system moves on.

2.2.2.5 Impact of Industrialization on the Architecture Industry

Industrialization had a negative impact on the design industry. As skilled craftsmen were losing opportunities, the quality of production was decreasing. The onset of the industrial revolution brought upon the building of factories and workers housing, which many thought, was a ghastly sight in the urban context. The Crystal Palace was a remarkable example of how the revolution impacted the architectural industry. The combination of glass and steel was often lauded when it came to greenhouse design. It foreshadowed an industrialized building with its use of cast iron and steel in its prefabricated parts. Taxes against glass, windows and bricks were repealed which saw a new interest in using these building materials. Factory made plate glass was developed and complex designs in iron grillwork were a popular decoration for the classical and Gothic buildings. There were also terracotta manufacturing improvements, which allowed for more of its use in construction. Steel skeletons were covered with masonry and large glass skylights were popular. The article â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Building Design/Architecture-The Industrial Revolution- new Materialsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; mentioned about the discovery of new materials that could be used on the construction field:

The Industrial Revolution provided more than just ferrous building materials. A stronger, more durable and fire resistant type of cement called Portland Cement was developed in 1824. The new material was still limited by low tensile strength, however, and could not be used in many structural applications. By a stroke of good fortune, the thermal expansion properties of the new cement were almost identical to those of iron and steel. In a creative leap, nineteenth century builders came up with the idea of reinforced concrete. Though expensive, iron and steel had high tensile strength and could be easily formed into long, thin bars. Enclosed in cheap, easily formed concrete, the bars were protected from fire and weather. The result was a strong, economical, easily produced structural member that could take almost any form imaginable, including columns, beams, arches, vaults, and decorative elements. It is still one of the most common building materials used today.

2.3

A Globalis

2.3.1 What is Globalization? A helpful broad definition is given by the UK governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s White Paper on Globalization and Poverty : In fact, globalization means the growing interdependence and interconnectedness of the modem world. This trend has been accelerated since the end of the Cold War. The increased ease of movement of goods, services, capital, people and information across national borders is rapidly creating a single global economy. The process is driven by technological advance and reductions in the cost of international transactions, which spread technology and ideas, raise the share of trade in world production, and increase the mobility of capital. It is also reflected in the diffusion of global norms and values, the spread of democracy and the proliferation of global agreements and treaties, including international environmental and human rights agreements. The first world countries, or the countries which are post industrialized, felt it as a need to help the poorer or developing nations of the world. This brought about numerous trade deals and hence,

globalization. These trade deals obviously had an origin, and that had to be the shipping containers. Due to the advancements in technology, goods were shipped in and out of countries, making the world more interconnected. Globalization has further spread cultural and scientific knowledge and benefited several economies as well.

sed World

2.3.2 Globalization in Architecture 2.3.2.1 Starchitecture The liberalization of financial trading led to the expansion of international architectural practice. More and more countries now tend to attract global investment and tourism; this leads to decision such as creating iconic sites. These sites would offer ‘brand differentiation and symbolic modernity’ . Globalized architecture had developed a symbiotic relationship with star architects. The star architects are commissioned to create extra ordinary structures; this has become a major marketing technique. Some of the star architects include Frank Gehry, Daniel Libeskind, Jean Nouvel, Rem Koolhaus, Zaha Hadid, Norman Foster, Santiago Calatrava and Renzo Piano. Their work is almost by necessity strongly conceptual and cannot rely on any detailed study of fine grain or culture of the locality. The starting point was granting private investors power to define urban development policy, which accompanied a new focus on economic viability.

Elbphilharmonie Hall; Herzog De Meuron

Guggenheim Museum, Bibao; Frank Gehry

2.3.2.2 Branding in Architecture and the need for a Local Identity ‘Lighthouse projects’ provided the basis for branding in architecture. They are included in the basic urban planning patterns. These projects can range from high-profile monumental works to building concepts meeting the requirements of different market segments. Taking into consideration the port cities and their lighthouse projects, such as the EIbphilharmonie building in Hamburg, Germany by Herzog & de Meuron, The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain by Frank Gehry and the Antwerp Port House in Antwerp, Belgium by Zaha Hadid. Their main aims are to redefine these areas in relation to the tourists, consumers, potential residents, and investors. According to some architecture critics, these structures have no connection to the particular place. Despite all these claims, international architecture (waterfront development) plays

Port House, Antwerp; Zaha Hadid

A ‘lighthouse’ project can be deemed as landmark project that captures the public due to iconic stand. All of the above are ‘lighthouse’ projects.

important part in modern day transformation of port areas. In his article ‘Waterfront developments in port cities’ in the book, ‘Global design: International Perspectives and Individual Concepts’, Angelus Eisinger concludes: The port areas, such as in Bilbao, told the tale of successful industrialization; in London they confirmed the links between economic dominance and world political supremacy; or, like in Rotterdam and Hamburg, they stood for the enduring commercial skill of an urban bourgeoisie. Architecture with a global claim has and will continue to influence the economies in these cities and other cities in the Middle East, the best example being, Dubai, where there is an abundance of iconic architecture. There has been an uprising thought for a local identity in newly developed cities, as the public does claim that it may be lost in these vast concrete jungles in the metropolitan cities, which have a globalized identity.

Buildings branding Dubai

2.3.2.3 Localism Amongst Globalized Architecture Many architecture critics have expressed that globalized architecture has hardly paid any attention to the local details where it’s built. Migration and local homogenization threatens the identity of the local community. Localization of architecture would not only include aesthetics, but designing structures in accordance to sun movement, wind direction, climate etc. Star architects design their commissions in their offices in foreign countries; local features are hardly taken into consideration. Ken Yeang, a Malaysian architect and ecologist, has said, “The local and climatic response is the local identity. Every site is different and by responding to the locality we create a natural identity.” Abu Dhabi Investment Council Headquarters (Al Bahr Towers) has been described to respond to the local identity, by the Deputy Chairperson of Aedas Europe. It’s shading screen respond to the climate which makes it sustainable and “becomes a form of localism” . The twin towers, “reflect the cultural identity of the Middle East with a rationalised geometry based on traditional screens placed around a contemporary design, which is based on a climatic response.”

Ken Yeang Architecture

Al Bahr Towers

According to the article, ‘Globalisation and Architecture’, by Robert Adam, Hans Stimman (a German architect and city planner) was keen on redesigning Berlin with its contextual and local identity, whereas, Daniel Libeskind opposed his ideas and thought it lacked originality: This interest in local contextual identity runs contrary to the homogeneous international architecture of star architects and their followers. The contrast is illustrated by a famous clash between the two ideologies which took place, appropriately enough, in Berlin – flashpoint for both the Cold War and the fall of the Russian empire. When

Hans Stitmann

Berlin; Hans Stitmann

the Bundestag voted to move to Berlin in 1991, the regeneration of the reunited city was under the control of Hans Stimman, Director of Municipal Construction. Stimman strictly regulated reconstruction to maintain the distinctive historic character of the city by reinstating traditional city blocks and limiting building heights and materials. He said, “I wanted to go back to a city structure that I call a European city. I wanted to make Berlin readable again.” Daniel Libeskind, resident while working on the Jewish Museum, considered these to be rules “that are transforming … the city into banal uniformity.” In architecture today, we see two opposing sides due to globalization; homogenization and localization. These terms cannot be taken into consideration separately, as they are joint products of globalization. The future of both architectural persuasions will be tested in the latest and most urgent global crisis – the survival of the ecology of the planet such that it will continue to support our global civilization. This is the supreme challenge for globalization: the cause, the effect and the resolution are and will be global and local. It will affect all aspects of social, political and economic life and it will, as day follows night, have a profound impact on architecture.

Daniel Lebiskind

Burj Khalifa by SOM, under construction 44

2.3.3 A Globalized Middle East A few Middle Eastern states had a newly found wealth because of the discovery of oil in around the 1970’s. These states needed architecture to grow and stabilize their economies even further. American and British firms had already opened offices in these newly wealthy cities, when work was scarce in their own countries. The Middle Eastern states became ‘agglomeration economies’, where world renowned architects open their offices. Hence, the accumulation/ agglomeration of foreign businessmen, traders and professionals etc., created a supra-national community. The Middle Eastern states found that they had among the highest GDP in the world, and hence imported foreign personnel to set up governmental institutions and develop their cities. The governments decided that their emerging economy needed high levels of education, hence a few American Universities, including British and French were created. Globalization has had major impact on urban standards. According to Doug Sanders, author of the 2010 prize-winning book, Arrival City, mentions that we are in the middle of history’s largest population shift. The population is migrating to Asian, Middle Eastern and South American countries. These economies are now growing based on commercial farming and urban populations. This shift in population has created “transitional urban neighborhoods”. These regions are called ‘arrival cities’ and are “driven by the ambitions of their rural-born founders.”

The creation of “global suburbs” has brought about rapid development in the exponential expansion of Dubai. Since Dubai attract global business, the population constitutes 85% expatriates. These suburbs, which have a North Atlantic influence, were developed for international executives residing in the emirate. They are designed to be low density, gated communities, with facilities such as supermarkets, community centers, residents’ clubs etc. ‘The Meadows’, ‘Emirates Hills’, etc. are some of the North American influenced suburbs. There have been efforts made to embed the regional aspects which were witnessed in the village, before the economic boom in Dubai. OMA has been working on a waterfront masterplan for Dubai (Waterfront City) that seeks to impart local design aesthetics. OMA describes it as “employing the vernacular qualities of historic Arab settlements: an intricate and varied composition of shaded buildings and alleyways The Meadows

where privacy is embedded and public interaction inevitable … The dense building clusters, irregular streets, and pedestrian paths connect a patchwork of delights in this town, all of them walkable.” There have been several instances where tourists have mentioned that they do not witness the traditional side of the UAE in Dubai. This is definitely true, as Dubai has become a fast paced metropolitan city, more globalized projects are being announced every week. More of the traditional side of the UAE can be seen in the northern emirates, as they have not undergone the rapid development Dubai and Abu Dhabi has seen. Certain parts of the Middle East are on the path to rapidly become fully industrialized, even though they might be running out of their main source of income (oil), they are proceeding to alternatives, like tourism.

Old Arabian Settlements in Abu Dhabi

OMA proposal: Water Front City

The United Arab Emirates Pre- Oil Industrialisation of Dubai Economic Imbalance in Dubai

Regional Periphery

3.1 3.1.1 A Brief History

United Ara

The United Arab Emirates is located in Middle East/ South West Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia. it is on a strategic location along northern approaches to the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil. The total area of the UAE is approximately 83,600 square kilometers. The UAE has had a few archeological finds that indicate the trade with Mesopotamian civilization. Along with these discoveries, there were also evidences of local tribes from neighboring countries, moving through the UAE. Later, emerged the Islamic religion (circa 630 AD) and also the Portuguese, English and Dutch colonial forces in around the 16th century. The locals eventually signed a treaty with the British to combat piracy, thus creating the ‘Trucial States’ (were, collectively, know as the pirate coast) and defining the coastal emirates. This treaty was signed so that the British could protect these emirates from land attack in return for their loyalty to them. The pearling industry was the main source of income of the locals, during the 19th and the 20th century. The First World War, the great depression of 1920s-30s, the invention of the cultured pearl by the Japanese, began to wipe out the trade. It was eventually wiped out after the Second World War and imposition of heavy taxation on pearl imports by the Government of India. At this point, the Arab states were in extreme economic hardship. Eventually, the British set on a search to find oil in the Arab states. After several surveys, Abu Dhabi in collaboration with a few petroleum companies, struck oil over the Umm Sharif pearl bed in Abu Dhabi waters. Abu Dhabi’s oil exports started by 1962, further oil discoveries were made in Dubai and Sharjah. Dubai commenced exportation by 1969; this is when Dubai’s invested to eventually create a global city.

ab Emirates

By 1966, The British could no longer afford to administer and protect the Trucial States, and eventually decided to pull out of what we now call the UAE. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and ruler of Dubai, decided to form a union into which five other emirates were invited to join. The United Arab Emirates was initially formed with six emirates in December 1971. But, became a federation of seven emirates in Feburary 1972. The seven emirates are namely: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Umm Al Quwain, Ajman and Fujairah.

3.1.1.2. Activities in the UAE Pre- Oil Before oil was discovered and exported in the UAE, a “vast majority of the population worked in pearling, fishing, trading and dhow building.” Just before the Second World War, 85% of the population of Abu Dhabi worked in the pearling industry which contributed 95% of the country’s economy. The oasis dwellers, engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry and rural handicrafts such as, ‘fashioning of silver ornaments, daggers, the weaving of bishts from camel hair and pottery.’

3.1.1.2 Dhow Building 3.1.1.2.1 What is a Dhow? The Dhow (traditional name for a sailing vessel or perhaps coined by the British), typically sports a long thin hull and are used to carry items like fruit, water or merchandise; for trading purposes. They are used along the coasts of the Arab states in the Persian Gulf, East Africa, Yemen, South Asia in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean region. These boats can range from 12-30 crew members, depending on it’s size.

3.1.1.2.2 Boat Building in the UAE After pearling, boat building was the most important manufacturing industry. The industry imported several materials used in Dhow building from India, Somalia, Iran, Iraq, Zanzibar, Bahrain, and Kuwait. Although, local boats (called the Shashah) were also created entirely from the local date palm, usually built by the user. Today, the

same techniques from the past nurture the boat building tradition, using the same basic materials and tools. These boats are constructed using shell construction that is, fitting of planks first and ribs later, which is the usual technique. Although, templates are used to shape the hull planking, the construction of the boat is done without any plans or drawings. The craftsmen’s expertise lies in the experience and their instinct as measurements are usually taken by eye. The construction is usually overseen by a master craftsman, called the ‘ustadh’ (an honorific title). ‘The tools used in building boats, from the smallest to the largest, are very simple. Hammer, saw, adze, bow-drill, chisel, plane and caulking iron are, amazingly, all that is required to produce such a sophisticated and graceful end-product.’ The article, ‘Boats and Boat- Building’, published by the website UAE Interact (supported by the UAE National Media Council) mentions the building of boats before and after the European invasion:

The boatsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; design play an important role as it not only is used for trading purposes and carry heavy weights, but also the design helps to create racing dhows which can support multiple rows of oarsmen. Today, the traditions of racing on special occasions and building dhow boats with skilled craftsmen, give the country an honorable gift of the past.

The famous â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Haririâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; print (1237) is one of the few surviving representations of a medieval Arab ship before European influences brought changes. Their technical characteristics and relatively shallow draught meant that the traditional Arab ship was ideal for negoti ating the treacherous coral reefs and sand banks of the shallow Gulf waters. Stitched hulls appear also to have made the vessels more flexible, capable of standing the shock of being landed straight onto beaches in heavy surf. A disadvantage was their tendency to ship water. Oil, preferably

shark-oil, was used in an attempt to prevent this by sealing up the cracks between the planks. European influence over the centuries has given rise to a whole selection of dhows with square sterns; but the double-ended form persists in the boum and badan among others. The lateen sail remained unchanged. However, the nailing of planks together has supplanted the less robust method of sewing.

3.1.2 The Industrialization of Dubai The UAE did not pass through the hypothetical development â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;stagesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; that most developed countries seem to have experienced. Rather, its large oil revenues have allowed her to leap these stages to the stage of high mass consumption. Massive oil revenues have enabled the UAE to short-cut the usually difficult and lengthy process of saving and capital accumulation necessary for economic development. Given an abundance of natural resource endowments (oil and gas), the UAE has embraced resource-based industries (RBI) as a development strategy, an industrial strategy that is based on utilization of natural resources.

The main factors, which have acted as a constraint on UAE industrial development, are limited raw materials, and the size of the domestic market. On the other hand, the abundance of natural mineral resources, the ready availability of financial capital, a well-established infrastructure, a flexible labor and employment policy, the availability of cheap energy, industrial zones and various incentives in legislation, plus political and social stability have been the main resource and incentive for UAE industrialization.

3.1.3 Economic Imbalance in the UAE During the formation of the UAE, the northern emirates were fairly poorer, still seen till date. Emirates such as Ras Al Khaimah, Umm al Quwain, Fujairah, did not have any oil reserves to create revenues from, unlike Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah, where oil in commercial quantities was found. The northern emirates show a developing context, when compared to their counterparts. Abu Dhabi and Dubai have grown economically to a great extent in the last Dubai

Abu Dhabi

Sharjah The diminishing character of roads and built environment through the emirates

10 years, hence the economic gap between the northern emirates has magnified. This has led to many Emiratis (locals) migrate to the south. These poorer emirates, depend on the financing from Abu Dhabi and have benefitted vastly ever since their independence. The northern emirates are provided with water, food, electricity, petroleum and funding for educational facilities. The development of Abu Dhabi and Dubai, proves trickling down process, that the northern emirates are provided with better facilities by time.

Umm Al Quwain

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

2000 1800 1600 14 1400 12 1200 10 1000 8 800 6 600 4 400 2 200

PLANTS PER EMIRATE

CA S PIT AR AL W OLL ORTH IN BILLION U.S. D

SHARJAH

AJMAN

1340 1.4

1,875 5.9

DUBAI

12 10 8

6 4 2

Abu Dhabi Dubai Sharjah Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah Umm Al Quwain Plants Per Emirate Capital Worth in Billion USD

860 0.5

ABU DHABI 346 12.6

RAS AL KHAIMAH 186 1.6

UMM AL QUWAIN 162 0.179

FUJAIRAH 73 2.1

Plants Per Emirate, in Comparison to Capital

ABU DHABI

Economic differences between the emirates

DUBAI

FUJAIRAH

RAS AL KHAIMAH

SHARJAH

AJMAN

UMM AL QUWAIN

Emirate Capital Comparison

High income countries UAE is classified as one of the high income countries, but at the same time, has not reached the level of industrialization to call it an industrialized nation.

GDP's Countries/Economies in current prices (U.S. dollars) of year 2016 and 2020 355.8 284.519 347.1 296.642 356.5 302.571 472.7 302.748 379.9 307.917 488 311.687 374.2 311.739 379.7 316.07 192.8 333.715 433.4 346.565 496.9 375.022 432 376.268 446.1 387.299 457.2 457 2 390.592 544.9 412.304 482.7 415.08 582.7 467.35 543.1 543 1 470.179 581.6 517.44 590.4 519.149 773.4 541.748 816.6 816 6 637.785 744.8 662.483 912.5 735.716 893.2 893 2 769.93 1274 940.953 1325 1063.61 1457 1252.16 1574 1256.64 1698 1267.75 1747 1404.38 1856 1532.34 2214 1769.6 2046 1852.5

Pakistan Singapore Denmark Malaysia Ireland Philippines Israel Hong Kong SAR Venezuela Egypt United Arab Emirates Norway Austria Thailand Islamic Republic of Iran Nigeria Poland Belgium Sweden Taiwan Province of China Argentina Saudi Arabia Switzerland Turkey N th l d Netherlands Indonesia Mexico Spain A t li Australia Russia Korea Canada B il Brazil Italy

3297 2250.99 2851 2488.28 2928 2649.89 4008 3494.9

India France United Kingdom Germany

5506 4730.3

Japan China

16458

11391.62

United States

18561.93

5000

UAE GDP compared to other countries

10000

15000

21927

20000 Projected GDP in 2020

25000 GDP in 2016

Newly Industrialised Nations On the path to Industrialization

GDP's Countries/Economies in current prices (U.S. dollars) of year 2016 and 2020 488

Philippines

311.687 374.2

Israel

311.739 379.7

Hong Kong SAR

316.07 192.8

Venezuela

333.715 433.4

Egypt

346.565 496.9

United Arab Emirates

375.022 432

Norway

376.268 446.1

Austria

387.299 457.2

Thailand Th il d

390.592 544.9

Islamic Republic of Iran

412.304 482.7 482 7

Nigeria

415.08 582.7

Poland

467.35 543.1

Belgium

470.179 581.6

Sweden

517.44 590.4

Taiwan Province of China

519.149 773.4

Argentina

541.748 541 748 816.6

Saudi Arabia

637.785 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Projected GDP in 2020

800

900

GDP in 2016

UAE GDP; Increasng at a better rate than most countries

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao Frank Gehry Denver Art Museum, Colorado Daniel Lebiskind Whitney Museum, New York Renzo Piano

Data Collection and Observations Case Studies 69

4.1

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain

Frank Gehry This museum designed by Frank Gehry has changed the way the public perceives architecture. It is set on the bank of Nervion River in Bilbao, Spain. It represents complex curves and swirls that are contrasting to the industrial urban context. It challenges the connections between art and architecture, it being an art museum. The museumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intricate form and how it helped the economy of the town, makes it one of the bestknown buildings in the world. Bilbao, Spain Bilbao is a municipality and city in Spain, a major city in the province of Biscay in the autonomous community of the Basque Country Bilbao was a commercial hub of the Basque Country that enjoyed significant importance in Green Spain. This was due to its port activity based on the export of iron extracted from the Biscayan quarries. Throughout the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, Bilbao experienced heavy industrialization, making it the centre of the second-most industrialized region of Spain, behind Barcelona. Nowadays, Bilbao is a vigorous service city that is experiencing an ongoing social, economic, and aesthetic revitalization process, started by the iconic

Bilbao Guggenheim Museum, and continued by infrastructure investments, such as the airport terminal, the rapid transit system, the tram line and other projects. The project was proposed to Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation by the Basque government; to make the museum the part of larger redevelopment plans. It was to be built in the port area, which was the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main source of income before being struck by de-industrialization. The project would modernize the industrial town. After its construction, the museum gained international acclaim and became a popular tourist destination amongst non- nationals. The riverside site is on the northern edge of the city center. A road and railway line is to the south, the river to the north, and the Salve Bridge to the east. The building circulates and extrudes around the Salve Bridge, creates a curved riverside promenade, and forms a public plaza on the south side of the site. Although the metallic form of the exterior looks almost floral from above, from the ground the building more closely resembles a boat, evoking the past industrial life of the port of Bilbao. Constructed of titanium, limestone, and glass, the curves of the exterior are designed to catch the light and react to the sun and the weather. Fixing clips make a shallow central dent in each of the 0.38mm titanium tiles, making the surface appear to ripple in the changing light and giving an extraordinary iridescence to the overall composition. Because of their mathematical intricacy, the twisting curves were designed using a 3-D design software called CATIA, which allows for complex designs and calculations that would not have been possible a few years ago. Essentially, the software digitizes points on the edges, surfaces, and intersections of Gehryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hand-built models to construct on-screen models that can then be manipulated in the manner of animated cartoons. The buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s walls and ceilings are load bearing,

containing an internal structure of metal rods that form grids with triangles. CATIA calculated the number of bars required in each location, as well as the bars’ positions and orientations. In addition to this structure, the walls and ceilings have several insulating layers and an outer coating of titanium. Each piece is exclusive to its location, determined by the CATIA software. The large, light-filled atrium serves as the organizing center of the museum, distributing 11,000 square meters of exhibition space over nineteen galleries. Ten of these galleries follow a classic orthogonal plan that can be identified from the exterior by a limestone finish. The remaining nine galleries are identified from the outside by swirling organic forms clad in titanium. The largest gallery is 30 meters wide and 130 meters long and houses a permanent installation called “The Matter of Time” by Richard Serra. The socio-economic impact of the museum has been astounding. During the first three years of operation, almost 4 million tourists visited the museum, generating about 500 million in profit. Furthermore, the money visitors spent on hotels, restaurants, shops and transport collected over 100 million in taxes, which more than offset the cost of the building. However, the promise of the “Bilbao Effect” also sparked a building boom in “statement” architecture across the globe, one which proved imprudent in the wake of the recent economic crisis. Nevertheless, the Museum remains an iconic structure renowned for its complexity and form. The Bilbao Effect The Bilbao effect, which has been attributed to the commissioning of signature architects to rebrand, repositions, or otherwise publicize the cities of advanced capitalism thorough boldly expressive showpiece museums, libraries, concert halls, railway stations and convention centers

Sa lbe

Ingelesen Landako Kaia

ko Zu b

Nervion River

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Biblioteca CRAI

Torre Iberdola

Republica de Abando Park

Euskadi Plaza

Foot Brigde

Site Map showing various landmarks

Train Tracks Vehicular Traffic

Ground Floor

Exhibition Space/ Galleries Lobbies/ Visitor’s service/Reception/Foyer Circulation/ Atrium Washrooms/Toilets Mechanical Rooms Storage Public Leisure Areas Educational Employee Use Exhibits Preperation Area Auditorium services Retail Loading Dock

First Floor Plan

Secong floor Plan Exhibition Space/ Galleries Lobbies/ Visitor’s service/Reception/Foyer Circulation/ Atrium Washrooms/Toilets Mechanical Rooms Storage Public Leisure Areas Educational Employee Use Exhibits Preperation Area Auditorium services Retail Loading Dock

Third Floor Plan

Roof Plan

Longitudinal section through entrance square

Section through entrance square

Section through galleries Exhibition Space/ Galleries Lobbies/ Visitor’s service/Reception/Foyer Circulation/ Atrium Washrooms/Toilets Mechanical Rooms Storage Public Leisure Areas Educational BILBAO MUSEUM Employee Use Exhibits Preperation Area Auditorium services Ground Spaces Retail Floor Loading Dock Exhibition Space/ Galleries 5530

Lobbies/Reception/ Foyer Circulation/ Atrium Washrooms/ Toilets Mechanical Rooms Storage Public Leisure Area Educational E l Employee U Use Exhibits Preparation Area Auditorium Services Loading Area Retail Totals (sqm.)

878 2049 75 550 1564 192

First Floor 3169 328 852 152

Second Floor 2654 270 587 78

Third Floor

1013 259 307 272 777

566

726 505 200 158 12427

5857

4414

1013

Totals (sqm.) 11353 1476 3488 305 1563 1823 499 272 1343 726 505 200 158 23711

North Elevation

South Elevation

East Elevation

West Elevation

4.2

Denver Art Museum

Denver, Colorado, USA Daniel Lebiskind “The materials of the building closely relate to the existing context as well as innovative new materials (such as titanium) which together will form spaces that connect local Denver tradition to the 21st Century” Libeskind’s design consists of a series of geometric volumes inspired by the peaks and valleys of the mountain range. A sharply angled cantilevered section juts across the street, pointing towards the existing Museum by Milanese architect Gio Ponti, which first opened in 1971. The Frederic C. Hamilton Building, as the 146,000-square-foot Denver Art Museum extension is clad with 9,000 titanium panels that cover the building’s surface and reflect the Colorado landscape. Daniel Libeskind conceived of the extension project as part of a composition of public spaces, monuments and gateways in the developing part of the city, tying together downtown, the Civic Center, and forming a strong connection to the golden triangle neighborhood. The Acoma Plaza of the Arts, which is the “front yard” of the Museum, is filled with public art (amongst them, pieces by Beverly Pepper, Claes Oldenburg, Coosje van Bruggen and Mark di Suvero) and

is a stage for public events. The Museum has served as an engine of rejuvenation for the entire neighborhood with new museums and housing joining the landscape of the complex. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The new building is not based on an idea of style or the rehashing of ready made ideas or external shape because its architecture does not separate the inside from the outside or provide a pretty facade behind which a typical experience exists; rather this architecture has an organic connection to the public at large and to those aspects of experience that are also intellectual, emotional, and sensual. The integration of these dimensions for the enjoyment and edification of the public is achieved in a building that respects the hand crafted nature of architecture and its immediate communication from the hand, to the eye, to the mind. After all, the language of architecture beyond words themselves is the laughter of light, proportion and materiality.â&#x20AC;?

Site Map

Basement Plan

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

Second Floor Plan

Third Floor Plan

Longitudinal Section

Exhibition Space/ Galleries Lobbies/ Visitor’s service/Reception/Foyer Circulation/ Atrium Washrooms/Toilets Mechanicalthrough Rooms Section auditorium Storage Public Leisure Areas Educational Employee Use Exhibits Preperation Area Auditorium services Retail Loading Dock

Section through atrium

Denver Art Museum

Exhibition Lobbies/Reception/ Foyer Circulation/ Atrium Washrooms/ Toilets Mechanical Rooms Storage Public Leisure Area Educational Employee Use Exhibits Preparation Area Auditorium Services Loading Area Retail T t l ((sqm.)) Totals

139 281 95 755 1333

355 545 91 28 65 931

161 396 308 124

1413

Second Floor 1285

1455

427 45 77

216 51 134

182 58 100

First Floor

Third Floor

304 3592

2938

1962

1747

1795

Totals (sqm.) 4725 494 1651 340 1094 1398 931 0 269 396 308 124 304 12034

Whitney Museum of American Art 4.3

New York, USA Renzo Piano The museum was founded in 1930, and was moved to its current location, Madison Avenue, in 1966, designed by Marcel Breuer. The new museum, which is estimated to expand a 100 fold, will be situated in Manhattan, New York. The site lies between the Hudson and the High Line, Manhattan’s recently completed elevated urban park (built on the disused 1930’s New York Central Railroad), on Gansevoort Street. The eight-storey building is clad in blue-grey steel panels and has an asymmetrical design. Tiers of light terraces and glazed walkways are designed facing the Gansevoort Street whereas; facing the Hudson River is the bulk of the building. The Museum is entered through a dramatic entrance described as a ‘cantilevered largo’. It opens to public space, a shared space, with views to the Hudson and the High Line entrance. This main entrance lobby also serves as a public gallery of free-entry exhibition space.

Level three houses a 170-retractible seat theatre with double-height views over the Hudson River, along with technical spaces and offices. Around50,000 sq. ft (4 650 sq. m) of gallery space is distributed over levels five, six, seven and eight. The fifth level supports an 18,000 sq ft (1670 sq. m), column-free gallery, making it the largest open-plan museum gallery in New York City. This gallery is reserved for temporary exhibitions and large works of contemporary art. The permanent collection is exhibited on two floors, level six and seven. These two floors also step back towards the west to create 13,000 sq ft (1 200 sq. m) of outdoor sculpture terraces. Museum offices, education centre, conservation laboratories and library reading room are situated north of the building’s core on levels three to seven, including a multi-use theatre for film, video and performance on level five.Finally, on the top floor is the ‘studio’ gallery and a café, naturally lit by a skylight system in ‘saw-tooth’ configuration.

Loading/ Receiving Area

Exhibition Gallery

VOIDS Reception

Cafe/ Restaurant

Lobby Museum Store

Main Entrance

Site and Ground Floor Plan

Terrace

Art Handling Art Handling Film/ Video

Exhibition Gallery

Fifth Floor Plan

Offices

Conservation Lab

Exhibition Gallery

Sixth Floor Plan

Study Center

Terrace

Ground floor activities Special/ Permanent Exhibitions Employee Use Mechanical/ Maintenance Loading dock/ Storage/ Exhibits Preparation Area Vertical Circulation/ Cores Terraces Circulation

Open Office

Meeting Room Library

Exhibition Gallery

Terrace

Seventh Floor Plan

Offices

Trustee Room

Open Offices

Kitchen

Exhibition Gallery

Terrace

Restaurant

Eighth Floor Plan

Studio Gallery

Permant Gallery

Exhibition Gallery

Offices Theatre

Theatre Lobby

Offices

Facilities

Restaurant

Mechanical Room

East West Section

Mechanical Room

Ground floor activities Special/ Permanent Exhibitions Employee Use Mechanical/ Maintenance Loading dock/ Storage/ Exhibits Preparation Area Vertical Circulation/ Cores Terraces Circulation

Mechanical Room Studio Exhibition Gallery

Offices

Permanent Gallery

Paintings

Offices

Exhibition Gallery Corr. Offices

Offices

Corr.

Theatre Lobby

Corr.

Offices

Corr. Loading/ Receiving Corr. Area Coats Mechanical Room

North South Section

Ground floor activities Special/ Permanent Exhibitions Employee Use Mechanical/ Maintenance Loading dock/ Storage/ Exhibits Preparation Area Vertical Circulation/ Cores Terraces Circulation

whitney

Spaces Exhibition Space/ Galleries Lobbies/Reception/ Foyer Circulation/ Atrium Washrooms/ Toilets Mechanical Rooms Storage Public Leisure Area Ed ti l Educational Employee Use Exhibits Preparation Area Auditorium Services Loading Area Retail Totals (sqm.) q

Ground Floor 123 494 119 22 142 5 361

Fifth Floor Sixth Floor 2860

1637

Â 354

Seventh Floor 1093

Eighth Floor 503

259 41 57

241 67

334 185 146 155

66 35

338

288

134 238 127 1666

3493

2152

1788

1433

Totals (sqm.) 6216 494 727 130 199 359 695 185 838 190 134 238 127 10532

North Elevation

South Elevation

West Elevation

East Elevation

Ground floor activities Special/ Permanent Exhibitions Employee Use Mechanical/ Maintenance Loading dock/ Storage/ Exhibits Preparation Area Vertical Circulation/ Cores Terraces Circulation

Site Selection Detail Site Analysis Area Estimation Deisgn Approach

Site Context and Analysis

5.1

Site Selecti ASPECTS

Views Access to beach/sea Abandoned History Formative History Existing neighbouring iconic architecture, if yes, site does not fit criteria Is there potential for economic development after the project is built on site? If yes, site fits criteria Public transport availability Are there large scale developments immediately adjacent to the chosen site? If yes, site is less likely to fit criteria Totals

Umm Al Quwain Airport 2 3 3 1

Jazirat al Hamra (Ras Al Khaimah) 1 1 3 3

3 1

2 1

1 2

3 19

2 15

1 13

Table determinig the aspects and where the sites stand

100

Al Jaddaf Shipyard 3 3 1 1

ion Criteria Points acquired by three sites

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0 1

Umm Al Quwain Airport

Jazirat Al Hamra (Ras Al Khaimah)

Al Jaddaf Shipyard

Final Stand of all Sites

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Umm Al Quwain Airport

Jazirat al Hamra (Ras Al Khaimah)

Al Jaddaf Shipyard

101

Barracuda

ge rid B y Ba

Al Jaddaf Shipyard

SITE

Festival City Water Front

ss ine s Bu E SIT

Res

ort

Umm Al Quwain Airport/ Aeroclub E11

THE PERSIAN GULF

SHARJ

AJMAN

SHARJAH

DUBAI

102

Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Road; formerly known as Emirates road

5.1.1 Site Selection

RAS AL KHAIMAH

JAH

Emirates Road; Formerly known as Dubai Bypass Road

UMM AL QUWAIN

Former Fishing Village - Jazirat Al Hamra

SITE

103

Views offered at the chosen sites The site at the Umm Al Quwain Airport, offers views of the beach, the 1.8 km runway and the abandoned Ilyushin IL - 76, although just the tail portion. The site is otherwise, surrounded by the desert sand.

Beach View

Runway

Abandoned Russian Plane

The site located next to the abadoned village in Ras Al Khaimah, does not provide any direct views. Only if the structure to be built can be as tall to activate those views for the project. The views that can be offered are of the beach, the abandoned town itself and the luxurious setting of Al Hamra Village towards the west.

Beach View

Plazzo Versace

D1 Tower

Business Bay Bridge Beach View

Full Size Dhow

104

The Jaddaf Shipyard, looks upon the Festival City Waterfront, the Beach (the creek), Intercontinental Hotel and the underpass of the Business Bay Bridge which comes to life during the dark, with its signature blue lighting. Other views may include the full size dhow at one of the shipyards in the vicinity, the Plazzo Versace and the D1 Tower.

Accesibility to the beach The site at Umm Al Quwain has direct access to the beach, for now the shore is barricaded.

Beach Access

There is no direct access to the beach from site, neither it might be at a walkable distance during the hot hours of the day. Probable Beach Access

The bank of the water body in front of the site is open to the public. The public park there cars at the bank to get a good view of the sea and spend their leisure time. Some people are also seen fishing there.

Beach Access

105

Formative and Abandoned History Formative History Abandoned History

The formative history is taking into account, how the town got its financial stability in the past. The beach signifies the formative history here. The abandoned history is definately, where the site lies, the abandoned airport.

The abandoned village holds both the formative and abandoned history. The village is known as the fishing village which is now abandoned, due to better settlements around the area. Formative and Abandoned History

The site at Jaddaf Shipyards, does hold any abandoned history as there nothing on the site to be abandoned. Although the beach may represent, trade routes and economic activities in the past.

Formative History

106

Iconic architecture around the site The site in UAQ, has not seen much development in the past 12 years. The only well known areas around are the Baracuda Beach Resort and Dreamland Aquapark.

Dreamland Aquapark Barracuda Beach Resort

The site at Jazirat Al Hamra, is located next the famous abandoned village, also know as Ghost Town and the luxurious Al Hamra Development. Iconic Fishing Village

Al Hamra Development

The site in Dubai, is flanked by a few iconic structures such as, the Festival City Waterfront/ Mall, Business Bay Bridge, D1 Tower and Plazzo Versace.

Palazzo Versace

Business Bay Bridge

D1 Tower

107

~8kms away

Neighbouring Developments ~30kms away

~2kms away SITE

~6kms away

The site at UAQ has no immediately adjacent large sclae developments. Although, an Industrial area lies 6 kms away, whereas, the residences lie atleast 16-30 kms to the west. ~16kms away

~16kms away

~1 kms away

~5 kms away

SITE

~6kms away

The site at RAK, has a few large scale developments as it lies ahead of the UAQ economy. The site is ~30kms away not absolutely isolated and has major town atleast 7-16 kms away. The industrial area is located atleast 6 kms away.

Residential/ Tourist Industrial

108

Dubai has the second largest economies in the UAQ and a prospering global city, it is only viable to the a dense city compared to UAQ and RAK. The nearest city can be as close as 4 kms and can vary between, 16-30 kms away. ~7kms away

~4kms away

~6kms away ~13kms away

~1kms away

~4kms away

SITE

~8kms away

~6kms away ~1kms away ~2kms away ~9 kms away ~16kms away

~11kms away

Residential/ Tourist

Public Transport

Industrial

SITE

Metro Station Bus Stops

The site in Dubai, out of UAQ and RAK, only, has public transport available. UAQ and RAK have no bus stations or metro facilities.

109

1. Business Bay and the Intercontinental Hotel at Festival City. 1

SITE

3 4

SITE

2 1

110

1. The image is taken a few meteres away from the actual site, here seen is the Hamra Village luxurious development.

2. What lies on the actual site is an Integrated Water and Power Plant.

1. The abandoned buildings of the aiport/ aeroclub as seen from the runway i.e. the site.

2. The stretch of the runway, photo looking South of the site.

2. This a regular sight, an unused or ship under construction.

3. Palazzo Versace and the D1 Tower

3. Beyond what is seen in this picture is the abandoned town of Jazirat Al Hamra

4. The luxurious development on the far end and barricaded compound of the Power Plant.

3. The end/ start of the runway. Photo looking North.

4. Photo looking East at the barricaded shore.

111

5.2 5.2.1Umm Al Quwain

Detailed Si

5.2.1.1 Overview Umm Al Quwain is the second smallest and the least populated emirate. The population of UAE nationals mid-2010 was 17,482 comprising 8,671 males and 8,811 females. This is the only emirate where females outnumber males. UAQ covers about 1% of UAE’s area. It is located between Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah. The emirate displays a diverse typography compared to its counterparts. UAQ, in many obvious ways, is ‘anti-Dubai’. The emirate is not adorned by megamalls and international resorts . It may very well symbolize the UAE in its pre-oil days. The name ‘Umm Al Quwain’ literally means ‘the mother of two powers’ which refer to the sea and the land, the emirate’s traditional economic and agricultural powers. The emirate has rich mangroves on the coast of the Arabian Gulf and many islands that lie to the east of the mainland. The biggest island, Al Seniah, is home to Arabian gazelles, falcons and turtles. Falaj Al Mualla is the agricultural area of the emirate located 50 km south of Umm Al Quwain.

5.2.1.2Local Tourists Attractions - Umm Al Quwain Fort, was the home of the ruler of emirate, but later became a museum. - Dreamland Aqua Park. It is a recreational and water park resort, and one of the best known water parks in the UAE. - The old town, the business district and a few hotels are at the northern tip of a 12km-long, narrow peninsula accessed by the busy, strip mall–lined King Faisal Rd. Other attractions are along Hwy E11 heading north.

5.2.1.3 Economy of UAQ As the smallest emirate both in terms of population and the size of its economy, Umm al- Quwain has seen much steadier growth than the rest of the UAE

112

ite Analysis Between 2002 and 2008, gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged 10.1 per cent a year, peaking at 18 per cent between 2005 and 2006. In 1976, small quantities of oil and large reserves of gas were discovered off the coast of Umm alQuwain, but these have not made any significant contribution to the economy of the emirate. Its economy relies on light industry, trading, real estate, fishing and activity at the Ahmed bin Rashid Port and Free Trade Zone. Umm alQuwainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s GDP accounted for 1 per cent of the UAE economy. The commercial / industrial projects have activated the import / export business as these projects are gaining an unlimited support from the various governmental authorities of the emirate of Umm Al Quwain. Industrial productivity units are increasing successively in the emirate of Umm Al Quwain as lots of factories are opened (i.e. ready mix, threads and textile, cement, bricks, marble, furniture, fiber glass, rubber and boats factories etc.). Agriculture & animal husbandry are concentrated in Kober, Al Surra, Al Mahdhab & Falaj Al-Mualla, which is one of the biggest villages in Umm Al Quwain (famous for palm trees along the eastern side of Al Batha valley). Cattle & poultry farming is growing up where a modern dairy farm was setup serving & catering the emirate & other markets in the UAE. Fishing is a traditional activity in Umm Al Quwain since the pearl diving days prior to the oil & the UAE federation. Fish wealth is abundant in Umm Al Quwain & includes grouper, oriental sole, kingfish, emperor, bream & prawns. The key strengths of Umm Al Quwain economy are , the extensive and attractive waterfront, proximity to Dubai and Sharjah, cheaper cost of living (including housing), cheaper land, labor and construction costs, established fishing and boating construction industries, the port presence and the agriculture industry.

113

5.2.2

Site Accessibili PERSIAN GULF

Dreamland Aquapark Barracuda Resort

SHALLOW WATERS

E11 Abandoned Umm Al Quwain Airport/Aeroclub

SITE

Al Ittihad Rd

Umm Al Quwain Shooting Club

1.80 km long runway

Abandoned Ilyushin IL - 76

Emirates Motor Sports Complex

Highway Secondary Roads Illegal Access Abandoned Runway Chosen Site

114

ity and Zoning Dreamland Aquapark Baracuda Beach Resort

Former UAQ Airport / Aeroclub

Former UAQ Shooting Club

Emirates Motoring Sports Complex Abandoned Region Recreation Religious Authorities

115

5.2.3

Site Surro 6

4 1

2 5

1. Runway, looking South

116

2. Abandoned Ilyushin IL - 76 and Aeroclub/ Airport builsings in the distance

oundings 3. Baracuda Beach Resort, looking North East

4. Barricaded Shore, looking North West

5. Civil defence, Petrol Station and Mosque. looking East

6. Start/ end of the runway, looking North

117

5.2.4

Historical

2004-2016 This part of the emirate has seen no development since 2004. The historical imagery, has remained the same for the past 12 years. Even the places that are on the map, such as the UAQ airport and the UAQ Shooting Club have been shut down, due to low public interest and better facilities in

118

other emirates. Once we start looking at larger raduis, the industrial area starts setlling (pictures on the right). Although, the amount development is not significant in that region well. In all, this area is stagnant in growth.

a in of as

l Imagery 2004

2005

2010

2011

2015

2016

119

5.2.5 Climate

Natural Cha

During November to March, the average temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) by day and 15 °C (59 °F) at night, but it can rise to over 40 °C (104 °F) [4] in the peak of the summer and when humidity levels are high. The rainfall is minimal and averages 42 mm (1.7 in) a year. The coastline experiences cooling sea breezes during the day.

Flora and Fauna

Al-Sinniyah island, close to the town of Umm al-Qaiwain is home to the UAE’s largest Socotra cormorant colony, with over 15,000 pairs making it the third largest colony in the world. Arabian gazelle have been introduced to Sinniyah and appear to be prospering. Blacktip reef sharks patrol the outer shoreline, while green turtles are ubiquitous in the inner leads in particular.

Al Sinniyah Island

120

aracteristics Geology

Delta or Shoal Deposits Desert Plain Deposits Sabkha Fluviatile Deposits Beach Deposits Aeolian Sand Dunes

Runway

The coast, where the abandoned airport is located, naturally, has delta and shoal deposits. Geographical definition of Shoal: In oceanography, geomorphology, and Earth Sciences, a shoal is a natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material, and rises from the bed of a body of water to near the surface. Shoals are also known as sandbanks, sandbars, or gravelbars.

Sometimes, this terms refers to either (1) Any relatively shallow place in a stream, lake, sea, or other body of water (2) A rocky area on the sea floor within an area mapped for navigation purposes (3) A growth of vegetation on the bottom of a deep lake that occurs at any depth (4) A verb for the process of proceeding from a greater to a lesser depth of water

121

Sun Movements

122

Wind Statistics

123

5.3 S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Lobby Reception Security Retail Retail Storage Atrium Docent's Office Washroom (M)(with disabled) Washroom (F)(with disabled)

Area Req (sqm)

Auditorium Lobby Auditorium Green Room Projection Room Powder Room Open Theatre

1 2 3

Large Galleries Small Galleries Outdoor Galleries Interactive Gallery (cybergallery) Totals

5 6

Totals

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

100 50 20 300 100 800 20

50 20 2 30 1 200 1

1430

310

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

200 120 70 50 150 200 100 890

50 20 8 5 15 30 2 130

1 1 1 1 1 1

50 450 20 30 9 130 689

25 250 5 2 1 100 383

1500 500 500

1 2 1

1500 1000 500

100 60 20

300

3300

195

200 120 70 50 150 200 100

Auditorium Facilities

Totals

50 450 20 30 9 130

Galleries

Back of House facilities

Large Storage Small Storage Loading Dock Back of House Manager's Office Security Pantry Totals

Expected No. Of People

100 50 20 300 100 800 20

Public Leisure Facilities

1 2 3 4 5 6

Total Area Req (sqm)

Totals

CafĂŠ/ Bar Deli Large Kitchen Small Kitchen Outdoor Cafe Observation Deck Storage

1 2 3

No. Of Units

Entrance

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

124

Space

Area Est

300 120 300

2 1 1

600 120 300

5 5 5

9 6

1 1

9 6 1047

2 2 21

timation

Exhibits' Preparation Facilities

1 2 3 4 5

Conservation Photography Lab Printing Area Workshop Storage

1 2 3 4 5 6

Lobby/ Tickets Buffer area Briefing area Indoor Studios Outdoor Studio/Seating Storage

1 2 3 4

Library Study Area Librarian's Office Bookstore Bookstore Manager/ Salesman's office Coffee station/ Pantry Outdoor Seating

5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

Large Meeting Room Small Meeting Room Open Offices Director's Office Curator's Office Registrar's Office Public Relations Office Washrooms (m/f)

1 Mechanical space 2 Maintenance space

Totals

90 30 30 200 100

1 1 1 1 1

90 30 30 200 100 450

3 1 3 5 2 35

1 1 1 2 1 1

30 20 50 90 30 200 420

10 1 2 28 15 2 58

260 170 20 200

1 1 1 1

260 170 20 200

40 20 2 15

9 100

1 1

9 100 779

1 35 115

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

100 30 200 20 12 12 20 80 394

40 15 5 2 1 1 2 4 70

1200 100 1300

5 5 10

Crafts Studio 30 20 50 45 30 200

Educational

Administration

Totals

100 30 200 20 12 12 20 40

Maintenance and Mechanical Totals

1200 100

125

Space Entrance Public Leisure facilities Auditorium Facilties Galleries Back of House Exhibits Preparation facilities Crafts Studio Educational Administration Maintenance and Mechanical Totals

1430 890 689 3300 1047

Expected no. of People 310 130 558 195 21

450

420 779 394

58 77 75

1300

10699

1471

Total Area (sqm)

Final Totals

Maintenance and Mechanical 12%

Entrance 13%

Administration 4%

Educational 7%

Public Leisure facilities 8%

Auditorium Facilties 7%

Crafts Studio 4% Exhibits Preparation facilities 4%

Back of House 10%

Galleries 31%

Area Coverage

126

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 Entrance

Public Leisure facilities

Auditorium Facilties

Galleries

Back of House

Total Area (sqm)

Exhibits Preparation facilities

Crafts Studio

Educational

Administration

Maint. and Mech.

Expected no. of People

Area Coverage and Estimated Number of People

127

128 l na m Ad

Outdoor Gallery(s)

o ati

Small Gallery(s)

Large Gallery(s)

a re A s aft

Open Theatre

Immediately Adjacent Important Adjacency Resonably Convenient Not Important Remote Private Spaces

Powder Room

Projection Room

Backstage

of k se c Ba ou H

Green Room

Auditorium

Observation Deck

Outdoor Cafe

c Fa

ies li it

Small Kitchen

Le isu m iu r i to ud

Large Kitchen

Pu bl ic

Deli

Cafe/ Bar

Atrium

Seating Area

nc tra

Retail

Security

Reception

Lobby

ain

& h. c e M

. in

ts bi tion i h a Ex par e Pr

ies r e all

Maintenance Space

Mechanical Space

Staff Offices

Open Offices

Small Meeting Room

Conference Room

Outdoor Seating

Bookstore

Study Area

Library

Outdoor Studio(s)

Indoor Studio(s)

Briefing Area

Public Crafts Area

Workshop

Printing Area

Photography Lab

Conservation

M e M ch ain . & t.

Pantry

Loading Dock

Small Storage

ic Pu bl

Large Storage

in . Ad m

na l d u ca t io

aft s A re a

G a l l er i es P E r ep xhib a r ati its on

Fa ic li tie s ud ti o riu m

Le isu

e En

tr a nc B H ac ou k of se

Interactive Gallery(s) nt .

Space Relationship Matrix

129

5.4

Design A Barracuda Beach Resort

RUN tive H Forma

istory

WAY

Bowsprit

it iding w Coinc

Lin

Fo rm

f Si

ght t

ative H h Form

istory

Hypothetical Site

Exixting runway and buildngs of the Umm Al Quwain Airport

ativ e

XA b ban andon don ed Hi ed sto Ilyu ry shi nI L-7 6

Aban

Highway/ Secondary Road

d His done

tory

Proposed Entry to Site

130

E 11 Al Ittihad Rd

Illegal Access Abandoned Iluyushin IL-76 with ‘Palma Beach Resort’ printed on it’s fuselage

Proposed Access Line of Sight

Approach

Public Trespassing

131

R UN

PERSIAN GULF

low to be

Open

below

Observation Deck

AB AN

Open Theatre Auditorium

Cafe/Bar

Outdoor Cafe

IV EA ND

DO NE

ILY US

AN D

HI N

IL76

(RU

SS IA

ORY HIST

Proposed Ground Floor Spaces

FO RM AT

Large Storage

Lobby

NED N DO ABA

LIN

132

Atrium

IV RMAT

to Open

Bowsprit

Exhibits Preparation Area

WAY Large Gallery

}

Only for employee use

Large Storage

Retail

Lobby

TORY E HIS FO FROM GH T OF SI Y TO E R N E I L L UM G AL E ATRI G H R U LA O R H T SPRIT BOW

Mechanical Equipment

)

Large Gallery; located below the runway

Entrance Circulation Moderate Connection Strong Connection

R UN

Bookstore

PERSIAN GULF

Library/ Study

Bowsprit Observation Deck observation deck

TORY E HIS ATIV M R FO ROM HT F O F SIG O E R E YT LIN GALL H ATRIUM E G U L AR THRO SPRIT W O B

Outdoor Cafe

Open to Below

Crafts Area

Administration

Open to Below

Small Gallery

FO TO

Small Storage

Circulation Moderate Connection Strong Connection

NED N DO ABA

LIN

Atrium

Interative Gallery

WAY

Small Gallery

Open to Below

O HIST

RM AT IV EA AB AN ND DO AB NE AN D DO ILY NE US D HI HI N ST ILOR 76 Y (RU SS IA N AI

RP LA

)

Proposed First Floor Spaces

133

Design Documentation Conceptual Model Diagrams Shadow Study

134

Concept Design and Implementation

135

6.1

136

Design Doc

cumetation TRAIN OF THOUGHT Revival of Forgotten/Least Popular Areas Relation between Craftsmen and Architects

Tools used in boat building

Local Identity+ Globalization

Starchitecture

Sparking Urban Sprawl

Increase in F&B oulets, shopping centers/stores, etc.

Economic Past of the UAE

Fishing

Pearl Diving

Factories

Depicton of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Bilbao Effectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Branding

Impact of Starchitecture

Iconoclasm

Localised Architecture Elements

Traditional Architecture and Materials

Boat Building Methods

Incorporation of Boat/Dhow structure

Industrialisation

137

138

6.1.1 Concept Proposal 1Iconoclasm (â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;floatingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; space) Experimentation with floating structure that may have decent visibility from the highway that runs past the abandoned plane. The floating structure may be taken as floating ship, not in the literal sense, but in the most abstract manner. Merely a solid, definitely translucent and grand. This structure can become an icon, because of its height as a floating object

139

Elevation Studies

140

141

Laying out the lattice for the incoming floating structure that stands an icon for vessels in the sea

Incorporation of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;floatingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; structure, and slanted element for furthir support

142

Smaller internal supports

RUNWAY

PERSIAN GULF

143

144

145

146

147

6.1.2 Concept Proposal 2Strong Axes This concept is dwells on the existing urban axes and a few axes that have been created according to the surroundings. The language of metabolism is chosen as it signifies a major part of the history of industrailization and architecture.

148

149

Elevation Studies

150

151

Creating a second abandoned axis (the first abandoned axis being the runway) towards the UAQ Shooting Club, which is also abandoned

ABANDONED AXIS 1

RUNWAY

AB AN DO N

PERSIAN GULF

AX I

Visual Connection to the Shooting Club and Highway, also other abandoned elements on site

Structure advancing towards the shore, to benefit from the views

Creating structures around the newly formed axis to enhance it and grow the cubical architecture towards the new axis.

152

Creating a twisted structure to accentuate the importance of the axis and creating a gathering space above the runway

RUNWAY

PERSIAN GULF

153

154

155

156

157

6.1.3 Concept Proposal 3Urban Perspective Here, introduced is a curved structure supporting a floating taranslucnet mass. This combination inturn is laid out in an urban setting with a walkable space connecting the highway, an intermediate space and then the museum (curved structure and floating mass)

158

159

Floating translucent structure supported by curved forms

Intermediate space meant as connection between the opposite side of the Ittihad road and the structure

Visual connection between runway structure and opposite side of the highway

Existing buildings of the abandoned UAQ Airport

Existing Runway

160

Abandoned Ilyushin IL-76

The urban fabric of this region in UAQ has not been touched for over a decade. Many people have left, places have been abandoned. This is an attempt to unite these abandoned regions on a 10 km radius, by using the existing urban axes and building new visual cues.

Possible walking connection through the abandoned site and existing buildings

Al Ittihad Rd

161

Persian Gulf

RUNWAY

162

RUNWAY

Persian Gulf

Laying out curved structure to incorporate future floating object

Creating a hollow space for visual connections to the surounding abandoned elements

Floating structure for public flow and open view of the abandoned runway

Conceptual visualization of curved structure

Translucent structure, represented with folds

Creating views to surrounding abandoned elements

PUBLIC

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

6.1.4 Concept Propsal 4Craftsmanship/ Boat Building Here proposed is the concept of incorporating the building techniques of boats, taking inspiration from the craftsmanship in dhow boats building. Objects like the mast, bowsprit of the ship, and the cables connecting them are some of the main elements from which the aesthetics are driven.

Mast of the ship

Bowsprit

170

171

Elevation Studies

172

173

RUN Y WA

Main space which includes entry; could include atrium/ gallery Brings interior elements to a central focus

Structure opens to the Persian Gulf

Visual Axes

Visual connection to other abandoned areas around the runway

174

Creation of mast like structure, inspired from wooden boats/ships

Introduction of curved objects to capture the mannerism of ship sails

Addition of curved and angled sticks to enhance structure and create visual connections to the persian gulf and the abandones axis of the runway

PERSIAN GULF

RUNWAY

175

176

177

178

179

Bibliography Abed, Ibrahim Al. United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective. London: Trident, 2001. Print. Adam, Robert. The Globalisation of Modern Architecture : The Impact of Politics, Economics and Social Change on Architecture and Urban Design since 1990 (1). Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UNITED KINGDOM: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 1 October 2016. Beim, Anne, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, Charlotte Bundgaard, Karl Christiansen, Thomas Bo. Jensen, and Claus Bech-Danielsen. Towards an Ecology of Tectonics: The Need for Rethinking Construction in Architecture. Stuttgart: Edition Axel Menges, 2014. Print. Brandle, Christian, and Angeli Sachs. Global Design: International Perspectives and Individual Concepts. Baden: Lars Muller, 2010. Print. “Building Design/Architecture - The Industrial Revolution—new Materials.” JRank Articles. Web. 16 Oct. 2016. “Dhows of the Swahili Coast.” Zanzibar Travel Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. Gehry, Frank O., Fernando MaÌrquez Cecilia, and Richard C. Levene. Frank Gehry, 1987-2003. Madrid: El Croquis Editorial, 2006. Print. Gramazio, Fabio, Matthias Kohler, Antoine Picon, François Roche, and Tom Verebes. Made by Robots: Challenging Architecture at a Larger Scale. Print. Griffin, Emma. A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print. “The History and Construction of the Dhow.” Nabataea: Maritime. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. “Intangible Cultural Heritage.” Traditional Craftsmanship - Intangible Heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. O’Sullivan, Arthur, and Steven M. Sheffrin. Economics: Principles in Action. Needham, MA: Prentice Hall, 2003. Print. Schwaighofer, Verena. Tourist Destination Images and Local Culture : Using the Example of the United Arab Emirates. Wiesbade: Springer-Gabler, 2014. Web. Schwab, Klaus. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What It Means, How to Respond.” World Economic Forum. N.p., 14 Jan. 2016. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. “The Second Industrial Revolution” Boundless. Boundless U.S. History. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.

180

Tilly, Richard H. “Industrialization as an Historical Process.” European History Online. Institute of European History (IEG), 03 Dec. 2010. Web. 01 Oct. 2016. “UAE History & Traditions: Pearls & pearling”. . Retrieved 12 February 2016. “Waterfront City.” OMA. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. “Umm Al Quwain.” The Seven Emirates - The Official Portal of UAE Government. UAE Government, n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. “Umm Al Quwain, United Arab Emirates.” Lonely Planet. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. “The United (but Not Equal) Arab Emirates.” The Arabist. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. Weiss, John. Industrialisation and Globalisation: Theory and Evidence from Developing Countries. London: Routledge, 2002. Print.

181