COMPARATIVE REPORT DEWAN BAHASA DAN PUSTAKA & STADIUM MERDEKA
Appreciation to all lecturers that assisted us and our whole team: Clement Choon, Deng XinYi, Jessie Lim Jie Ying, Low Zheng Yan, Phang Shuen, Siew Chooi Yien, Siow Yee Thong, Tan Jia Jun, Teoh Choong Cheow.
INTRODUCTION A diagrammatic report to analyze the astonishing development of Malaysian architectural history and interpretation of proud symbols of nationhood were express through significant building design by Build Merdeka's architect.
CONTENT DEWAN BAHASA DAN PUSAKA INTRODUCTION
SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS
4-7
8-11
ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS
12-13
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT
14-19
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS ANALYSIS
20-21
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
23
COMPARISON
24
STADIUM MERDEKA INTRODUCTION
28-31
SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS
32-34
ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS
35-36
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT
37-39
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS ANALYSIS
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
40
42-45
COMPARISON
47
CONCLUSION
49
REFERENCE LIST
51
DEWAN BAHASA & PUSTAKA
7
FAST FACTS Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka abbreviated DBP, is the government body responsible for coordinating the use of the Malay language and Malay-language literature in Malaysia. On the year 1957, DBP moved from Johor Bahru to Kuala Lumpur, On 31 January 1962, DBP moved to its own building at Jalan Lapangan Terbang Lama (now Jalan Dewan Bahasa). The motto of DBP is "Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa", "Language Is the Soul of the Nation“ and the Director for now is HAJI ABDUL ADZIS BIN ABAS
.
ARCHITECT • The building's architect was Lee Yoon Thim and the prominent mural was by Ismail Mustam. • Dato' Y. T. Lee, also Lee Yoon Thim was a Malaysian Chinese architect active in Kuala Lumpur in the 1950s and 1960s. He helped "Build Merdeka" after Malaysian Independence, 1963. • Significant buildings by Dato’ Y.T.Lee : Chin woo stadium, Methodist Boys School, UMNO building, Federal Hotel, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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HISTORY 1956
1957
1959
1962
June 22
DBP was moved to Kuala Lumpur and located in a former hospital ward on Jalan Young.
DBP was upgraded to a statutory body through the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Ordinance 1959.
31 January
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka ’s (DBP) original name was ‘Balai Pustaka’, and was established in Johor Bahru, Johor as a small department under the Ministry of Education. DBP’s aim was to develop the Malay language as the national and official language of the country.
DBP moved to its own building in Jalan Lapangan Terbang Lama (now called Jalan Dewan Bahasa)
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1997 The construction of the new building which was Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka started.
2002 The Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka was finished constructed. However, the building was not used because of lack of furniure.
2003 The building was fully furnished and was used as the office of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka..
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N LOCATION Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is located at jalan Dewan Bahasa, Bukit Petaling, 50460 Kuala Lumpur, and Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur which is in the heart of Kuala Lumpur.
SURROUNDING The building around Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka are mostly government commissions and other office building. Rumah Puspanita and Persatuan Bulan Sabit Merah Malaysia
is located on the west side of the building while Institut Diplomasi dan Hubungan Luar Negara is located on the south side of it. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is the tallest building around the area.
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SITE ACCESSIBILITY ACCESS TO SITE To access to Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka with public transport such as taxi, monorail and LRT is a convenient choice. LRT - It only takes 11 minutes from Hang Tuah LRT station to the location. The walking distance is 800m MRT - It is 600 to 650m walk which takes about 7-8 minute’s walk from Maharajalela monorail station to the location.
Main road
Monorail line LRT line
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RESPONSE TO CLIMATE AND SUN PATH RESPONSE TO CLIMATE The area around the building is surrounded by tree which provides a cooling ambiance towards the building. The interior of the building is fully air-conditioned to overcome the hot climate of Malaysia and to provide cooling space for users. The windows of the tower are tinted to limit the heat to penetrated in to the building and marble flooring and travertine tiles are used to neutralize the warmth of tropical.
SUN PATH Morning and afternoon light penetration into the buffer zone (located east &west of DBP) are distributed into open spaces between two blocks and partial lighting into block A that creates shadows.
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ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS A bilateral symmetry and balance can be seen and found from the external view of Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Variation of different geometrical shapes can be found in the architecture of DBP. A triangular form which represent an open book and place on top of the building follow by different size of cuboids form to form the body of the tower .
Perspective view of DBP building
Symmetry and balance
The different sizes and articulation of Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka play a formal, functional role in organization. The administrative and office tower are emphasized in the organization, which explains the difference is height and form and design, when compared to the other blocks of building.
Hierarchy of old and new building
Geometry of DBP building
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BUILDING CIRCULATIONS An entrance connects distinguishing spaces separated by vertical plane. It is accommodated by an opening in a vertical plane of the wall where the form of the opening may vary from just a hole in the wall, to a distinctive gateway.
There are three entrances can be found in DPB, the main entrance, one from the auditorium and another at the bookstore. All these entrances provide overhead shelters for users. Configuration of the path means the linking sequences of space that users are taken through from a chosen starting point to specific destination point. The examples of configuration of path are linear, radial, grid, spiral, network, and composite. A grid configuration can be seen from the first- floor plan of DPB. Parallel paths that intersect at regular intervals and create square and rectangular space.
Main entrance of DBP tower
Grid configuration of path
Entrance from auditorium
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BUILDING ELEMENTS
COLUMNS The roofs and beams of DBP tower are supported by circular columns where these columns also served a decorative purpose at the entrance.
Columns at entrance
Columns supporting roof
BUTTERFLY ROOF In DBP tower, the opened book roof is inspired by the butterfly roof where two roof surfaces sloping inwards from opposing edges to a valley near the middle of the roof. It also purposely designed to highlight the importance of our Mother language. Sloping surfaces
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DOUBLE CASEMENT WINDOWS Double casement windows which is vertically arranged at the old building of DBP tower have successfully created a strong linear pattern which enhances its visibility. It allows maximum air ventilation while it is opened outward to allow fresh air inside.
Ventilation diagram of double casement window.
GLASS CURTAIN WALL
Linear patterns created from glass panels
The faรงade of DBP tower is made up of glass curtain walls where it consists of double glass panel . It creates a horizontal and vertical lines to the faรงade. The glass curtain wall can bring in more natural lighting into the building.. It also provides a great view of the Kuala Lumpur city.
Exterior view of glass panel COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS REPORT
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BAY WINDOWS Bay windows are located at both side of the main entrance to allows more penetration of sunlight into the building and to increase outdoor visibility.
Sun path through the bay window
Bay window at the side of DBP tower entrance
GABLE ROOF
Gable roof at the entrance of auditorium
In order to include Malay elements in the building design, three overlapping gable roof are purposely designed at the entrance of the auditorium so that it looks similar to the roof of Malay traditional house, atap . There is no opening in between each stacked gable roof. The roofs act as shading, and to resemble Malaysia vernacular roof. There is no air ventilation through the roof.
Atap, roof of Malay traditional house that symbolizes Malay culture. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS REPORT
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ROOF COMPARISON Maybank Tower has a slanted roofing which is kindly similar to the butterfly roofing of DBP tower, but the roofing of Maybank tower will be slanting outwards instead of inwards. Maybank Tower, Kuala Lumpur
The stacked gabble roofs of Maybank tower have big openings which allows ventilation to occur.
Main entrance of Maybank Tower
As for the gabble roofs of auditorium, it has no openings which will obstruct the wind flow and only provide shades.
Auditorium entrance of DBP
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CEILING PENDANT A simple semi sphere light, a pendant light where it is a lone light fixture that hangs from the ceiling can be found at the lobby of DBP tower.
RECESSED LIGHTING Recessed lighting is widely used throughout the DBP building where round and small recessed lighting is used in overall building, while for old book stores, it will be long and wide recessed lightings. Recessed lighting used in overall building.
Recessed lighting used in book stores.
PLASTER CARVINGS There are also floral motives carved on the faรงade of the gabble roof and also on top of the windows where it showcased the beauty of Malay architecture in our country.
Plaster carvings on the faรงade of the gabble roof
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FLOOR/ TILE PATTERN A palm tree like pattern was shown at the lobby of DBP tower, surrounded by different type of tile patterns in order to show a great contrasting effect that aims to capture viewers attentions.
Palm tree which symbolizes tropical climate of our country.
WOOD CARVINGS Most of the wooden interior elements are carved with floral motives in order to strongly portray the essence of Malay architecture.
Details of wood carving
Wood carving ornamentation at entrance of DBP tower
Wood carving ornamentation at the lift inside of DBP tower
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BUILDING MATERIALS REINFORCED CONCRETE The reinforcing steel that includes bars and rods protects the building by absorbing the tensile and strong compressions of the structure as plain concrete does not demonstrate the durability like reinforced concrete and hence is wind proof, earthquake proof and preventable from other strong pressures. Therefore, while constructing Menara DBP, they kept in mind of the protection and strength of the building using strong materials like reinforced concrete.
METAL AND MODULAR GLAZED WINDOW It support the glazed panels of the Menara DBP’s rectangular sized windows. Pros of metal and glazed panel windows are, they allow light to pass through easily and at the same insulate the heat from sun and keeps the building cool.
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LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE Foamy concrete or autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). Normally used in house construction, however in this case it was used in the DBP Tower. Advantages of lightweight structural concrete is that it reduces in savings and transporting the material, increases thermal protection and improved fire resistance
ALUMINIUM 1920s, aluminum became popular because metal became too expensive and was not being produced in mass production. The electrolysis process helped reduce the expense of aluminum by 80%. environmental-friendly and compatible with present day architecture such as skyscraper. Because of its’ modern influence DBP Tower constructed its’ building using aluminum. hollow bars were used for the frame of long glass windows to allow light to penetrate easily and insulates heat. light weight of 2.7g/cm3 which is one third weight of steel. corrosion resistance as it has a protective oxide coating. famous for electrical and thermal conductivity.
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is a fine example of modernism introduced to Malaysia. Modernism architecture first emerged in the late 19th century and began to reach maturity and acceptance in the early 20th century. Modernism architecture design should always derive from directly from its purpose.
MODERNISM Simplicity and clarity in design and form is one if the main characteristics of modernism architecture. Menara Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka are stripped down to the basics to show the architectural elements itself instead of focusing on the dĂŠcor and detailing as modern design encourages building to be clean, functional and simple.
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COMPARISON The Element residential condominium is located at 1800 Main St Mercantile Place, Dallas, TX 75201, Downtown. The building contain 153-unit of residential space for residents and was designed by Mercantile Place on Main now managed by Brookfield properties.
The similarities between both buildings are having similar forms and both are equipped with full glass panels for windows. For differences in the aspect for construction materials, the condominium was built with mainly reinforced concrete, steel and glazed glass panels while Menara DBP was built with lightweight concrete and aluminum glass panels and Menara DBP itself has a triangular floor plan with the body of 37 stories of government office and also linked with podium and an auditorium while The Element is a rectangular tall building fill with modern architecture elements.
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STADIUM MERDEKA
FAST FACTS Stadium Merdeka Constructed from 25 September 1956 to 21 August 1957 which located Jalan Stadium, City Center,50150,Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and on the Petaling Hill.
Stadium Merdeka is the First Olympic standard stadium in Malaysia, it design using Post merdeka architecture style (A merged as an economic and development growth around the year ) and this building is an Icon of independence.
The site held a standout amongst Malaysia's most verifiably noteworthy occasions.. On 31 August 1957, control was moved from the British Empire to the recently autonomous Malayan government. Ten a large number of individuals jammed into the arena, which was assembled explicitly for this occasion.
The arena filled in as the vital setting in Kuala Lumpur for festivities and games until the mid1990s, when the Bukit Jalil National Stadium was constructed.
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ARCHITECT • Stanley Edward Jewkes is the architect that design Merdeka. • He was an American architect as well as an engineer that plays a very important role in Southeast Asia post-independence architecture. • His most notable architecture work left are Stadium Negara and Stadium Merdeka.
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HISTORY 1955 15 September Stadium Construction Planning Committee was set up to study its plans and construction costs. 160 proposed proposals were submitted to the government with a construction cost estimated at $ 2.3 million. K.C Boon Co. Ltd and Lim Quee and Sons have been appointed as the main contractor and its operation is carried out by the Malayan Public Work department.
1956 25 September Construction of Stadium Merdeka b egan. Was carried out at the insistence of the Selangor Football Association and the Football Association of Malaya after World War II as the stadium found on Jalan Ampang was unavailable.
1957 15 February YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya had laid the foundation stone of this stadium. 21 August The construction of Stadium Merdeka was completed and the operation was handed over to the Board of Control.
24-29 August opened to the public for the first time. 31 August The construction was accelerated to enable Malaya's independence celebration to be held. The stadium witnessed the proclamation of the Independence of Malaya from the colony. The stadium that has been the witness of the end of colonial times in Malaya Stadium Merdeka h as a capacity of 25,000 spectators with 10,000 seats.
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2007
2008
2009
Merdeka Stadium underwent restoration to its original 1957 condition as part of Malaysia's 50th anniversary plans to relive the moment when Tunku Abdul Rahman proclaimed independence there.
The restoration received the UNESCO AsiaPacific 2008 Award of Excellence for Cultural Heritage Conservation.
December the restoration was completed.
CHINA TOWN K118 TOWER STADIUM NEGARA
CHIN WOO STADIUM
N VICTORIA INSTITUTION
LOCATION Stadium Negara is located Jalan Stadium, City Centre, 50150 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and it is on the Petaling Hill.
SURROUNDING Stadium Negara is located at Stadium Merdeka’s northeast side while Chin Woo Stadium and Petaling street are just northwest side of the Stadium Merdeka. Furthermore, Victoria Institution located at east side of the Stadium Merdeka. There other stadiums around Stadium Merdeka that serve different purpose like Stadium Negara is for the Thomas Cup and Chin Woo Stadium is a sport stadium.
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TRANSPORTATION There are various type of transportation to get to the Stadium Merdeka. For example car, bus, taxi, LRT and MRT. The most convenient way to reach the site is by taking MRT to reach Station Merdeka with the additional 12 minutes walking distance via Jalan Hang Jebat and LRT Station Plaza Rakyat has a linkage that link toward Station Merdeka. If the arrival station is LRT Station Pasar Seni , the walking distance is 13 minutes via Jalan Sultan.
LRT STATION PASAR SENI
LRT STATION PLAZA RAKYAT LINKAGE TOWARD STATION MERDEKA MRT STATION MERDEKA
N
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MICROCLIMTE Due to local climate and high humidity, Stadium Merdeka is an open-air stadium so it can have a better and natural air ventilation. As figure, the west side is the only part have curve roof that provide shade to avoid direct sunlight.
SUN PATH The sun rise from the east and set at the west side of the Stadium Merdeka. As figure below, during afternoon is the highest peak of the sunlight.
N
Diagram above indicate the shaded area and the sun path.
The graph above indicate the average rain fall in Kuala Lumpur.
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ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS GEOMETRY The geometry form of Stadium Merdeka can be distinguished as an overall form of ellipse. The stadium itself is made up of several types of rectangular form while for the roof, it is shaped as a repetition of semi-circular arch that stretches with a length of 10 metres.
Ellipse
Semi -circular arch
BALANCE
The horizontal and vertical axis that is being drawn through the building
The stadium itself can be known in balanced as a horizontal and a vertical axis can be drawn through, but this two sides of the stadium are not identically same. There are curved cantilever roof located at east side of the building and signage board at the west side of the stadium, which visually provide a sense of balance.
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PUBLIC & PRIVATE SPACE
Intermediate space
Stadium Merdeka served many functions, sports events, leisure activities and etc. It also include spaces for public and intermediate spaces for privates. For example, normal seating area will be opened to public while for the seating area under the curved line roof , it will be one of the intermediate spaces as it is fenced from normal seating area. This space have been prioritized to VIP guests only and is not accessible by any visitors.
Public space
REPETITION The main design concept of Stadium Merdeka is to highlight the centre field or the track area. This centralized area can be defined using the concept of repetitive to unique where the staggered seats is designed level by levels in order to allow viewers to have a good viewing experiences.
Configuration of repetitive overlapping elements
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CIRCULATION TO PATHSPACE RELATIONSHIP Stadium Merdeka consists of 14 tunnel walkways that is equally distributed along the shape of the structure. The main circulation path in the stadium will be centralized configuration, where it consist of multiple overlapping loops of walkways around the seating, and each tunnel walkways will be accessing to the normal seating area.
14 tunnel walkways that are accessible to the seating area.
NATURAL LIGHT AND VENTILATION
Sufficient natural light in the tunnel walkways.
Due to its open-air structure, it directs more penetration of sunlight into the space which is not fully exposed, for example will be the tunnel walkways as the light will be a guide for the visitors to the seating areas. Also, direct prevailing wind will enter the building from east side , giving out single side ventilation to the whole structure.
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ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
ROOF Roof is one of the most important architecture elements, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
CONCRETE SEMICIRCULAR ARC ROOF The roof is located to the west of the stadium, above the foyer and stage of the stadium. The roof is shaped as repetition of semi-circular arch that stretches with a length of 10 metres. The curving roof is designed by Architect Stanley Edward Jewkes, who faithfully supports the idea of Le Corbusier ’s ways on implementing the new construction method, which is used a lot of reinforced concrete structure.
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WINDOWS Window is one of the element can found in the building. A well planned used of window type and its location place can allow ventilation, natural light and visual views between space. In Stadium Merdeka, minimal amount of window are used in the stadium since it was designed to be an open stadium. However, stationary windows are used at the main entrance to entry foyer to allow natural sunlight into the indoor space.
FENCE Fence helps in separating outdoors space and limit the accessibility of both spaces. Fencing is one of the main structure of an open stadium to separate the spaces and the spectator seats. Stadium Merdeka has weld mesh fencing along the seating area.
CONCRETE STAIR WITH NET PATTERNED The outdoor staircase has less aesthetical value which is finished by having net pattern hatched on the steps of concrete bare staircase.
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MATERIAL ANALYSIS Stadium Merdeka as an open aired structure prone to receive sunlight and heavy rain whenever it happens. That makes the building materials have to be carefully selected to ensure the safety of the users beside enhancing the aesthetics.​.
TIMBER Timber planks had replaced to Former plastic seats to withstand the sunlight ad throughout the year even though a cantilevered roof was providing above the seats. The other seats are just purely concrete and cement rendered stepped platform provided for the spectators.​
PATTERNED RED CLAYSTONE Patterned Red Claystone flooring is used in the corridors of the stadium. Claystone flooring is cheaper in cost compare to mosaic tiles and easy to install, also able to modify its shape and patterns to match its functional purpose.
CONCRETE PAVER The concrete paver is installed along the pathway on the highest floor of the stadium. Concrete paver have both the cost efficiency and function to work as an economical flooring. In addition to being economical, concrete pavers are widely available in water-permeable designs, which have added ecological benefits. By allowing water to drain through the pavers in a way that mimics natural absorption, builders and landscapers are able to limit surface runoff and prevent soil erosion near the centre of the stadium.
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ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS Modernism as an architectural style commenced to considerable throughout the 1920s technology after World War I around Europe and the USA. Modernism commenced as a philosophical motion which follows along the advancement of high era and the improvement of commercial modern-day industries. With the aid of the 1950s, after Malaysia simply carried out its independence and the prime Minister focusing at the improvement of kingdom building. He was attempting to find out a common identity to symbolized Malaysia. The architect Stanley Edward Jewkes made top notch effort to make the stadium layout itself by means of incorporating nearby traditional Malaysia architectural detail and motif as an image to unite Malay Muslim.
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POST MERDEKA MODERNISME
During the post-war period when Malaysia just achieved independence in 1957 after the colonial administration left, expatriates architects took over and most of them applied modernism into the architecture they designed. At the time, the architectural fashion is greatly inspired through Le Corbusier who's the pioneer of modernism architecture brutalist architecture. Stanley Edward Jewkes who became the architect who designed Stadium Merdeka applied numerous modernism principles and capabilities when designing Stadium Merdeka at some stage in the period of time with time constraints.
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BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE The features of Brutalist Architecture that were applied was usage of Reinforced concrete which is a raw material. Exposed concrete construction used for stairs, tiles and flooring of the stadium. Le Corbusier’s Brutalist architecture also influenced the stadium with the usage of strong curved element contrasting the horizontal and vertical elements.
Concrete Stairs
Concrete Tiles
Curvilinear Poles
The Stadium also used rough heavy form of stone, concrete, stucco and glass materials on its exterior. The reason of using this kind of materials around the era is to indicate that fact the character of the surface that can be seen is the utmost important.
Stucco Wall
Glass Tiles
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LOCAL INFLUENCE Among the characteristics and feature of local influence incorporated into the design is use of Islamic geometrical patterns which serves as a reminder for people of their spiritual history and used as a metaphor for knowledge.
Close up of a geometrical form as railing
Other than that, vibrant colour such as red, green and yellow were used and reflects on the uniqueness of the specific culture in Malaysia which is giving a meaning in the Islamic architecture. Next, the use of colour green symbolizes boundless bounty of Heaven and the blessings promised by a loving creator and His limitless power to give and nourish life. The use of orange colour is a symbol of royalty, nobility or bounty.
The usage of colour for the infrastructure
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COMPARISON The Bukit Jalil National Stadium in Bukit Jalil, located in the National Sports Complex to the south of the city centre of Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur, all-seater multi-purpose stadium and the home ground of the Malaysian national football team. With a capacity of 87,411, it is the largest in Southeast Asia and the eighth largest football stadium in the world.
The similarities between Stadium Merdeka and Bukit Jalil National Stadium are both of them are open stadiums owns a partially dome roof which Stadium Merdeka does not have one. They each hold different records which Bukit Jalil National Stadium is the largest stadium in Southeast Asia whereas Stadium Merdeka holds the record of having the largest dual direction cantilevered shell roof and tallest pre-stressed concrete lightning tower during that time. The capacities of Bukit Jalil National Stadium and Stadium Merdeka are different too with 87,411 seats and 20,000 seats respectively.
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CONCLUSION Throughout the analysis done by us, we are able to picture the eagerness of all the great architects wanted to transform the architecture of Malaysia after the independence fight by the nation and to capture the sense of empowerment in Malaysia back then. We were all proud to see our country was moving forward and architects were at the forefront of the urban debates, trying their best to bring the best future and space for the Malaysian. Sadly to say, the number of visitors to DBP become gradually less throughout the year as the number of traffic are increasing. Thus, people found it troublesome to visit it. So, we hope that the town planning could have done better by changing the road size or plan the road in a simpler and direct way towards the site as the road users will not be confused when they were using it. While for Stadium Merdeka, the users often prefer to go to Stadium Bukit Jalil as the road leading towards it are spacious and direct and the parking lot provided is more compare Stadium Merdeka. Thus, the changes in road planning are important to attract users back and we hope that the glory of the past can be in the future too.
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ARCHITECTURE HISTORY & THEORY