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the war and nostalgia surrounding its impact. Understanding the misinterpretation of several events in the war, and the current discussion around Confederate monumentality, keys into the resistant nature of collective memory to alternative truth. Oneness plagued its multifaceted reality by hallowing it.
1 Nathan Glazer, “Introduction,” in The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core, ed. James F. Cooper and Nathan Glazer (New York: NewingtonCropsey Cultural Studies Center, 2008), 4.
The sanctity of space cannot be understated in these discussions either. Important cultural markers like Washington, D.C. are often considered hallowed ground. Nothing is supposed or even meant to disrupt its eternal nature. It no longer exists as a dynamic space, but one preserved for memory. Unrest created by protests or riots unhallows the space. For example, Dr. Thompson Summers wrote about riots in Washington after Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assassination in 1968. There was a misconception that the city was riot-proof because of its strong Black middle class and federal protection.7 Yet there is documented proof that whole neighborhoods of Washington were turned into war zones by violent protests and police militarization.
2 Brandi Thompson Summers, Black in Place: The Spatial Aesthetics of Race in a PostChocolate City, (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2019), 87.
The National Mall is a nested piece of hallowed ground in a supposedly hallowed city. The 1901 Senate Park Commission’s model for the Mall as sober Rome – a centennial framework catering to neoclassicism – looks more like the fall of Rome.8 Instead of remaining a dynamic space responding to the city, it has desperately tried to remain unblemished. Its monuments have followed a strict principle of heteronormative masculinity and military might. Kirk Savage, associate professor and chair of the Department of Art and Architecture at University of Pittsburgh, wrote in his book Monument Wars that these monuments “offer an anachronistic experience: a face-to-face encounter in a specially valued place set aside for collective gathering.”9 The Mall exists in a bubble, popped once in a while by protests in a political crucible which bristles with barricades, barbicans, and brutality as the mob comes calling. It weathers the fight and remains hallowed ground. The National Mall Expansion Plan for Washington, D.C. will offer solutions for reinvigorating the iconic American landscape. The first part – Hallowed Ground – is dedicated to understanding the four historic master plans that preceded this project. It digs into design decisions, historical context, and overall reception which hallowed the National Mall in memory. The second part – Post-conflict Landscape – explores post-politicization on the National Mall. It examines current events, monumentality, and gentrification to determine how post-politicized societies react to change. The final part – National Park – is informed by this research and responds to it with solutions. It covers analysis, concepts, and design that allow the Mall to expand.
3 A process in which apolitical contradictions are reduced to policy problems and an actual transformation of the prevailing political order seems ever more unlikely. As a result, crises compound the social classes and force them to conduct insurgencies against the establishment. Many political theorists like Swyngedouw and Žižek have identified the U.S.’s current post-democratic government as in a stage of postpoliticization. Erik Swyngedouw, “The Velvet Violence of Insurgent Architects,” LA+ Interdisciplinary Journal of Landscape Architecture 03 (2016): 27 4 Insurgent architects are defined by Swyngedouw as a heterogenous group of gatherers that express discontent with the existing environment and assemble to experiment with and prefigure new democratizing urban public spaces. 5 Ibid, 29. 6 Thompson Summers, Black in Place, 88. 7 In the end though, Washington had more riots than any other city in the U.S. Ibid, 35. 8 Kirk Savage, Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2009), 3, 5. 9 Ibid, 4.
