JOURNAL OF FOREST PRODUCTS & INDUSTRIES, 2013, 2(2), 27-30 ISSN:2325 – 4513(PRINT) ISSN 2325 - 453X (ONLINE)
27
Effect of Pruning Height on Growth of five Morus species Mohamed Tom Abmed Eltayb1, Essam Eldin Ibrfihim Warag,2 Ahmed EIhiuri3 1
Forests National Corporation, Sinnar State Tel. 822278. Email: emohamedtom@yahoo.com 2 University of Khartoum, Faculty of Forestry. Email: essamwarrag2@yahoo.com 3 University of Khartoum Faculty of Forestry (Received: January 22, 2013; Accepted: February 10, 2013)
Abstract— The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of pruning height and time on growth of five Mulbery species (Morus alba M. acidosa, M. mesozygia, M. malIotfolia and M. tiliaefolia). The study was conducted in Dindir town, Dindir locality, Sinnar State, during 2000 - 2002. The propagules of the five species at age four months were planted at spacing of 0.60 x 0.75 m, 0.50 x .1.00 m, 1.50 x 1.00 m, and 2.00 x 2.00 m. using split randomized block - plot design. The plants were cut at 5 cm, 20 cm, and 40 cm, from ground level and leaves and branches weights from the pruning were recorded. Coppice growth was assessed after one month from cutting (five months old plants). Final assessment of leaves and branches weight by lopping at the same levels from ground after three months from the first lopping was conducted. The result showed that pruning height had marked effect on tree growth, pruning height showed positive relation with yield i.e. as the pruning height increases the yield increased. The study recommended all species can be pruned every three to four months at 40 cm stump height. Index Terms— mulberry, pruning, height, yield, coppice,
lopping I. INTRODUCTION
M
ulberry trees refer to some species of the genus Morus that used to cultivate Bombyx mori (silkworm) on their leaves, and branches to where the worm produces silk during its metamorphosis from larva to pupa [1]. There are several kinds of silkworm such as tasar, eri and muga (Indian silks) and anaphe (African silk). Mulberry silk accounts for more than 90% of silk production in the world [2]. Beside silk, mulberry tree offer a variety of products that increase farmer’s income and reduce the consumption of natural resources [3]. Mulberry Leaves are used as feed for cattle and poultry with observed improvement in milk and eggs production and for human they supply vitamins and minerals [4]. The leaves that contain 3000 calories have 70 g of protein 0.8 g of calcium, 10 mg of iron, 5000 iv of vitamin A, 1 mgof
vitamin C and 4000 iv of vitamin D [2]. The leaves can be used in human diet as substitute for amaranths, cucumber, peas and drumstick. The tree bark is used in paper pulp and in the treatment of worms. The fruit is cooked into squashes, Jellies and pickles. Mulberry seeds are rich in oils. The roots are used in dyeing tanning and coloring process [1]. Doxyjirimycine extracted from black mulberry (Morus nigra) is a candidate in treatment for AIDS [3]. One hectare of mulberry garden can produce about 5 tons of dry mulberry material a year, but in irrigated mulberry garden, the figure can reach 12.1 tons [5]. Mulberry has many species and varieties where the genus Moms has many varieties within the species like (Morus alba and Morus mutticaulis). Both are diploid of dense nodes type, with short internodes, Pipa (M. alba) has high leave yield and Nax (M. muhicaulis) is of good quality and some resistance to bacterial diseases [6]. Gongxiyou (Morus alba) and Yunlianyou (Morus alba) are triploid. The former is noted for its high leaf yield and resistance to bacterial disease. The latter has a leaf protein content of 24 to 25% Tongzi (Morus alba) is diploid and has a high leaf protein (25.5-25.9%). Yazhau (Morus austalis) is atripoid suitable for use as strong root stock and it shows early leaf maturity, but poor resistance to pests or draught. Cangxi (Mours alba) is diploid and selected from good seedlings as good parent type, with wide adaptability and stress resistance. It has good leaf qualities with protein content of 24.5 % [6]. A high yielding variety Saniish 37 is produced at the central Asia Silk institute (Saniish) in Uzbekistan from inter-varietal cross 15-6-64 x Saniish 14 of Morus alba. It is a dipliod (2n = 28) variety that exceed the local grown standard. Tadzhikistafl BessemyaflflaYa (Tajik seedlings) in leaf yield by 12% in spring and 32.8% in Autumn. It has up right habit producing 17 - 19 vertical 3m long branches with 1-2 cm long internodes and no lateral branching. The leaves were entire and elongated- over in shape and 18.3x 15.1 cm in size. The leaf weight 9.3 ton/ha yields 886 kg of live silkworm (cocoons) or up to 172 kg raw silk per ha [7]. Morus alba variety karyoroso has high consumption of leaf than variety khinose, which gave better results for commercial
JOURNAL OF FOREST PRODUCTS & INDUSTRIES, 2013, 2(2), 27-30 ISSN:2325 – 4513(PRINT) ISSN 2325 - 453X (ONLINE) 28 characters of silkworm cocoons [8]. Morus Latfo1ia, M. ichikie husung, shinichiflose and M. alba were planted in National Agricultural Research Centre in Islamabad in 1993 in trial for silkworm rearing. The best growth obtained was with M. latfotia, ichihie and husung respectively [9]. Pruning height on leaf of Mulberry (Morus alba) variety Kanava - 2 was studied by [10] showed an increase in leaf yield with higher pruning heights. Similar results were obtained for mulberry variety Sujanpur. The result also indicated that pruning should not be done immediately after crop harvest under the subtropical conditions. Studies revealed rearing of silkworm fed on mulberry leaves from plant pruned at higher stumps height [10]. In a study during (1977-1981) in Sao Paulo, Mulberry plants at 1.5 x 1.0 m, spacing were pruned in October, January and April to soil level, 15, 20, or 45 cm heights. All pruned to soil level in winter (July). Leaves and branches were harvested (for silkworm production) were recorded no significant differences between treatments in average leaf and branch production [11]. Morus lactea (Mildder) is a tree up to 26 m, bole 6-18 in high. Morus mesozygia (Stapt) large trees up to 30 - 40 m. high, bole clean up to 20m. Morus alba anative to Asia is grown in many gardens, but with limited success [12]. Higher the survival %, better will be the performance mulberry varities. Studies evaluated propagation parameters of mulberry varieties, like sprouting survival rate and shoot growth was found a significant variation in growth [13]. Propagation of mulberry is done through vegetative means such as cuttings or by grafting so as to preserve the phenotypic characters [14]. Mulberry trees are pruned in sericulture twice or three times a year to obtain a better yield of leaves [15]. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pruning height on survival and growth of five Morus species.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was investigated in Dindir nursery, Dindir town, Sinnar State during 2000-2003. The weather is generally hot and dry with rainy season between July and September. The mean annual rainfall is between 400 and 450 mm. in the North and between 600 mm and 1000 mm, in South. Temperature ranges between 20° C and 42° C. The coolest months of the year are December, January, and February while the hottest months are March to June. Uniform propagules of five Morus species (M. alba, M. mesozygia, M. acidosa, M. tiliaefolia and M. mallotifolia) were transferred from the nursery (Where they were raised) and planted in designated plots according to the tested spacing in April 2000 within two days period. Three pruning (Lopping) heights were applied to five species at the tested spacing the tested pruning heights were at 5 (m) 20 and 40 cm from ground level. The first pruning was applied after five month from planting and the second one for the same plants at the same heights after 3 months from the first
pruning. The assessment was carried from the coppice plants. The leaves and branches fresh weight per plant, was determined after three months from pruning height of the first treatment. Statistical analysis system (SAS) was used for data analysis, Duncan’s multiple range test was used to defer mine significance of difference between means.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of pruning height on leaves and branches weight The leaves and branches weight per pruned tree were not affected by pruning height in the first harvest (Table 1 a). However the effect of pruning height was highly significant in the second harvest (Table 1 b). The weight of leaves and branches was higher with high pruning height (Table a b). Effect of pruning height in coppice growth Pruning height had significant effect on height, leaves and branches number in the coppice after three month from the first harvest. Pruning at height 40 cm gave higher values compared to the low pruning heights (Table 2). The performance of the original growth of the five Morus tested species in term of leaves number, leaves weight and branches number, branches weight, Morus alba showed high values, followed by M. mesosygia, M. acidosa, M.inallotiflia, while M. tiliaefolia showed low values (Table 3). This is in line with that reported by [13]. Table (1) Weight of leaves and branches in the first harvest and second harvest at different pruning heights’ (A): First Harvest (five month old plants) Weight of pruning height Weight of leaves branches (cm) (kg) p (0.8) (kg) p (0.75) 40 0.75 a 0.65 a 20
0.69 a
0.63 a
5
0.64a
0.55a
Pr=
0.8
0.75
Means with same letter in the same columns are not significantly different at 0.05 level using Duncan multiple tests.
JOURNAL OF FOREST PRODUCTS & INDUSTRIES, 2013, 2(2), 27-30 ISSN:2325 – 4513(PRINT) ISSN 2325 - 453X (ONLINE) 29 (b): Second harvest (three months after the first harvest) pruning height (cm) 40
Weight of leaves (kg) 0.48 a
Weight of branches (kg) 0.46 a
20
0.29b
0.3Oab
5
0.19b
0.24b
Pr =
0.0001
0.02
Means with same letter in the same columns are not significantly different at 0.05 level using Duncan multiple tests. Table (2) Mean height, number of leaves and branches in the second harvest (after three month from the first harvest). Pruning Height of No. of No. of leaves height branches branches (cm)
(cm)
40
30.14 a
167a
34.90 a
20
24.21b
l0ib
19.l0b
5
17.20c
33c
5.60c
Pr =
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
in Jammu and Kashmir by [10]. He showed an increase on leaf yield, with higher pruning height, for the coppice of Morus alba variety Kanava -2 and variety Sujanpur. And opposite to [11] who recorded no significant differences between treatments in average leaf and branch production. The result of this study showed an expectation opportunity of producing high quality cocoons at high pruning height (40 cm) as stated by [8]. The result also showed that Morus alba produced high quantity of leaves than other species which in line with result reported by [5] and [6]. The Morus species trees can be pruned more than once a year (every three month) this result agreed by [15] who stated that mulberry trees can be pruned twice or three times a years. By comparing the weight of leaves and branches of the first harvest (age 5 month) and coppice yield (after 3- month) indicate reasonable growth every three months. In managing fodder trees in Rwanda, [16] recommended cutting every 3 to 4 month for Morus alba in an agro-forestry system. The time of pruning was not significant as reported by [10]. He reported no significant difference in number of leaf, number of branch for trees pruned in October, January and April to soil level or 15, 20 and 45 cm height. The study revealed that 8 tons of leaves can be produced in single hectare at 40 cm pruning height, this result laid in the same range of that reported by [3] who stated 5-12.1 tons.
Means with same letter in the same columns are not significantly different 0.05 levels using Duncan multiple tests.
IV. CONCULSION
Table (3) Performance of the original growth of the five Morus species investigated in term of leave number, leave weight, branch number, and branch weight per plant at the age of three months coppiced plants.
The inter-specific variation was significant in coppice growth. Pruning height is a significant factor, in the yield per plant in coppice growth. The higher the pruning height the more foliage production achieved. The pruning height of 40 cm from ground is significantly higher than 20 and 5 cm in the coppice growth. Frequent pruning will result in high productivity per unit area. This result will encourage an investment on mulberry field for silk production, food, medicine and poultry, beside contribution on eradication of poverty in rural areas, perhaps national income.
Species
Leaves Number
Leaves Weight (kg)
Branches Number
Branches Weight (kg)
M. alba
131.90a
0.54a
28.20a
0.56a
M. mesozygia
113.30 a
0.48 a b
24.90a
0.46 a b
M. acidosa
107.70a
0.3lcb
23.25a
0.30b
M. mallotifolia
103.10 a
0.25 c d
11.90 b
0.28 b
M. tiliaefolia
31.70 b
0.07 d
12.30 b
0.0b c
Pr =
00002
0.0001
0.0006
0.0006
Mean with same letter in the same columns are not significantly different at 0.05 level using Dunken multiple tests. Pruning height and frequency on yield and growth The pruning height has no effect on leaves weight in the original plant growth, but with marked effect in the coppice, which is similar to that reported by [10]. Trees pruned at 40 cm from ground level, gave high production of coppiced leaves and branches, compared with those pruned at 5 cm, 20 cm from ground level. This is in line with the study conducted
REFERENECES UMa, H.P, Gowramma, Bajpai, A.K, Sinha, A.k, (1992). “Silk Handicraft Source of Lucrative Rearing”. Indian Silk 31 (8) 34-38. [2] I Kpai (1997). “The magic of Mulberry”. Agro-forestry today vol. 9 No 49. [3] Tewary, P.K, Subba, Rao (1990). “Mulberry Utilization” Indian Silk 29 (3): 43-44. [4] Carlina Freddiesimol, Andiew A. Lektuen, Humrawali Hazid Ahmed
[1]
Khan, John Keen, Chubo, Batriciajie, Hungking and Kian Huat Ong (2012). " Performance of checking broilers feed with diet substituted with mulberry leaf powder," African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. (94), pp. 16106-16111, 41-60. [5] Chinnaswamy, K. P. Hanprasad. K. B. (1995). “Fuel Energy Potentially of Mulberry” India silk 34(4): 15-18.
JOURNAL OF FOREST PRODUCTS & INDUSTRIES, 2013, 2(2), 27-30 ISSN:2325 – 4513(PRINT) ISSN 2325 - 453X (ONLINE) 30 [6] He, D. Zhou. M. lie, W. (1989). “Mulberry Research, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Newly Discovered Mulberry germ plasma resources”. Zuown. Pinzhong- Ziyuan 4- 17-18. Survival and Cocoon Quality at Tanabelange South Sulawesi”, Buletrin Penelition Hutan - Pencfem bangan hutan No 462: 53-65. [9] Sutani. M. 1, Zafarudin, Ghulam Abbar (1989). “Testing and Adaptation Study on the Exotic Mulberry Varieties for Foliage Yield”. Pakistan - Journal of Forestry 39: 1, 11-14. [10] Fotadar. P. K. Dhar. A. Dhar, S. Murheyce. P (1995). “Effect of Different Pruning Heights on the Mulberry Yield and Silkworm Rearing”. India journal of sericulture 34 2, 105-109. [11] Fonseca. A. S. Fonseca. T. C. Posto (1987) “Study in Sao Paulo (19811987) Rearing of Mulberry Plants Using Spacing of 1.5 x 1 m for Pruning for Silkworm”. Revista de Agricultura, - Piracicaba, Barazil 62=2,137-147. [12] Elamin, H. M (1980). “Tree and Shrubs of the Sudan”. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Khartoum. [13] V.N.Yoganade, Murthy H.L., Ramesh. Munirajappa. B.R. Dayakar Yadav (2012). “Screening of Selected Mulberry (Morus)
[7] Miralimov,YU. (1981). “Salt Tolerance of Mulberry Variety Baisun”. SheIk 3: 5-6. [8] Samsijah, K (1984). “Effect of Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer to Mulberry Plants (Morus alba) on Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Germplasm variaties through propagation parameters”. Journal of Natural Science Research. ISSN 2224-3186 (paper) ISSN 22250921 (online). Vol. 2. No 5. Pp 98. [14] Doss, G.G., Vijayan, K., Rahman, M.S., Das, K.K., Chakraborti, S.P. and Roy, B.N. (2000). “Effect of Plant Density on Growth, Yield and leaf Quality in Triploid Mulberry”. Sericologia, 40 (1) 175180 [15] Clara E. Ferrández García et al (2012) web site http://cigr.ageng2012.org/images/fotosg/tabla_137_C0325.pdf [16] Gahamanyi. A. (1991). “Some Experiments in Managing Fodder Trees in Rwanda” (TSAR). BP 617. Butore. Rwanda. Tree for development in sub-Sahara Africa. Proceeding of a regional seminar held by the International foundation of science (I F S) ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, February 20 -25 1989, 98- 102 Stockholm, Sweden.