1. Thyroid Gland: Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism

The thyroid is a gland located in the front of the neck. Secretes three hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) and calcitonin, a peptide hormone. These hormones have metabolic and cardiovasculars functions and development effect in children. Calcitonin plays a role in calcium metabolism. Secretion of the two thyroid hormones is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is secreted from the pituitary gland.

When the gland is overactive and begins to form more hormone than normal, the patient manifests the symptoms of an overactive thyroid, known as hyperthyroidism. This disease can develop due to hyperactivity in the pituitary gland or due to thyroid problems such as benign or malignant tumors, inflammation, or auto immunological diseases such as Grave’s disease, among others. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism are metabolic acceleration, with anxiety, tachycardia, insomnia, nervousness, irritability, weight loss, and heat intolerance. In Graves’ disease, in addition to these symptoms, an ocular pathology called exophthalmos is added, which is bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.