ECOTOURISM & EDUCATION IN THE RED RIVER GORGE THOMAS BARKER | ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY
UNEARTHED
ECOTOURISM & EDUCATION IN THE RED RIVER GORGE
Thomas Barker Arch 613 Graduate Thesis Design Studio Professor: Hasan-Uddin Khan Spring 2016
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Architecture degree:
Thomas Barker Date Master of Architecture Hasan-Uddin Khan, AIP, RIBA Thesis Advisor
Date
Stephen White, AIA Date Dean | School of Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
INTRODUCTION
02
PROBLEM STATEMENT
03
PROJECT STATEMENT
04
CONTEXT
05
PROGRAM OUTLINE
06
ARCHITECTURAL THEMES & INTENTIONS
07
PRECEDENT ANALYSIS
08
DESIGN PROCESS
09
FINAL PROJECT
10
CONCLUSION
11
APPENDIX
12
WORKS CITED
01
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION Eastern Kentucky is an area which has survived on the resilience of its people, and their unwavering dedication to their family, their community, and the region they have grown to be a part of. However hardy the people in this land are, it is hard to ignore the overtones of issues that plague the area that stretches between Eastern Kentucky, into West Virginia and even down to northern Mississippi.1 2015 marked the 50th anniversary of the War on Poverty and the Appalachian Regional Development Act (1965) enacted by Lyndon B Johnson. Although the years following the War on Poverty movement did mark a menial improvement of the economic state in Appalachia, additional issues became prevalent within the area. Outmigration of youth, drug abuse, poor education, tumultuous attempts of establishing an economic strategy, and grave misconceptions about the people in the region have left many with a bleak outlook for the future.2 In order to begin perceiving a resolution, one must realize the breadth of issues and attempt a solution which coincides with it’s peoples values and what the area has to offer. Eastern Kentucky is filled with natural beauty that for centuries has been decimated by mining, quarrying, and irresponsible timber logging. Now that the days of strip mining are over and the land each day is returning back to its natural state, this is an opportunity to see how working with the land, rather than against it, can create a symbiotic relationship with its people.
To do this, it is key to understand how other areas in the world have been able to responsibly utilize their environment in order to improve the lives of those living there. Establishing areas of environmental protection has been helping relieve the effects of poverty all around the world, and has lead to better infrastructure, including hospitals and schools as well as improved ecosystem services. One such place is in Costa Rica where a substantial reduction of poverty near its national parks, and nearly two-thirds of this was attributable to opportunities offered by tourism.3 Many case studies can be observed which prove the benefits that harnessing the environment have a positive impact on poverty, ranging from places such as Jordan, Africa, and South America. Interestingly enough, most seem to focus around the idea that by enhancing the natural environment, it is the draw of tourists to these places which in turn benefits the infrastructure and economy of the place. To find a solution for the people in Eastern Kentucky isn’t as simple as simply an economic shift like one may had thought 50 years ago. The key to creating a long term solution requires a multifaceted approach which tackles many issues simultaneously. Investigating many of these issues such as environment, education, economics, and health as solutions the regions chronic problems are what this project focuses on accomplishing.
2.1
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APPALACHIAN HISTORY & CULTURE The Appalachian mountaineers are one of the most unique set of people in the United States. Their history and culture dates back to even before America was founded, when tribes such as the Algonquian and Cherokee tribes ruled the central and southern areas. European migration into the mountains began in the 18th century with immigrants seeking freedom from both the government and religion and cheaper land. After the discovery of the Cumberland Gap in 1750 by Thomas Walker, settlers trickled into what we now know as Kentucky. Pioneers such as Daniel Boone were crucial in the early settlement of Kentucky. From the beginning, the people of the mountains were seen as “lesser” from a monetary point of view. As early as the 18th century, Appalachia was distinguished as being poorer than its coastal eastern neighbors, leading to revolts such as the Regulator Movement in the mid-1700s. Many times, outsiders have come to Appalachia such as President Lincoln and Kennedy vowing to help relieve the people of their poverty, but not very much was done to create a permanent solution for these people.
an enormous sense of pride, independence, and self sufficiency. Although friendly to visitors, they are not keen on ‘being helped’ because they do not see themselves as poor because they are “rich with family and religion’. Today, exploitation from the coal mining industry has been one of Appalachia’s largest challenges. What was once a large source of income for the people has all but moved out, taking jobs and the beauty of the hills with it. Strip mining was a standard practice since the 1960s which left many deep wounds in the picturesque landscape. The EPA estimated that 2,200 sq. miles of Appalachian forests have been cleared by strip mining by the year 2012. The culture of Appalachia as we know it has been preserved mostly by families and churches. This culture is based on subsistence agriculture and hunting and not an industrial class-structure. There is a sense of equality and mutual aid between its people, and independence which define the people of the hills.4
Made up of many unique backgrounds, mainly Native American, Irish, English, Scotch, German and Polish, their landscape keeps them isolated from much of the United States. From this isolation comes 2.2
12
13
02
PROBLEM STATEMENT
PROBLEM STATEMENT
How does one help inhabitants of a struggling community who are too proud to accept it? The hollers in the heart of Appalachia are home to some of the poorest counties in the United States where the poverty rates can reach up to 45%. This destitution has resulted in a loss of much of the dynamic culture that still clings to the foothills. A perceived general distrust for help from ‘outsiders’ has lead much of the population to fall into a disastrous cycle of poverty and ill health. Ravished by the long lost days of a once prosperous coal mining industry, the vibrant communities of the area make up for their lack of economy with a richness in culture, family, faith, and the picturesque landscape that surrounds them. The question that remains for this project is this: can one utilize the magnificent landscape and vitality of the people to enhance both the economy and quality of life for the people in the area?
3.1
16
O UT H A ROL I NA
NORTH CAROLINA
0
50
100
Miles
SOUTH CAROLINA
GEORGIA
I N D I A N0 A
I L L I N O I Poverty S Rate
50
IA P E N N S Y LVA N
OHIO
100
Miles
28.1% - 40.5%
.S. average = 15.4% an average = 17.0%
w the poverty level ty status has been he distribution to au, es. 009–2013
MARYLAND
21.4% - 28.0% 16.3% - 21.3% 28.1% - 40.5%
(Natural Breaks Classification)
U.S. average = 15.4% Appalachian average = 17.0%
Map Created: March 2015 Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2009–2013
DE
Poverty Rate
7.6% - 16.2%
WEST VIRGINIA
21.4% - 28.0% 16.3% - 21.3%
K E N T U C 7.6% K Y - 16.2% VIRGINIA
(Natural Breaks Classification)
TENNESSEE N O RT H C A RO L I N A
SOUTH C A RO L I N A
GEORGIA
0
50 Miles
100
NJ
POVERTY DATA College Completion Rates in Appalachia, 2009–2013
County Economic Status in Appalachia, Fiscal Year 2016
(County Rates)
(Effective October 1, 2015 through September 30, 2016) N E W YO R K
WISCO NSIN
NEW YORK
WISCONSIN MICHIGAN
M ICHIGA N
INDIA NA
IL L INOIS
PE NN SY LVA NIA
OHIO
NJ
INDIANA
ILLINOIS
PE NN SY LVA NIA
OHIO
MARYLAND
MARYLAND
DE
DE
WEST VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA
KENTUCKY
K E NTUCK Y
VIRGINIA
VIRGINIA
TENNESSEE
TENNESSEE
NORTH CAROLINA
N O RT H C A RO LI N A
SOUTH CAROLINA
S OUTH CA ROL I N A
GE ORGIA
0
50
GEORGIA
100
0
ALABAMA
AL ABAM A The Appalachian Regional Commission uses an index-based county economic classification system to identify and monitor the economic status of Appalachian counties. See the reverse side for a description of each economic level.
County Economic Levels Distressed (93) At-Risk (110)
A college completion rate is the percentage of persons ages 25 and over with a bachelor’s degree or more. The map uses natural breaks in the distribution to organize the data into groups of common values.
Map Created: March 2015 Data Sources: Unemployment data: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, LAUS, 2011–2013 Income data: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, REIS, 2013 Poverty data: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2009–2013
Completion Rate 5.6% - 13.6% U.S. average = 28.8% Appalachian average = 21.7%
Transitional (205)
18
100
MISSISSIPPI
M I SSI S SIPPI
3.2
50 Miles
Miles
Competitive (11) Map Created: March 2015 Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2009–2013
Attainment (1)
3.3
13.7% - 19.9% 20.0% - 30.5% 30.6% - 49.3% (Natural Breaks Classification)
NJ
Per Capita Income Rates in Appalachia, 2013
High School Completion Rates in Appalachia, 2009–2013
(County Rates)
(County Rates) N E W YO R K
WISCONSIN
N E W YO R K
WISCONSIN MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
INDIANA
ILLINOIS
P E N N S Y LVA N
OHIO
IA
NJ INDIANA
ILLINOIS
P E N N S Y LVA N
OHIO
MARYLAND
IA
MARYLAND
DE
DE WEST VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA KENTUCKY
KENTUCKY
VIRGINIA
VIRGINIA
TENNESSEE
TENNESSEE N O RT H C A RO L I N A
N O RT H C A RO L I N A
SOUTH C A RO L I N A
SOUTH C A RO L I N A
GEORGIA
0
50
GEORGIA
100
0
Miles
50
100
Miles
MISSISSIPPI
MISSISSIPPI
ALABAMA
ALABAMA Per capita income is a measure of the total personal income of an area divided by the resident population of the area. The map uses natural breaks in the distribution to organize the data into groups of common values.
Per Capita Income $20,904 - $28,459 U.S. average = $44,765 Appalachian average = $36,608
$28,460 - $32,605
A high school completion rate is the percentage of persons ages 25 and over with a high school diploma or more. The map uses natural breaks in the distribution to organize the data into groups of common values.
Completion Rate 55.2% - 71.2% U.S. average = 86.0% Appalachian average = 84.6%
$32,606 - $37,965 $37,966 - $53,208
Map Created: March 2015 Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, REIS, 2013
3.4
NJ
Map Created: March 2015 Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2009–2013
(Natural Breaks Classification)
71.3% - 77.9% 78.0% - 84.2% 84.3% - 93.1% (Natural Breaks Classification)
3.5
19
“
Central Appalachia is a place of great contradictions. The beauty of the oldest mountain range in North America with lush mountains, old growth forests, small towns and isolated mountain communities is juxtaposed with long-term poverty, out-migration, lack of health care, inadequate educational systems, and political corruption. - Appalachian Community Fund
3.6
�
03
PROJECT STATEMENT
PROJECT STATEMENT
The Daniel Boone National Forest is one of the United States’ most interesting and beautiful parks. Covering over 2,100,000 acres, it is home to a number of historical and natural landmarks and a wide variety of flora and fauna. In these rolling hills, tourism resources are prevalent but much of the time, untapped. Tourism in Kentucky is the third largest industry, bringing in over 13 billion dollars in 2014, and creating jobs for 1 in every 13 state workers.5 In eastern Kentucky however, this potential for a thriving tourism market is underutilized. Isolation from nearby cities and jobs is one of the largest contributors to eastern Kentucky’s poverty, but that isolation has plausibility to be one of its greatest assets. Eco tourism has the potential enhance the culture of this area by exhibiting the beauty of the area, both in its people and in its landscape. Introducing a larger ecotourism presence in this area would help to stimulate the economy of the area without exploiting the people. One of the Forest’s proudest amenities is the Job Corps, a national organization dedicated to providing young adults with the education and skills needed to thrive. This project sees the potential opportunities of combining an ecotourism hub and a Job Corps campus together to create an environment conductive to learning, teaching, and exploring for both locals and visitors alike.
4.1
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25
WHAT IS ECOTOURISM? Ecotourism is most commonly defined as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education�.7 The principles that guide ecotourism rely on building environmental and cultural awareness and respect while providing positive experiences for both visitors and hosts. Ecotourism is a growing idea which has been growing in popularity around the world. It focuses on tourism that practices the natural environment while not harming it. It is often described as a three legged stool, benefiting the tourist, locals, and environment.8
Conservation Ecotourism provides effective economic incentives for conserving and enhancing cio-cultural diversity and helps protect the natural and cultural heritage of the site
Communities By increasing local capacity building and employment opportunities, ecotourism is an effective vehicle for empowering local communities around the world to fight against poverty and achieve sustainable development.
Interpretation An emphasis on enriching personal experiences and environmental awareness through interpretation, ecotourism promotes greater understanding and appreciation for nature, local society, and culture
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wallpapersonweb.com
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CLIENTS KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL + TOURISM The Kentucky Department of Travel + Tourism (K.D.T.T.) is an organization that is based out of Frankfort. Their mission is to market Kentucky as a travel destination in order to generate revenue for Kentucky’s economy. They manage listings of various events, activities, and attractions throughout Kentucky as well as compiling data of the state’s tourism economic impact. The K.D.T.T. is also responsible for media campaigning, advertising and its impact. The Kentucky Department of Travel + Tourism is an appropriate client for this project because this project will be a much needed icon in the Daniel Boone Country. The K.D.T.T. is devoted to stimulating the economy which aligns with the project’s goals.8
4.3
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JOB CORPS Job Corps is a no-cost education and career technical training program that aids aspiring young people in improving the quality of their lives through career technical and academic training. This program, which is administered through the U.S. Department of Labor has several centers across Kentucky. In addition to academic training, Job Corps offers an extensive variety of vocational trades. Trades range from programs in manufacturing, automotive, construction, healthcare, finance, renewable resource/energy, retail and transportation. Each center focuses of a select number of trades to teach. Other notable programs include driver’s education, GED/high school diplomas, and college programs.9 A typical Job Corps facility includes housing for students, meals, and a wellness center, along with academic facilities to meet the needs of the programs. Students are active participants in their education, which extends outside of the classroom. A typical day might include students working around the facility or the local area, gaining training in their selected fields, and in turn, being supplemented with a living allowance.10
4.4
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04
CONTEXT
DANIEL BOONE NATIONAL FOREST
_1,239,000 visitors in 2014 _Over 708,000 acres of national forest _Popular attractions include hiking, camping, picnicking, rock climbing, boating, hunting, fishing, OHV riding, and target shooting _Spread across 21 counties of southern & eastern Kentucky _Host to three Job Corps Centers 5.1
Established in 1937, the Daniel Boone National Forest is managed within a 2.1 million-acre proclamation boundary that is divided into four ranger districts: Cumberland, London, Redbird, and Stearns. It contains three large lakes (Cave Run Lake, Laurel River Lake, and Lake Cumberland), as well as several rivers and streams. The forest also boasts numerous trails in popular sites such as Clifty Wilderness, Beaver Creek Wilderness, Red River Gorge and the Sheltowee Trace National Recreation Trail.
Aside from the more well known attractions, the national forest contains several natural arches, cliff lines, wetlands, waterfalls, and historical heritage sites. The forest also has one of the worlds largest concentrations of caves.11
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Target Site
5.2
33
RED RIVER GORGE GEOLOGICAL AREA
Spanning 29,000 acres, the Red River Gorge is a canyon system on the Red River which features an abundance of sandstone cliffs, rock shelters, waterfalls, and natural bridges and arches. The area has been designated as a National Natural Landmark, and is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. With over 150 natural arches, and a multitude of cliff-lines, this area has drawn much attention to its self as being one of the world’s top rock climbing destinations. Due to its unusual and rugged nature, the Gorge has a large variety of ecological zones, including being a part of Appalachia’s mixed mesophytic forest, the worlds most diverse hardwood forest.12 The Red River Gorge is what makes this area of the Daniel Boone National Forest stand out. The fledgling tourist draw which exists today has an incredible opportunity to expand and have numerous benefits to visitors, locals, and the environment alike. Several campgrounds, cabin rentals, and a visitor center exist currently, but what this area needs is an organized hub of information and activity which draws visitors and then allows them to permeate into the fabric of the area.13
34
Help protect archaeological sites and habitat for threatened and endangered species.
Sheltowee Trace
Tarr Ridge Picnic Area
DON’T CAMP OR BUILD FIRES IN ROCKSHELTERS OR ALONG THE CLIFFS.
# 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 223 225 226 227 228 229 233 234 235 239 240
Lost Branch 239
77
613
164
100
Osborne 240 Bend
Sheltowee Trace 100 23
Courthouse Rock 201 Haystack Rock
Double Arch
197
201
77
15
11
SCENIC B Y WAY
SCENIC B Y WAY 77
39
39
Tunnel Ridge Road (#39) goes OVER and does not intersect with KY 77 and Nada Tunnel. KY 77 goes THROUGH Nada Tunnel.
77 15
Slade (Exit 33)
Tunnel Ridge Road
S BERT T . CO M B
M
Natural Bridge State Resort Park
100
223 100 Pinch -Em Tight & Sheltowee Trace
Rough Trail 221
Middle Fork Campground
221 39
715
SCENIC B Y WAY
Tower Rock Trail 229 Osborne Bend 240
Primitive Camping
SCENIC B Y WAY
Sky Bridge
NOTE: Th use as a hiking any you are n we sugge topograph from the l of this br
214
10
234 Whistling Arch
100 223 100 Rough Trail & 221 Sheltowee 100 Trace
Rough Trail 221
226 Buck Trail
Primitive Camping
208 Hidden Arch 220
220 Koomer Ridge Trail
Trail Road Closed Gate Gravel Road State Hwy. Mtn. Parkway River Scenic Byway Clifty Wilderness National Forest State Park
Koomer Ridge Campg.
Rough Trail 221 Angel Windows
225
715 Silvermine Arch
206 Cliff Trail
Whittleton Arch
23
11
715
715
Clifty Wilderness
The Shelt Recreatio the entire National F Trace pas Gorge. Th diamondsymbol.
219 Swift Camp Creek Trail
220
Sheltowee Trace 100
Whittleton Campground
ER
Sheltowee Trace
SCENIC B Y WAY
Whittleton 216 Branch Trail
Hemlock Lodge
10
Chimney Top Rock
ARKWAY T N. P
11
Sheltowee Trace
235
227 Rush Ridge Trail
205
Primitive Camping
217
Natural Bridge State Resort Park, adjacent to Red River Gorge Geological Area, is administered by Kentucky Dept. of Parks. It offers lodge rooms, cabins, dining facilities, and two developed campgrounds. For more information, call the park at (606) 663-2214, or (800) 255-PARK (7275)
Gray's Arch 205
D. Boon Hut 209 39
15
SCENIC B Y WAY
221
Rough Trail
RIV
Princess Arch 233
Footbridge
715 Rough Trail 221
77
Nada Tunnel 77
39 Gate
Nada
SCENIC B Y WAY SCENIC B Y WAY
204 Auxier Ridge Trail
To Stanton
RED
202 Courthouse Rock Trail
Gladie Cultural-Environmental Learning Center
100
23 77
203 Aux. Br. Trail
Bison Way 210 Trail
77
Ravens Rock
Nam Dou Cou Aux Aux Gra Clif Roc Hid Dan Bis Sky Koo Wh Wh Ang Swi Koo Rou Pinc Silv Buc Rus Wild Tow Prin Wh Chi Los Osb
Parking Area Picnic Tables Dev. Camping Restroom Scenic View Point of Interest Canoe In/Out Disabled Acc. Lodging Dining Amphitheatre
SCENIC B Y WAY
SCENIC B Y WAY
715
SCENIC B Y WAY
Pine Ridge
228
Wildcat Trail
Clifty Wilderness Closed to all motorized vehicles and mountain bikes.
219
Swift Camp Creek 219 Trail
Ap ove Ind the p.m Pas 207 ava sto 207 Rock Dis Bridge Sta
5.3
35
5.4
5.6
36
5.5
5.7
37
RED RIVER GORGE - RECREATION HIKING ROCK CLIMBING KAYAKING CANOING TRAIL RUNNING TARGET SHOOTING CAMPING CAVING SWIMMING BIKING ZIP LINING SPELUNKING SCUBA DIVING HORSE RIDING NATURE VIEWING TUBING WATER SKIING FISHING GEOCACHING
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5.8
5.9
5.10
SITE SELECTION This site was chosen because it is centrally located near the Red River Gorge, the Menifee Job Corps center, and the town of Stanton. It is also located right along the Red River. The site is currently known as the Red River Campground, which includes 60 acres of land. This ensures the surrounding landscape will remain unbuilt. Two small ponds on the site will aid in the biodiversity of the site. While selecting the boundaries of the site, I chose to nestle the site into the hillside in the hopes that the project will be seamlessly integrated with the natural landscape.
Menifee JobCorps
Site Location
Red River Gorge Geological Area
5.11
40
Access Red River
Streams Artificial Ponds
5.12
41
SITE PHOTOS
7 6
8 4 2
5
1 3
42
5.13
1.
2.
5.14
5.15
3.
5.16
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44
4.
5.17
5.
5.18
6.
5.19
7.
5.20
45
PRELIMINARY SITE SECTION
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47
CLIMATE Temperature
Sunshine
5.21
Precipitation
Wind Speed
5.23
48
5.22
5.24
Humidity
Cloudy Days
5.25
Snowfall
5.26
Radiation Range
5.27
5.28
49
Psychrometric Chart
5.29
50
5.30
ACCESS
Mountain Parkway
Site
5.31
52
Proposed Bridge
Site
The site is located just off the Burt T Combs Mountain Parkway (Route 9000). This provides direct vehicular access from Lexington, KY via a 48 minute drive. Visitors who fly into Lexington would have an easy route to the site
5.32
Local road access to the site provides a seclusion that is desired in the project.
Mountain Parkway
53
05
PROGRAM OUTLINE
PROGRAM
The program aims to create a beneficial environment for visitors, locals, and students. Primarily it is a building for visitors to the region to stay, be active, learn, eat, and enjoy the natural and cultural surroundings. The project incorporates amenities for visitors who stay in the building overnight, as well as amenities for visitors who need information on activities and events and are there for only a day or couple hours. The introduction of Job Corps to the project was done in order to establish a unique interaction between the local people and the visitors to the area. The goal is that the Job Corps students will learn valuable skills that they can utilize and improve upon by working in the facility. As an example, culinary students would work in the cafe, and forestry students would teach classes to visitors. Although the students and visitors wouldn’t be fully integrated, much of the program they share, such as the cafe, visitors room, health clinic, and multipurpose room. The multipurpose room would be an indoor/outdoor space in which students can play larger sports games, but its main purpose would be so people from the town can host events such as markets, demonstrations, and conferences.
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Guest rooms (40) Lobby Equipment rental & store (indoor) Equipment rental storage (outdoor) Exhibit space + literature room Learning common Conference room Exterior classroom Guest Laundry
350 SF EA (14,000 SF Total) 800 SF 700 SF 400 SF 450 SF 550 SF 600 SF 800 SF 250 SF
Student housing for 30 students Student bathrooms (4) Student laundry Student kitchenette 3 Full time staff housing Classrooms Offices (6) Student lounge + computer lab
15 @ 250 SF EA (3,750 SF Total) 250 EA (1,000 SF Total) 250 SF 250 SF 350 SF EA (1,050 SF Total) 450 EA (1,800 SF Total) 125 EA (750 SF Total) 700 SF
Health clinic Cafe Kitchen Multipurpose room Bathrooms Mechanical
800 SF 1,500 SF 1,000 SF 3,000 SF 200 SF EA (800 SF Total) 750 SF TOTAL NET: 35,950 SF TOTAL GROSS (x1.5): 53,925 SF
Parking (50 cars) 57
PROGRAM IN DEPTH Guest rooms (40) - Guest rooms would be fairly modest in side, with basic amenities, yet enough to provide a comfortable stay. There would be a full bathroom in each room. 20 of the rooms would contain two beds, while the other 20 will contain one bed to allow for a variety of stay options. Lobby - The lobby would be spacious enough to act as a central hub for the space that is a place where the program of the ecocenter and Job Corps overlap. It is a place to relax or meet up with friends, as well as check in and get information from the reception desk. Equipment rental & store (indoor) - This space would rent out equipment such as tents, fishing poles, rock climbing equipment, binoculars, and more that would suppliment the ecotourism aspect. It would also be a small store for items that could not be rented such as outdoor clothing, boots, swim suits, and so forth. Equipment rental storage (outdoor) - This area would be a semi-enclosed portion that connects to the equipment rental store. It would be a storage area for larger items such as bikes, canoes, and kayaks that could be rented. Being on the exterior, it would allow the ease of these large items to be moved and taken out. Exhibit space + literature room - The exhibit space would be an interactive library set up where there would be various set ups on information regarding to the landscape, culture, and history of Appalachia, along as reading material that would serve both visitors and students Learning common - This large classroom would be an area that is used to give public lectures to visitors, locals, and students,on information that pertains to the landscape, culture, and history of Appalachia. It would be an informal, open space that would attract people to come and learn Student housing for 30 students - The student housing would be derived from a typical dorm room setup, similar to the type that is found in many Job Corps centers. Most of the rooms would serve two students, with a couple single rooms. Separate bathrooms would be located with showers, water closets, and lavatories to serve the student dorms.
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3 Full time staff housing - These single person rooms would be located among the student housing, and would be set up similar to the guest rooms. Classrooms - Due to the variety of programs offered to the students, the classrooms would be easily rearranged and be used for a multitude of different needs. Student lounge + computer lab - The student lounge would be an area secluded from the main building’s circulation for the students to relax and do work. This informal space would allow the students to unwind inbetween classes or in the evening without needed to interact with the visitors to the center. Health clinic - The health clinic would serve both the students and visitors for minor aches and illnesses. It would also be a resource for visitors who are looking for information regarding various safety tips while on their excursions. Cafe - This space would be a place for students and visitors to eat and could be either a buffet style, or a more formal restaurant type of cafe. Kitchen - The kitchen is used as both a cooking area for the cafe, as well as a classroom for students in the culinary program. Therefor the kitchen would need to be fairly large since many activities would be happening simultaneously Multipurpose room- The large multipurpose room is a way to integrate many locals to interact with the building. This flexible space would have both interior and exterior options to allow for maximum options to be had. Activities such as markets, fairs, demonstrations, small sports games, and club meetings are just a few of the many possibilities that this room would have.
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PROGRAMMATIC RELATIONSHIPS
Exhibit Room
Learning Common
Offices
Equipment Rental Health Clinic
Lobby
Guest Rooms
Student + Staff Housing
Classrooms Kitchen
Student Lounge Cafe
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Multipurpose Room
A DAY IN THE LIFE
I pulled into the Boone Ecotourism & Job Corps Center late one May evening while the sun was setting over the hills to the west. The drive from Louisville was short and easy, yet the seclusion and serenity of this place was exhilarating. A young woman, around the age of 22 checked me in to my room when I arrived and I settled in for the night. The room was modest and comfortable, a perfect retreat before a week in the mountains. I awoke in the morning with the sun, and was immediately offered expansive views towards the woods and meadows just outside. In the distance, I could see fishermen on the river who had woken up early to take advantage of the morning bites. I made my way back to the lobby to find the cafe and was surprised by the bustle of activity throughout the building. Visitors were renting equipment and taking advantage of the library’s exhibits and literature, and young students were studying and lounging in open classrooms. I decided to take a walk around the library and kept a pamphlet on edible plants, which could be useful this week. I passed a large room where people from the town were setting up what looked to be a craft and demonstration fair. Paintings, baskets, and jarred food were just a few of the items that were on display. After making my way to the cafe, I found a small table near a window to settle into. A young man came and offered me a menu and I promptly ordered the Johnnycakes and local fruit. He proceeded to tell me that all of the food was prepared by local Job Corps students who are in the culinary program. The food was warm and filling, a wholesome way to begin an adventure. When I was through with breakfast, I gathered my belongings from the room, and went to the rental shop. My plan for the week was to hike and camp in the forest before returning and seeing some of the surrounding attractions such as the Red River Gorge or natural bridges. I walked over to the rental shop, and saw that it was filled with an array of outdoor equipment from kayaks, tents, fishing poles, rock climbing equipment and more. I had much of the equipment that I needed already, but had planned on renting a tent and collapsible fishing pole. The staff was knowledgeable and I was able to get exactly what I needed. I met some other visitors who had stayed in the Center for a couple days and who were now off to hike and camp as well. We shared stories and tips as a group of us gathered to wait for the shuttle to the entrance of the Daniel Boone National Park.. It pulled up soon after, and just like that, I was off and ready to go.
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ARCHITECTURAL THEMES & INTENTIONS
PROBLEM THEMES
_Enrich the ecosystem of the Red River and its wetlands in the region _Provide an environment that is conductive to learning for both students and visitors _Help enhance the local economy by attracting visitors to the Red River Gorge _Integrate the local community to provide an overlap of users _Use heavy timber as a potential catalyst for new building methods in the area _Exhibit alternative energy and building solutions that can spawn a change in local building practices _Update and enhance the national trails system to allow access to the area on a national level
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ARCHITECTURAL INTENTIONS
_Create a facility which is demonstrative of ecologically sensitive design with the inclusion of: A low impact footprint Geothermal energy Heavy timber construction Local materials Sun manipulation & shading Landscaping with native flora _Design a building that compliments the landscape forms, and weathers with the landscape _Create a building language that responds to the local vernacular architecture while maintaining forward thinking ideals _Design facilities which allow both visitor and student life to compliment each other while maintaining a degree of privacy for each _Provide adequate resources for visitors in terms of lodging, equipment, and information
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PRECEDENT ANALYSIS
PAINTINGS BY PAUL SAWYIER Paul Sawyier (1865-1917) was a famous impressionist painter who moved to Frankfort, Kentucky from Ohio at the age of five. He lived in Kentucky for much of his life painting portraits, landscapes, and urban environments. His landscape paintings included many scenes from the Kentucky River.14 These paintings of the Kentucky River help as inspiration for this project because in many ways, the art evokes the same feeling and picturesque landscape that is evident around eastern Kentucky and Appalachia. These paintings hint at the pride of Kentuckians in the environment that they are surrounded by. They offer views into the past of Kentucky before much of its landscape was settled or destroyed. The spirit of his work depicting unbridled landscapes is what this project helps to evoke for the people who use it.
‘Kentucky River’
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8.1
‘Serenity’
8.2
‘Fish Trap’
8.3
ECO-TOURISM + RANGERS ACADEMY
8.4
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At a Glance Architect_ Ammar Khammash Location_ Ajloun, Jordan Client_ The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) Date_ 2011-2013 Size_3,255 sqm This project, which is the first of its kind in the area, is an academy for ecotourism and environmental ranger services in Ajloun. The buildings has a dual program: from one side it is an environmental academy that presents nature-oriented educational programs, on the other, it is a high end cafe and craft shop. It aims, on one level, to provide national and regional requirements of tourism industry and environmental agencies, and to create, on another level, significant career opportunities and socio-economic benefits for the people of Ajloun. Program includes a training center, forest information center, nature shops, and a restaurant.15
8.5
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ECO-TOURISM + RANGERS ACADEMY: SITE
Ajloun Forest Reserve 8.6
72
000
The Ecotourism + Ranger’s Academy is located in the Ajloun Forest Reserve, that was established in 1988 by the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, the buildings clients. The reserve spans over 5 square miles and boasts a portion of Jordan’s only 1% of wooded areas. The Mediterranean-like climate has been affected by desertification and deforestation, but still contains rolling hills and valleys as well as springs.16 The building is situated just to the north of the village of Umm Al-Yanabi, which is home to several bungalows and cabins for tourists to the park. Five four person cabins and 10 four person bungalows are able to house up to 60 people year round. A nearby bed and breakfast also serves the tourists. The reserve has a long history of human settlement due to its mild climate, dense forests, and fertile soil. Throughout the forest, there are many archaeological ruins scattered.17 8.7
000 73
ECO-TOURISM + RANGERS ACADEMY: DOCUMENTATION
8.8
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8.9
herskhazeen.com
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ECO-TOURISM + RANGERS ACADEMY: DIAGRAMMATIC ANALYSIS PROGRAMMATIC RELATIONSHIPS
Private Public Service
8.10
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PUBLIC CIRCULATION
8.11
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ECO-TOURISM + RANGERS ACADEMY: MATERIALITY
8.12
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8.13
_The overall structure of the building is composed of concrete bearing walls _The outside of the building is clad in Ajlouni limestone from the quarry it resides in as well as other quarries _ Plain concrete block is used for acoustic buffering within many of the public rooms _ Insulation is achieved by using straw filling within thick walls
8.14
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HAYSTACK MOUNTAIN SCHOOL OF CRAFTS
8.15
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At a Glance Architect_ Edward Larabee Barnes Associates Location_ Deer Isle, Maine Client_ Craft Artist Group & Mary Beasom Bishop Date_1961 Size_65,000 sq ft The Haystack Mountan School of crafts consists of 34 buildings which are connected to a central spine which runs down the hill. The buildings and walkways are all lifted from the ground in an attempt to have a light footprint on the land. Studios, residences, and dining halls make up the program of the cedar clad buildings, each one with framed views of the environment.18
8.16
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8.17
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8.18
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BLUE WALL CENTER
8.19
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At a Glance Architect_ Studio Gang Location_ Greenville County, SC Client_ Greenville Convention & Visitor’s Bureau Date_ Designed 2010 Size_9,600 sf The Blue Wall Center is situated on a 165 acre camp and its purpose is to encourage visitors to “enjoy, explore, understand, and conserve the rich and unique landscape of the Upstate region of South Carolina”. The building is interrupted by a series of “living exhibits” that are atriums which focus on highlighting the region’s flora, fauna, and geology. Exterior spaces adjacent to the building work in the same manner, and focus, magnify, and intensify the natural beauty of the landscape.19
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8.21
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8.22
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08
DESIGN PROCESS
Site Study Model
Bridge Study
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Housing Module Study
92
Roof Form Studies
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Housing Module Study
Housing Module Study
09
FINAL PROJECT
PROPOSAL The parti for this project was to embrace the hillside, capturing views, and allowing the building to sew itself into the landscape using green circulation corridors. These corridors, acting as major axes for the building, use the built form to establish a deeper connection between the rocky forest, meadowland, and river. Though much of the site retains its natural state, the river, a main focal point, has been rerouted to form an oxbow which flows towards the building. The oxbow’s main purpose is to act as a catalyst for a series of river rehabilitation zones throughout the region in order to create a healthier ecosystem than what the river currently maintains. Within the space created by the oxbow, exterior programmatic elements such as a performance space, informal classrooms, native gardens, and fire pits are situated, connecting the built and natural environment. The building itself is divided into three programmatic zones. The central, public zone consists of visitor information, classrooms, a cafÊ and a multipurpose space, all open to the public, students, and tourists. Wrapping the hill to either side of the central building, modulated guest rooms and student housing, arranged as terracing rooms, are raised off the ground to allow natural systems such as water and vegetation to flow uninhibited below the buildings. The structural and material language of the
building relates to the area’s historic vernacular. Built from cross laminated timber (CLT) and glulam structure, heavy timber connects with both the extensive logging history, as well as a nod to the wood barns that have always been a staple of the local typology. Additional low-impact strategies have been implemented into this project such as the use of vertical closed loop geothermal energy and green roofs. Since the building faces primarily north, form and solar orientation of building roofs were investigated, resulting in parametrically determined roofs which are angled towards the south to capture sunlight.
Lobby Terrace
RIVER REHABILITATION
One goal of this project is to act as stimulus of river rehabilitation throughout the Red River Gorge Region. The map above indicates areas of river remediation [orange] as well as areas in which the remediation is combined with a facility that is similar to the proposed one [purple]. These facilities would have a similar architectural language, but with varying programmatic needs. With a wider range of visible areas in which the river is being maintained, education for responsible use and respest for the river will increase from residents and visitors to the area.
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10.1
Sample Alternative Programs: Village/Residental Education Crafts/Manufacturing Ecotourism
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KEY Site Existing National Trails Existing Non-National Trails Proposed Trails Existing Bike Trails Benton MacKaye, the founder of the Appalachian Trail, had the desire to link cities on the eastern seaboard to rural oases in The Appalachian Region through the use of natural trails. This map combines those ideals as they stand currently, along with this project’s own proposals for walking and biking trails, to expand its regional connection.
10.2
Guest Housing Public Amenities Student Housing
PARTI & PROGRAM
DRAINAGE FLOW
CIRCULATION
PARKING & APPROACH
FLOOD ZONE RESPONSE
GEOTHERMAL & SOLAR ENERGY
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Site Plan
Section A (Through Student Housing)
Section C (Through Lobby & Gallery)
Section B (Through Classrooms & Multipurpose)
Section D (Through Cafe & Conference Room)
Section E (Through Guest Rooms)
Entry Elevation
Section D (Through Cafe & Conference Room)
Sectional Model
110
CLT/Handrail Detail
111
Third Floor Plan
112
Second Floor Plan
113
First Floor Plan
114
Gallery
North Elevation
HOUSING MODULES
Sample Guest Unit
GUEST ROOM
Basic Form
118
Solar Carving
Roof Solar Orientation
Final Form
SERVICE
GUEST ROOM
Program Layout
ROOF CONSTRUCTION Vegetation Leightweight Soil 2-1/2” Drainage Map 1-1/2” Calendered Polymetric Roofing, 2 layers Thermal Insulation 4” Vapor Barrier CLT Roof Panel 7 ply WALL CONSTRUCTION Charred Cedar Cladding 3/4” Furring Channel 2” Waterproofing Thermal Insulation 5” Vapor Barrier CLT Wall Panel 5 ply FLOOR CONSTRUCTION Polished Concrete Floor 1” Warmboard Radient Subfloor 1-3/4” I-Joist Subframe with Utility Chase 24” Concrete Beams Vapor Barrier Thermal Insulation 5” Waterproofing Furring Channel 2” Cedar Cladding 3/4”
Guest Unit Construction
Max. Height 15’-6”
15’-0” x 24’-0” Modules
Prefabricated Modular Components 119
MATERIALITY & CONSTRUCTION
ROOF CONSTRUCTION Charred Cedar Cladding 3/4” Battens/Cavity 2” Insulation 3” = 2-1/2”, fiber board, water resistant CLT Floor Slab 7 ply Glulam Beam 24” x 6” WALL CONSTRUCTION Charred Cedar Cladding 3/4” Furring Channel 2” Waterproofing Insulation 8” Damp Proof Membrane CLT Floor Slab 7 ply
Charred Wood Cladding
Birdsafe Glass
Cross Laminated Timber
Green Roofs
Finished Concrete Flooring
Local Sandstone
FLOOR CONSTRUCTION Screed, Polished 3” Acoustic Insulation 1” CLT Floor Slab 7 ply Glulam Beam 24” x 6” FOUNDATION WALL CONSTRUCTION Waterproof Mortar Coat Peripheral Insulation with Drainage 4” Waterproofing Concrete Wall 10” Wood Wall Finish 1-1/4” GROUND SLAB Polished Screed 3” Insulation 6” Damp Proof Membrane Concrete Ground Slab 8”
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Main Building Wall Section
CENTRAL BUILDING 1. Charred cedar siding, vertical, varying widths & depths 2. Local sandstone veneer over foundation 3. Glazing with bird safe glass
GUEST & STUDENT HOUSING 1. Charred & uncharred cedar siding, horizontal, varying widths & depths 2. Green roof: sedum, sedge & aromatic herbs (oregano & thyme) 3. Steps: Laminated wood treads, perforated metal risers
10.3
Inspiration: Gladie Cabin, Stanton KY
Cladding Model
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View from Oxbow
10
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
This project has been an immensely rewarding investigation into how the environment, people, and architecture can work together to help a struggling community. It can be easy to pass over and through communities like these along the Appalachian Mountain Range where the beauty of the place hides problems that have deep roots. Rural poverty is a social norm for people throughout the United States and the world, but the attention brought to it falls short. It has been the hope throughout the entirety of this project that the ‘final’ presented here has been sensitive to the needs of the community in a way that does not generalize with many of the misconceptions of the region. As isolated as areas like Stanton are, it is important to not neglect seeing this area as part of a larger network of environmental, political, and societal systems. Stanton, Kentucky, along with its neighboring communities, fosters an extremely rich and unique cultural and environmental experiences; ones which should be celebrated and integrated into ways of helping the people. Incorporating the architectural themes, intentions, and designs from this project will not be the end solution by far, but it does has the power to begin framing ideas for future resolutions and provide momentum going forward.
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APPENDIX
NATIVE TREE SPECIES Name
Height Sunlight
Red Maple 40-100’ Sugar Maple 60-120’ Ohio Buckeye 20-80’ Downy Serviceberry <30’ Shadblow Serviceberry 6-20’ Allegheny Serviceberry 30-40’ Pawpaw <25’ River Birch 40-70’ American Hornbean 20-40’ Pecan <100’ Pignut Hickory 60’ Shellbark Hickory 60-80’ Shagbark Hicory 60-80’ Northern Catalpa 40-60’ Eastern Redbud 20-30’ Fringetree 12-20’ Yellowwood* 30-50’ Pagoda Dogwood 15-25’ Flowering Dogwood 30-40’ Cockspur Hawthorn 20-30’ Eastern White Pine 50-80’ Virginia Pine 15-40’ Sycamore 70-100’ White Oak 50-80’ Scarlet Oak 75’ Shingle Oak 50-60’ Chinkapin Oak 40-50’ Mountain Stewartia* 15’
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Water
Height Pin Oak 60-70’ Willow Oak 40-60’ Chestnut Oak 60-70’ Northern Red Oak 60-75’ Black Oak 50-60’ Black Locust 20-30’ Green Hawthorn 20-30’ Persimmon 35-60’ American Beech 60’ White Ash 50-100’ Green Ash 50-60’ Blue Ash 50-70’ Honeylocust 30-70’ Kentucky Coffeetree 60-75’ Mountain Silverbell 30-40’ Common Witchhazel 20-30’ American Holly 40-50’ Black Walnut >60’ Tulip Poplar 35-50’ Sweet Gum 60-75’ Cucumbertree Magnolia 50-80’ Bigleaf Magnolia 30-40’ Umbrella Magnolia 15-30’ Black Gum 30-50’ American Hophornbeam 25-40’ Sourwood 25-30’ Black Cherry 50-60’ Sassafras 30-60’
Sunlight
Water
Mountain Stewartia
Sweet Gum
River Birch
Pignut Hickory
Yellowwood
Kentucky Coffeetree
Downy Serviceberry
Northern Catalpa
Pawpaw
Sourwood
Pagoda Dogwood
Fringetree 12.1-12.12
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SITE: GEOGRAPHY + METEOROLOGY The site, located in Powell County, is situated in the eastern Appalachian Plateau and is part of the coal field region.
Ecological Regions
Geographic Regions
12.13
12.14
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APPALACHIA: THE PEOPLE
The North American Mission Board recognizes four main types of people that make up Appalachian Culture: One people group consists of descendants of the original pioneers who settled in the region during the westward movement. These people tend to be landowners, politicians and business people. The characteristics of this group are self-reliant, independent, hard-working, stable and having strong ties to family. A second group is composed of the hard-working coal miner, logger or factory worker. The average worker has little education, few skills, a large family, no wealth and few choices in vocation. For example, while coal mining continues to be the largest financial contributor to the economy of West Virginia, poverty in the coalfields remains a daily and depressing reality. The third group is the profession group. These are individuals and their families who have moved to Appalachia due to a profession (i.e., bankers, lawyers, teachers, ministers, etc.). Members of this group are usually not readily accepted by the Appalachians. The fourth group is the returning Appalachians. This group consists of those who grew up in the mountains, moved away for employment and are now returning to Appalachia. Many of them find it difficult to adjust to the lifestyle they left as a teenager.
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REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT USE + OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION
According to section 300 of Kentuckyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Building Codes, this facility would be classified under one of these three categories: _Assembly Group A 303.3 Assembly Group A-2. Assembly uses intended for food and/or drink consumption including, but not limited to: Banquet halls, Casinos (gaming areas), Dance halls, Nightclubs, Restaurants, cafeterias and similar dining facilities, Taverns and bars, 303.4 Assembly Group A-3. Assembly uses intended for worship, recreation or amusement and other assembly uses not classified elsewhere in Group A including, but not limited to: Amusement arcades, Art galleries, Auction houses, Auditoriums, Bowling alleys, Community halls, Courtrooms, Dance halls not including food or drink consumption, Exhibition halls, Fitness clubs, Funeral parlors, Gymnasiums without spectator seating, Gymnastic centers without spectator seating, Health clubs, Indoor swimming pools without spectator seating, Indoor tennis courts without spectator seating, Lecture halls, Libraries, Museums, Passenger Stations (waiting areas) Places of religious worship, including fellowship halls, religious education classrooms, recreation and family life centers, Pool and billiard parlors
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_Educational Group E 305.1 Educational Group E occupancy includes the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, other than those occupied for business training or vocational training, by six or more persons at any one time for educational purposes including, among others, schools, academies, colleges and universities. _Residential Group R 310.2 Definitions. The following terms are defined in chapter 2: Bed and breakfast establishment, Bed and breakfast home, Bed and breakfast inn, Boarding house, Congregate living facilities, Dormitory, Group home, Personal care service, Residential care facilities, Transient.
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REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT BUILDING HEIGHT + AREA RESTRICTIONS
_507.3 Sprinklered, one story. The area of a one-story, Group B, F, M or S building or a one- story Group A-4 building, of other than Type V construction, shall not be limited when the building is provided with an automatic sprinkler system throughout in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and is surrounded and adjoined by public ways or yards not less than 60 feet (18288) in width. Exceptions: 1. Buildings and structures of Types I and II construction for rack storage facilities that do not have access by the public shall not be limited in height, provided that such buildings conform to the requirements of Section 507.3 and 903.3.1.1 and Chapter 32 of the International Fire Code
_There are no known building height restrictions in the area that are known of
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OCCUPANT LOADS
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137
REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT EGRESS _1006.1 The means of egress including the exit discharge shall be illuminated at all times the building space is served by the means of egress is occupied. _1009.7.2 Stair riser heights shall be 7 inches maximum and 4 inches minimum. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the nosings of adjacent treads. Rectangular tread depths shall be 11 inches minimum. _1010.3 Ramps used as a part of a means of egress shall have a running slope not steeper than one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8.33-percent slope) _1013.3 Required Guards shall not be less than 42 inches high _1028.6 Egress Width (Without smoke protection) 1. At least 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) of width for each occupant served shall be provided on stairs having riser heights of 7 inches (178 mm) or less and tread depths 11 inches (279 mm) or greater, measured horizontally between tread nosings. 2. At least 0.005 inch (0.127 mm) of additional stair width for each 0.10 inch (2.5 mm) of riser height above 7 inches (178 mm). 3. Where egress requires stair descent, at least 0.075 inch (1.9 mm) of additional width for each occupant shall be provided on those portions of stair width having no handrail within a horizontal distance of 30 inches (762 mm). 4. Ramped means of egress, where slopes are steeper than one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8.33 percent slope), shall have at least 0.22 inch (5.6 mm) of clear width for each occupant served. Level or ramped means of egress, where slopes are not steeper than one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8.33 percent)
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ACCESSIBILITY _1104.4 Multilevel buildings and facilities. At least one accessible route shall connect each accessible level including mezzanines, in multilevel buildings and facilities. _1104.7 An accessible route shall be provided to all public toilet facilities _1109.2 Each toilet and bathing facility shall be accessible _1109.2.1 In assembly and mercantile occupancies, an accessible family or assisted-use toilet room shall be provided where an aggregate of six or more male and female water closets is required. (Exception: where each separate-sex bathing room has only one shower or bathtub fixture, a family or assisted-use bathroom is not required) _
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REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ZONING
12.15
Zoning regulations for the area are very loose, however this geological land use planning map demonstrates some interesting characteristics of the site: 1. The lower (northern) portion of the site is part of a wetlands/potential flooding zone, and is difficult to build on, however most of the major towns in the area are built on this type of environment 2. There is an abandoned railroad that ran through the site along the current street 3. The remainder (southern) portion of the site is shale, which serves as a good foundation material, but has limitations as it is difficult to excavate. It is also situated on what is now public land
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12.16
FEMA FLOODING INFORMATION
12.17
The translucent blue area on the map indicates the 100 year flood zone as determined by FEMA. It encompasses most of the low meadowland on the site, as well as a small portion of the hillside to the northeast of the site.
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SOIL DATA
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Powell and Wolfe Counties, Kentucky Gsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Grigsby silt loam, frequently flooded Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: lh5r Elevation: 570 to 1,450 feet Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 52 inches Mean annual air temperature: 45 to 67 degrees F Frost-free period: 161 to 206 days Farmland classification: Prime farmland if protected from flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing season
Powell and Wolfe Counties, Kentucky BsFâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Bledsoe-Berks-Rock outcrop complex, 20 to 70 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: lh5g Elevation: 570 to 1,450 feet Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 52 inches Mean annual air temperature: 45 to 67 degrees F Frost-free period: 161 to 206 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition Grigsby, frequently flooded, and similar soils: 80 percent Minor components: 20 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Map Unit Composition Bledsoe and similar soils: 40 percent Berks and similar soils: 25 percent Rock outcrop: 10 percent Minor components: 25 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Grigsby, Frequently Flooded Setting Landform: Flood plains Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Coarse-loamy alluvium derived from sedimentary rock
Description of Bledsoe Setting Landform: Mountain slopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainflank Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Clayey colluvium derived from sedimentary rock
Typical profile H1 - 0 to 8 inches: silt loam H2 - 8 to 60 inches: sandy loam
Typical profile H1 - 0 to 16 inches: silt loam H2 - 16 to 55 inches: silty clay loam H3 - 55 to 60 inches: channery silty clay loam
Properties and qualities Slope: 0 to 4 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Natural drainage class: Well drained Runoff class: Very low Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 5.95 in/hr) Depth to water table: About 42 to 72 inches Frequency of flooding: Frequent Frequency of ponding: None Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 9.0 inches)
Properties and qualities Slope: 20 to 70 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Natural drainage class: Well drained Runoff class: Very high Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately low to moderately high (0.06 to 0.57 in/hr) Depth to water table: More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding: None Frequency of ponding: None Available water storage in profile: High (about 10.1 inches)
Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2w Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Minor Components Orrville Percent of map unit: 6 percent Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey
4/1/2015 Natural Resources Page 1 of 2 Service Conservation
Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey
4 Pag
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REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT Wood Regulations _2303.4.1.3 Trusses spanning 60 feet or greater. The owner shall contract with any qualified licensed design professional for the design of the temporary installation restraint/bracing and the permanent individual truss member restraint/bracing for all trusses with clear spans 60 feet (18 288 mm) or greater. _ 2308.10.7 Engineered wood products. Prefabricated wood I-joists, structural glued-laminated timber and structural composite lumber shall not be notched or drilled except where permitted by the manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendations or where the effects of such alterations are specifically considered in the design of the member by a licensed design professional. _The Kentucky Building Code does not have extensive regulations in relation to heavy timber construction, the type that will be proposed in this facility. Frost Depth
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Arch 641.02 Graduate Thesis Research Seminar Final Poster PARADISE: REDISCOVERED INTRODUCING ECOTOURISM INTO THE HEART OF KENTUCKY THOMAS BARKER
HOW DOES ONE HELP INHABITANTS OF A STRUGGLING COMMUNITY WHO ARE TOO PROUD TO ACCEPT IT? THE HOLLOWS IN THE HEART OF THE APPALACHIAN PLAIN ARE HOME TO SOME OF THE POOREST COUNTIES IN THE UNITED STATES, WHERE POVERTY RATES CAN REACH UP TO 45%. THIS THESIS PROPOSES AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOTOURISM INTO THE COUNTIES OF THE DANIEL BOONE NATIONAL FOREST IN AN EFFORT TO STIMULATE A STRUGGLING ECONOMY AND EDUCATE THE FUTURE WORKFORCE OF THE AREA. TEAMING THE KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM AND JOBCORPS, THIS FACILITY WILL CREATE AN ECOTOURISM HUB FOR THE AREA, AS WELL AS PROVIDING THE YOUTHS IN THE AREA WITH EDUCATION AND SKILLS IN FORESTRY, HOSPITALITY, AND THE CULINARY ARTS.
POVERTY RATES IN APPALACHIA 2007-2011
ARC.GOV
SITE
GOOGLE.COM
37*50’06.57”N
83*42’38.98”W
LOCATED ON 8 ACRES OF A 60 ACRE CAMPGROUND, THE SITE IS SITUATED BETWEEN THE POPULAR RED RIVER TO THE NORTH, AND A NATURAL POND TO THE SOUTH. JUST TWENTU MINUTES IN EACH DIRECTION, THE SITE IS CENTRALLY LOCATED BETWEEN THE TOWN OF STANTON TO THE WEST AND POPULAR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS TO THE EAST IN THE RED RIVER GORGE, THE SITE IS EASILY ACCESSIBLE FROM THE REST OF THE STATE VIA THE BERT T COMBS MOUNTAIN PARKWAY WHICH RUNS JUST A HALF MILE SOUTH OF THE SITE.
CITY-DATA.COM
SCALE: 1”=100’ 590’-0”
PROGRAM GUEST ROOMS (20 SINGLE QUEEN, 20 DOUBLE FULL) LOBBY EQUIPMENT RENTAL & STORE (INDOOR) EQUIPMENT RENTAL STORAGE (OUTDOOR) EXHIBITION SPACE + LITERATURE ROOM LARGE CLASSROOM
300 SF EA (12,000 SF TOTAL) 500 SF 700 SF 400 SF 450 SF 550 SF
STUDENT HOUSING 30 STUDENTS 3 FULL TIME STAFF HOUSING CLASSROOMS OFFICES STUDENT LOUNGE + COMPUTER LAB
400 SF EA (6,000 SF TOTAL) 350 SF EA (1,050 SF TOTAL) 450 EA (1,800 SF TOTAL) 125 EA (750 SF TOTAL) 700 SF
HEALTH CLINIC CAFE KITCHEN MULTIPURPOSE ROOM BATHROOMS MECHANICAL
500 SF 900 SF 1,200 SF 1,000 SF 200 SF EA (800 SF TOTAL) TBD
_CREATE A FACILITY WHICH IS DEMONSTRATIVE OF ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE DESIGN SUCH AS THE INCLUSION OF: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY HEAVY TIMBER CONSTRUCTION LOCAL MATERIALS
TOTAL NET: 18,500 SF TOTAL GROSS (x1.3): 24,000 SF
_SUCCESSFULLY DESIGN FACILITIES WHICH ALLOW BOTH VISITOR AND STUDENT LIFE TO COMPLIMENT EACH OTHER WHILE MAINTAINING A DEGREE OF PRIVACY FOR EACH
THE GOAL THAT FUELED THE PROGRAM WAS TO CREATE A FACILITY IN WHICH THE STUDENTS OF THE JOPCORPS WILL LEARN VALUABLE SKILLS THAT THEY CAN UTILIZE AND IMPROVE UPON BY WORKING IN THE ECOTOURISM FACILITY. AS AN EXAMPLE, CULINARY STUDENTS WOULD WORK IN THE CAFE, AND FORESTRY STUDENTS WOULD TEACH CLASSES TO VISITORS. ALTHOUGH THE STUDENTS AND VISITORS WOULDN’T BE FULLY INTEGRATED, MUCH OF THE PROGRAM THEY SHARE, SUCH AS THE CAFE, VISITORS ROOM, HEALTH CLINIC, AND MULTIPURPOSE ROOM. THE MULTIPURPOSE ROOM WOULD BE AN INDOOR/OUTDOOR SPACE IN WHICH STUDENTS CAN PLAY LARGER SPORTS GAMES, BUT ITS MAIN PURPOSE WOULD BE SO PEOPLE FROM THE TOWN CAN HOST EVENTS SUCH AS FARMERS MARKETS, DEMONSTRATIONS, AND CONFERENCES. THE INTENTIONS OF THE ECOTOURISM ASPECT OF THE BUILDING ARE TO CREATE A HUB IN THE REGION THAT WILL ENTICE VISITORS TO EXPLORE THE BEAUTY THAT THIS REGION HAS TO OFFER. AMENITIES FOR VISITORS RANGE FROM OVERNIGHT STAYS IN THE FACILITY TO BEING ABLE TO RENT EQUIPMENT TO CAMP IN THE FOREST.
ARCHITECTURAL INTENTIONS
_CREATE A BUILDING LANGUAGE RESPONSIVE TO THE LOCAL VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE WHILE MAINTAINING FORWARD THINKING IDEALS
PRECEDENTS
HERSKHAZEEN.COM
ECOTOURISM + RANGER’S ACADEMY AJLOUN, JORDAN KHAMMASH ARCHITECTS 35,000 SF 2013
CENTRE FOR ECOTOURISM & SCIENCE LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND JB FERRARI & ASSOCIATES 59,000 SF UNBUILT
THIS PROJECT, DESIGNED FOR THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE, AIMS TO PROVIDE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL TOURISM REQUIREMENTS WHILE ALSO CREATING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE LOCAL PEOPLE
THIS BUILDING WEAVES EDUCATION AND ECOTOURISM TOGETHER AND SERVES AS A GATEWAY INTO THE CITY. THE PROJECT ALSO CREATES AN INTERESTING ARCHITECTURAL JUXTAPOSITION WITH EXISTING BUILDINGS. ARCHDAILY.COM
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MANIFESTO To encapsulate the definition of architecture solely as the planning, designing, and constructing of the built world is a disservice in its own right. Architects have limitless boundaries as to how they can help change the world. What they design not only affects humans and the environment, but tell stories on how they plan for the future, and remember the past. Having the ability to shape how people feel, sense, interact, and learn are incredible responsibilities that can’t be taken lightly. Architecture is an ever evolving discipline which, coming from humble roots, now defines cultures, places, and people. The profession has to stay current to changing societal trends, yet also innovative enough to enact changes in the status quo. The built environment and human culture are integrated and interact constantly; every column placed, view framed, and material chosen will have an impact on the user. No two people will react to a building the same way, which creates the challenge of getting the architect’s vision across. Because of this, there may be no ‘right’ way to design, but there are ‘smart’ ways to design. Successful projects can come in all shapes and sizes. Examples of which can regularly be seen in works by firms such as Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), and groups such as the Auburn University’s Rural Studio. These two practices are a minuscule example of some great work around the world, but their
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fundamental goals and philosophy’s are notable. Many of the projects from BIG consist of breaking the boundaries of conventional building typologies in order to foster new interactions between opposing programs. Examples of this include the Sydhavns Recycling Center and the Amager Resource Center. Both projects take an undesirable program (recycling or energy plant) and combine them with public amenities in innovative ways by either manipulating the landscape, or utilizing the building as landscape. To compare, the Rural Studio, also brings the innovation of architecture to those who might not normally experience it, but in the form of smaller, modest buildings. Rural Studio has given homes, community centers, and playgrounds to countless poor communities around Alabama. Discarded waste such as cardboard, carpet, books, and steel drums are up-cycled into low cost projects which serve residents. What both BIG and Rural Studio have in common is that they both design smart and in a way which benefits the users. Although the scales of the projects couldn’t differ more, they push boundaries in the correct ways to create a better world. Architecture is so much more than planning, designing, and building, and when architects realize that, the repercussions can be astounding.
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12
WORKS CITED
IMAGES Cover Page 1.1 http://lemerg.com/756788.html Introduction 2.1 https://rfkineky.wordpress.com/5-how-did-people-of-eastern-kentucky-respond-to-kennedys-visit/ 2.2 http://lookingatappalachia.org/kentucky#/id/i9137339 Problem Statement 3.1 http://www.arc.gov/research/RegionalDataandResearch.asp 3.2 http://www.arc.gov/research/RegionalDataandResearch.asp 3.3 http://www.arc.gov/research/RegionalDataandResearch.asp 3.4 http://www.arc.gov/research/RegionalDataandResearch.asp 3.5 http://www.arc.gov/research/RegionalDataandResearch.asp 3.6 http://www.timwebbphotography.com Project Statement 4.1 http://www.timwebbphotography.com 4.3 http://www.wallpapersonweb.com 4.4 http://www.kentuckytourism.com 4.5 http://www.jobcorps.gov Context 5.1 http://www.fs.usda.gov 5.2 http://www.fs.usda.gov 5.3 http://www.redrivergorge.com 5.4 http://www.timwebbphotography.com 5.5 http://www.timwebbphotography.com 5.6 http://www.timwebbphotography.com 5.7 http://www.timwebbphotography.com 5.8 http://dptmclimbing.com 5.9 http://www.mikeloveridge.wordpress.com 5.10 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/91901648618834850/ 5.11 Google Earth 5.12 Google Earth 5.13 Google Earth 5.14 Personal Photo 5.15 Personal Photo 5.16 Personal Photo 5.17 Personal Photo 5.18 Personal Photo 5.19 Personal Photo 5.20 Personal Photo
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5.21 http://www.city-data.com/city/Stanton-Kentucky.html 5.22 http://www.city-data.com/city/Stanton-Kentucky.html 5.23 http://www.city-data.com/city/Stanton-Kentucky.html 5.24 http://www.city-data.com/city/Stanton-Kentucky.html 5.25 http://www.city-data.com/city/Stanton-Kentucky.html 5.26 http://www.city-data.com/city/Stanton-Kentucky.html 5.27 http://www.city-data.com/city/Stanton-Kentucky.html 5.28 Climate Consultant 5.29 Climate Consultant 5.30 http://www.timwebbphotography.com 5.31 Google Maps 5.32 Google Maps 5.33 Personal Photo Program Outline 6.1 None Architectural Themes & Intentions 7.1 None Precedent Analysis 8.1 http://www.paulsawyiergalleries.com/gallery.asp?varPrintType=PSG&Nav=1 8.2 http://www.paulsawyiergalleries.com/gallery.asp?varPrintType=PSG&Nav=1 8.3 http://www.paulsawyiergalleries.com/gallery.asp?varPrintType=PSG&Nav=1 8.4 http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy 8.5 http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy 8.6 Google Maps 8.7 Google Maps 8.8 http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy 8.9 http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy 8.10 http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy 8.11 http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy 8.12 http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy
8.13 http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy 8.14 http://www.herskhazeen.com/eco-tourism-and-rangers-academy 8.15 http://www.e-architect.co.uk 8.16 http://www.architectmagazine.com 8.17 http://www.steverosenthalphoto.com 8.18 http://www.steverosenthalphoto.com 8.19 http://www.archdaily.com/85483/blue-wall-center-studiogang-architects 8.20 http://www.archdaily.com/85483/blue-wall-center-studiogang-architects 8.21 http://www.archdaily.com/85483/blue-wall-center-studiogang-architects 8.22 http://inhabitat.com/structure-and-site-create-beautifulvistors-center-at-blue-ridge/blue-wall-center-1/ Design Process 9.0 All Personal Photos Final Project 10.0 Personal Images Unless Noted 10.1 Google Maps 10.2 https://www.nps.gov/nts/maps.html 10.3 http://www.naturesvistaphotography.com Conclusion 11.1 http://lookingatappalachia.org/kentucky#/id/i9215661 Appendix 12.1 http://awaytogarden.com/hot-plant-stewartia-an-idealsmall-tree/ 12.2 http://bobklips.com/treeflowers6.html 12.3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_nigra 12.4 https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/carya/glabra/ 12.5 http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/clke1230191.jpg 12.6 http://wcisel.com/plants/kentuckycoffeetree/index.htm 12.7 http://courses.missouristate.edu/pbtrewatha/downy_serviceberry.htm 12.8 https://c1.staticflickr.com/6/5308/5848688080_5dd5642f4b_b.jpg 12.9 http://www.eattheweeds.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/paw-paw-fruits.jpg 12.10 http://www.jeffpippen.com/plants/oxydendrum.htm 12.11 http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/node/2499 12.12 http://plants.oaklandnursery.com/12130001/Plant/89/
White_Fringetree 12.13 http://www.uky.edu/hort/Ecological-Regions-of-Kentucky 12.14 http://kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/main.asp#tabs-2 12.15 http://kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/main.asp#tabs-2 12.16 http://kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/main.asp#tabs-2 12.17 http://map1.msc.fema.gov/idms/IntraList.cgi?displ=wsp/ item_21197C0200D.txt 12.18 http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=974c96c93d3a405c9d298dfa4208fcd3
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FOOTNOTES 1.
(“The Fifty Years War” 2015)
2.
(“The Fifty Years War” 2015)
3.
(Ferraro, Hanauer)
4.
(‘Appalachian Culture’ n.d.)
5.
(Certec, Inc. 2016)
6.
(“What is Ecotourism?” n.d.)
7.
(“What is Ecotourism?” n.d.)
8.
(“Kentucky Tourism” 2015)
9.
(“About Job Corps” 2013)
10.
(“About Job Corps” 2013)
11.
(‘Daniel Boone National Forest’ n.d.)
12.
(‘Red River Gorge’ 2012)
13.
(‘Red River Gorge’ 2012)
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14.
(‘Sawyier’s Life’ 2007)
15.
(‘Eco-tourism and Rangers Academy’ 2013)
16.
(‘Aljoun Forest Reserve’ n.d.)
17.
(‘Aljoun’ 2015)
18.
(‘The Haystack Mountain School of Crafts’ 2015)
19.
(‘Blue Wall Center’ n.d.)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Fritsch, Albert J., and Kristin Johannsen. Ecotourism in Appalachia: Marketing the Mountains. Lexington, KY: U of Kentucky, 2004. Print. “America’s Poorest County: Proud Appalachians Who Live without Running Water or Power in Region Where 40% Fall Below Poverty Line.” Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers, 24 Apr. 2012. Web. Lowrey, Annie. “What’s the Matter With Eastern Kentucky?” The New York Times. The New York Times, 28 June
2014. Web.
Moore, Molly. “Appalachia’s Place in the War on Poverty.” Appalachian Voices. N.p., 9 Apr. 2014. Web. Thomas, Kara R. The Appalachian Independent. N.p., 14 Mar. 2014. Web. “The Fifty Years War.” Editorial. Economist Mar. 2015: n. pag. The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 21 Mar. 2015. Web. Ferraro, Paul J., and Merlin M. Hanauer. “Quantifying Causal Mechanisms to Determine How Protected Areas Affect Poverty through Changes in Ecosystem Services and Infrastructure.” PNAS 111.11 (2014): n. pag. Quantifying Causal Mechanisms to Determine How Protected Areas Affect Poverty through Changes in Ecosystem Services and Infrastructure. PNAS. Web. “Appalachia.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. Certec, Inc. Economic Impact of Kentucky’s Travel and Tourism Industry – 2014 and 2015. Rep. Kentucky Tourism. N.p., May 2016. Web. “What Is Ecotourism?” The International Ecotourism Society. N.p., n.d. Web. Kentucky Tourism. Kentucky Department of Travel and Tourism, 2015. Web. About Job Corps. Job Corps. U.S. Department of Labor, 20 Mar. 2013. Web. Daniel Boone National Forest - Home. Daniel Boone National Forest. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, n.d. Web. Red River Gorge. Red River Gorge Online. N.p., 2012. Web
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“Sawyier’s Life.” Paul Sawyier Galleries. N.p., 2007. Web. “Eco-tourism and Rangers Academy.” Herskhazeen. HKZ Design Magazine, 2013. Web. “Ajloun Forest Reserve.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web “Ajloun.” RSCN. Royal Academy for Nature Conservation, 2015. Web. “The Haystack Mountain School of Crafts.” Architect Magazine. Hanley Wood Media, 18 Mar. 2015. Web. “Blue Wall Center.” Studio Gang. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 June 2016. Harlan, Becky. “A Fresh Look at Appalachia-50 Years After the War on Poverty.” Proof: National Geographic. National Geographic Partners, LLC, 06 Feb. 2015. Web. “Appalachian Culture.” NAMB. North American Mission Board, n.d. Web. “The Fifty Years War.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 21 Mar. 2015. Web. “Kentucky Native Plant Evaluation.” UKY. University of Kentucky, n.d. Web.
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