Constructing Environments LOGBOOK
source: http://www.edgeshapesindustry.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/construction-for-securityservices.jpg
! ! ! ! ! By Thomas Delzoppo (699154)
Week 1:! The paradox of construction: “Before a building is completed, it goes through an incredible amount of complexity. And gradually, as the the scaffolding is taken away, and the construction systems are lined, the building becomes, in its final form, a much more simple and coherent piece of architecture.”! -Clare Newton, Senior Lecturer, Constructing Environments.! ! ! !
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A load is a weight or source of pressure borne by someone or something. A load will take the most direct route towards to ground. Every action will have an opposite and equal reaction, and in the the case of loads, the gravitational force reacts, creating a stable structure. (“Load Path Diagrams”, 2014)!
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Diagrams”, 2014)!
• There are basic structural forces at work in every contraction project. A force is defined as any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body (Oxford Online Dictionary).! • Forces are considered to be vector in nature, possessing both magnitude and direction. !
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There are two basic structural forces including:! Tension: This occurs when an external load forces the particles of a structural member to move apart and thus elongate the material.!
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Compression: This occurs when when an external load forces the inward movement of a structural member’s particle, causing the material to shorten. Otherwise known as the opposite of tension. !
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Introduction to materials (“Introduction to Materials”, 2014)! There are several considerations when selection materials in construction.! Strength: Is the material able to support high intensity loads?! Stiffness: Depending on the context of construction, materials must be selected to support the required load/s.! Shape: Monodimensional, linear, planar, volumetric! Material Behaviours: Some materials are equally strong in tension and compression, isotropic (identical properties in all directions), anisotropic (directionally dependent) ! Economy & Sustainability: How readily available is the material and what is it’s cost? What is the materials impact on the surrounding natural and built environments?!
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M.D.F. TOWER!
This image conveys the base of our tower. Building a strong base is paramount for a tall construction, as particular load forces cause a shift in the overall balance of the structure. The idea behind our construction was the fact that the blocks were rectangular in shape, and thus a square base would provide the most stable base possible.!
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The bricks were aligned in a tessellated fashion, in order to maximise the height of the tower. This is the simplest repeating pattern in construction, and will create a wall only one-half brick thick. The load which will be applied at the end of the construction will be be stronger, as the blocks do not rely on a single column brick for balance.!
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At this point in the construction, the bricks were slowly angled into the centre, in order to close off the top of the structure. !
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The sides of the tower began to angle in creating a peak. The structure’s strength is significantly improving, as the load spreads through the introduction of some horizontal forces.!
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The finished product of the tower. The structure has stability and the load is much more effectively spread with the formation a prominent peak. In future, constructing a peak which is supported by a pillar in the middle of the structure may eventuate in a tower with greater balance.!
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Week 2:! Construction Systems (“Construction Systems”, 2014) :! Enclosure/Envelope system! -The encompassing structure of a building, not required to carry a load.! Structural system! -The sub-system of a structure required to maintain load forces.! Service system! -Mechanical, plumbing and electrical systems.!
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Solid systems: e.g. Roman arches!
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Shell systems: Planar structure e.g. Sydney Opera house!
Skeletal systems: Efficient in transferring loads to ground e.g. Eiffel Tower!
Membrane systems: Based on the principle of tension e.g. North Court, The University of Melbourne!
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Hybrid systems: Combination of structural systems e.g Beijing Olympic stadiums!
ESD. (Ecologically Sustainable Development) Considerations (“ESD and Selecting Materials”, 2014)! Embodied Energy: Total energy used during all stages of a material’s life (Calkings 2009, pg 30).! Life Cycle: Begins with the extraction of raw materials and disposal of waste products into the earth or the recycled into new products! Stages: ! 1. Raw materials! 2. Primary processing and refining! 3. Manufacturing! 4. Delivery! 5. Construction use and maintenance! 6. Final disposal! (Calkings 2009, pg. 24-27).! Recyclability: The potential of a material to be re-used into a new product! Carbon Footprint: Measure of the greenhouse gases generated during the fabrication, transportation and use of a material.!
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Common ESD Strategies!
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Structural Joints (“Structural Joints”, 2014)!
Figure 1
Roller Joints: Allows for horizontal movement!
! Pin Joints: Loads force an outward movement of the joint! ! Fixed Joints: No vertical or horizontal movement! !
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*see Figure 1! Source: http://web.mit.edu/4.441/1_lectures/1_lecture13/1_lecture13_pic1.gif
BALSA TOWER A triangular base provides effective support for a tall structure.
The base of the balsa tower remained strong, while the sides of the structure highlighted the inadvertent flexibility of the joints.
From a triangular base, the idea was to create a prism like structure, with triangles mirroring each other. This method of construction was based on the Louvre Museum in Paris.
The structure remains intact.
The mirroring triangles method quickly became ineffective. Balance could not be maintained as the structure became taller.
Finally, the sides of the structure have detached from the triangular base.
Our group fell back to the prism structure. Though not as aesthetically pleasing, this form of skeletal construction would support a greater weight.
A peak was contracted with the remaining balsa.
A load force was sent down the fragile frame of our structure.
The load force caused the structure to lean to one side, as it became evident the pieces of balsa were not all the same length. A load force travels down the shortest possible route.
Week 3:! Theatre Olympic Constructs! A reflective talk by Alan Pert on the constructive processes involved in the development of the 2012 Olympic Games infrastructure.!
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• “We had to create a landscape”- Alan Pert. • The Olympic development fast tracked 25-30 years of planned work into a single decade. • It was expensive to move soil (contaminants, pollution). The soil was cleaned through remediation. • Groundwater was treated, injecting compounds into the ground, generating oxygen to break down harmful chemicals. • Transforming athlete villages into housing post Olympics has become a major issue, due to insufficient pre planning. • Bridges were built to suit the topography. • There was pressure to consider environmental impacts all the way through construction. • Recyclable materials was a new concept explored by the architects and engineers alike.
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E Learning
Introduction to Mass Construction!
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CONCRETE VS. CLAY (“CONCRETE BLOCKS”, 2014)!
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-Over time, concrete blocks will shrink, due to water gradually being lost to the atmosphere.! -Clay blocks will expand, as they absorb moisture from the atmosphere.!
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Footings & Foundations (“FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS”, 2014)!
• Foundations are found at the bottom of buildings where the building meets the ground (“Building Construction Illustrated”, 2014). The purpose of a foundation or foundations is to support the super structure. ! • Foundations allow the super structure to gradually sink into the earth, an inevitable process.! • Shallow footings are used for stable soil. They include:!
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-Strut e.g. Column (Designed to carry load parallel to its long axis (Effective in terms of compression)! -Tie e.g. Cable ties in bridge (Effective in terms of tension)! -Beams (Designed to carry tension)! -Slab (Wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load, supports by beams! -Panel (Deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal load)!
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Studio: Buildings Tour
Building 1: Car park under South Lawn! -Surface Structure! -Every column is situated underneath a tree! -Every Pillar is independent of each other! -As the concrete is not good in tension, the pillars well have steel inside of them!
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Building 2: Arts West Building! -Beams, supported by trusses! -Frame structure! -Fixed joins, due to the open space which accentuates the wind force! -The material is polished aluminium!
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Building 3: Union House! -Galvanised Steel! -Supported by cable ties! -Skeletal structure! -Cables are in tension! -Pin/fixed joints! -Dynamic impact loads!
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Building 4: North Court! -Membrane structure! -Cables and sail are in tension! -The shape of the membrane acts as a drain! -Columns in compression! -Sail reflects the sun!
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Building 5: Beaurepaire centre ! -Concrete Pillars! -Supporting square structure! -Framed by glass! -Pool (Drainage needs to be considered)! -Portal frame! -Weep holes in brick work, allowing moisture to flow out!
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Building 6: Oval Pavilion! -Existing pavilion ! -Basement excavating! -Pad footing! -Timber frame! -Service systems are visible! -Span and spacing of joists!
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Building 7: New Architecture Building! -Evidence of concrete (pre cast)! -Cantilevers! -Footings! -Skeletal structure! -Fixed joints !
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Building 8: Old Geology Sth.! -Load is transferred through mullions! -Extension of brick work! -Horizontal units carrying load!
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Building 9: Charles Pearson Amphitheatre! -Huge amount of concrete! -Polished timber! -Holes in the timber reduce the uplift!
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Building 10: Lot 6! -Curtain walling! -Angle of impact (line of influence)! -Concrete has been cast in-situ! -Retaining wall in basement !
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Source: http:// unimelbadventures.files.wordpress.co m/2013/04/dsc01455.jpg
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Week 4:! • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Theatre: Building the Pavilion Engineers, Architects, Project manager! Project manager is a liaison between client and builders! Architects: Celebrate the heritage! Hybrid of materials! Heavy Steel, masonry! Concrete to stop water penetrating rooms underneath! Cost constraints! Projects in Controlled Environments! COX architecture (celebrating structure)! Heritage issues threatened the project! 3D modelling! Collaboration across disciplines ! Property and services!
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E Learning (“Floor Systems”, 2014)
Concrete (“Concrete”, 2014)! • Components of concrete! -Cement, sand, crushed rock, water ! • There is a fine balance to the amount of water needed in cement! • There is a wall formwork to which concrete is poured between! • During the curing process, the formwork needs to be supported as the weight of the wet concrete is very bevy! -This is achieved by using props and bracings! • There are various finishes which can be applied to concrete (done while concrete is wet or dry, depending on style)! • Concrete is very strong in compression but weak in tension! • To cure this, steel (very strong in tension), in the form of mesh or bars is added.! ——>THIS IS KNOWN AS REINFORCED CONCRETE! • Properties of concrete! -Hard, fragility, ductility, flexibility, unable to be recycled effectively, long lasting!
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Concrete is not completely waterproof, if the steel is too close to surface, rust will occur through oxidation, comprising the structural integrity of the building!
In Situ concrete (cast on site) (“In-Situ Concrete”, 2014)! “Any concrete that has been poured into formwork and cured on the building site.”! JOINTS IN SITU! -Construction joints! Used to divide construction into smaller and more manageable sections of work! -Control joints! Required to absorb the expansions and contractions that thermal variations cause and the long term tendency of concrete to shrink over time! •
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Pre- Cast concrete (off site) (“Pre-Cast Concrete”, 2014)! “Any concrete that has been fabricated in a controlled environment and then transported to site for installation.”! JOINTS PRE CAST! -Construction joints! Naturally occurring when one pre cast element meets another! -Structural joints! The type and performance of the structural connections joining the precast elements to each other! • Finished can be very high quality due to the highly controlled nature of production! •
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STUDIO: Pavilion Drawings 1.! Why do we use scale! • So that you can visualise different aspects of the structure in relation to each other, on a smaller scale! • Provides a comparison, framework for construction! • Scale is also used for practicality! How! • Ratio of units! • The ratio changes depending on the scale being represented!
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2. ! Smaller scale for detailed drawings! 1:100 is used for drawing of whole structure! 1:50 is used for walls! 1:20 elevation drawings ! 1:5 is used for canopy (non standard elements of construction) i.e zooming in, see steel connections! 1:2 Section through portal !
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Case Study A21-03, A21-02, S03-20, A46-04, S3-01, A40-01, A46-04! 1.Title Block! Info found in the title block on floor plan page! -Scale, Title, Document Control status, Consultants, Orientations, Project director, architect, coordinator, date ! -This data gives you contextual information on the planned development! -Allowing consultants such as engineers and architects to carry out the development effectively! 2. Plans! What type of info is shown in this floor plan! -The total floor space, and the planned uses of rooms.! -Placement of plumbing, kitchen etc.! Provide an example of the dimensions as they appear on this floor plan? What units are used for the dimensions.! -86.8 square metres i.e square metres ! Is there a grid! -Yes, numbers and corresponding letter values! The legend! -Represents the elements within the architectural drawings, so that the reader is able to understand.! Why are some parts of the drawing annotated? Illustrate how the annotations are associated with the relevant part of the drawing! -Some drawings are annotated so that more info that cannot be illustrated in architectural drawings is presented! Illustrate how references to other drawings are shown on the plan. What do these symbols mean?! -Circular symbols with references to other pages, providing more detailed images! How are windows and doors identified? Provide an example of each. Is there rationale to their numbering? What do these numbers mean! -Windows are identified through straight double lines! -Doors are identified through a 90 degree angle with a half circle! -The numbers follow the windows in a chronological fashion! Illustrate how floor levels are noted on the plan! -Different floor levels are drawn on different pages! -A series of levels relative to the height of the building! DRAWING pg. A30-01!
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3.! Elevations!
What type of information is shown in this elevation? How does it differ from the information shown on the plan?! -A scaled illustration showing the vertical section of the structure, material texture! -The floor plan only shows birds eye! Are dimensions shown? How do they differ from dimensions of the plan?! -Vertically, through scale! -Dimensions are otherwise not shown! -Shows material texture, grain of soil! What types of levels are shown on the elevations? Illustrate how levels are shown in relation to elevation.! -All levels are shown! -Through a dashed line, with a abbreviated legend ! Is there a grid? if so, how/where is it?! -Yes, through numbers running vertically! PICTURE pg A30-01! What types of information on the elevations are expressed using words, illustrate how this is done.! -Description of the design elements such as “double glazed doors.�! Illustrate how the doors and windows are identified on the elevations! -Through a square box, stating the window number and room number! -Through a circle, stating the door number and room number! Find where this elevation is located on the plans.! -pg A30-01!
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4. Sections! What type of information is shown in this section? How does it differ from the information shown on the plan and elevation.! -The sections shows 3D images of the structure with the uses for the planned rooms annotated!
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Provide examples of how different materials are shown on the sections.! -Tessellated brick work is highlighted! -The timber is highlighted through the use of straight lines!
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Find where this section is located in the plans.! -A40-01! 5. Details! What sorts of things are detailed?! -The building, wall, canopy, internal & stairs details!
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Are the details compressed using break lines? Why?! -The break lines are used to define the boundary of the broken out sections. They also shorten the dimensions of the elements which may be excessively long. !
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Week 5:! !
Theatre (Peter Ashford)
Materials used during construction of new Architecture, Building and Planning Building! !
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Structural Steel! Cantilever! Galvanised steel! Sound considerations e.g. acoustic tiles!
Basement Excavation! • Steel reinforcement cages! • Concrete poured into holes! • Pillars temporarily prevent soil from collapsing ! • Concrete sprayed onto surface! • Board piers are closer together underneath the facade for increased support!
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Pad footings! • Steel reinforcement as well as concrete! • Raft slabs! • All constructed in-situ!
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Precast structural concrete walls and columns! • Made on a steel bed! • Steel cast in to connect to other beams and pillars! • Walls need to be braced! • Walls stacked on top of each other! • Relying on internal connections
Precast Facade! • White cement! • Panels are polished! • Brackets used for support! • Transported from South Australia! • No columns in lecture theatre, large spans to compensate!
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Polished South Side! • Bracket holding panels in place! • Every studio room will be different!
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Structural Steel! • Roof steel!
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Cantilever! • Projects 12m out from the building! • Steel framing system! • “Structure must be triangulated.”! • Weight load of concrete was considered before it was poured! • Hanging structure in middle of building!
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Y Stairs and Walkways! • Erected on site! • Structural steel truss ! • Walkways hang on tension roads! • Formwork very complex!
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LVL roof beams! • The grain runs parallel in every piece, opposed to plywood which grain varies in direction!
The Pavillion! Source: http://www.kane.com.au/userfiles/ image2/projects/size1/
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E Learning
Walls, grids and columns (“Walls, Grids and Columns”, 2014)! • Walls may also carry load into the footing within the ground! • !
! source: (“Building Construction Illustrated”, 2008)! ! Concrete structural frames! -Grid of columns and and concrete beams!
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Steel structural frames! -Use a grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams!
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Timber ! -Timber posts or poles connected to timber teams, not very typical of western development, more prominent in Japan!
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Load bearing walls! Pre cast concrete, used in lift system in new Architecture, Building and Planning structure! Reinforced masonry wall—> Some walls are filled with grout or concrete in a hollow section, aiding in rigidity. ! Solid masonry refers—> Walls composed solely of brickwork, may be two brick thick! Cavity masonry—> leaving a space between two lines of brickwork, for the purpose of better thermal insulation!
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Stud Walls (“WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS”, 2014)! Timber! • A smaller section of timber framing, used for structural purposes!
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Brick Veneer! • A combination of one skin of non masonry and one skin of structural frame wall! -used in Oval Pavilion!
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From wood to timber (“From Wood to Timber”, 2014)! Rapid growth early in development! Typical growth is one ring per year! The grain direction gives the timber a strength context! Timber is strongest when forces are applied parallel to the grain! Forces perpendicular to the grain will not be as effective! Seasoning: Involves removing the moisture from timber, thus strengthening the material! • Different wood types:! Softwood! e.g. pines! Hardwood! e.g. eucalyptus, Victorian Ash! • • • • • •
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Engineered timber (“Engineered Timber”, 2014)!
Frank Gehry (“Gehry’s Own Home”, 2014)! • Built using recycled, everyday materials in the construction of a house in Santa Monica.! • Old house was at core, while new house was the wrapping.! • “I had a funny idea you could make architecture that you could bump into before you would realise it was architecture.” Obviously I have not been able to do that, I would love too.”! • “I deliberately de-sophisticate elements of my work. I would rather call it un-design.”! • Fragment materials!
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Studio Compressive Strength of columns= Load (N) / Area (mm^2) ! Columns are considered long if the ratio of effective length to smallest cross section dimension is greater than 12:1.! Columns are considered short if the ratio of effective length to smallest cross section dimension is less than 12:1! Point of contra-flexure (the point where column buckle is focused)!
Task:! -Main columns beams (Primary)! -Purlins (Secondary)! -Graphic diagrams! -1:20!
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! The task was to design a section of the oval pavilion.
A part of oval pavilion constructed using balsa.
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The balsa structure coming along nicely‌
Another groups interpretation of the oval pavilion plans.
Excellent execution of interpretation the acrhcitectcual drawings and creating a model by another group.
Week 6:!
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E- Learning
Roof Systems (“Roof Systems”, 2014)! • Flat (slope of 1-3 degrees) e.g. Concrete slabs, timber joists! • Pitched roofs(>3 degrees) e.g. Timber and steel rafters, beams and purlins, truss!
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Concrete roofs! • Flat plates of reinforced concrete! • The top is sloped towards drainage points!
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Steel framed roofs! • Roof beams and purlins! • Can be flat, portal and sloping frame!
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Trussed Roofs! • Framed roofs constructed from a series of open web timber or steel elements (Ching, pg. 609)! • Increasingly used for roofing construction !
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Space frames! • Linear steel sections! • Required for structures with a high amount of glazing! e.g. The Louvre!
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Light Framed Roofs (Hip or Gable roofs)! • Characterised by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of roof!
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(“Introduction to Metals”, 2014)!
Ion Transfer/loss will occur when metals are in contact with each other or in salt water. Thus corrosion will occur. ! Considerations:! Water related damage from the contact with oxygen. To avoid this, do not expose metals to moisture in the construction process. ! Ferrous (Ferrous Metals, 2014)! • Iron has very good compressive strength! • Wrought (hammered to shape) and Cast iron (Poured into casts)! • Steel is an iron alloy! -Very strong and resistance to fracture! -Structural steel is used for framing (hot, cold, reinforcement bars)! -Steel framing (Used for cladding and roofing)! -Stainless Steel (used for environments subject to intense elements)!
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Non-Ferrous (“Non-Ferrous Metals”, 2014)! • Aluminium (Window frames, door handles etc.)! • Copper (Very ductile hence used for electrical work)! -Also used as roofing materials, change from orange to green! • Zinc is the the key element in galvanising, protecting steel from rust! • Lead no longer used today, toxic (used to be used frequently)! • Tin (Very rare, however there are tin roofs in construction these days)! • Titanium (Very expense, occasionally used as a cladding system)! • Bronze, mixture of copper and tin, corrosion resistant (Used for springs, hinges)! • Brass, (used for taps handles, low melting point, easy to work with)!
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Studio (Other presentations)
Week 7:! E Learning Detailing for heat & moisture! • Considerations must be made for drainage (“Detailing for heat and moisture”, 2014)! • Eaves allow the water to flow off the roof and avoid contact with the walls (“Detailing for heat and moisture”, 2014)! • Draining and capping! • To prevent water from penetrating into a building, three different strategies are employed:! -Remove openings ! e.g. using silicone to seal openings, gaskets, needs to be updated! -Keep water away from openings! e.g. gutters and downpipes! -Neutralise forces that move water through openings! e.g. neutralising the force of gravity, air pressure strategies! (“Detailing for heat and moisture”, 2014)!
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Rubber! • Natural & Synthetic rubber (“Detailing for heat and moisture”, 2014)! • Properties: resist abrasion, not fragile, highly flexible, WATERPROOF (“Detailing for heat and moisture”, 2014)!
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Plastic! • Thermoplastics ! -Polyethylene, perplex PVC piping, vinyl (“Detailing for heat and moisture”, 2014)! • Thermosetting plastics! -Laminex (finishing), polystyrene ! Properties: Highly flexible, waterproof, light weight (“Detailing for heat and moisture”, 2014)!
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Paints! • Oil Based (Need to wash with turpentine) & Water Based (More common today, cleaning of brushes with water) (“Detailing for heat and moisture”, 2014)! • Properties: Gloss, even colour coating (“Detailing for heat and moisture”, 2014)!
! Week 8:! E Learning Openings: Doors and Windows ! Doors:! • Doors can be either be timber, aluminium or steel (“Openings: Doors and windows”, 2014)!
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Windows:! • Windows can also be timber, aluminium or steel (“Openings: Doors and windows”, 2014)! • Curtain walls, carry their own load, this must be catered for (“Openings: Doors and windows”, 2014)!
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Glass ! • Glass is formed from sand, fluxes and stabilisers (“Glass”, 2014)! • “History of glass aligns with the history of construction.”-Clare Newton! • Windows conducts light and heat (“Glass”, 2014)! • Fragile material, can also be easily scratched (“Glass”, 2014)!
Glazing! • Double and triple, assists in the reduction of sun initiated heat transfer (“Glass”, 2014)!
CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP
The task was to create a beam that would sustain the greatest vertical load possible.
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The flexibility of the timber sheet is evident. However the points at which the nailed were placed began to splinter.
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Our group decided to employ timber at points throughout the beam. This will create strength and stability in the eventual beam.
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! ! It was time to test our beam. The sheets of timber lining the outside of the beam were very flexible.
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At a force of 45 newtons, the timber beam split. The nails had split the sheeting and the beam became a perfect half.
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Week 9:! !
E Learning
Construction Detailing! • Movement Joints! -!
• Health and safety must be considered during the construction process (“Construction Detailing”, 2014)! • The weathering of materials! • Repairability of construction materials! • Maintenance and ease of access and exit!
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Composite Materials! • A mixture of two or more materials which remain easily distinguishable (“Composite materials”, 2014)!
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• Fibreglass is the most obvious example of a composite material! -mixture of glass fibres and fibres used in fabric (“Composite materials”, 2014)!
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Collapses and failures ! • Case Study! -Sheets began to blister that were exposed to sun (“Collapses and failures”, 2014)! -Splits between plywood sheets, therefore rain can enter the housing structure (“Collapses and failures”, 2014)! -Weathering was a major cause for the loss of aesthetics (“Collapses and failures”, 2014)!
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Heroes and culprits! • The materials used in construction must be considered for their impact on the natural environment (“Heroes and culprits”, 2014)!
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Lateral support! • “Forces from earthquakes and the wind.”- Clare Newton! • Techniques to improve tolerance to such forces include bracing (“Lateral support”, 2014)!
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Studio
1:1 Architectural drawing of the Melbourne University Sports Pavillion function room roof.
Glossary: Shear wall: “In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes.” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/539298/shear-wall Defect: “A fault or problem in something or someone that spoils them or causes them not to work correctly.” http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/defect_1?q=defect Soft Storey: “Soft story buildings are characterised by having a story which has a lot of open space.” http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-soft-story-building.htm Fascia: “Any flat, continuous band, such as that adjacent and perpendicular to a ceiling soffit, the portion of a wall above built-in cabinets, or the outer face of a parapet wall or projecting roof.” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202189/fascia Braced Frame: “A Braced Frame is a structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake forces.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braced_Frame Corrosion: “It is slowly damaged by something such as rain or water.” http:// dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/corrode?q=corroding Lifecycle: “The length of time that something lasts or can be used.” http:// dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/life-cycle?q=life+cycle
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Sandwich Panel: “Aluminium Composite Panel also Aluminium Composite Material, is a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a non-aluminium core.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_panel Composite Beam: “A steel beam, which has concrete decking above it, and which is connected to the concrete by shear connectors, which cause the steel and the concrete to act together.” http://www.steel-bridges.com/glossary-steel-bridge.htm Bending: “To (cause to) curve.” http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/ bend_1?q=bending Skirting: “To go around the edge of something.” http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ dictionary/british/skirt_2?q=skirting Cornice: “A decorative border found where the ceiling meets the walls in some rooms and also along the top of some walls and buildings.” http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ dictionary/british/cornice?q=cornice
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Window Sash: “A window that has two frames fixed one above the other that open by being moved up and down.” http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/sashwindow?q=window+sash Door Furniture: “The handles, lock, and other fixtures on a door.” Google dictionary Deflection: “A change of direction, or the act of preventing something being directed at you.” http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/deflection?q=deflection Stress: “Pressure or tension exerted on a material object.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/stress Moment of Inertia: “A quantity expressing a body’s tendency to resist angular acceleration, which is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square of its distance from the axis of rotation.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/moment-of-inertia?q=moment+of+inertia Shear Force: “Strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/force?q=force
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Drip: “A projection on a moulding, channelled to prevent rain from running down the wall below.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/drip?q=drip
Down pipe: “A tube used to convey water, gas, oil, or other fluid substances.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pipe?q=down-pipe#pipe__47
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Vapour barrier: “A thin layer of impermeable material, typically polyethylene sheeting, included in building construction to prevent moisture from damaging the fabric of the building.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vapor-barrier?q=vapour +barrier Flashing: “A strip of metal used to stop water penetrating the junction of a roof with another surface.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/flashing?q=flashing Gutter: “A shallow trough fixed beneath the edge of a roof for carrying off rainwater.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gutter?q=gutter Insulation: “The action of insulating something.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ definition/english/insulation?q=insulation Parapet: “A low protective wall along the edge of a roof, bridge, or balcony.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/parapet?q=parapet Sealant: “Material used for sealing something so as to make it airtight or watertight.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sealant?q=sealant
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Rafter: “A beam forming part of the internal framework of a roof.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rafter?q=rafter Eave: “The part of a roof that meets or overhangs the walls of a building.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/eaves?q=eave Purlin: “A horizontal beam along the length of a roof, resting on principals and supporting the common rafters or boards.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ english/purlin?q=purlin Alloy: “A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ english/alloy?q=alloy Cantilever: “A long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end, used in bridge construction.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cantilever?q=cantilever Soffit: “The underside of an architectural structure such as an arch, a balcony, or overhanging eaves.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/soffit?q=soffit Portal frame: “A rigid structural frame consisting essentially of two uprights connected at the top by a third member.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/portalframe?q=portal+frame
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Stud: “An upright timber in the wall of a building to which laths and plasterboard are nailed.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/stud?q=stud Nogging: “Brickwork in a timber frame.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ english/nogging?q=nogging Buckling: “Bend and give way under pressure or strain.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/buckle?q=buckle Lintel: “A horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/lintel?q=lintel Seasoned Timber: “(Old) wood prepared for use in building and carpentry.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/timber?q=timber
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Joist: “A length of timber or steel supporting part of the structure of a building, typically arranged in parallel series to support a floor or ceiling.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/joist?q=joist
Girder: “A large iron or steel beam or compound structure used for building bridges and the framework of large buildings.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ girder?q=girder Steel decking: “A (steel) platform or terrace attached to a house or other building.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/deck?q=deck Span: “The full extent of something from end to end; the amount of space that something covers.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/span?q=span Spacing: “A continuous area or expanse which is free, available, or unoccupied.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/space?q=spacing#space__22
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Moment: “A turning effect produced by a force acting at a distance on an object.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/moment?q=moment Strip footing: “A Strip Footing is a relatively small strip of concrete placed into a trench and reinforced with steel.” http://www.abis.com.au/footing Retaining Wall: “A wall that holds back earth or water.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/retaining-wall?q=retaining+wall Pad Footing: “A concrete pad footing is the simplest and cost effective footing used for the vertical support and the transfer of building loads to the ground.” http:// www.abis.com.au/footing Substructure: “An underlying or supporting structure.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/substructure?q=sub+structure
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Structural Joint: “A point at which parts of an artificial structure are joined.” http:// www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/joint?q=joint Frame: “The rigid supporting structure of an object such as a vehicle, building, or piece of furniture.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/frame?q=frame Stability: “The state of being stable.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ english/stability?q=stability Bracing: “(Of a support) serving to brace a structure.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ definition/english/bracing?q=bracing Tension: “The state of being stretched tight.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ definition/english/tension?q=tension Column: “An upright pillar, typically cylindrical, supporting an arch, entablature, or other structure or standing alone as a monument.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ english/column?q=column
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Load Path: “The load path is simply the direction in which each consecutive load will pass through connected members.” https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/ content/bcgbc4010a/01_loads_loading/01_primary_loads/page_008.htm Masonry: “Stonework.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/masonry? q=masonry Point Load: “Is a load which is localised to a specific location on a structure.” http:// www.highaccess.co.uk/glossary-of-terms
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References:! Structural elements. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be!
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Footings and Foundations. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be!
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Concrete Blocks. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be!
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Structural Joints. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be!
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ESD and Selecting Materials. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zTarEeGXOo&feature=youtu.be!
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Structural Systems. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l--JtPpI8uw&feature=youtu.be!
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Load Path Diagrams. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be!
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Introduction to Materials. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be!
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Construction Systems. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zTarEeGXOo&feature=youtu.be!
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Floor Systems. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be!
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Concrete. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be!
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In-Situ Concrete. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be!
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Pre-Cast Concrete. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be!
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Walls, Grids and Columns. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be!
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From Wood to Timber. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be!
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WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be!
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Engineered Timber. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be!
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Roof Systems. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be!
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Introduction to Metals. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be!
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Ferrous Metals. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-is&feature=youtu.be!
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Non-Ferrous Metals. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be!
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Detailing for heat and moisture. (2014). Retrieved from ! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be!
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Openings: Doors and Windows. (2014). Retrieved from! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be!
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Glass. (2014). Retrieved from! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be!
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Construction Detailing. (2014). Retrieved from! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be!
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Composite Materials. (2014). Retrieved from! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be!
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Collapses and failures. (2014). Retrieved from ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be!
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Heroes and culprits. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be!
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Lateral support. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA!
! Ching, Francis D. K. Building Construction Illustrated. New York: Wiley, 2008. Print.! !
Calkins, Meg. Materials for Sustainable Sites: A Complete Guide to the Evaluation, Selection, and Use of Sustainable Construction Materials. 2009.!
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Gehry’s Own Home. (2014). Retrieved from! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqn2bYoO8j4&feature=youtu.be!
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