Cultures, Places and Resources in Developing Countries by Teacher Superstore

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Title:

Ready-Ed

Acknowledgements i. Clip art images have been obtained from Microsoft Design Gallery Live and are used under the terms of the End User License Agreement for Microsoft Word 2000. Please refer to www.microsoft.com/permission. ii. Corel Corporation collection, 1600 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Z 8R7.

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Publications

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o c . che e r o t r s super Published by: Ready-Ed Publications PO Box 276 Greenwood WA 6024 www.readyed.com.au info@readyed.com.au

ISBN: 978 1 86397 807 1 2

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Any copying of this book by an educational institution or its staff outside of this blackline master licence may fall within the educational statutory licence under the Act.

Reproduction and Communication by others

Contents Teachers’ Notes

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Curriculum Links

Afghanistan

6-7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Background Information 1-2 36-37 Papua New Guinea And Its Location 38 Papua New Guinea And Politics 39 The Story Of Papua New Guinea 40 Sport In Papua New Guinea 41 Ancient Country – Ancient Ceremonies 42 Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels 43

Ethiopia

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Background Information 1-2 Afghanistan’s Location Lethal Landmines Afghanistan And Politics Afghanistan’s Flag The Arts of Afghanistan Afghan Rugs Gudiparan Bazi (Kite Flying) 1 Gudiparan Bazi (Kite Flying) 2

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Papua New Guinea

Background Information 1-2 44-45 Ethiopia And Its Geographical Position 46 Ethiopian Flag 47 Sport Stars 48 Coffee In Ethiopia 49 Eating In Ethiopia 50 Ethiopian Ingredient 51 Make An Ethiopian Tablecloth 52

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The Laos Flag The Hats of Laos Rice In Laos Money Talk Let’s Celebrate Playing Sport In Laos Postcard From Madeleine

Peru

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19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Answers

53-56

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Laos

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Background Information 1-2 Peru And Its Geographical Position Children Of The Andes Worry Dolls Of Peru In English Please The Music And Dance Of Peru Peruvian Cuisine Llamas In Peru The Mysterious Nazca Lines

26-27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Teachers’ Notes Cultures, Places and Resources in Developing Countries enables you to introduce your students to the people and the cultures of the developing world. Media outlets often present developing countries as negative places in need of westernising. This book contains teaching ideas and practical activities which encourage students to see a selection of developing countries as places which are diverse and rich in culture and tradition.

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The five countries which are explored are Afghanistan, Laos, Peru, Papua New Guinea and Ethiopia. Students are encouraged to look closely at the following:

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How their geographical positions and/or political bodies determine the resources that they use and the way that they live their lives.

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How these people adapt to often rugged and unforgiving environments and engage in courageous battles to overcome pasts full of conflict and bloodshed.

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What is being done and what students can do to help these countries continue to keep their cultures and traditions alive and meet their needs.

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How these countries’ beliefs and practices are linked to their pasts, their present states and their vision for the future.

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This book is an excellent way to change and enhance students’ understanding of the developing world and invite the world into your classroom through curriculum linked activities.

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Think Big! sections

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The information found in these pages is intended to give teachers an overview of each country examined. The information is broken down under the following headings: Introduction, Overview, Quick Facts, Suggested Classroom Activities and For Further Information. The Information section contains some basic facts about each country for the teacher and the Overview expands on these facts for those interested in investigating the topic further. Quick Facts provides the teacher with interesting and quirky trivia on the country. Suggested Classroom Activities provides some ideas for the teacher to extend the worksheets provided and For Further Information provides the teacher with a list of extra resources that may be useful when teaching this topic.

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These sections provide extension ideas and encourage students to think a little differently about each topic. Pebble Power! sections Ideas for children who want to make a difference.

Curriculum Links NSW (Human Society and Its Environment) Environments (Stages 3 & 4) Cultures (Stages 3 & 4)

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TAS (Society and History) Identity, Relationships and Culture (Stages 9-12. Standards 3 & 4) Interactions with the Environment (Stages 9-12. Standards 3 & 4) Historical Inquiry (Stages 9-12. Standards 3 & 4)

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Time, Continuity and Change (Bands 3 & 4) Civics, Governance and Social Justice (Bands 3 & 4) Values, Beliefs and Cultural Diversity (Bands 3 & 4) Environments: Place, Landforms and Features (Bands 3 & 4) QLD (Studies of Society and Environment) Place and Space (Essential Learnings by the end of Year 7) Culture and Identity (Essential Learnings by the end of Year 7)

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WA (Society and Environment) (2) Place and Space (Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence) (3) Resources (Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence) (4) Culture (Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence) (5) Time, Continuity and Change (Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence)

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(Standards 3 & 4) Place, Space and Environment (Standards 3 & 4) Societies and Culture (Standards 3 & 4)

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ACT (Social Sciences) ELA.23: The student understands world issues and events.

o c . che e r o t r s super VIC (The Humanities – History) Historical Knowledge and Understanding (Levels 4 & 5)

NT (Studies of Society and Environment) Social Systems and Structures:

Looking at Afghanistan

Introduction

~ Background Information 1 ~

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The customs and culture of the people reflect their predominately tribal origin. The people of Afghanistan are very proud of their land, their religion and their ancestry. Their lives are centred on the home and family. Anything that is seen as interfering in the life of their family is viewed as hostile. Poverty, unexploded landmines, the illegal poppy crop and the opium trade, as well as a poor infrastructure, continue to make life difficult for those in Afghanistan. Many Afghans suffer a shortage of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care and employment.

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Afghanistan is bordered by Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China. The customs of this country are heavily influenced by its neighbours, ancient trade and migration. Being in such a strategic position along the famous ‘Silk Route’, means that its borders have been long fought over despite the countryside being rugged and forbidding. Afghanistan has experienced almost continuous civil war since the late 1970s and this has meant that much of its heritage has been lost. These years of war and foreign occupation have left the country’s economy and infrastructure in ruins as well as turning many of its citizens into refugees.

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Overview Country: Land:

Capital:

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

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652 230 square kilometres. The terrain is landlocked, mountainous and mainly made up of desert. The climate is dry with cold winters and hot summers.

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Kabul.

Population:

The population is 28.396 million (2009).

Religion:

80 per cent are Sunni Muslim, 19 per cent are Shi’a Muslim.

Main Languages:

Dari (Afghan Persian) and Pashto.

Government:

Islamic Republic. They refer to the chief of state as the President.

Known For:

Weaving, embroidery, kite running and buzkashi.

Economy:

GDP per capita is $865. GDP growth is 3.4 per cent. GDP per sector: agriculture 31 per cent, industry 26 per cent, services 43 per cent. (2009.)

Currency:

Afghani.

No. Years in School: Males: 11 years. Females: 4 years (2004). 6

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Looking at Afghanistan

~ Background Information 2 ~

 Quick Facts: The name ‘Afghanistan’ comes from the Sanskrit word Upaganasthan which means ‘land of the allied tribes’.

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A group calling itself the Taliban which consists of Islamic scholars seized control of Kabul in 1996. It imposed strict laws on the citizens including cutting off the hands of thieves and making women cover themselves from head to foot in public. Women were not allowed to work outside the home or attend school.

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Afghanistan supplies approximately 93 per cent of the world’s heroin.

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Afghans celebrate their Independence Day each year on August 19th.

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In the past there has been enough food to provide for the people of Afghanistan, however severe drought as well as continuous fighting, political instability and deteriorating infrastructure have led the country to rely heavily on food aid.

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 Suggested Classroom Activities •

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Ask your students to research the traditional clothing of Afghanistan. How does the clothing suit the climate and the environment? Are there special meanings for some of the items of clothing? How do the clothes change over the different regions of Afghanistan?

For one week ask students to collect news items about Afghanistan. Display the news articles on a notice board and discuss them. Afghanistan’s political state is changing all the time. types of kites flown in Afghanistan and the sport of kite fighting.

Ask your students to investigate the sport of buzkashi. Debate whether buzkashi should be banned in Afghanistan.

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 For Further Information

www.worldbank.org Under ‘Countries’ and ‘Afghanistan’ you will find details about current projects being run in Afghanistan as well as useful statistics.

www.cia.gov Click on ‘World Fact Book’ and select ‘Afghanistan’ from the drop down menu to find a gold mine of up-to-date information.

Three Cups of Tea: One Man’s Journey to Change the World...One Child at a Time by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin. Young Readers Edition, Puffin Book, 2009. Teacher Support Materials can be found on www.penniesforpeace.org. Walk in my Shoes by Alwyn Evans. Penguin, 2004. Teachers’ Notes on www. penguin.com.au Inside Afghanistan: The American who stayed behind after 9/11 and his mission of mercy to a war-torn people by John Weaver, W Publishing Group, 2002.

Looking at Afghanistan

Afghanistan’s Location

Where is Afghanistan?

 Label the countries that surround Afghanistan. Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China

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What does the term ‘landlocked’ mean? ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________

Kyrgyzstan

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 Mark on the world map below where you think Afghanistan is.

India

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Afghanistan

Advantages

Exporting goods

Has goods that are not found anywhere else in the world.

Importing goods

Defence of country When natural disasters strike 8

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THINK BIG! Afghanistan is a landlocked country. Think of the advantages and disadvantages of being landlocked both for the country and its people. Complete the table below. The first idea has been done for you. Disadvantages

Must pass through other countries, making it expensive to export.

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Looking at Afghanistan

Lethal Landmines Unfortunately a terrible legacy of the many years of war and conflict in Afghanistan is the number of unexploded landmines still left in the country. Today, this legacy greatly affects Afghanis going about their everyday lives. Children and farmers are at danger when they play in the yard, collect water or plough their fields. Approximately 80 Afghanis are killed or maimed each month by landmines.

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 Help to keep Afghanis safe and their culture alive by designing a sign which can be displayed in unsafe areas in Afghanistan to warn children and farmers of the dangers of unexploded landmines. Use pictures or graphics, not words.

It is important that we help the people of Afghanistan continue to be safe.

Warning!

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United Nations Mine Action Centre Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining

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 Choose one of the mine clearing organisations listed below and write four key facts about its work. International Campaign to Ban Landmines HALO Trust

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Name of organisation: _ ________________________________________

Think Big!

Discuss with your class how you would overcome the problem of landmines if you were an Afghani farmer or child. 9

Looking at Afghanistan

Afghanistan and Politics

From 1996 Afghanistan was under the control of the Taliban. The name Taliban means religious scholar and the members of the Taliban were traditional Islamic scholars. The Taliban ruled Afghanistan with very strict Islamic rules.

1. All women are to wear burqas. 2. Women are not allowed to work. 3. Women and girls must not go to school. 4. Men must grow beards. 5. Men must pray five times a day. 6. There is to be no television. 7. No music is to be played in public. 8. There are to be no images or representations of animals or humans. 9. Boys and girls are not to play together.

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 Think About It

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STOP PRESS: Whilst the Taliban has lost some of its power and the people have regained some of their rights, the Taliban has not gone away completely. Today the Taliban is working to regain power by trying to influence the poorest citizens in Afghanistan and also by helping war-lords such as al-Qaida. They are trying to get financial support and recruit new members.

Taliban Rules

 Choose three Taliban rules from the list above and explain how they would affect your life. The first one has been done for you.

Taliban Rule

Rule 3

How it would affect my life

I would have to stay home all day and help my mother with the household chores. I would never learn to read or write properly and I wouldn’t get to see any of my friends. I think I would get really bored at home all day.

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Rule ___

 Think Big!

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Rule ___

o c . che e r o t r s super What is a Burqa?

Using your research skills find out what a burqa is and why women in Afghanistan had to wear burqas during the reign of the Taliban. On the back of this sheet of paper draw a woman wearing a burqa. 10

Looking at Afghanistan

Afghanistan’s Flag

During the 20th century, the Afghanistan flag has changed more times than any other nation in the world. The current flag is very symbolic. The three stripes represent the three stages in Afghanistan’s history.

• Red represents the blood that was shed during the country’s fight for independence.

• Green symbolises the hope for the future.

Colour Afghanistan’s flag.

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• Black represents the time of foreign occupation throughout history.

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The emblem in the centre of the flag is the classical emblem of Afghanistan. At the top of the emblem is the shahadah written in Arabic which is the Muslim declaration that, “There is no god but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”. Below this is a mosque with a mihrad in the centre which shows what direction Muslims should face when praying. There are two flags attached to the mosque and around the mosque is a garland of wheat. In the centre of the garland is the Islamic calendar year of 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar) which is the year the country gained independence from the British Empire.

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o c . che e r o t r s Create a new flag for Australia on the s back of p this sheet. u er  Explain the significance of the symbols that you have used.

_ ________________________________________________________________

Looking at Afghanistan

The Arts of Afghanistan items such as bedspreads, hats and bags are decorated as well as special occasion wear. The style is influenced by the region and the individual, as each person uses his/ her own imagination to create a unique pattern.

It is a tradition in Afghanistan that embroidery is done by the women and girls. Fabrics are decorated with gold and silver coloured threads made from wool or silk. Everyday

During the many years of war the tradition of embroidery was lost but recently there has been a revival of the craft.

IT IS THROUGH EMBROIDERY THAT WOMEN REMEMBER THEIR FAMILY’S HISTORY AND HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES.

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Influenced by ancient traditions and the country’s position as a crossroad for ethnic groups, Afghanistan’s art and craft is a unique mix of colour, pattern and symbolism. Even the most domestic items are decorated with elaborate embroidery.

 Reread the passage above and answer the following questions:

1. Describe what is meant by ‘domestic items’.____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why is embroidery important to the culture of Afghanistan?

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons ________________________________________________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• ________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is meant by ‘special occasion wear’?

Culture

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Domestic

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Fabric

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History

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Pattern

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Region

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Tradition

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Elaborate

Embroidery Thread

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C N O X G X H K Y E

I N R E T T A P M T

R M C G R D U B C A

B C J S A S R Y I R

A Q U E D O R R T O

F Q R L I O E B S B

C H O D T G E U E A

T A E S I U H K M L

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 Can you find the following words in the Word Search?

V R I O O S R O O E

Y H N T N G D E D L

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Looking at Afghanistan

Afghan Rugs The weaving of rugs and carpets continues to be a tradition in Afghanistan. Although patterns have changed slightly over the years, many rugs still reflect patterns and colours that are centuries old. Only the experts can recognise Afghan rugs and their tribal origins as there are many types around.

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The colours of Afghan rugs are rich and are created from nature:

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Of particular interest is how the rugs are made. The materials that are used for creating Afghan rugs are what people have at their immediate disposal. Many of the tribes have sheep so wool is a big ingredient. Goat and camel hair are also used. Modern Afghan rugs depict scenes of everyday life in the village and decorative prayer rugs are used in times of prayer.

• Reds are created from the roots of madder plants. • Purples are created from the excretions of a particular insect. • Yellows are created from saffron or wild chamomile. • Greens are created from walnuts and olive leaves.

Design a Rug

Think about the natural ingredients available to Step 2 Make a list of some interesting things you at home or school. Write down the colours that you that you do during a day at school. could create from these ingredients in the table.

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Natural Ingredient

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Colour

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Step 1

_______________________________

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Design a rug depicting your day at school using the colours from the table. Use repeated patterns and rich colours. Use a separate piece of paper. Step 3

Looking at Afghanistan

Dear friend, me tell you my exciting news. Thank you for your letter. Let n! It is very much an honour I am to play Gudiparan Bazi soo village. to be chosen to compete in my es to compete in kite flying You need two people and two kit We have spent months so my brother and I are a team. we are sure that we have making our special kites to fly and The aim of the game is to be the strongest kites in our town. to ‘cut’ as many other kites’ the last kite flying in the air and have to make sure that our lines as possible. To do this we rp. We have made the string kite string (wire/line/tar) is sha d glass and rice glue! from a special mixture of crushe s could cut us! Many kite We have to be careful, as our line their necks in competitions! flyers have lost a finger or cut we are planning on climbing On the day of the competition, s will give us the best on the roofs of tall buildings, thi of other kites, but we have access to wind and a great view m buildings is another risk to keep our balance, as falling fro involved in the sport. nts to be the kite runner If our kite is cut, my brother wa loose kite). He has to be (the one who goes to fetch the ng while following the kite careful to watch where he is goi d down chasing them! Wish as many kite runners are knocke Your friend, Asman us luck.

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Gudiparan bazi (Kite Flying) 1

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 Read the letter from Asman and answer the questions.

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1. How many people and how many kites do you need to enter a kite flying competition?

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________________________________________________________________________________

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2. What is the aim of the game?_ _______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

3. What other materials do you think kite flyers use to make their lines sharp?___________________

________________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the risks involved in kite flying?_______________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

5. What are the risks involved in kite running?_____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Use the back of this sheet to write a letter to Asman telling him about the sports that you play and the risks that are involved. 14

Looking at Afghanistan

Gudiparan bazi (Kite Flying) 2

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Make a list of the materials that you will use here: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

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Use the brightest colours that you can to create a variety of colourful patterns in the Gudiparn shapes below. Select one of your designs to complete on a larger scale.

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___________________ © Ready EdPubl i cat i ons ___________________ •f orr evi e w pur posesonl y• ___________________

o c . che e r o t r s r pAe Cut out your design and then paste it to s youru frame. frame is usually made of bamboo or other wood. Attach the frame to some string. Usually the string is sharp, but creating sharp string will make the kite too dangerous to display in the classroom. You could fly your kite in the yard. u

Extra nformation

Flying a kite in Afghanistan used to be a crime when the Taliban ruled the country. Now kite flying or Gudiparan Bazi, as it is called, has returned with many Gudiparan or ‘flying dolls’ filling the skies. The kites come in different sizes. The smallest is about 25 centimetres in width and the largest is the size of an adult! 15

~ Background Information 1 ~

Looking at Laos

Introduction

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railways have hindered any significant improvements in its economy. Internal and external telecommunications are limited but the use of mobile phones is becoming more widespread in the urban centres.

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Laos is located in Southeastern Asia and is bordered by Burma and China with Thailand to the northeast and Vietnam to the west. Cambodia is to the south. The only landlocked country in Southeastern Asia, Laos is mostly mountainous and thickly forested with the Mekong River forming the western boundary with Thailand. Laos is heavily dependent on trade with its neighbours, however the lack of infrastructure and the absence of

Since only a tiny part of land in Laos is suitable for agriculture, rice is the dominant crop and continues to be the staple food. In Laos, rice has cultural and religious significance and there are many traditions and rituals associated with the production of rice.

Overview Land:

230 800 square kilometres. The terrain is landlocked, mostly mountainous with thick forests. There are some plains and plateaus. The climate is tropical monsoon. The rainy season runs from May to November, and the dry season runs from December to April.

Capital:

Population:

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Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

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Country:

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Vientiane.

The population is 6 834 345 (2009).

Religion:

67 per cent are Buddhist and 1.5 per cent are Christian.

Main Languages:

Lao (official), French, English and various ethnic languages.

Government:

Communist state. They refer to their chief of state as the President.

Known For:

Conical hats, Sepak Takraw, Plain of Jars, festivals, rice growing and tourism.

Economy:

The GDP per capita is $2270. The GDP growth is 6.4 per cent. The GDP per sector: agriculture 30 per cent, industry 33 per cent, services 37 per cent.

Currency:

Kip (LAK).

No. Years in School: Males: 10 years. Females: 8 years (2006). 16

~ Background Information 2 ~

Looking at Laos

 Quick Facts: Laos is the most bombed country in the world.

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Between 1964 and 1973 during the ‘secret war’ US bombers dropped bombs every eight minutes, 24 hours a day over Laos. It is thought that over 260 million bombs were dropped on Laos but 80 million failed to explode, leaving death traps for children and farmers.

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Laos is one of the four countries in the opium poppy growing region known as the Golden Triangle.

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Tourism is the fastest growing industry in the country.

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Rice growing is used in some villages as a means of remembering parents. Rice is grown near huts in memory of dead parents and is grown at the edge of rice fields to indicate that children’s parents are still alive.

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The Plain of Jars is located in the remote Xieng Khouang Province where millions of unexploded bombs are still buried. Giant ancient vessels are scattered throughout rice paddies, forests and hilltops. These jars, measuring over two metres in height are carved from sandstone, granite and calcified coral and are thought to have been made over 2,000 years ago. Archaeologists are still unsure about their origins and use. They are the subject of much debate and attract tourists from all over the world.

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© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Ask students to create a travel itinerary for Laos. They are to research the types of •f o rr e vi e w p u r p ses on l yTravel • hotels available for tourists as well as the types ofo activities available there.

 Suggested Classroom Activities •

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warnings, details about the climate and what to eat could also be included.

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Organise a Sepak Takraw tournament with another school or class. If the other school or class is unaware of the sport it would be a great opportunity for your class to teach them the rules. Details are on page 24.

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 For Further Information

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www.worldbank.org Under ‘Countries’ and ‘Lao PDR’ you will find details on current projects being run in Laos as well as interesting statistics.

www.cia.gov Under ‘World Factbook’ and then ‘Laos’ there is a gold mine of up-todate information. www.tourismlaos.org Basic information from the nation’s Tourism Administration. ‘The People of Laos’ from the series Celebrating the peoples and civilizations of Southeast Asia by D. Brittan, Rosen Publishing Group, 1997.

Looking at Laos

Laos and its Geographical Position

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Laos is located in Southeastern Asia, bordered by Burma and China with Thailand to the northeast and Vietnam to the west. Cambodia is to the south. The only land-locked country in Southeastern Asia, Laos is mostly mountainous and thickly forested with the Mekong River forming the western boundary with Thailand.

Laos is heavily dependent on trade with its neighbours, however the lack of infrastructure and the absence of railways have hindered any significant improvements in the economy. Internal and external communications are limited but the use of mobile phones is becoming more widespread in the urban centres.

Since only a tiny part of Laos is suitable land for agriculture, rice is the dominant crop and continues to be the staple food. In Laos rice has cultural and religious significance and there are many traditions and rituals associated with the production of rice.

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 Reread the above information and complete the following sentences. Then find your responses in the Word Search. 1. _ _ _ _ is the only land-locked country in Southeast Asia. 2. The Mekong River forms a natural _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

3. Laos is heavily dependent on trade with _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ _ _ and its other neighbours.

4. The lack of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ has hindered economic improvements in the country. 5. Mobile phones are becoming more _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the cities.

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E E F U K A S Y W X U Y U H E

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X U P I W E M C I S I K K D R

N T H F R I X I O B U I Z R O

L C B O U N D A R Y J D P S T

S U O I G I L E R O P W V C O

U R A Q L S E T S C A F A F D

G T O R M E H A O P Q M L E R

L S G S W A D O Q F R A J J B

D A G R I C U L T U R E H U W

P R G L R A F F B T L X A H L

I F A O C Q R B W Y Q E W D E

U N C U H Q H T U V C S N Q L

D I R O P L P X D V T K Z L H

S M E C K I R X X Y C G D T Y

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© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons 7. _ _ _ _ is the staple food. •f o w pur posesonl y• 8. Rice has cultural andr _ _r _e _ _v _ _i _e _ significance. 6. Most of the land in Laos is not suitable for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

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Create a classroom or library display highlighting the problems of the location of Laos. You may want to display the aid organisations that are currently in Laos doing what they can to help.

Looking at Laos

The Laos Flag A flag is often very telling of a country’s past, present and future vision. The current flag of Laos is one of the few communist-style flags that does not depict a star. The white in the centre symbolises the promise of the future. The blue stands for prosperity. The red represents unity as well as the blood that was shed during the country’s struggle for freedom from foreign powers and also during the Vietnam War.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Colour the Laos flag.

The flag is described as:

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A horizontally striped redblue-red national flag with a central white disk. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is two to three.

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The colours used in flags are symbolic of the histories of countries. Red in a flag usually denotes a country’s struggle for freedom through bloodshed.

 Using the website www.worldflags101.com find three countries that have the colour red in their flag. List these countries and draw their flags below. Then find out what the red in each flag represents.

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o c . che e r o t r Country________________ Country_______________ s Country_______________ super Red symbolises:_ ____________

Red symbolises:_ ____________

__________________________

__________________________ 19

Looking at Laos

The Hats of Laos

Many photographs of people in Laos show them wearing conical hats. These hats are made from straw and they originated from Southeast Asia. The shape of the hat is conical (cone-shaped) and it is kept on the head by a cloth chin strap, usually silk, and a band of material that fits inside the hat. Conical hats are used mainly as protection from the sun and the rain. When the hat is made from straw the wearer can dip it in water wearing it as an evaporative-cooling device.

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The conical hat is also known as the sedge hat, rice hat, paddy hat or coolie hat.

Think Big

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Why were these hats given the following names:

Conical hat_______________________________________________________________

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Sedge hat________________________________________________________________

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Rice hat__________________________________________________________________

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Paddy hat________________________________________________________________

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1. Draw a circle onto card with a diameter of 40 centimetres. 2. Cut the circle out.

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3. Locate the centre of the circle and draw a line to the circle’s edge (see diagram below). Cut along the line and overlap the card at this seam to create a cone shape. Tape it together.

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4. Decorate and display.

Diagram A

IDEAS for decoration Tip: You might like to plan/draw your decoration before you tape the seams together. • Draw things that are related to Laos • Have some fun with lettering • Create some interesting textures with rice, fabric or collage materials.

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•

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Looking at Laos

Rice in Laos Since only a tiny part of Laos is suitable land for agriculture, rice is the dominant crop and continues to be the staple food. In Laos, rice has cultural and religious significance and there are many traditions and rituals associated with the production of rice.

Festivals

Many holidays in Laos are festivals associated with the meaning of rice, its cultivation and activities that occur in the rice fields.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Food

Language

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Much of the food eaten by the people of Laos is made from rice. Rice is also fermented into Lao Khao or Lao Whisky.

Think Big!

there are many traditions and rituals associated with the production of rice.

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Many words and phrases spoken in Laos have a strong connection to rice. The phrase ‘eating rice’ has the same meaning as ‘eating food’. Many rural villagers often end

greetings with ‘Kin Khaow Kin Num Leow Bor?’ which means ‘Have you eaten rice or drunk yet?’

Think of a special food in your life. Create a special festival name in honour of a food that you enjoy eating, (choose a healthy option). Complete the table below.

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Special phrases:

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How is this food included in each of your meals:

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When is the festival celebrated?:

Choose one of the following activities to complete. 1. To help raise money for the people in Laos you are going to sell rice (produced in Laos). Create an advertisement and jingle to promote the rice to sell at your local supermarket. 2. Imagine that you and your family have moved to Laos. Write a letter to your friend back home telling him or her about how you are trying to get used to eating rice. 21

Looking at Laos

Money Talk  International Flights

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 You are about to travel from Vientane, the capital of Laos to its neighbouring  Find out the following currency abbreviations. countries. The first one has been done for you. Look at the fares below to help you calculate the cost of each flight in LAK. 1. AUS is the Australian Dollar  Currency Abbreviations

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2. US is _________________________________

Fares

3. EUR is ________________________________

Vientiane – Hanoi Return

$200 AUS

4. AFN is ________________________________

Vientiane – Siem Reap Return $263 AUS

5. PGK is ________________________________

*Children aged 3 – 12 years travel at 75 per cent of the adult price.

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$189 AUS

6. LAK is ________________________________

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Vientiane – Bangkok Return

Flight 1 Vientiane – Bangkok return Number of Adults:

Number of children:

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 The LAK

return

www.ozforex.com.au/cgi-bin/currencyconverter.asp or www.bloomberg.com/invest/calculators/ currency to work out the following:

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1. 10 AUS converts to __________ LAK.

Number of Adults:

Number of children:

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______ LAK

Flight 3 Vientiane – Hanoi return

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2. 10 US converts to ___________ LAK.

3. 10 EUR converts to ___________ LAK.

4. 10 AFN converts to ___________ LAK.

5. 10 PGK converts to ___________ LAK.

Number of Adults:

Number of children:

2 2

______ LAK

Flight 4 Vientiane – Siem Reap return Number of Adults:

Number of children:

______ LAK Use the back of this sheet to work out the fares if you wish.

Looking at Laos

Let’s Celebrate

Most of the festivals celebrated in Laos stem from observances of the Buddhist faith.

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Go to: www.culturalprofiles.net/laos Click on Culture in Laos and then Festivals and select Overview.

Find the festivals listed. Draw symbols to indicate the type of festival celebrated.

Draw a Symbol

Festival

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Use different colours on the calendar to show when the festivals occur.

Boun Khoun Lan

Lunar New Year

Boun Bangfai

Boun Visakhabousa

Boun Khao Pansa

Boun Sousang Heua

Lao National Day

January 4

February 6

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Draw a Symbol

Festival

March

10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31

10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30

29 30 31

29 30

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July 4

August 6

September

10 11 12 13 14

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15 16 17 18 19 20 21

o c . che e r o October November t r s December super

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31

29 30

10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31

29 30

29 30 31

u Postcard from Laos You happen to be in Laos during the Boun Banfai festival in May. On the back of this sheet write a postcard to your friend at home describing what you experienced during the festival. 23

Looking at Laos

Playing Sport in Laos Takraw or sepak takraw is a popular traditional sport in Laos. The game involves two teams of three players hitting a rattan ball over a volleyball net without using their hands. The sport is similar to volleyball with scores going up to 21 points. Teams enter regional competitions in Laos such as the King’s Cup. A playground version of takraw involves players standing in a circle and trying to keep the ball in the air without using their hands.

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You can Play Takraw with your friends! This game is similar to hackysack.

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sheets of newspaper

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masking tape

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a group of friends

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plenty of space.

1. Take four sheets of newspaper and scrunch them up to make one ball. 2. Take another sheet of newspaper and wrap the scrunched ball. Continue wrapping the ball with extra sheets of newspaper until it is the size of a small soccer ball. 3. Wind the masking tape around the ball until it is firm. 4. Ask your friends to stand in a large circle and kick the paper ball to each other. 5. The idea is not to use your hands. 6. Anyone who drops the ball or uses his/her hands is disqualified. 7. The winner is the last person left in the circle.

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What to do:

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What you will need:

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 Think about the natural materials that you could find in your school grounds or backyard. What games could you play?

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The children living in remote areas of Laos use whatever resources are available to them in their games. Sharp rocks become spinning tops, grass is woven into balls, and sticks become bats.

List the natural resources that you would use in the table below. Include a brief description of the game and don’t forget to give it a name.

. t Name of GameeNatural Material/Resources Description of Game o c . che e r o t r s super

Looking at Laos

Postcard from Madeleine We are exploring one of the most mysterious sites in the world in Laos. While here, we have counted 900 giant jars and there are still more to count! The origins of these giant jars is unknown, but we did find a cave and inside were human remains, including burnt bones and ash. Maybe these jars were funeral urns? Local villagers have told us many different stories. One man said that a race of giants lived here many years ago and that the jars were used for storage. Another woman said that the jars were used to store wine to celebrate a military victory in ancient times.

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 Read the postcard and then complete the questions.

Bonjour my friends!

The jars lie along a trade route through to India and so I think that maybe they were used to store food for the travelling traders. Who knows? The jars measure over two metres in height and are carved from sandstone, granite and calcified coral. They are thought to be over 2,000 years old! Must go mes amis. Will write again soon…. Madeleine

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The postcard below could have been written by French archaeologist Madeleine Colani. Madeleine was the first European archaeologist to survey and record the marvels of the Plain of Jars. The Plain of Jars is now a tourist attraction.

2. What are three theories about the jars?

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________________________________________ ________________________________________

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________________________________________

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3. The Plain of Jars is one of the world’s many mysteries. What is another mystery of the world?

________________________________________ ________________________________________

 Write a postcard back to Madeleine. Include your own theory about what the Plain of Jars were used for. Use a separate piece of paper.

Laos Plain of Jars with Hmong Girls. Photographer: Oliver Spalt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plainofjars_1.jpg

u The Plain of Jars On the back of this sheet design a postcard featuring the giant jars. 25

Looking at Peru

Introduction

~ Background Information 1 ~

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There are four major ethnic groups in Peru: whites, mestizos (of mixed European and Indian ancestry), Indians (Native Americans) and Afro-Peruvians (those of African descent). The Asian-Peruvian community (Chinese and Japanese descendents) has gained greater public recognition especially since the election of a Peruvian president of Japanese ancestry. Peruvian culture is rooted in its Amerindian and Spanish traditions but it has been influenced by the various other ethnic groups. Cuisine is again influenced by the melting pot of ethnic cultures as well as the wide variety of plants and animals available in the country.

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Peru is located in western South America. It has at its borders Ecuador and Colombia in the north, Brazil in the east, Bolivia in the southeast and Chile in the south. The country faces the Pacific Ocean in the west. Peru was once home to one of the oldest civilizations in the world: the Norte Chico and also the Inca Empire. Throughout its history Peru has endured periods of political unrest and crisis as well as periods of stability and economic success. The last few years have seen Peru’s economy improve. Poverty levels have decreased both in the cities and in rural areas. Extreme poverty has also decreased. But work is still needed to improve education and safe drinking water is needed by rural inhabitants.

Overview Land:

1 279 996 square kilometres. The terrain consists of a coastal plain in the west, the high and rugged Andes in the centre and in the east is the lowland jungle of the Amazon Basin. The climate varies from tropical in the east to dry desert in the west. In the Andes it is temperate to cold.

Capital:

Population:

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Republic of Peru.

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Country:

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Lima.

The population is 29 546 963 (2009).

Religion:

81 per cent are Roman Catholic and 12 per cent are Evangelical.

Main Languages:

Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara and a large number of minor Amazonian languages.

Government:

Constitutional republic with a President as the chief of state.

Known For:

Worry dolls, music and dance, cuisine, llamas and Nazca Lines.

Economy:

The GDP per capita is $9290. The GDP growth is 9.8 per cent. The GDP per sector: agriculture 8 per cent, industry 25 per cent, services 54 per cent. (2009.)

Currency:

Nuevo Sol (PEN).

No. Years in School: Males: 14 years. Females: 14 years (2006). 26

Looking at Peru

~ Background Information 2 ~

 Quick Facts: For those people who live in the cities the most important meal is taken after noon. Families gather together for this and then settle down for an afternoon nap or siesta before returning to work. The evening meal is taken very late at night usually at a restaurant or with friends.

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The Andes is still one of the world’s most unstable mountain ranges with frequent earthquakes, landslides and flash floods.

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One of Peru’s cities, Iquitos, is so isolated that it is only accessible by air or by boat up the Amazon.

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Peru’s capital, Lima, appears almost dreamlike during the year mainly because of the garua, a mist that settles over the city between May and October.

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Peru is one of South America’s biggest producers of cocoa – the raw material for cocaine. UNICEF has found that most of the pickers in the cocoa-growing areas are children.

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 Suggested Classroom Activities

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Find someone who can teach the class the Marinera, the National Dance of Peru. Ask the children to perform it for the school fair or as an assembly item.

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Aid agencies such as World Vision, TEAR Australia or Save the Children can often organise field officers to come into the school to talk about their experiences in the field. This will give students an opportunity to hear firsthand about the conditions in developing countries.

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Find out if anyone has visited Machu Picchu and ask them to come in to discuss their trip.

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 For Further Information

Lima Lives: Children in a Latin American City, Carvalho, Maria Luiza (photographs). A teaching kit published by Save the Children UK, 1993. www.lonelyplanet.com/peru The Lonely Planet websites provide great facts and up-to-date information on a variety of countries. www.geographia.com/peru A great introduction to Peru and its culture. www.perufacts.org An interesting website about the food of Peru.

Looking at Peru

Peru and its Geographical Position

Where is Peru?

 Label the countries that surround Peru. Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia

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 Mark on the world map below where you think Peru is.

PERU

What are the advantages of a landlocked country getting along with its neighbours?_ ______________________________ ______________________________

Pacific Ocean

Chile

Natural Occurrence

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El Nino: change in weather pattern which forces warm water closer to the shoreline. Normal fish stocks are forced deeper into the ocean. Along the coast there is heavy rainfall and floods whilst inland drought conditions occur.

Impact

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Nazca plate activity: unstable plate under the country which causes volcanic and earthquake activity.

Unstable mountain ranges: below such ranges lay fertile farming land. When earthquakes or movements occur within the ranges slices of ice and snow from the top of the mountains fall.

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Peru is influenced by many natural disasters. Think about how the following occurrences influence the country and the everyday lives of the people of Peru.

Looking at Peru

Children of the Andes It is important that medical supplies are transported to the children by May, as after this time, roads become blocked due to heavy snowfall and many villages become isolated. To help overcome this tragedy, UNICEF is sponsoring local workshops to help teach mothers and health care workers to recognize symptoms of illnesses related to the over-exposure of cold weather.

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u Comprehension Challenge

1. What are the worst winter months in Peru and why?

Every year between June and August, temperatures often plummet to below freezing.

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Teac he r

Many children are dying from exposure to the cold weather in the mountainous regions of Peru. UNICEF, the United Nations Children’s Fund, is finding that many of the local children suffer from malnutrition and lack proper shelter in these mountains. As a result they are becoming susceptible to infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, which are the main cause of death in these cold conditions.

___________________________________________________________________________________

2. Outline what UNICEF is doing to help alleviate the problem of children dying from being exposed to the cold. ___________________________________________________________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons ___________________________________________________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• 4. Why must supplies be delivered to villages by the month of May each year? ___________________________________________________________________________________

3. What does UNICEF stand for?

___________________________________________________________________________________

Colour in the badges. (Create a design of your own.) Cut them out and glue them on to heavy card. Punch a hole at the top of each badge and place a safety pin through each hole.

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Remember that you have the power to help these children. You have Pebble Power!  Raise awareness about the children of the Andes by creating and wearing badges.

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I CARE for the

children

Peru

Looking at Peru

Worry Dolls of Peru

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Create your own worry doll

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Worry Dolls or muriecas quitapensas in Spanish, are dolls that remove worries. They are very small and colourful dolls that are said to take on the worries of their owners. In Peru, if a small child cannot sleep due to worrying he/she can tell his/her worries to the worry doll and place it under his/her pillow. According to legend, the doll is said to worry in the child’s place therefore allowing the owner to sleep soundly. In the morning the worries are gone! It is believed that some medical centres in Peru use worry dolls in conjunction with other treatments to help children overcome their illnesses.

Fine black texta pen

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Small piece of colourful material

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Good quality craft glue

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Fur or wool

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What to do:

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1. Using a fine black texta pen draw a face on the tip of the popsicle stick. 2. Using one of the pipe cleaners, wrap it around the popsicle stick to create the arms.

3. Loosely wrap the small piece of colourful material around the popsicle stick to form the skirt. You can wrap some colourful thread around the material to keep it on or use the other pipe cleaner. 4. To create hair use glue to stick some fur or wool to the top of the stick. 5. Now, tell the doll your worries!

Looking at Peru

In English Please

One of the official languages of Peru is Spanish. Many common English words are similar to the Spanish vocabulary.

 Can you tell what the English equivalent is for the following Spanish terms? SPANISH Barbacoa Cafeteria Chocolate

ENGLISH

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Botella (boh-teh-yah) Ensalada Mapa

Mucho Papel Rosa

Musica (moo-see-cuh) Numerous (noo-meh-rohs)

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Canon (kan-yohn)

SARO

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ANNCO MUASIC

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NAADASLE

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PAAM

o c . c The letters that appear in solid line boxes will give you the answer to the followinge statement: her r o t s suof Perue r One of the official languages p is __________________. MOUHC

u Think Big!

 Choose five cities in Peru and using your research skills write the meaning of each name on the back of this worksheet.

 31

Looking at Peru

The Music and Dance of Peru Usually crafted from a tube of cane, wood or bone, the quena features five or six sound holes which produce a range of notes. Officially the national dance of Peru, the Marinera is a coastal dance which is a graceful and romantic couple's dance that uses handkerchiefs as props. The dance is an elegant and stylized re-enactment of a courtship, and it shows a blend of the different cultures of Peru. Typically, a cajon, guitar and bugle are used to create this dance music. Although the official origins of Marinera are unknown, it contains obvious signs of African, Spanish, and Peruvian influences.

The music of Peru first evolved about ten thousand years ago by the ancient Inca civilization.

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The best-known wind instrument of Peru is the Andean flute called the quena.

 Answer the questions below, then find your answers in the Word Search. 1. A quena is a type of ______________ made from a variety of materials even _______.

the national dance of Peru is the Marinera.

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Music and dance are important ingredients in the culture of Peru. The music of Peru first evolved about ten thousand years ago by the ancient Inca civilization. The Incas used what was available in their environment to create the music that is still widely heard today throughout the world. Metals, cane, bones, sea shells and even mud were used to craft musical instruments and make melodic sounds. When the Spanish conquistadors invaded Peru, instruments such as the guitar, violin and the harp were adapted into local culture.

4. During the national dance of Peru known as the _______________, instruments such as the ______________ and ______________ are used.

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5. The Marinera is a dance of ______________. Q I F X A Y B I H N U G C I V

U U P O F U G K I F O O H H Q

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E M E U S D U L G V N V B O S C B H W Q N D J K V A T L Z D

N A E S D F O C U C F F C C Q

A Q S W D M R L E P I P T K N Y F T J S F I D R R Q C I D J C N N J J C W H K R W E C C G

R A J P A E V X Q E Q R A T A

E R C N I O D O G C G W R V V A P K G V A P Y P Z O U L Z L

P S R B O T C B H X N B R E O R L W A I D K R A H J F N L B

B C V Y X Y R O D P Z F K B L

C O U R T S H I P P O D U G Q

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© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons 3. The Spanish ______________________ influenced • f o r r e v i e w pur posesonl y• Peruvian music. 2. The music of Peru evolved thousands of years ago during the _______ civilization.

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Looking at Peru

Peruvian Cuisine

 Can you fill in the spaces with the words below? Potatoes, aji, tanta, European, goat, banana, pork, varieties, Lima, Wiracocha, cebiche, tuba

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Peru’s cuisine draws from a wide range of natural products found in and around the country. An

indispensable ingredient of Peru is the hot chilli pepper

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known as __ __ __. This pepper is usually mixed with fish

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braised in freshly squeezed lemon juice. This dish is known as __ __ __ __ __ __ __ .

Peru’s ecological and climatic diversity is one reason behind the country’s quality and variety of dishes. The other reason is the wonderful mix of Western and

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ influences. Peru has felt the influences of Spain, Africa and Japan especially in its preparation of fish.

In the north of Peru, rice, fowl, __ __ __ __, potato and sweet corn along with guinea pig

make up the basis of Highland ingredients. In the jungle you are likely to taste wild game and fried __ __ __ __ __ __.

influences. Mashed potato and fish as well as spicy __ __ __ __ stew not to mention

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skewered oxheart!

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Peru is also well-known for growing __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ and maize. The potato

originated in the upper areas of the Andes and it quickly became revered as a universal foodstuff when the Spanish took samples back to Europe in the sixteenth century. The

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potato known as a

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__ __ __ __ is one of the ingredients in pachamanca which is cooked on hot stones underground.

Peru has grown potatoes since the dawn of time and it is said to have over 4000 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. According to legend when the founders of the Inca Empire emerged from Lake Titicaca, the first thing the god __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ taught them was to sow potatoes. It has been said that Peru grows corn in every colour under the sun: white, purple, black, red and yellow. On special occasions corn kernels are milled to bake a type of bread called __ __ __ __ __. For more solemn events they would bake bread rolls called Zancu.

Looking at Peru

Llamas in Peru The Llama and the Great Flood At one time, people became very evil. They were so busy doing evil deeds that they neglected the gods. Only those in the high Andes Mountains were honest and true. One day, two brothers who lived in the high Andes Mountains noticed their llamas were acting strangely. They asked the llamas why they were staring up at the sky. The llamas answered that they were told by the stars that a great flood was coming. The brothers believed the llamas. They moved their families and flocks into a cave that they found on the highest mountain.

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Llamas are members of the camel family. Even though they can only carry light loads, they can travel long distances without needing water and can run faster than horses on flat ground. Llamas travelled easily over the rugged terrain of the Andes. Due to the llama’s importance to the Incas and to modern day Peruvians there have been many legends written about these animals.

It began to rain. The rain continued for four months and four days. At last the rain stopped. The water receded. The brothers and their families repopulated the Earth.

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Teac he r

The Inca civilisation first began as a tribe in Peru. They were an intelligent civilisation, but they didn’t think to invent the wheel. They didn’t have access to horses or cows so the only form of transport for people living high in the Andes was the llama. The llama also provided the Incas with wool and food.

The llamas were most grateful to the stars for warning them about the flood. That is why llamas prefer to live on the mountain tops, safe from floods, and near their friends, the stars.

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2. What three things did the Ilama provide the people of Peru?

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__________________________________________

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__________________________________________ __________________________________________

3. Why do Llamas make good means of transport? __________________________________________

4. According to the legend The Llama and the Great Flood, what special powers did the llamas have? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________

Illustrate one part of the story.

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1. What did the people of Peru not think to invent?

Based on a story by Ellen Alexander

Looking at Peru

The Mysterious Nazca Lines The drawings were created on such a large scale that the shapes can only be readily discerned from the air. This has lead to much debate about their purpose.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S These mysterious figures and lines inspire many theories. A scientific explanation could be that the lines were drawn for some astronomical or agricultural purpose.

u Comprehension Challenge

Read the information and then answer the following questions.

It is believed that the lines were created in the times of the Nazca Indians between 200BC and 600BC. The lines would have taken several generations to create.

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Teac he r

The Nazca Lines are giant sketches drawn in the desert of western Peru by ancient peoples. This part of the desert is known as the Pampa Colorada or the Red Plain. The lines were made by removing the reddish-brown pebbles that covered the surface of the Nazca desert to reveal the light-coloured Earth beneath. This has led to much debate about their purpose.

1. Where in the desert are the Nazca Lines found?_________________________________________

2. How were the lines made?__________________________________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons How are the lines best viewed?______________________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• What are two theories about the purpose of the lines?___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

3. 4.

___________________________________________________________________________________

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5. When is it believed the lines were made?______________________________________________ 6. How long would it have taken to create the lines?_______________________________________

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The Nazca Lines include straight lines and shapes as well as depictions of certain animals, humans and plants. One of the most famous shapes of the Nazca Lines is the hummingbird.

o c .  Using yourc research skills locate a picture of this shape or another and draw it in this e r space. Use theh colours red and yellow. er o t s super

Looking at Papua New Guinea

Introduction

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Most of Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) population live a traditional existence and the country’s government intends to preserve these cultures. The country has an extremely rugged terrain with dense rainforests, mountainous areas as well as lowlands and coastal areas. In many areas of PNG the only mode of transport is the aeroplane.

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Located in Oceania, Papua New Guinea occupies the eastern half of the island known as New Guinea as well as several offshore islands. It is one of the most diverse countries on Earth with several thousand separate communities, most with only a few hundred people. These societies are separated by their own language, customs and traditions. Some of the tribal societies have been in conflict with other tribes for thousands of years and they continue to be in conflict today.

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~ Background Information 1 ~

Many people in PNG live in extreme poverty with about one third of the population living on less than a dollar per day.

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Capital:

Population: Religion:

452 860 square kilometre. The terrain is mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills. The climate is tropical with northwest monsoons from December to March, southeast monsoons from May to October and there is a slight seasonal temperature variation. Port Moresby.

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The population is 5 940 775 (2009).

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Land:

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Mostly Roman Catholic, Evangelical Lutheran, United Church and SeventhDay Adventist.

Main Languages:

Tok Pisin, English and Hiri Motu (official). There are some 860 indigenous languages spoken.

Government:

Constitutional parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm with the chief of state being Queen Elizabeth II and the head of government being the Prime Minister.

Known For:

AFL stars, ancient ceremonies and Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels.

Economy:

The GDP per capita is $2590. The GDP growth is 4 per cent. The GDP per sector: agriculture 33 per cent; industry 36 per cent; services 30 per cent.

Currency:

Papua New Guinean kina (PGK).

No. Years in School: Not known. 36

Looking at Papua New Guinea

~ Background Information 2 ~

 Quick Facts: Papua New Guinea is one of the world’s least explored countries. It is believed that there are many undiscovered species of plants and animals living in the interior of the country.

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The word papua is from the Malay word pepuah meaning frizzy Melanesian hair. New Guinea was the name given by a Spanish explorer Ynigo Ortiz De Retez who, in 1545 thought that the people of New Guinea resembled the people who he saw earlier along Guinea in Africa.

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PNG is located on what is known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, the meeting point of several tectonic plates. Hence there are many active volcanoes there. Earthquakes are common and many are accompanied by tsunamis.

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It actually snows in PNG on the most elevated parts of the mainland.

 Suggested Classroom Activities •

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Investigate Pidgin English. Have some fun with the words and ask the class to try to translate a story.

Co-ordinate a library display on Papua New Guinea. Create masks and head wear to display as a class activity.

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 For Further Information

Humans and other beings: Stories from Papua New Guinea by C H Berndt, Martin Educational UK 1989. This book contains stories about the author’s stay in Papua New Guinea. www.pngtourism.org.pg This website provides a good overview of Papua New Guinea. www.bbc.co.uk Search Papua New Guinea and a host of up-to-date news and information about the country will appear.

Looking at Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea and its location Where is Papua New Guinea?

 Mark on the world map below where you think Papua New Guinea is.

 Label the following on the map of Papua New Guinea. Pacific Ocean, Solomon Sea, Bismarck Sea, Coral Sea and Cape York

Papua New Guinea

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Indonesia

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Due to its location PNG experiences monsoons. What do you think they are? ______________________________ ______________________________

 Use your atlas or the Internet to check the location of Papua New Guinea and surrounding countries and seas.

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Papua New Guinea is the least explored country on Earth. You are an explorer trying to unlock the f orr e vi e wat the pnotes ur po emade so nl ywhilst • on secrets of • this mountainous country. Look that yous have in your diary ______________________________

expedition. Using the background information on page 36 complete the sentences. Notes from an explorer

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February 1st Big mining companies want to come in and destroy the rainforests surrounding these villages. The government is trying to teach the people in the communities the importance of preserving the rainforests. Songs and storytelling are often used as the people do not know how to read and write because

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____________________________________ ____________________________________

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____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

January 25th Heard about a small tribal village located amongst the mountains in the south. We were told the only way into the village was by small plane. This is due to_ ___________________ ____________________________________ 38

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January 5th After several days travelling on foot our expedition has encountered many small communities surviving in the rainforests. Each community seems to have their own language and customs. The reason________________

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____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

Looking at Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea and Politics Guinea gained independence from Australia in 1975. The country remains part of the realm of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II who is known as Queen of Papua New Guinea.

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After being ruled by three other countries since 1884, Papua New

The executive power of the government lies with the Prime Minister who leads the cabinet. Members of parliament are voted on every five years. However, there have been many problems with this system of government. During the early years of independence there were many elections due to ministers having no confidence in the leadership of the government.

Use the information above to answer the following:

Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country with over 860 indigenous languages. There are three official languages for Papua New Guinea. English is an official language and is the language of government and the education system, but it is not widely spoken.

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The country is officially known as the Independent State of Papua New Guinea occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands. The majority of the population live in traditional societies which are officially acknowledged within the nation’s constitution. The PNG Constitution states that, traditional villages and communities (are) to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society and steps are taken by the government to preserve these societies.

True or False? © R e a d y E dPubl i cat i on s 1. The government of PNG is trying to phase out traditional communities. T or F •f rr ev i eisw p ur p osesonl 2. The Queen ofo Papua New Guinea Queen Elizabeth II. Ty or • F T or F

4. The executive power of government lies with the Prime Minister.

T or F

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3. Everyone speaks English in Papua New Guinea.

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Explain why there were many elections during the early years of independence.

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There are many problems facing the government of PNG. From what you know of the country describe two of these problems. •

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__________________________________________________________________________________ •

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Looking at Papua New Guinea

The Story of Papua New Guinea  Can you complete the following using the words below? Tsunamis urban rainforests explored coral resources languages independence Ring animals plates Australian volcanoes Moresby Papua New Guinea is connected to the ______________________ continent by a shallow

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continental shelf across the Torres Strait which long ago was an exposed land bridge when sea levels were at their lowest. The country’s geography is quite diverse and in some places extremely rugged.

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Tropical ____________________ cover most of the country as well as very large wetland areas

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surrounding the Sepik and Fly Rivers. Papua New Guinea is also surrounded by ____________ reefs. A spine of mountains runs the length of the country forming a populous highland region. The

country’s dense jungle makes Papua New Guinea one of the worlds least _______________ and

there are many undiscovered types of plants and ________________. It is one of the most diverse countries on Earth with over 860 indigenous _________________________ and at least as many

population live in ______________ centres.

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remains a realm of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.

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The country is situated on the Pacific ________ of Fire at

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the point of collision of several tectonic ____________. Earthquakes are common and they are sometimes

accompanied by ________________. There are also a

number of eruptions from active _________________. Papua New Guinea has a great wealth of natural

_______________ but exploration has been hampered by rugged terrain, lack of infrastructure and serious law and order issues. 40

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Papua New Guinea gained its ____________________________ from Australia in 1975 and it

Looking at Papua New Guinea

Sport in Papua New Guinea Up until the 1970s Australian Rules Football was the most popular sport in Papua New Guinea. Now it is regaining popularity with the introduction of some of the country’s players in top level AFL. Papua New Guinea has the largest number of Australian Rules footballers outside of Australia.

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u Create a Player Profile

Rugby League is the most popular sport in Papua New Guinea.

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The most watched sporting events of the year in Papua New Guinea are the annual Australian State of Origin Rugby League matches. Rugby League is the most popular sport in Papua New Guinea. It is unofficially recognised as being the ‘national sport’.

 Choose one of the following sports stars from Papua New Guinea and create a player profile:

 Marcus Bai  Mal Michael  James Gwilt  Navu Maha

Find a picture of your chosen player and paste it here:

Name of player: Date of birth:

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o c . che _ ________________________________________________________________ e r o t r _ ________________________________________________________________ s super

 Find out which sports star mentioned above believes in Pebble Power. Outline his actions in helping the people of Papua New Guinea.

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Place of birth:

_ ________________________________________________________________

Pebble Power

Use your research skills to write down on the back of this sheet, what else is being done to help the people of Papua New Guinea. Research the work done by World Vision and Oxfam. 41

Looking at Papua New Guinea

Ancient Country – Ancient Ceremonies Ancient rituals are still performed at important social events in Papua New Guinea. Elaborate and colourful ceremonies are usually presided over by the elders of a tribe. Warriors are painted and decorated in bright colours, feathers and shells. Each of the twenty provinces has its own cultural festivals and regional shows where groups are invited to perform and visitors have the opportunity to glimpse the many visual and performing arts of Papua New Guinea.

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 Create your own ceremonial headwear. Go on a scavenger hunt in your school’s backyard to find materials that you will use to create your own headwear. On the back of this sheet list the materials that you find and draw your design for the most creative headwear.

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When foreign visitors arrive, locals turn out in special welcoming ceremonies fully adorned in elaborate head gear. The local people use whatever they have at hand to create their ceremonial head-dress.

 Think Big!

Natural fibres, feathers and leaves are used to create colourful headwear which is more for decoration than shade. Some headwear is created from plaited palm leaves.

With a partner try to create your design using the materials that you have gathered. Discuss with your partner the difficulties in making such a design from natural materials.

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returned to a village just outside the township of Goroka in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea to find that warriors had taken over their tribe. These warriors were big and strong so the hunters were forced to flee into the nearby Asaro River. The hunters waited until dusk before attempting to escape into the jungle. The warriors saw them climbing from the muddy banks of the river covered in the lightly coloured mud and believing they were spirits fled in terror. Today the Mudmen of Asaro perform regularly for tourists.

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o c . che e r o t r s super Author: Jialiang Gao. Source: peace-on-earth.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_PNG.jpg

 Create a tour. You are a tour operator taking tourists to the Asaro River to watch the Mudmen perform their ceremonial dance. Write a tourist brochure outlining the tour. You will need to include transportation to and from the river, include information about lunch and the price of the tour. Remember your tour price should be in kina (PGK) and Australian dollars (AUD). You will need to access a currency converter. 42

Looking at Papua New Guinea

Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels

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This poem is written by soldier Bert Beros at 4am whilst waiting on the Kokoda Track.

Many a mother in Australia When the busy day is done, Sends a prayer to the Almighty For the keeping of her son; Asking that an Angel guide him And bring him safely back Now we see those prayers are answered On the Owen Stanley track.

Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels is the name which was given to Papua New Guinean people who helped injured Australian soldiers during World war II.

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During World War ll the Japanese landed in Papua New Guinea and therefore threatened the Australian mainland. Australian troops were sent to Papua New Guinea to try to prevent the Japanese from taking control of the country and of Australia. Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels is the name which was given to Papua New Guinean people who helped injured Australian soldiers. They were referred to as Fuzzy Wuzzy because of their hair and as angels because reports claim that the New Guineans never left the sides of the injured; escorting them down the Kokoda Track, giving them water, food and other assistance.

 Read the poem and then answer the questions below. 1. Why are the New Guineans who helped on the Kokoda Track referred to as Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels?

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Slow and careful in bad places On the awful mountain track The look upon their faces Would make you think that Christ was black Not a move to hurt the wounded As they treat him like a saint It's a picture worth recording That an artist's yet to paint.

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3. What do the Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels do to help the Australian soldiers?

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For they haven't any haloes Only holes slashed through the ear And their faces worked by tattoos With scratch pins in their hair: Bringing back the badly wounded Just as steady as a horse, Using leaves to keep the rain off And as gentle as a nurse.

2. What do the Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels look like?

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And husbands see their wives Just because the fuzzy wuzzy Carried them to save their lives From mortar bombs and machine gun fire Or chance surprise attacks To the safety and the care of doctors At the bottom of the track. May the mothers of Australia When they offer up a prayer. Mention these impromptu angels With their fuzzy wuzzy hair.

4. What two people are the Angels compared to?

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Pebble Power

Today the people who live along the Kokoda Track have poor education and health. Use your research skills to write down on the back of this sheet, what is being done to help these people and what can still be done. 43

~ Background Information 1 ~

Looking at Ethiopia

Introduction

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Within Ethiopia is a vast highland of mountains and plateaus divided by the Great Rift Valley. This diversity of terrain causes the great variations in climate, in natural vegetation and in human settlement.

Ethiopia has one of the fastest growing economies in the world today. Progress has been slow however due to a severe drought in 2008 and political opposition. Despite many economic improvements, poverty still remains an issue.

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Ethiopia is a landlocked country located on the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Sudan in the west, Kenya in the south and Somalia in the east. Djibouti is at its north-eastern border. Ethiopia is known as the oldest country in the world and studying it can tell us so much about the origins of humanity.

Because of poverty many people move to townships in the hope of better living conditions. In rural areas many poor families share their homes with their livestock and children are forced to sleep on dirt floors.

Overview Land:

1 million square kilometres. The topography ranges from several very high mountain ranges to one of the lowest areas of land in Africa. The climate varies from the cool zone, the temperate zone and the hot zone with both tropical and arid conditions.

Capital:

Population:

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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

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Country:

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Addis Ababa.

The population is 85.8 million (2009).

Religion:

Christianity and Islam.

Main Languages:

Amharic, Oromo, Tigrinya and Somali.

Government:

Federal Parliamentary Republic with the head of state being referred to as the President.

Known For:

Marathon running, coffee, cuisine and history.

Economy:

The GDP per capita is $970. The GDP growth is 8 per cent. The GDP per sector: agriculture 44 per cent, industry 13 per cent, services 43 per cent. (2009.)

Currency:

Birr (ETB).

No. Years in School: Males: 8 years. Females: 7 years (2007). 44

Looking at Ethiopia

~ Background Information 2~

 Quick Facts: Ethiopia has the largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa.

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The country is famous for its Olympic long distance runners and for the origin of the coffee bean.

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The name Ethiopia appears in the Bible in Genesis as the origins of where Adam and Eve lived. The name also appears in the Iliad and in the Odyssey.

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Wildlife populations in Ethiopia have been rapidly declining due to logging, civil wars, hunting and pollution. There are a large number of species that are listed as critically endangered.

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Coffee remains the country’s most important exported product and is known as ‘black gold’.

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Ethiopia has its own calendar based on the Coptic calendar. This calendar is approximately eight years behind the Gregorian calendar.

 Suggested Classroom Activities

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Ask the students to create an Ethiopian Recipe Book.

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Ask your school/class to sponsor a child from Ethiopia. Fundraising activities and correspondence could all be a part of the class program. Prior to sponsorship ask a representative from the aid organisation to come in and discuss child sponsorship and the projects that they are doing in Ethiopia.

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 For Further Information

www.pbs.org/wnet/africa A wonderful resource for teachers. This website includes suggested lesson plans, resources and books.

One Day We Had to Run! by S Wilkes, Evans Bros, UNHCR 1996. This resource tells the stories of three children who fled their homelands in Somalia, Sudan and Ethiopia. They tell of their escape and of their lives in their homeland. Ethiopia: Breaking New Ground by B Parker, Oxfam UK 1995. This resource tells of people’s efforts to revive their land.

Looking at Ethiopia

Ethiopia and its Geographical Position Where is Ethiopia?

 Mark on the world map below where you think Ethiopia is.

 Label the countries that surround Ethiopia. Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Sudan

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Is Ethiopia landlocked? How do you know? ______________________________ ______________________________

Uganda

______________________________

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Yemen

Indian Ocean

 Use your atlas or the Internet to label the © ReadyEd Pub l i ca t i ons following countries that surround Ethiopia: Dijbouti, Somalia, Kenya, Sudan and Eritrea. •f orr evi ew pu r posesonl y•

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1. Make a list of the clothes you should be taking. Be aware of the climate.

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You will be visiting Ethiopia on a trip through Africa. Using the information on page 44, make the following plans:

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__________________________________________________________________________________ 2. You would like to travel by boat at some stage in your journey. Can you travel directly to Ethiopia by boat? Give a reason for your answer.

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o c . c e her After many years of drought the many traditional water sourcest ino ruralr Ethiopia have dried up. Aid s s r u e p organisations are moving into the country to provide help for drought affected areas. How would __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. You wish to visit the capital of Ethiopia. What is the name of the city?

__________________________________________________________________________________

the following aid projects help the rural communities in a drought?

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Provision of water tankers______________________________________________________

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_ __________________________________________________________________________

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Maintenance of taps from wells and bores_________________________________________

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_ __________________________________________________________________________

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Immunisation of children against diseases_________________________________________

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_ __________________________________________________________________________

Looking at Ethiopia

Ethiopian Flag These colours are known as the Pan-African colours.

many African countries have adopted the colours of green, yellow and red for their flags. These colours are known as the Pan-African colours.

Today’s Ethiopian flag, adopted on February 6th, 1996, carries an emblem which is meant to represent both the diversity and unity of the country. The blue background of the emblem represents peace and the yellow star reflects unity and prosperity.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Ethiopia’s earliest flag was actually three coloured pennants. The red pennant was on top followed by yellow and then green. This was followed by a rectangular flag with the three colours and the Lion of Judah in the centre. The

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The three colours of African unity – red, green and yellow – are the colours that are found on the Ethiopian flag. It is one of Africa’s oldest flags. The colours of green, yellow and red have had special significance in Africa since early in the 17th century. Their meaning varies but generally red represents power or the African blood that was spilled in defence of their country, yellow is said to represent peace and harmony amongst the country’s cultural groups and green symbolises hope or the fertile land. Upon gaining independence other African countries adopted these colours for their flags.

basic flag of the three colours used from 1975 is still used today in some areas. The order of colours changed to green, yellow and red.

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Colour in the Ethiopian flags.

Ethiopia’s basic flag used from 1975

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 Investigate three other African countries that have the Pan-African colours in their flag. Draw these flags on the back of this sheet. 47

Looking at Ethiopia

Sport Stars 1. The thin air of Bekoji. Living in this atmosphere provides a perfect vehicle for high altitude training. 2. As Bekoji is such a small town most of the population would be related to each other. They may have a running gene.

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3. Natural training grounds. The children in this town have to run great distances in order to get water or firewood. Children often have to run up to 10 kilometres in order to get to the nearest school. 4. The richest people in Ethiopia are the runners. Running often is a way of getting out of poverty.

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The main sports in Ethiopia are soccer and running. Many Ethiopian runners have won gold medals in Olympic track events. Many of the greatest runners from Ethiopia have come from Bekoji, a small town of farmers and herders in the highlands of Ethiopia.

Some of the reasons given for the unusual number of talented runners are:

5. Haile Gebresellassie, one of Ethiopia’s greatest runners said that teff, an Ethiopian food, is a rich grain with a high mineral content. Runners often eat this food.

 Research the three following Ethiopian runners. Find and paste their pictures in the spaces provided and answer the questions.

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Date of birth:

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o c . che e r o t r s super Date of birth:

Date of birth:

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Place of birth:

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Achievements:

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_______________________ Place of birth:

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 Choose one of the runners. On the back of this sheet write a paragraph about the life of your chosen athlete. 48

Looking at Ethiopia

Coffee in Ethiopia

It is believed that Ethiopia is the birthplace of coffee. Coffee trees blossom in an area called Kaffa and the trees are called Kafa which may well be the root word for coffee.

The mountain tribes of Ethiopia gather the coffee beans, grind them and mix them with animal fat forming small balls that they carry as food on their trips. Other tribes eat the beans as a porridge.

The Legend of Kaldi

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An Abyssinian (Ethiopian) goat herder, Kaldi, noticed that his goats were eating the bright red cherries that grew on bright green bushes near his village. After a while he observed his goats skipping, rearing on their hind legs and bleating loudly. Kaldi tried a few of the berries himself and soon he found himself feeling quite alive. He collected as many berries as he could and went to the monks in the monastery. Kaldi showed the chief monk the berries and told him of their incredible effect. The monk was concerned that the berries were the work of the devil and quickly threw them into the fire. Within minutes the monastery was filled with the aroma of roasting coffee beans. The chief monk ordered the beans to be taken from the fire and crushed so that the embers would not reignite. They were placed in a bowl of hot water for protection.

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons  Complete theo crossword •f rr evi ew pur posesonl y• That night the monks sat up drinking the coffee brew and vowed to drink it daily to keep them awake during their long prayer sessions.

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Across 2. coffee trees 4. birthplace of coffee 5. tribesmen ate coffee beans like this

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Down 1. area where coffee trees grew 3. early name for Ethiopia

 On the back of this page create a comic strip which tells the story of how coffee was discovered. 49

Looking at Ethiopia

Eating in Ethiopia

The food of Ethiopia usually consists of spicy vegetables and meat dishes. They are cooked in the form of a wat which is a thick stew and served on an injera; a large sourdough flatbread. There are no utensils used when eating in Ethiopia. Instead Ethiopians use their right hand, using a piece of injera, to pick up bites of food.

To show friendship, the Ethiopians give a gorsha. This is made by a person using their right hand to strip off a piece of injera, roll it in the wat then place the rolled injera in their friend’s mouth. The bigger the gorsha, the stronger the friendship.

One spice most commonly used in cooking is berbere,

Food is traditionally served on a mesob which is a tabletop woven from straw. Just prior to the food being presented, a basin of water and soap is brought out to wash the diners’ hands. When the food is ready to eat, the lid of the mesob is taken off and the food is placed on top. When everyone’s finished eating, another basin

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For religious reasons there is no pork used in Ethiopian cooking.

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a combination of powdered chilli pepper. A clarified butter called niter kibbeh, which is infused with ginger, garlic and spices is also a common ingredient in dishes.

of water and soap is brought back for the hands to be washed again.

u Comprehension Challenge

 Reread Eating in Ethiopia and find the answers to the following questions in the Word Search below. 1. The thick stew in Ethiopia is called a _ _ _

3. What is used instead of utensils when eating? _ _ _ _ _ _

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5. _ _ _ _ _ _ is an act of friendship.

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4. Ethiopians traditionally sit at a _ _ _ _ _ when eating.

o c . che e r o t r s super W C O R J J S H H R

N H T Y K J Z O L A X S K U G W J X T P

A K M X G O B W J R

K S W A D O Y W M Y

O G O R S H A G M I

 On the back of this sheet draw a table with traditional Ethiopian dishes on it. 50

O M S M C O J V U M V A E J N I G H B O T L Q S K C I H A G G P N V J F F H C X

Looking at Ethiopia

Ethiopian Ingredient

People all over the world can only use resources that are available to them. This determines their way of life and what they eat. Due to the country being mountainous Ethiopian culture has had little influence by outside countries. However exotic spices were brought into the country by traders who were travelling the route from the Far East to Europe, hence Ethiopian cooking is very spicy. As well as flavoring the food, the spices help preserve meat in a country where refrigeration is rare. Spices are sometimes eaten at breakfast in a dish called firfir which is shredded injera with spices. Berbere is the name of the special spicy paste that Ethiopians use to preserve and flavour their foods. According to Ethiopian culture, the woman with the best berbere can find herself the best husband.

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See if you can find the missing ingredients in the sentences below and in the Word Search. The following website may be useful: www.foodbycountry.com 1.

A cereal crop known as the principal food crop in Ethiopia: T _ _ _

Hot pepper or B _ _ _ _ _ _ is an essential ingredient in many Ethiopian foods.

Used as a meat, C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are often found scavenging around Ethiopian villages.

A honey wine called T _ _ is frequently served in bars.

For breakfast F _ _ _ _ _ made from shredded injera with spices is sometimes eaten.

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D Z Y S G O N T W G

M B E R B E R E R Q

N B R P K H R C R S

G V D C R L S H H I

V R I F R I F B S T

D H R E R K F T A L

C S Q X S Y E X W U

T Z P M J J T C E W

F G W V I Y G B Y V

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Looking at Ethiopia

Make an Ethiopian Tablecloth iron pans called mitads.

An Ethiopian tablecloth is actually a huge pancake made by women in a special large pan with heavy covers. It is called injera or Ethiopian bread. A certain cereal found in Ethiopia called teff is used.

Unfortunately teff is difficult to find outside of Ethiopia so the recipe below has used a buckwheat pancake mix and biscuit mix.

 Follow the procedure below. You may need an adult to help you. Ingredients:

1 cup of buckwheat mix

1 cup of biscuit mix

1 tablespoon of cooking oil

1 ½ to 2 cups of water

What You Need To Do:

1 egg

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Traditionally injera looked like a huge rubber sponge when cooked. It is easy to mix the batter, but getting the texture just right takes a bit of practice.

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Injera preparation usually takes two to three days as the teff mixture needs time to ferment. Traditionally the injera was cooked on hot flat

An Ethiopian tablecloth Tastes delicious!

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7. Pour the batter on the hot pan in a thin stream and, starting from the outside, pour in circles to the centre. 8. Once the mixture bubbles all over remove the pan from the heat. 9. Place the pan in an oven at 160 degrees Celsius for about one minute until the top is dry but not brown. 10. Slide your mixture onto a plate. Your injera is ready for some wat and vegetables.

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1. Combine the buckwheat pancake mix, biscuit mix and egg in a bowl. 2. Add one tablespoon of cooking oil. 3. Add one and a half to two cups of water and mix to obtain an easy pouring consistency. 4. Pour the batter into a pouring jug. 5. Bring a heavy skillet or frying pan to a medium heat. Do not let the pan get too hot. 6. Brush half a teaspoon of cooking oil over the pan.

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u Answer these questions

1. What is teff and where is it found?________________________________________________ 2. Why do you think that injera or Ethiopian bread is referred to as an Ethiopian tablecoth? _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. How long does injera take to make and why? _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are mitads?______________________________________________________________

Answers

AFGHANISTAN Page 8, Afghanistan’s Location Uzbekistan Turkmenistan

Kyrgyzstan

China

Tajikistan

Afghanistan

Iran

I N R E T T A P M T

R M C G R D U B C A

B C J S A S R Y I R

A Q U E D O R R T O

F Q R L I O E B S B

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India

The term ‘landlocked’ means surrounded by land. Afghanistan

Advantages

Disadvantages

Exporting of goods

Has goods that are not found anywhere else in the world.

Must pass through other countries making it expensive to export.

Importing goods

A variety of goods from surrounding countries would be easily available.

Expensive to transport due to rough terrain.

Defence of country

Surrounding countries could be allies.

Surrounding countries could attack.

When natural disasters strike

Surrounding countries could help with aid.

Difficult to get aid through other countries.

C H O D T G E U E A

T A E S I U H K M L

V R I O O S R O O E

Y H N T N G D E D L

Page 14, Gudiparan Bazi (Kite Flying) 1 1. You need two people and two kites to enter a kite flying competition. 2. The aim of the game is to be the last kite flying and to cut as many other kites’ lines as possible. 3. Materials would include ground glass, gravel and tar. 4. The kite lines could cut the person and climbing on the roof is dangerous. 5. The kite runners are too busy watching the kites in the air that they could be hit by a car or fall.

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C N O X G X H K Y E

LAOS Page 18, Laos And Its Geographical Position 1. Laos. 2. Boundary, Thailand. 3. Burma, China. 4. Infrastructure. 5. Widespread. 6. Agriculture. 7. Rice. 8. Religious.

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N R C S N K O R R Y I O F J T

X U P I W E M C I S I K K D R

N T H F R I X I O B U I Z R O

L C B O U N D A R Y J D P S T

S U O I G I L E R O P W V C O

U R A Q L S E T S C A F A F D

G T O R M E H A O P Q M L E R

L S G S W A D O Q F R A J J B

D A G R I C U L T U R E H U W

P R G L R A F F B T L X A H L

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Page 12, The Arts Of Afghanistan 1. The term ‘domestic items’ means items that are often used in the home or in daily life. 2. Embroidery helps to create the pattern and symbolism that are features in Afghani art. Women and girls also group together to embroider their work. 3. The term ‘special occasion wear’ refers to outfits that are worn during such special occasions as weddings or other celebrations.

I F A O C Q R B W Y Q E W D E

U N C U H Q H T U V C S N Q L

D I R O P L P X D V T K Z L H

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Page 10, Afghanistan And Politics What is a burqua? A burqua is a piece of clothing that covers a woman from head to foot. There is only an opening for the eyes. Under the Taliban rule in Afghanistan, women had to wear burquas as it was required under strict Islamic law.

E E F U K A S Y W X U Y U H E

S M E C K I R X X Y C G D T Y

Page 20, The Hats of Laos Conical hat – the hats are cone-shaped. Sedge hat – the hats are made from sedge which is a grass-like or rush-like plant that grows in rivers or other wet places. Rice hat – the hats are worn by people working in rice fields. Paddy hat – the hats are worn by workers in rice paddies. Coolie hat – ‘coolie’ is an old term for an Asian worker. The term is now considered a slur.

Page 22, Money Talk 1. AUS is the Australian dollar. 2. US is the American dollar. 3. EUR is the Euro. 4. AFN is the Afghanistan Afghanis. 5. PGK is the Papua New Guinean kina. 6. LAK is the Kip of Laos. The LAK (at time of printing) 1. 10 AUS converts to 76 461.32 LAK. 2. 10 US converts to 83 719.59 LAK. 3. 10 EUR converts to 114 806.29 LAK. 4. 10 AFN converts to 1 784.09 LAK. 5. 10 PGK converts to 31 064.51 LAK.

Page 29, Children Of The Andes 1. The worst winter months in Peru are between June and August. Temperatures plummet to below freezing. 2. UNICEF is sponsoring local workshops to help teach mothers and health care workers to recognise the symptoms of illnesses which are related to the overexposure of cold weather. 3. UNICEF stands for United Nations Children’s Fund. 4. After May the roads become blocked due to heavy snowfall and villages become isolated.

Page 23, Let’s Celebrate Boun Khoun Lan – Rice – January/February. Boun Bangfai – Rocket Festival – Mid May. Boun Khao Pansa – Moon – Mid July. Lao National Day – Flag – December 2nd. Lunar New Year – Firecracker – January/February. Boun Visakhabousa – Candles – Mid May. Boun Sousang Heua – Long Boat – August.

Page 31, In English Please SPANISH Barbacoa Cafeteria Chocolate Botella (boh-teh-yah) Canon (kan-yohn) Ensalada Mapa Mucho Papel Rosa Musica (moo-see-cuh) Numerous (noo-meh-rohs) Vegetal (veh-heh-tahl)

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International Flights Flight 1 $189 AUS which is 1 445 281.15 LAK. Flight 2 $350 AUS which is 1 445 281.15 LAK. Flight 3 $700 AUS which is 5 352 336.00 LAK. Flight 4 $789 AUS which is 6 032 952.13 LAK.

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interior would create difficulties for agriculture. Nazca plate activity: Earthquakes would cause damage to homes and property. Many people would become homeless and disease may be rampant. Areas around volcanoes are usually quite fertile so farming would be good. Any volcanic activity would cause widespread devastation. Unstable mountain ranges: Any avalanche would cause loss of crops and lives.

ENGLISH barbecue cafeteria chocolate bottle canon salad map much paper pink music numerous vegetable

PERU Page 28, Peru And Its Geographical Position

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Ecuador

Colombia

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Brazil

PERU

Bolivia

Pacific Ocean

Chile

Advantages: trade would improve, less conflict, more aid and could be allies during hostile invasions. El Nino: Warmer water closer to the shoreline means that the fish stocks would drop or change. Heavy rainfall would cause floods and landslides. Droughts in the

Unscramble the words: Rosa Mapa Canon Musica Ensalada Mucho One of the official languages of Peru is SPANISH.

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Page 25, Postcard From Madeleine 1. There are at least 900 giant jars. 2. The three theories: they were funeral urns, used as storage jars by giants, used to store ancient wine and used by travellers who used the trade route. 3. Various answers could include Nazca Lines and the Easter Island monoliths.

Page 32, The Music And Dance Of Peru 1. Flute, bone. 2. Inca 3. Conquistadors 4. Marinera, cajon, bugle 5. Courtship.

Q I F X A Y B I H N U G C I V

U U P O F U G K I F O O H H Q

E M E U S D U L G V N V B O S C B H W Q N D J K V A T L Z D

N A E S D F O C U C F F C C Q

A Q S W D M R L E P I P T K N Y F T J S F I D R R Q C I D J C N N J J C W H K R W E C C G

R A J P A E V X Q E Q R A T A

E R C N I O D O G C G W R V V A P K G V A P Y P Z O U L Z L

P S R B O T C B H X N B R E O R L W A I D K R A H J F N L B

B C V Y X Y R O D P Z F K B L

C O U R T S H I P P O D U G Q

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Page 33, Peruvian Cuisine Aji, cebiche, European, goat, banana, Lima, pork, potatoes, tuba, varieties, Wiracocha, tanta.

Page 34, Llamas In Peru 1. The people of Peru didn’t think to invent the wheel. 2. The llama provided a means of transport, wool and food. 3. Llamas can travel great distances without needing water and they can run faster than horses on flat ground. Llamas can also travel easily over rugged terrain. 4. The llamas could tell that there was a great flood approaching.

Page 39, Papua New Guinea and Politics True or False? False True False True The ministers didn’t have any confidence in the leadership of the government therefore many elections were held during the early years of independence.

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January 5th The reason must be due to the fact that the small communities have been isolated from the rest of the country and have had to develop their own customs. There would have been very little integration amongst the communities. January 25th This is due to the rugged terrain and mountainous areas that would be too difficult to travel by foot or by any other means of transport. February 1st Songs and storytelling are often used as the people do not know how to read and write because of their isolation. Communication has been through story telling throughout history.

Think Big! • The isolation of the tribal communities must be the largest problem facing the government. There would be problems with transport and development in these areas. • Mining companies trying to destroy huge areas of rainforests.

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Papua New Guinea Page 38, Papua New Guinea and Its Location

Indonesia

Papua New Guinea

Page 41 Sport In Papua New Guinea Marcus Bai: born 10th November 1972 in Ulamona, Papua New Guinea. Played rugby league during the 1990s and 2000s. Played his final season in 2006 for the English Super League team Bradford Bulls. Marcus was the only man to win the World Club Challenge with three different clubs. Mal Michael: born Malcolm Roberto Michael on 24th June 1977 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Mal is an Australian Rules footballer notable for his successful professional AFL career. His career spanned 238 games over two Australian states. James Gwilt: born 11th August 1986 in England. Gwilt’s mother is from Papua New Guinea and his father is of Welsh descent. Gwilt is an Australian Rules football player. He plays for the St Kilda Football Club in the AFL. Navu Maha: born 30th September 1974 in Alukuni in Papua New Guinea. Navu is an all round sportsman who has represented Papua New Guinea in cricket and Australian Rules football. Navu also plays rugby union at a club level.

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Pacific Ocean

Bismarck Sea

Page 40, The Story Of Papua New Guinea Australian, rainforests, coral, explored, animals, languages, Moresby, urban, independence, Ring, plates, tsunamis, volcanoes, resources.

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Page 35, The Mysterious Nazca Lines 1. The Nazca Lines are in part of the desert known as the Pampa Colorada or the Red Plain. 2. The lines were made by removing the reddishbrown pebbles that covered the surface of the Nazca desert to reveal the light-coloured earth beneath. 3. The drawings are best viewed from the air. 4. The lines were thought to be drawn for astronomical or agricultural purposes. 5. It is believed that the lines were created between 200BC and 600BC. 6. The lines are believed to have taken several generations to create.

Solomon Sea

Coral Sea Cape York Monsoons are seasonal winds which bring heavy rainfall.

Mal Michael established the Mal Michael Foundation in 2006. This foundation is aimed at raising money to help give young Papua New Guineans the opportunity to play Aussie Rules.

Page 43, Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels 1. The Papua New Guineans were referred to as Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels because of their fuzzy hair and the fact that they helped the Australian soldiers. 2. In the poem the Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels have pierced ears and tattooed faces with ‘scratched pins in their hair.’ 3. The angels never left the side of the soldiers escorting them down the Kokoda Track, giving them water, food and other assistance. They also kept the rain off the injured. 4. They are compared to Christ and a nurse.

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Ethiopia Page 46, Ethiopia And Its Geographical Position Saudi Arabia

Sudan

Ethiopia

Somalia Indian Ocean

W C O R J J S H H R

N H T Y K J Z O L A X S K U G W J X T P

A K M X G O B W J R

K S W A D O Y W M Y

O G O R S H A G M I

O M S M C O J V U M V A E J N I G H B O T L Q S K C I H A G G P N V J F F H C X

Yes it is landlocked as it is surrounded by countries and land.

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Visiting Ethiopia 1. Clothing should include shorts, skirts and other lightweight clothing. Some warm clothing for cooler areas and something waterproof. Sturdy shoes should also be included. 2. You can’t travel directly to Ethiopia by boat as it is a landlocked country. 3. Addis Ababa.

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The Drought in Ethiopia • Provision of water tankers: will provide immediate drinking/cooking water for the people. • Maintenance of taps from wells and bores: will provide water for irrigation of crops and a close source of drinking water. Villagers will no longer have to walk miles to access a water source. • Immunisation of children against diseases: during droughts disease spreads quickly. Children who are immunised will have a greater chance of survival.

Page 51, Ethiopian Ingredient 1. Teff 2. Berbere 3. Chickens 4. Tej 5. Firfir

W D C Q G Y C S Q V

D Z Y S G O N T W G

M B E R B E R E R Q

N B R P K H R C R S

G V D C R L S H H I

V R I F R I F B S T

D H R E R K F T A L

C S Q X S Y E X W U

T Z P M J J T C E W

F G W V I Y G B Y V

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Page 47, Ethiopian Flag Think Big! Other African countries that have the Pan-African colours in their flag: Burkina Faso, Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Senegal. Page 48, Sports Stars Haile Gebresellassie: born 18th April 1973 in Ethiopia. Haile is an Ethiopian long-distance track and road running athlete who has achieved major competition wins in

Page 50, Eating in Ethiopia 1. Wat 2. Sourdough 3. Injera 4. Mesob 5. Gorsha

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Kenya

Djibouti

Page 49, Coffee In Ethiopia Across: 2. Kafa 4. Ethiopia 5. Porridge Down: 1. Kaffa 3. Abyssinia

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Eritrea

distances between 1500 metres and the marathon. He has broken 27 world records. Derartu Tulu: born 21st March 1972 in Bekoji, Arsi Province in Ethiopia. Derartu is a long distance track, road and marathon runner. She is the first Ethiopian woman to win a medal in an Olympic Games. Derartu won gold medals in the 1992 and 2000 Olympic Games. Kenenisa Bekele: born 13th June 1982 in Ethiopia. Kenenisa is a long-distance runner who holds the world record and Olympic record for both the 5000 metre and 10 000 metre events.

Page 52, Make An Ethiopian Tablecloth 1. Teff is a cereal found in Ethiopia. 2. Injera is referred to as an Ethiopian tablecloth because of its large size, shape and the fact that other food is placed on top of it. 3. Injera generally takes two to three days to make as the teff mixture needs to ferment. 4. Mitads are hot flat iron pans on which injera is cooked.