Read • Reflect • Respond: Book 2 - Ages 11+ by Teacher Superstore

RIC-6284 4.7/987

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND (Book 2) This compiled and revised edition published under licence by R.I.C. Publications® 2009 © 2006 Saddleback Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. First published SADDLEBACK PUBLISHING, INC. Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Copyright© Elliott Quinley and Janice Greene 2006 ISBN 978-1-74126-813-3 RIC–6284

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Titles available in this series:

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND (Book 1) READ • REFLECT • RESPOND (Book 2)

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This master may only be reproduced by the original purchaser for use with their class(es). The publisher prohibits the loaning or onselling of this master for the purposes of reproduction.

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND CONTENTS A note to the teacher.................................................................................. v Lesson 1 — Turn down the volume!......................................................................................... 2–3 Lesson 2 — From the pool to the jungle.................................................................................. 4–5 Lesson 3 — Australia’s ‘leftovers’............................................................................................. 6–7 Lesson 4 — Cowboys of the pampas........................................................................................ 8–9

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Lesson 5 — The big blow................................................................................................... 10–11 Lesson 6 — Come to the fair!.............................................................................................. 12–13 Lesson 7 — Comparing planets: Hottest and coldest............................................................. 14–15 Lesson 8 — A true fish story............................................................................................... 16–17

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Lesson 9 — The electric eel: A shocking story...................................................................... 18–19

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Lesson 10 — Crackers: A humble history................................................................................ 20–21 Lesson 11 — Careless crooks................................................................................................. 22–23 Lesson 12 — A few words about worms................................................................................. 24–25 Lesson 13 — Benjamin Franklin, electrician............................................................................ 26–27 Lesson 14 — Not your ordinary horses.................................................................................. 28–29 Lesson 15 — Forebearers of modern medicine....................................................................... 30–31 Lesson 16 — Fiction based on fact........................................................................................ 32–33 Lesson 17 — A teardrop on the cheek of time....................................................................... 34–35

Lesson 18 — Braille: A teenager’s invention........................................................................... 36–37 Lesson 19 — Plants that detect landmines.............................................................................. 38–39 Lesson 20 — Nanotechnology............................................................................................... 40–41 Lesson 21 — Sakena Yacoobi................................................................................................ 42–43 Lesson 22 — A day in Ancient Rome..................................................................................... 44–45 Lesson 23 — The sport of kings—and queens!....................................................................... 46–47

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Lesson 24 — Sound effects................................................................................................... 48–49 Lesson 25 — Ever twig your teeth?....................................................................................... 50–51 Lesson 26 — Flight 93.......................................................................................................... 52–53

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Lesson 27 — Photoshop™ fakery............................................................................................ 54–55

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Lesson 28 — The Tin Lizzy and the Bug................................................................................. 56–57 Lesson 29 — All about hair................................................................................................... 58–59 Lesson 30 — Word origins.................................................................................................... 60–61 Lesson 31 — Dealing with stress........................................................................................... 62–63 Lesson 32 — The sounds of cells........................................................................................... 64–65 Lesson 33 — How to argue—without losing a friend!............................................................. 66–67 Lesson 34 — (To be titled by student.)................................................................................... 68–69 Lesson 35 — The first food................................................................................................... 70–71 Lesson 36 — Necessity is the mother of invention.................................................................. 72–73 Lesson 37 — Peanuts™: A much-loved comic strip................................................................... 74–75 Lesson 38 — Escalating heels................................................................................................ 76–77 Lesson 39 — The Special Olympics........................................................................................ 78–79 Super lesson Stephen Hawking............................................................................................. 80–83 Answers............................................................................................. 84–90

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Read • Reflect • Respond iii

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

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A note to the teacher The Read • respect • respond series has been specially designed to improve the comprehension skills of students working at or just below standard-stream ability. The very short, high-interest reading selections are both manageable and appealing—even to students who say they don’t like to read. Furthermore, the exercises that follow get right to the point. After exploring their own experience, opinions and prior knowledge, students are asked to respond to a variety of traditional comprehension questions and to think critically about the material they just read.

The brevity of each lesson is intended to promote a ‘can do’ attitude and reinforce a sense of accomplishment. Experience has proven that students steadily gain confidence through many such small successes. You can extend the effectiveness of the Read • respect • respond lessons in several ways:

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• Provide students with an opportunity to develop their oral reading skills by having them take turns reading the selections aloud to the class or a small group. • Improve critical-thinking skills by using the ‘Reflect’ questions as a springboard for class or small-group discussion.

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• Make a group activity of the ‘Look it up in a reference source’ questions. This enables your least-apt students to practise reference skills with the support of their peers.

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Read • Reflect • Respond v

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lesson 1

Just how loud is too loud?

Turn down the volume!

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PARKING

Do you prefer your music nice and LOUD? Many young people like nothing better than to cruise around town with their car’s speakers blaring. But maybe you should think again before you crank up the volume!

sound may reach 100 dB. Sound levels above 120 dB cause physical pain. At 140 dB, sound will break your eardrums. And at 180 dB, sound can actually kill you!

health. Why? Loud noise puts stress on the nerves in your ears. And the longer you listen to loud noise, the more likely it is that your health will be damaged permanently.

motorcycle speeding up to pass your car may hit 104 dB. Even a car horn reaches about 120 dB.

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The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB). The sound of a person breathing, for example, is about 5 dB. But if someone shouts in your ear, the

REFLECT:

Noise pollution affects more than your hearing. At levels above 70 dB, your blood pressure and pulse rate increase. In the long run, these conditions can lead to serious health problems.

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Think about the damaging effects of noise.

1. Do you and your parents agree on the volume that music should be played at? If not‚ why not?

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© R. I . C.Pu bdwellers l i cat i o ns by loud City are surrounded Just like air and water pollution, noise sounds all the time. Noise from a jet orr e i ew pu r p ose son l y• pollution can• bef dangerous tov your flying overhead measures 123 dB. A

2. Name two or three loud noises you might hear on a typical day.

2 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Turn down the volume! lesson 1

3. Do you think machines that make very loud noises should be prohibited by law? Explain your answer.

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

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Build your vocabulary

Make comparisons

1. The i of something is its force or strength.

11. The sound of a speeding motorcycle is about how much louder than a shout in your ear?

your

rate.

3. A harmful contamination of a natural resource is called

(a) 4 dB

(b) 40 dB

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2. Touch the inside of your wrist to measure

12. Which sound is more likely to cause you physical pain?

Draw conclusions

(a) church bells ringing

(b) a jet flying overhead © R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons (c) people laughing •f orr evi ew pur p osesonl y• 5. Working in a noisy factory might State the main idea 4. The letters ‘dB’ are (a nickname/an abbreviation) for decibels.

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6. The noise level at a rock concert is (higher/lower) than the hum of a car engine. Recall details

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7. Loud sounds stress the in your ears.

Look it up in a reference source 14. The English word ‘noise’ came to us from a Latin word. What is the meaning of that Latin word?

dB‚

8. At noise levels above your body shows distress.

9. Short exposures to loud noises are

damaging than longer

exposures.

10. The reading mentions three kinds of pollution:

13. Write an original sentence summarising the main idea of the reading.

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eventually (give you a headache/make you deaf).

15. What’s the dB level of a ringing

‚ and

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telephone? Read • Reflect • Respond 3

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lesson 2

Learn about a cultural icon of the 1950s.

From the pool to the jungle

Johnny won the 100-metre freestyle race once again at the 1928 Olympics. He also anchored the gold-medal-winning 200-metre relay team. That gave him a total of five gold medals.

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Johnny was training for the 1932 Olympics when he got his start in motion pictures. He auditioned for, and easily won, the role of Tarzan. As it turned out, he was only the first of four Olympic medalists to play Tarzan in the movies.

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Your grandmother and grandfather probably remember Johnny Weissmuller from old black-and-white movies they watched as kids. He played Tarzan in a popular series of Tarzan‚ the ape man movies. But Johnny was famous even before he went to Hollywood. In 1922, he made history by becoming the first person to swim 100 metres in less than a minute! In 1924, Johnny competed in his first Olympics, winning three medals in one day! He won gold medals in the 100-metre freestyle and the 4x200-metre freestyle relay race. Along with the rest of the team, he also won a bronze medal for water polo. Two days later, he won another gold medal‚ in the 400-metre freestyle event.

REFLECT:

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In 1950, a group called the Sportswriters of America voted him the best swimmer of the halfcentury. He received 132 votes—30 more than all the other athletes combined!

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Think about the activities that made Johnny Weissmuller famous.

1. Have you ever watched the Olympic Games on television?

2. Have you ever seen a Tarzan movie? If so‚ what did you think of it?

What sport or event do you most enjoy watching?

4 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

From the pool to the jungle lesson 2

3. Do you think today’s Olympians swim faster or slower than Johnny Weissmuller? Explain your thinking.

RESPOND: Recall details

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

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1. In 1924‚ Johnny Weissmuller competed in these four Olympic events: •

•

Draw conclusions

9. The Olympic Games are held every years.

2. What does an Olympic athlete win for coming third?

3. What medals did Weissmuller win at the 1928 Olympics?

(a) 10

(b) four

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•

of a relay team 8. The a is the person who is the final swimmer.

10. Did Weissmuller compete at the 1932 Summer Olympics?

(a) unlikely

(b) very likely

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(b) 65

5. Why weren’t Weissmuller’s Tarzan movies filmed in colour?

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Match synonyms 12.

remember

(a) sum

13.

watched

(b) practice

14.

training

15.

total

(d) observed

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4. About how many years ago did Weissmuller swim at the Olympic Games?

11. During the first half of the 20th century‚

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Look it up in a reference source

Build your vocabulary

16. Where were the Summer Olympic Games held in 2008?

6. The words movies‚ films and

17. How many Tarzan movies did Weissmuller make?

are

synonyms. 7. To a out for a part in a show. R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

is to try

18. Who played Tarzan’s wife‚ Jane‚ in the first six movies? Read • Reflect • Respond 5

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lesson 3

Have you ever heard of these unique creatures?

Australia’s ‘leftovers’

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duck-billed platypus

The platypus and the echidna, or spiny anteater, are the only two kinds of monotremes left in the world today. Like all other mammals, both of them have mammary glands to nurse their young. But unlike other mammals, these two lay eggs.

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Some of the most unusual animals in the world live in Australia. They’re called ‘leftovers’. Why? Because they’re the same today as they were millions of years ago. Today, these older forms of mammals are known as monotremes.

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REFLECT:

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Think about mammals and the differences among them.

1. Human beings are also members of the class of animals called mammals. Name two other mammals you know. •

insects. An echidna can burrow its way out of practically anything! Thanks to its strong front feet and sharp claws, it’s very difficult to constrain. Even in a zoo an echidna must be kept in a cage with a concrete floor. If there’s one crack in the concrete, the echidna will dig its way out!

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platypus has a broad bill and webbed feet. It resembles a duck. But its bill is soft and leathery, not hard like a duck’s. The platypus uses it to dig worms and shellfish out of riverbeds. When it is fully grown, the platypus is about 50 centimetres long. It has thick brown fur and a paddle-shaped tail.

2. What can the platypus and echidna do that no other mammals can?

• 6 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Australia’s ‘leftovers’ lesson 3

3. What are two important differences between humans and the animals in the reading?

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Recognise the main idea

Identify characteristics

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1. What’s the most significant difference between the ‘leftovers’ and animals in all other classes?

(a)

looks like a duck

(b)

has a tubelike snout

(c)

looks like a porcupine

(d)

swims and dives

(e)

has strong front feet

Match synonyms tunnel

extraordinary

Make an inference restrict

dense

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6. Write P for platypus or E for echidna.

7. What substance do mammary glands produce?

2. (a) unusual /

•

3. By what other name is the echidna known?

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4. What are two things a platypus likes to eat? • •

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8. List the four main characteristics of mammals.

(d) burrow /

5. What two body parts help an echidna get food? • •

•

9. Which of the animals in the reading would you rather hold in your lap? Research information about each and then give an answer.

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lesson 4

Have you ever heard of these cowboys?

Cowboys of the pampas

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The gauchos wore baggy pants called bombachas, short boots, and wide, black hats called sombreros. Colourful, blanket-like ponchos served as coats on cold nights. Also, the gaucho wore a handkerchief around the neck. The handkerchief could be pulled up to protect the nose from the dust of a cattle stampede. It could also be used to filter water from a stream. A wide belt, often trimmed in silver, completed the traditional gaucho costume.

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The early cowboys of Latin America were called gauchos. Living as nomads, they rode the plains, or pampas, of Argentina and Uruguay. In the early days, the gauchos made their living by catching wild cattle and selling their hides on the Brazilian frontier. But gauchos also hunted and tamed wild horses. Sometimes they took work for a while on an estancia, or cattle ranch.

guns, they were proud of their skills with a knife and a bola.

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Gauchos were fine fighters. A gaucho cavalry—an army on horseback— helped Argentina win independence from Spain in 1816. Seldom carrying

REFLECT:

New refrigerator ships developed the meat industry and made cattle raising a big business. This ended the gauchos’ way of life. But gauchos are not forgotten. At festivals, South American cowboys still honour them. They wear the colourful clothing and sing the ballads of the pampas.

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around a horse’s legs and fling it to the ground.

What would it have been like to be a gaucho?

1. In your opinion‚ what would be the best thing about being a gaucho? What would be the worst thing? 8 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Cowboys of the pampas lesson 4

2. Would physical fitness be an important ‘job qualification’ for a gaucho? Why or why not?

RESPOND: Recall details

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer. Draw a conclusion

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1. The gauchos lived during the

(a) 21st

(b) 11th

century.

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(a) They shipped them overseas.

(b) They created dairy herds.

Match synonyms

3. A gaucho’s was made from a long rawhide strap.

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2. How did the gauchos profit from the wild cattle they caught?

9. Why would a gaucho want to ‘filter water from a stream’?

10.

worked

(a) customary

11.

fling

(b) laboured

12.

festival

ballads (d) celebration 13. © R . I . C . P u b l i c a t i o n s 4. From whom did Argentina win its traditional (e) songs 14. independence? •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• (a) bola

(a) Uruguay

(b) Spain

(b) poncho (c) pampas

Say it in Spanish (Write the Spanish word that matches each description.)

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5. The invention of way of life.

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ended the gauchos’

15. 16.

(a) semitrailer trucks

17.

(b) modern stockyards

18.

Build your vocabulary

: wide-brimmed hat : blanket-like coat : plains

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: ranch

: baggy pants

Look it up in a reference source

6. People who continually move from place to place are called

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7. A f is the part of a settled country next to a wilderness. 8. A s rush of many animals. R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

is a sudden

20. Name the capital cities of Argentina and Uruguay. Argentina: Uruguay: Read • Reflect • Respond 9

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lesson 5

Learn about an ancient natural disaster.

The big blow

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Then, suddenly, great explosions of ash and rock blew out of the volcano. A huge cloud formed from the blasted rocks, ash and sulfur gas. As the cloud spread, it showered ashy rocks for kilometres and kilometres. For 40 hours, the volcano continued to explode. A steady rain of ash continued hours longer. By the time the downpour was finally over, nearly six metres of volcanic ash and stone had been piled on the city of Pompeii!

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It happened right around 7.00 am on 24 August 79 ce. Mount Vesuvius, just nine kilometres from Naples, Italy, erupted! The volcano had been quiet for hundreds of years. In fact, people were so sure it was extinct, they’d planted crops and grapevines on its slopes.

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REFLECT:

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Twenty thousand people lived in Pompeii, a busy seaport just two kilometres from Mount Vesuvius. Shops were opening for the day’s business when the residents first heard the rumblings. The bright morning turned darker and darker as

few made it to the boats. At least two thousand people were killed that day. No-one has ever lived in Pompeii again. An eyewitness account of Pompeii’s disaster was written by a Roman author, Pliny the Younger. His uncle, Pliny the Elder, was killed during the eruption.

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Think about how you would react to a natural disaster.

1. Which type of disaster might be easier to escape—a flood or an erupting volcano? Explain your reasoning. 10 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

The big blow lesson 5

2. What special belongings would you try to save if you knew a natural disaster was about to occur?

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Match synonyms

Number events in order

1. Number the events to show the order in which they happened. An eyewitness wrote about the eruption.

The residents of Pompeii heard a rumbling sound.

Grapevines were planted on the slopes of Vesuvius.

Pompeii was buried under 20 feet of volcanic ash.

(b) inhabitants /

(d) beach /

(e) exploded /

© R. I . C.Publ c at i o i 8. Nearly 75 n pers cent of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes lie along the •f orr evi ew pur po ses on yWhat • territory is so-called ‘Ring of l fire’. covered by the ring of fire?

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4. Approximately how many people were killed?

3. How long did the eruption last?

shore

Look it up in a reference source.

A steady rain of ash and rocks fell on Pompeii.

2. What materials made up the cloud that formed over Pompeii?

extinct

7. (a) report /

Recall details

residents

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account

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erupted

5. How did the people try to escape?

6. What Roman author saw the eruption with his own eyes?

9. Name two other ancient cities that were buried along with Pompeii that day.

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lesson 6

How were new products advertised in past centuries?

Come to the fair!

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In 1851, six million people came to the first World’s Fair. From all over the world, people flocked to London, Britain. All were eager to see what their own country—and 39 other countries—had to show one another. Visitors were amazed at some of the new inventions on display. In honour of the fair, a man named Sax had invented a new musical instrument—the saxophone. And one company proudly exhibited a new kind of gun—the Colt revolver.

event, a man named Gustave Eiffel built an astonishing new structure. Many people were unhappy with the tower, calling it an eyesore. But it proved to be very popular in spite of the protests.

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In 1889, Paris, France, hosted a huge fair. In honour of that six-month

REFLECT:

The fairs have continued to the present day, but are now known as expos. Recent expos include Brisbane, Australia, in 1988; Hanover, Germany, in 2000; and Shanghai, China, due in 2010. Cultural and technological advances have continued to be highlighted.

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Noting the success of the London fair, other countries followed Britain’s lead in later years. The telephone and the typewriter were introduced at the 1876 fair in Philadelphia, USA. The steam engine was also unveiled. In fact, it provided power for all the fair’s machinery! All three inventions showed the scientific progress made prior to the 20th century.

Think about fairs, carnivals, or amusement parks you’ve visited.

1. Circle four adjectives that describe a big fair. sedate

bustling

enticing

solemn

crowded

diverse

repetitive

horrendous

2. Think about fairgoers of 100 years ago. How might they react to today’s high-tech products? 12 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Come to the fair! lesson 6

3. What rides do you most enjoy at a fair? What foods?

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Recall details

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1. How many countries exhibited goods at the first World’s Fair?

(a) 60

(b) 45

(a) steam engine

(b) Colt revolver

Draw conclusions

3. In which century was the first World’s Fair held?

7. A USTUERCTR

is a building or construction made by people.

8. A LURATLUC advance is an improvement in the ideas‚ skills‚ art or tools of a certain people at a certain time.

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2. What invention was introduced at the London fair?

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Build your vocabulary (Unscramble the words.)

9. The ERNTESP what is happening or existing now.

10. CHANTLICE © R. I . C.Publ i c at i ons advances are improvements in useful or industrial arts or skills. • f o r r e v i e w p u r p o sesonl y• 4. What is the name of the structure built

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5. Name two continents where the World’s Fairs have been held? •

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Match antonyms attractive

cover

(b) display /

(d) continued /

12. To LTIHHIGHG something is to bring attention to it.

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Look it up in a reference source

13. What towering structure was built to symbolise the 1962 World’s Fair in Seattle‚ USA?

concluded

6. (a) proudly /

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11. To NULIVE something is to reveal or display it for the first time.

for the 1889 World’s Fair?

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humbly

14. What enviromental problem was emphasised at Expo 2008?

Read • Reflect • Respond 13

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lesson 7

Learn more about two of Earth’s fellow planets.

Comparing planets: Hottest and coldest Neptune, the eighth planet in our solar system, is the coldest. The average daily surface temperature on this planet is -218 degrees Celsius. Neptune has a faint, bluish colour which makes it look watery, though it is only made of gas. Its mass is about 17 times that of Earth.

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Venus is almost as large as Earth. About every year and a half, it is closer to Earth than any other planet. A thick layer of clouds floats in the atmosphere around Venus, though the planet is solid. This planet has great power to reflect light—eight times as much power as the moon! After the sun and moon, Venus is the third brightest object in Earth’s sky.

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Which of the known planets in our solar system has the hottest surface? Venus is by far the hottest. Its average daytime temperature is 465˚C. That’s nearly 20 times hotter than the average temperature on Earth!

Neptune is the farthest planet from the sun. It orbits the sun every 165 Earth years. Neptune is a cold, gassy planet with a very thick atmosphere and no solid surface. Life as we know it could not exist there. The last planet in our solar system, it was the last to be discovered (in 1846).

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REFLECT:

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earth

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jupiter

mercury

sun

mars

venus

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Think about travelling into outer space.

1. If you could reserve a spot on the next space shuttle‚ would you take it? Explain why or why not. 14 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Comparing planets: Hottest and coldest lesson 7

2. Have you ever visited a planetarium or an observatory? What was it like?

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer. 14. An object’s SAMS is the amount of matter it contains.

hottest

15. If something is LSDOI

gassy

last discovered

closest to Earth

farthest from the sun

has a solid surface

has no solid surface

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‚ it can be walked

on.

16. The CRAFUES something is its outer face.

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Recall details (Write V for Venus or N for Neptune.)

17. You get an GEARAVE

number by dividing the total of two or more quantities by the number of quantities added.

Draw conclusions.

8. The symbol and letter °C stand for

around it.

10. What planet is farthest from Mars?

19. Our solar system is in the

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11. What are the two brightest objects in the sky? • •

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Activate prior knowledge

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9. How many planets are known to be in our solar system?

galaxy.

Look it up in a reference source

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20. On which two objects in space have built spacecraft landed? •

12. What is the approximate average temperature on Earth?

•

21. Mercury is closer to the sun than Venus. Why is Venus hotter than Mercury?

Build your vocabulary (Unscramble words from the reading.)

13. A planet’s TROBI is the path it follows around another object in space.

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Read • Reflect • Respond 15

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lesson 8

This fish outweighed three big men!

A true fish story

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What a catch! It took five boatmen an hour to pull it in and 10 men to lift it. It was a rare giant catfish the size of a grizzly bear! At 2.7 metres long and 293 kilograms, it may be the biggest freshwater fish ever recorded.

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Thai fishermen landed the leviathan in May 2005 in the Mekong River. The 4350-kilometre-long Mekong has seven species of giant fish—more than any other river. Like river fish around the world, all of these creatures are threatened by overfishing, pollution and uncontrolled development.

are sturgeon, lungfish, gars, barracuda, © R . I . C . P u bl i ca t i ons Scientists say the Mekong giant catfish stingrays, carp, salmon, perch and may be the first to disappear from the paddlefish. Until the Mekong catfish • f o r r e v i e w p u r p os son l y• river. More than 60 a year were caught was caught, ae 4.5-metre, 200-kilogram

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No-one knows for sure which species of river fish is the biggest. Candidate species grow to at least 90 kilograms or 1.8 metres in length. Some of these

REFLECT:

arapaima held the unconfirmed record. It was caught in the Amazon. According to records, the Mekong catfish was turned over to the Department of Fisheries. There its eggs were harvested as part of a captive breeding program. Then the monster fish was returned to the fishermen. They cut it into giant steaks and sold it!

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in the 1990s. The scattered handful that remain are spotted mainly in central Cambodia. This is just below the Golden Triangle, where Thailand, Laos and Myanmar (Burma) meet.

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Think about fish and their environment.

1. Have you or someone you know ever caught a big fish? About how big was it? 2. How do you think the catfish got its name? (Hint: Think about its face.) 16 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

A true fish story lesson 8

3. Name two kinds of things that might cause river pollution.

•

4. What river is closest to where you live?

RESPOND: Recall details

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

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1. The record-breaking catfish was caught in (Thailand/Cambodia).

Teac he r

3. In the Mekong River, there are (nine/ seven) species of giant fish. 4. The record-breaking catfish was caught in (March/May) 2005.

(named after

a sea dragon in the Bible).

is one 12. A who is being considered for an award or office.

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2. The (Golden Triangle/Silver Circle) is the junction of Thailand, Myanmar and Laos.

11. Anything that is huge or extremely powerful might be called a

Complete the synonyms

w 14. caught / l Make comparisons © R. I . C.Publ c at ns co 1i 5. sure /i 5. How much more did the catfish weigh than the previous record-holder? vn 16. o disappear •f orr evi ew pur p ses/o l y•

Look it up in a reference source

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Match antonyms plentiful

17. What’s the weight of the largest chinook salmon ever caught?

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6. The Amazon River is 6437 kilometres long. How much longer or shorter is the Mekong River?

13. globe /

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protected

7. captive / 8. rare /

In what river was it caught?

wild

9. threatened / Build your vocabulary 10. A s is a group of animals or plants that are alike in certain ways.

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18. There are many different types of catfish. List at least six types. •

•

19. The clarias catfish has two unusual abilities. What are they? • • Read • Reflect • Respond 17

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND READ:

lesson 9

This animal can actually generate energy!

The electric eel: A shocking story

head and its tail to another animal, it sends an electric shock through its body! Since electric eels have no teeth, they eat their prey whole.

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The electric eel’s flattened head and long, snaky body make it look like an eel. But inside it is quite different. Most of its organs lie in the front fifth of its body. The other four-fifths houses the organs that make the electric current. Like the plates in a battery, the tissues in these organs are arranged in layers. The current the eel produces flows from the head to the tail.

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For one thing, the electric eel is not a true eel. It’s a fish related to the carp and catfish. Like its relatives, the two to 2.7-metre creature thrives in shallow, muddy waters. Where does it live? The electric eel is native to the Amazon and Orinoco rivers in South America.

When it becomes excited, an electric eel produces strong shocks in sets of three to five. Each impulse lasts only a tiny fraction of a second. But it can keep the impulses going for a long time— perhaps for hours. These discharges usually reach 200 to 300 volts. This is enough power to light a neon lamp or stun a man— or even a horse! Some unusual electric eels have even been known to discharge 500 to 800 volts.

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How does the fish take advantage of its ability to produce electricity? The eel uses it to catch food and protect itself from enemies. Its electric discharge stuns and kills its prey. When the eel touches both its

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REFLECT:

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Think about the electric eel’s environment.

1. Would you be more likely to see an eel in an aviary or an aquarium? Why? 18 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

The electric eel: A shocking story lesson 9

2. Circle four words that might be used to describe an electric eel. bulky

herbivorous

slender

domestic

wriggling

extinct

carnivorous

aquatic

nocturnal

winged

RESPOND: Recall details

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

r o e t s Bt o r e p ok u S T

Build your vocabulary

1. How does an electric eel benefit from its electrical discharges? (a) It protects itself.

(b) It catches food.

2. The electric eel is related to the:

(a) snake and lizard.

(b) electric motor.

10. You s something when you make it dazed or unconscious. 11. You are n to a place if you were born there or belong there naturally.

(b) has no teeth.

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Identify multiple-meaning words from the reading

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4. To means 1. to rest in a flat position; 2. to say something that’s not true.

13. A n lamp glows when an electrical current is sent through it. Find the antonym

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made up of cells form some part of every plant or animal.

3. The electric eel eats its prey whole because it:

is to grow in a

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8. To strong, healthy way.

14. What word in the reading means the opposite of predator?

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is 1. a musical 5. An instrument with keys and pedals; 2. a body part with a special purpose. means 6. The word 1. present or most recent; 2. the flow of electricity through a conductor.

Look it up in a reference source 15. What’s the biggest difference between conger eels and moray eels?

Draw a conclusion 7. A is a unit for measuring the force of an electric current. R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

Read • Reflect • Respond 19

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lesson 10

Learn more about a favourite snack.

Crackers: A humble history

Teac he r

What’s the origin of the common cracker? Actually, the first recognisable crackers were made in 1792. They were the handiwork of John Pearson of Newburyport, USA.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Pearson called them pilot bread. Made from two simple ingredients—flour and water—pilot bread had a long shelf life. And it stacked easily in barrels aboard sailing ships. Pearson’s pilot bread quickly became a staple of nautical life. Sailors of the day sometimes called pilot bread hardtack or sea biscuit.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons By 1810, nearly all ships stocked In 1801, another baker overcooked a barrels of s crackers. Josiah Bent’s batch of biscuits. Ther baker, Josiah •f o r ev i ew pu r po eso nl y•

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business was booming! Rival John Pearson was also having great success with his pilot bread. In 1898, his business became the National Biscuit Company. In later years, Josiah Bent’s enterprise was sold to the same company.

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Bent, groaned when he surveyed the damage in his brick oven. But as he looked on in dismay, he heard a distinct crackling sound coming from the baking sheets! A true entrepreneur, Bent christened his overdone wafers ‘crackers’. After packing them up, he set off. His mission? To convince the rest of the world of his crackers’ crunchy charms.

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Think about the invention of crackers.

1. Name three of your favourite kinds of crackers. 2. You just read that crackers were invented by accident. Have you ever made an interesting discovery as a result of an accident? Tell about a mistake that turned out to be a good thing. 20 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

Crackers: A humble history lesson 10

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Recall details 1. Pilot bread was also known as (hardtack/flatbread).

4. (Pearson/Bent) came up with the name ‘crackers’. Identify synonyms 5.

named

competitor

(a) convince

14. OGNIMBO / : 1. making a deep‚ hollow sound like a bass drum; 2. growing suddenly and rapidly

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3. (Pearson/Bent) made the first pilot bread.

15. SIMOSIN / : 1. a person’s special task‚ duty or errand; 2. a church built in a foreign country

distinct Build your vocabulary © R(b) . I . C.Publ i cat i ons of something is 16. The o persuade (c) rival itss beginning or the place from which it •f orr ev i ew pur po e s o n l y • comes. clear

(d) christened

Draw conclusions

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9. (Sailors/Bakers) lived a ‘nautical life’.

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10. Crackers have been widely available for about (120/200) years.

17. An e is one who risks his or her own money and time to organise a business venture.

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13. PLEATS / : 1. regularly used food or other common item; 2. U-shaped piece of metal wire with pointed ends

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2. On a ship‚ crackers were stored in a (box/barrel).

Identify multiple-meaning words (Unscramble the words.)

18. To s look it over carefully.

something is to

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11. Josiah Bent was an (American/British) person. 12. A product with a long (shelf/half) life doesn’t get stale quickly.

Look it up in a reference source 19. When was the Arnotts biscuit company created? Who created it? When: Who:

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Read • Reflect • Respond 21

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND READ:

lesson 11

Talk about bungled burglaries!

Careless crooks Most criminals are far from being ‘masterminds’. Some are even outright bunglers! These two recent stories help prove that ‘crime doesn’t pay’.

Teac he r

In one attempt, a petty criminal let his nerves get the best of him. When he entered the corner store, all he wanted was to cash a bad cheque for $10. But the attendant hesitated. He didn’t recognise the man as a regular customer. Even after the stranger produced identification, the clerk sensed that the fellow was unusually agitated. So he refused to accept the cheque.

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learned to open most locked doors with a credit card or almost any stiff piece of plastic. His scheme always worked— until the night he left his wallet with his credit cards at home!

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After lots of practice, a crook thought he had a foolproof scheme. He’d

REFLECT:

laminated employee identification card. ‘What a stroke of luck’, he thought to himself. As always, he inserted the card and started to jemmy the lock. But the card got stuck inside the lock. And, worse yet, a piece of it broke off when he tried to pull it out! Unfortunately for him, his photograph and thumbprint were on the fragment. It didn’t take long for the police to track him down.

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Infuriated, the man pulled out a pistol and emptied the cash drawer of more than one thousand dollars. He’d only wanted 10 dollars, and now he had 100 times that much! But he never had a chance to spend it. Why? The police were waiting on his doorstep when he returned home. All of his identification was in his wallet—which he had left on the corner store counter!

Think about the nature of crime and criminals.

1. Circle three words that describe the two careless crooks.

2. Name two good ways to protect your apartment or house from burglars.

righteous

inept

unsuccessful

•

vain

fortunate

lucky

homicidal

foolish

•

22 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

Careless crooks lesson 11

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Number events in order

Draw conclusions

1. In the first story, the criminal:

10. The criminal in the second story intended to commit:

emptied the cash drawer.

wrote a cheque for $10.00.

was arrested by the police.

displayed his identification.

(a) arson.

(b) burglary.

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Identify the main idea 2. The main idea of both stories is that:

(a) robbery is profitable.

(b) carelessness causes mistakes.

11. A cheque is ‘bad’ if the writer:

(a) has sloppy handwriting.

(b) has no money in the bank.

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12. The criminal in the second story was caught quickly. His thumbprint must have been:

(a) smudged.

(b) unusual.

Build your vocabulary

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4. A broken-off piece of something is called a f . 5. A p criminal is one who commits a minor crime.

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13.

stiff

(a) departed

14.

spend

(b) flexible

15.

returned

16.

(d) withdrew

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3. A l sealed between layers of clear plastic.

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6. An a looks nervous and jumpy.

person

17.

inserted

(e) save

Look it up in a reference source

7. An i person is very, very angry.

18. In the 1980s and 90s, Brenden Abbott was a famous bank robber. What is his nickname and where is he now?

8. A b badly.

Nickname:

performs a task

9. To s is to make plans, especially secret or underhanded ones.

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Where:

Read • Reflect • Respond 23

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND READ:

lesson 12

Pay attention to detailed information.

A few words about worms

• Worms are blind, deaf and spineless. But they are not weak creatures. When enough worms work together, they can transform entire forests and bury ancient ruins.

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• You might find more than a million worms in a single acre of soil.

• There are more than 4500 species of earthworms. Scientists say that many more species have yet to be identified. • Worms’ ancestors date back more than 250 million years. Worms have survived two mass extinctions— including the one that killed the dinosaurs.

• An ordinary earthworm lives about five years. Some giant Australian worms live for more than 20 years.

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• A worm is both male and female. To mate, worms line up head to tail. They can stay that way for several hours.

• A huge earthworm in North America is 60 to 90 centimetres long. It secretes a mucus that smells like lilies.

• In one small field, worms can turn over 10 to 18 tonnes of soil each year. They do this by tunnelling, swallowing the soil, and bringing it back up to the surface.

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REFLECT:

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Think about worms you have seen.

1. Circle four adjectives that accurately describe common earthworms. soft-bodied

slender

hooved

microscopic

stretchy

noisy

segmented

spiny

aggressive

bipedal

2. Write the names of two animals you know that eat worms. • 24 Read • Reflect • Respond

• R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

A few words about worms lesson 12

3. Does the reading tell what animals are related to worms? 4. Does the reading name the three major groups of worms?

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Build your vocabulary

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1. Animals grouped by species are: (a) inhabitants of the same place.

(b) alike in important ways.

2. In a mass extinction‚ animals:

(a) eat too much food.

(b) devour one another.

3. To secrete mucus means to:

(b) catch a bad cold.

4. Ancestors are: (a) similar kinds of creatures.

(b) relatives‚ like aunts and uncles.

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(b) swallow and transport soil

Explain a process

8. In your own words‚ describe the way an earthworm moves.

Worms are too slimy to pick up with your bare hands.

10.

Worms have lived on Earth longer than many other animals.

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5. To transform something is to:

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(a) give off a slimy substance.

(a) make tunnels

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7. What do worms do that allows more air and water to enter the soil?

(a) transfer it to a zoo.

(b) change its condition or looks.

Look it up in a reference source

11. What is the most significant difference between a worm and a caterpillar?

Recall details

6. According to the reading, what three body parts do worms lack?

(a) eyes‚ ears‚ backbones

(b) arms‚ legs‚ heads

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12. Name two of the three geological time periods dinosaurs lived during. • • Read • Reflect • Respond 25

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND READ:

lesson 13

Learn more about a true man of genius.

Benjamin Franklin, electrician Benjamin Franklin was an important person in the history of the United States. He helped found the country. He was also one of the most celebrated scientists of his day. Electricity was his specialty.

Teac he r

In fact, Franklin even helped to create the vocabulary of electricity. He was the first to use the words ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ to refer to electrical charges. And why did he call a method of storing electricity a ‘battery’? Because, like an array or battery of cannons, it could ‘fire’ a charge. He was also the first person to call himself an ‘electrician’.

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wonderful invention protected buildings by redirecting lightning into the ground, many did not approve. They believed that lightning was a manifestation of God’s judgment! In 1755, clergymen blamed the lightning rod for causing an earthquake. Why? They thought it had directed God’s anger into the ground!

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His real breakthrough was the lightning rod. In 1752, he installed the first lightning rod on the roof of the Pennsylvania State House. Although this

REFLECT:

Franklin’s scientific accomplishments were amazing—especially since he’d had only two years of formal schooling. He received honorary degrees from Harvard and Yale Universities in 1753. In 1760, he was elected to fellowship in the British Royal Society. And in 1772, he became a member of the French Academy of Sciences.

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Franklin’s book, Experiments and observations on electricity, appeared before he proved lightning was a discharge of electricity. Published in London, Britain, it was one of the most talked-about books of the age. It blazed through five editions in English, three in French, one in German and one in Italian.

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Think about the many uses of electricity.

1. How would daily life have been different before people had the use of electricity? List three ways. • • • 26 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Benjamin Franklin, electrician lesson 13

2. Circle the words associated with electicity. jelly

battery

amazing

charge

wall socket

Italian

air

correct

anger

honour

baton

positive

RESPOND: Recall details

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

r o e t s B r e bo p ok u S

Build your vocabulary

2. His book was published in (five/four) languages. 3. Franklin’s lightning rod redirected lightning into the (ground/sky). 4. Two of the terms he invented were ‘electrician’ and ‘(battery/neutron)’.

10. A is an important discovery or step in the progress of something.

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1. Benjamin Franklin wrote a book about (government/electricity).

11. An a of cannons is an arrangement in the proper order. 12. An e is all the copies of a book printed at the same time.

© R. I . C.Publ i cita t i s source Look up ino an reference Draw conclusions 13. o What are the dates of Benjamin • f o r r e v i e w p u r p s e s o n l y • Franklin’s birth and death? 5. An ‘honorary degree’ is bestowed:

(b) to reward significant achievement.

(b) in France‚ Germany and Italy.

6. Franklin’s work with electricity took place:

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Birth: Death:

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(a) after four years of academic work.

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14. Franklin invented several items besides the lightning rod. Name two of his inventions.

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(a) while he was a very young man.

• •

Fact or opinion? (Write F or O.) 7.

The lightning rod once caused an earthquake.

Franklin was highly regarded in Europe.

Franklin was a multi-talented man.

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Read • Reflect • Respond 27

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lesson 14

Learn about three amazing horses in history.

Not your ordinary horses Comanche

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Amazingly, Comanche survived seven wounds in the neck, lungs and groin. To recuperate, Comanche was sent to Fort Lincoln. A special order forbade anyone to ride him. For the rest of his days, the legendary horse was paraded at special ceremonies. At every post he visited he was allowed to roam free. In 1891—15 years after the Battle of Little Big Horn—Comanche died at Fort Riley, Kansas. He was 29 years old.

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Teac he r

You may have heard of ‘Custer’s last stand’. It refers to a battle between American troops and the Sioux and Cheyenne people. Often depicted in movies and on TV, Custer and his troops were defeated by the Native Americans. However, the sole survivor of the 7th Cavalry was Captain Keogh’s horse, Comanche.

Sometimes dinner guests were invited to the palace in the horse’s name. And Caligula held parties at which Incitatus was the host. To top it off, the deranged emperor went even further. He was said to have seriously considered making Incitatus a consul of the empire!

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Caligula, emperor of Rome from 37 to 47 ce, was one of the most monstrous rulers of all time. But he lavished love on his beloved horse, Incitatus. He kept the horse inside the palace in a stable box of carved ivory. He dressed him in purple blankets and collars of precious stones.

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eight-year-old racehorse, was aboard. After nearly drowning, Moifaa was washed ashore on a desert island. He was stranded there for two weeks before finally being rescued.

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Incitatus

Finally sent on to Britain, Moifaa was entered in the Grand National steeplechase. Beating 25 other horses, he won by eight lengths!

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What are your thoughts about horses?

1. What do you like best about horses? What do you like least? Best:

28 Read • Reflect • Respond

Least:

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Not your ordinary horses lesson 14

2. One of the horses in the reading was stuffed by a taxidermist. He’s now on display in a museum in Lawrence, Kansas. Which horse do you think it is? Explain your thinking.

RESPOND: Recall details

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

1. During which battle was Comanche wounded?

insane

valuable

forbidden

only

castle

perished

slender

guest

2. In which race did Moifaa compete?

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Recognise synonyms and antonyms Complete each pair with words from the box.

synonyms

3. Which two Native American peoples are mentioned in the readings? •

9. precious / 10. sole / 11. palace /

12. deranged / © R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons True or false? (Write T or F.) •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• •

antonyms

Incitatus lived in the first century CE.

6. 7.

13. survived / 14. host / 15. allowed / 16. massive /

Caligula was a Roman senator.

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Look it up in a reference source

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Moifaa won an important race in Britain.

Draw conclusions

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Comanche was General Custer’s horse.

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8. Moifaa won the race ‘by eight lengths’. In a horse race, lengths refers to the length of:

17. How does a steeplechase race differ from other horse races?

(a) a horse.

(b) the race.

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Read • Reflect • Respond 29

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lesson 15

Learn more about the first physicians.

Forebearers of modern medicine Title:

Title:

Hippocrates was a Greek physician born in 460 bce. Regarded as the greatest physician of his time, he eventually became known as the founder of medicine.

Galen lived six centuries after Hippocrates. He crystallised all the best work of the Greek medical schools that preceded his own time.

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He based his medical practice on observations of the human body. Hippocrates was the first physician to accurately describe disease symptoms. He also noted that some people were better able to cope with illness than others. He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a good diet, fresh air and cleanliness. And he was the first physician to declare that thoughts and feelings come from the brain instead of from the heart.

Galen wrote more than 100 articles about how the human body functions. How important was his work? For almost 1400 years, doctors believed nearly everything Galen had written!

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In those ancient times, people believed that illness was caused by evil spirits or the disfavour of the gods. Hippocrates rejected those views.

He made many crucial discoveries. For example, he learned that arteries carry blood. (At that time, it was thought that arteries carried air.)

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Hippocrates founded a medical school in Greece and taught his ideas there. The oath of medical ethics he developed is still taken by many physicians today as they begin their medical practice.

were the emperors Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, Commodus and Septimus Severus. Galen made most of his findings by dissecting animals. His knowledge of human anatomy was limited. Why? Because dissecting human bodies was illegal then. Yet, in spite of Galen’s misconceptions, the wealth of accurate detail in his writings is astonishing.

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Think about the early days of medicine.

1. Think of a good title for each reading. Write your titles on the lines above the readings. 2. In your opinion‚ what makes a good doctor? Name two characteristics. •

30 Read • Reflect • Respond

•

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

Forebearers of modern medicine lesson 15

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Build your vocabulary (Unscramble the words.)

Give an example

1. MOSTPYMS signs of a disease or disorder.

are

•

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

2. Human OATMYNA is the study of the body’s structure and parts.

3. To SIDTECS an animal is to cut it up in order to study its parts. 4. EERIRATS are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

•

Make an inference

12. Hippocrates (was/was not) familiar with Galen’s work. Identify synonyms

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11. Name two symptoms of the common cold.

manage

injuries

claim

important

doctor

incomplete

something.

8. An event that (preceded/proceeded) another happened first.

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Draw a conclusion

16. cope / 17. declare /

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7. Your views are your (thoughts/guesses) about various topics.

15. wounds /

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9. According to the reading‚ Galen was born about (140 ce/1060 bce). 10. The oath of medical ethics taken by physicians today is called the (Hippocratic/Symptomatic) Oath.

18. crucial /

Look it up in a reference source 19. Marcus Aurelius was one of Galen’s famous patients. What are the dates of his reign as the Emperor of Rome? 20. Marcus Aurelius wrote a book that is still read today. What’s the name of that book?

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lesson 16

Where do authors get ideas for their story characters?

Fiction based on fact Alexander Selkirk was born in 1676 in Largo, Scotland. As a teenager, Alexander found village life boring. So he ran off to sea and joined the crew of a notorious privateer, William Dampier.

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But Dampier was a reckless captain. He actually planned to sail around Cape Horn in the height of the storm season. Selkirk objected—and insisted on being put ashore on a tiny island off South America. He was sure it wouldn’t be long until a ship bound for Britain found him there. The year was 1704. As the months passed, Selkirk had to use all his wits to stay alive. He learned to make fire by rubbing sticks together. He made clothes from goatskins, stitching them up with a nail. For thread he used wool strands unraveled from a pair of stockings. He made a new knife from the iron hoops of a washed up barrel. It was four years and four months before he was finally rescued.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Born in 1741, William Brodie was a respected member of the town council in Edinburgh, Scotland. By night, however, he was a masked thief and the leader of a gang of robbers! Eventually, he was arrested and sentenced to death.

REFLECT:

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Selkirk was interviewed upon his return to Scotland. A freelance writer named Daniel Defoe read the interview. Years later, Defoe used Selkirk as the model for his famous fictional character, Robinson Crusoe.

quickly after defeating the noose. But the hangman betrayed him. He took Brodie’s money and removed the steel collar! Brodie’s body was buried in an unmarked grave. Robert Louis Stevenson, the author, was intrigued by newspaper accounts of Brodie’s double life. His famous novel, The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, was largely inspired by Brodie’s life and character.

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Can you relate to the lives of either man?

1. Do you think you have what it takes to survive in the wild? Explain why or why not. 32 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

Fiction based on fact lesson 16

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Recall details Write B for Brodie or S for Selkirk.

13. To b someone is to offer a reward for doing something wrong.

was a respected citizen

14. A r has a good reputation.

born in the 17th century

r o e t i s Bo r e p ok u S

feared a shipwreck

sentenced to death

was a bored teenager

born in the 18th century

Draw conclusions

7. How old was Selkirk when he first arrived on the island?

15. To be by something is to have one’s interest or curiosity stimulated. Match antonyms

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person

16.

objected

(a) unearthed

17.

exciting

(b) abandoned

18.

rescued

20. What kind of animals can we be sure lived on Selkirk’s island?

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Build your vocabulary

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9. A n person is well-known for doing something bad.

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Crusoe or Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde?

Look it up in a reference source

21. Name another well-known book written by Daniel Defoe.

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10. A r person might also be called careless or rash.

11. A p is someone hired by the government to attack enemy ships.

22. Name another well-known book written by Robert Louis Stevenson.

12. A f sells his or her work to different buyers at different times.

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lesson 17

How much do you know about the Taj Mahal?

A teardrop on the cheek of time The Taj rests on an eight-sided platform made of red sandstone. At each corner of the platform stands a slender prayer tower, called a minaret. Each tower is 43 metres high, and the building itself is 3237 square metres. Covering the central part of the building, the outer dome is 17 metres in diameter and 61 metres high. A central room contains two monuments, or cenotaphs. Visitors can look at the monuments through a screen of carved alabaster. The bodies of Shah Jahan and his wife lie in a vault below. The tomb stands in an ornamental garden, where its image is reflected in shimmering pools.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

An Indian emperor, Shah Jahan, built the Taj in memory of his wife. Her royal title, Mumatz Mahal, which means ‘pride of the palace’, gave the building its name. She died while accompanying her husband on a campaign to crush a rebellion. Her death was devastating to the emperor. Within a few months, his hair and beard were said to have turned snow white!

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The Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful and costly tombs in the world. An architectural wonder, the splendid tomb stands at Agra, India, on the banks of the River Yamuna. From 1632 to 1643, it was built by some 20 000 workmen.

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A picture postcard of the Taj Mahal can not fully convey its romance or poetic beauty. The famous Indian author Rabindranath Tagore called it ‘a teardrop on the cheek of time’. The English poet Sir Edwin Arnold declared that the Taj is ‘ … not a piece of architecture, as other buildings are, but the proud passion of an emperor’s love wrought in living stones’.

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A monument to love, the white marble mausoleum appears to change colour at different hours of the day. Because of the semiprecious stones laid in the marble, it is pinkish in the morning, milky white in the evening and golden in the light of the moon. Many visitors have said that the Taj Mahal ‘has a life of its own that leaps out of the marble’.

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Think about different kinds of memorials.

1. Name two ways that ordinary people memorialise their dead loved ones.

2. Circle four words that could be used to describe the Taj Mahal.

•

enormous

paltry

streamlined

playful

•

touching

modern

spectacular

ornate

34 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

A teardrop on the cheek of time lesson 17

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer. 10. What effect did Mumatz Mahal’s death have on her husband?

True or false? (Write T or F.) 1.

The Taj Mahal is on the Ganges River.

Shah Jahan and his wife are buried under the dome. The Taj Mahal is famous for its architecture.

11. A round roof shaped like half of a globe is called a:

(a) dome.

(b) minaret.

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Build your vocabulary

Cenotaphs are screens of carved alabaster.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Shah Jahan was once the emperor of India.

12. An armed fight against the government of one’s own country is called a:

(a) mutiny.

(b) rebellion. © R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons (c) skirmish. 6. About how many years ago was the Taj Mahal• completed? f orr evi ew pur p se on l y 13. o The Tajs Mahal is one of • the world’s most Draw conclusions

(a) 3600

(b) 360

7. Shah Jahan was an extremely

(a) thrifty

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man.

(b) wealthy

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(a) wonder

(b) vault

(a) artworks.

(b) dedications.

Look it up in a reference source

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8. A very large‚ decorated tomb is called a .

famous:

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14. The Taj Mahal is often considered the eighth ‘wonder of the world’. What are the other seven? • •

Recognise cause and effect

•

9. What causes the marble of the Taj Mahal to change colour?

•

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•

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lesson 18

Learn about one boy’s amazing contribution.

Braille: A teenager’s invention

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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The six-dot system of tangible writing was developed by Louis Braille in the 1820s. At the time, he was a student at the National Institute for Blind Children in Paris, France. An accident had robbed the boy of his sight when he was just three years old.

Braille had begun his work by studying a 12-point system invented in 1819 by Captain Charles Barbier. Barbier had originally designed his system for the military. He intended it to help troops pass messages along the trenches without being seen or heard.

Braille based his system on a basic array of six dots: two wide by three high. From the 63 possible arrangements of the dots, he worked

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REFLECT:

music. Visually-challenged people read Braille by placing their fingers on the raised dots. Some can read 200 words a minute!

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Braille realised the potential in Barbier’s ‘night writing’ system. So, after three years of experimentation, he developed the current system at the tender age of 15.

Until his death, in 1852, Louis Braille remained at the institute as a teacher.

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Think about Louis Braille and the amazing system he developed.

1. Louis Braille’s story exemplifies which of these old sayings? Explain your reasoning.

(a) Too many cooks spoil the soup.

(b) Necessity is the mother of invention.

36 Read • Reflect • Respond

Explanation:

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND 2. Circle three words below that could describe Louis Braille. intelligent

sighted

creative

innovative

limited

deaf

RESPOND:

Braille: A teenager’s invention lesson 18

3. Write your name in Braille.

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

9. If something is ELBGIANT

Recall details

2. The Braille system was invented in the (1830s/1820s). 3. The 12-point system was created to be used by (students/soldiers).

‚ it’s able to be

touched or felt.

10. The armed forces are also called the LIMITYAR

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1. The first person to develop a ‘touch system’ for reading was (Louis Braille/ Charles Barbier).

11. Something has ATENTLIOP

4. A person reads Braille by touching raised (dashes/dots).

if it’s capable of coming into being but hasn’t actually done so.

were 12. SECHNERT © R . I . C . P u b l i c a t i o n s Draw conclusions long ditches bordered by piles of dirt to protect soldiers in battle. 5. How old Louis Braille he first •was f o rr evwhen i ew pur po sesonl y•

(a) 15

(b) 17

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6. Louis Braille system.

Barbier’s 12-point

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14. Put a tick by three events that happened in the 1820s.

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7. The first Braille texts were probably written in:

(a) English.

(b) shorthand.

Build your vocabulary (Unscramble the words.) 8. Something that’s been changed to make it more usable has been DATAPED

13. When was the first book in Braille published?

(a) simplified

(b) complicated

Look it up in a reference source

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began work on his reading system?

Napoleon Buneparte dies.

Donald Bradman starts his test cricket career.

Rugby football is invented.

Hitler reorganised the Nazi Party.

Tha name ‘Australia’ is officially adopted.

Jules Verne publishes Around the world in eighty days.

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Read • Reflect • Respond 37

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lesson 19

Can a common weed come to the rescue?

Plants that detect landmines Landmines are explosives buried just below the surface of the ground. They’re weapons of war. Some types are designed to blow up vehicles, such as tanks. Others are designed to blow up soldiers. Just a footstep on the ground can set them off.

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Landmines are easy to make and put in place. After wars, the landmines are usually left buried in the ground. Today, tens of millions of explosives still lie just underground—in 80 countries! In these places, landmines maim or kill more than 8000 people every year. And landmines also make the soil around them unfit for farming.

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it turns red. The colour is the plant’s reaction to nitrogen dioxide, a gas given off by the explosive material inside the landmines.

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REFLECT:

seeds are scattered over a test area. If it turns red, the ground is dangerous. So the unexploded land mines are removed. If not, it’s safe to walk there—or grow crops or build houses. The plant is still being studied. After all, it must work consistently in all soil types. Someday, however, the lethal danger buried beneath the soil may be wiped out by a common little weed.

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Recently, a Danish company discovered a possible solution to the problem of detecting landmines. It’s a common weed called thale cress. Scientists at the company actually altered the genes of the plant. This caused it to develop a new The green cress characteristic. turns red when it When it’s planted detects explosives. near landmines,

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Think about weapons and safety.

1. Name three weapons of war besides landmines and tanks.

2. Think of a life-saving invention you wish someone would create.

•

38 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

Plants that detect landmines lesson 19

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Recall details

Build your vocabulary

1. What two purposes do landmines have?

(a) They lure people into certain areas.

(b) They destroy vehicles such as tanks.

lethal

scattered

defeat

maim

(a) It dies.

(b) It keeps the mine from blowing up.

6. Something that is has been changed. 7. To injure or cripple it.

3. What gas that affects thale cress is given off by landmines? (a) carbon dioxide

something is to

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altered

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

2. What happens when thale cress grows near a landmine?

characteristic

seeds are thrown about in various places.

9. A is a feature that helps identify a person or thing.

1i 0. Ifa you enemies‚ © R. I . C.Publ c t i o n s you win a victory over them. •f orr evi ew pur p osesonl y• 4. How did scientists enable thale cress to 11. A attack would

(b) nitrogen dioxide

react to landmines?

(a) They altered its genes.

(b) They turned it red.

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Identify the main idea

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result in the victim’s death.

Draw a conclusion (More than one answer is correct.)

12. Why do landmines often do greater damage to children than adults?

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5. The reading is about:

(a) a weed that could be used to detect landmines.

(b) an old-fashioned method used to detect landmines.

(a) Children’s bodies are smaller.

(b) Curious children pick up landmines.

Look it up in a reference source 13. In 1997‚ many countries signed a treaty banning landmines. Many nations agreed to stop making and using them. In all‚ how many nations have now confirmed the treaty?

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lesson 20

Bigger doesn’t always mean better.

Nanotechnology What is nanotechnology? The prefix ‘nano’ comes from the Greek word nanos, meaning ‘dwarf’. ‘Technology’ is the use of science for practical purposes. ‘Nanotechnology’ is the science of developing extremely small devices and materials.

1 metre

times smaller than a metre

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Why are people interested in working with things this tiny? This field of study has great potential. When manipulated atom by atom, materials change. Carbon, for example, becomes surprisingly strong. Experts believe that nanotechnology can make almost anything smaller, stronger and more powerful.

—

baseball bat

hummingbird

100 millimetres

10 millimetres

100

1 millimetre

1000

head of a nail

100 micrometres

red blood cells

10 000

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How small? In nanotechnology, things are measured in nanometres. A nanometre is one billionth of a metre. To give you a better idea of just how tiny that is, a strand of hair is 80 000 nanometres thick.

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COMPARISON CHART: METRE TO NANOMETER

10 micrometres 100 000

1 micrometre 1 million

wavelength visible light

100 nanometres 10 million

virus

dna molecule

10 nanometres 100 million

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1 billion

reality. However, nanomaterials must be studied very carefully. There have been serious concerns about their safety. Some nanomaterials have a toxic effect on living things. Many people are concerned about the effect of these nanomaterials on the environment.

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The possible applications of nanotechnology are endless. Here are just two ideas: nanorobots might patrol your bloodstream and attack viruses; or they could be used to clean

REFLECT:

1 nanometre

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Nanomaterials are in use today. Nano-sized clay particles are already used to strengthen car bodies. Other nanomaterials are used in tennis balls, wrinkle-resistant clothing and sunscreen.

Nanotechnology can make our future world better—or worse. It’s up to us.

Think about large and small objects.

1. Think of an object that’s about 10 times as thick as a human hair. What is it?

2. A nanometre is 80 000 times thinner than a strand of human hair. Can you name an object that’s about 80 000 times thicker than a strand of hair?

Take a guess.

40 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

Nanotechnology lesson 20

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Build your vocabulary device toxic

concerns resistant

carbon virus

Making inferences (Write T for true or F for false.) 12.

Certain nanomaterials may poison animals.

1. A poisonous material is described as

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S .

3. A is a tool invented for a special purpose. 4. A microscopic agent that causes infectious disease is a

There’s no money to be made in nanotechnology.

15.

Nanomaterials can not be seen with the naked eye.

Use the chart

16. A baseball bat is approximately times larger than a DNA molecule.

is a. nonmetallic © R I . C . P u b l i c a t i o n s (a) 1 million element that exists in many inorganic o (b) 1 billion and all• organic compounds. f or r evi ew pur p se sonl y•

6. A spill of strawberry jam could be easily removed from a stain-

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14.

Recall details

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material.

Look it up in a reference source

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Nanomaterials could be used in body armour.

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2. If you have about something‚ you’re worried about it.

13.

17. Name three examples of nanoplankton. •

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7. Materials (change/disappear) when they’re made to be extremely small.

8. A nanometre is one (millionth/billionth) of a metre.

9. Nanomaterials (are in use today/may be used in the future).

•

10. The Greek term nanos means (dwarf/ small). 11. A strand of hair is much (thinner/thicker) than a nanometre. R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

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lesson 21

She risked her life to help girls learn.

Sakena Yacoobi Once, the secret schools were nearly discovered. After a British woman had visited one of the schools, word leaked out. The Taliban authorities prepared to raid the school.

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In the late 1990s, the Taliban took over Afghanistan. Their laws were harsh. They outlawed music and television. Men could be jailed for shaving their beards. Women were not allowed to work and girls could not go to school.

Luckily, someone told the teachers that the Taliban were coming. ‘They scattered the children’, Yacoobi remembers. ‘They put away the books and covered up the blackboards. When the authorities arrived, the teachers said, “What? We have no school here”. We came this close to being caught’, Yacoobi says, bringing her thumb and forefinger very close together.

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As a child in Afghanistan, Sakena Yacoobi dreamed of becoming a doctor. She wanted to help women in her country lead better lives. But she probably never imagined she’d risk her own life to help them learn to read.

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The schools were in basements or rooms with blacked-out windows. Girls were told not to come to school in groups, but to arrive one by one.

REFLECT:

and its allies drove the Taliban from power. Now Afghanistan’s new government is running schools for all children. Yacoobi continues to help women and children in her country and in Pakistan. She is also one of the leaders of the Global Fund for Women, located in San Francisco, USA. This organisation provides money for women to set up businesses, health clinics and schools.

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When the Taliban rose to power, Yacoobi was living in the United States. She had graduated from university and was working in the USA. Yacoobi could have remained in the country and lived a comfortable life. But, instead, she returned to Afghanistan. There, along with two other women, she set up and managed 80 secret schools for girls.

Think about education.

1. Imagine that education for girls was suddenly forbidden in your country. Write two sentences describing what you think would happen. 42 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Sakena Yacoobi lesson 21

2. What do you think are the most important things that schools teach?

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Match synonyms harsh

allies

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Draw conclusions (More than one answer may be correct.)

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (a) forbid

(b) operated

9. Girls were told not to arrive at school at the same time. Why?

managed

authorities

(d) strict

10. The reading suggests that Sakena Yacoobi:

outlaw

(e) officials

Recognise gestures

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(a) knows the problems women face in many countries.

(b) has travelled to many different countries.

You make a gesture when you hold your thumb and forefinger close together. A gesture is a meaningful body signal that takes the place of speech. 6. Which of the following are gestures?

Put events in order 11. Number the events to show the order in which they happened.

(b) holding your thumb up

Yacoobi sets up secret schools.

Yacoobi returns to Afghanistan.

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(a) a circle with a line through it

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Interpret figurative language

Some expressions have different meanings than the literal meaning of the words. What do the following figurative phrase and sentence mean? 7. ‘Word leaked out’ means:

(a) the news spread.

(b) the words dripped out.

8. ‘They scattered the children’ means they:

The Taliban is driven from power.

One of Yacoobi’s schools is nearly raided.

Yacoobi is educated in the United States.

Look it up in a reference source 12. Who was the first president of Afghanistan after it gained independence in 2004?

(a) told them never to come back.

(b) sent them off in different directions.

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND READ:

lesson 22

A look at daily life some 2000 years ago.

A day in Ancient Rome

Days began early in Ancient Rome. Before dawn, the streets were busy as labourers and small-shop owners hurried to work. Many of them carried oil lamps to light their way.

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In houses and apartments, slaves went around to bedrooms to wake up their masters. People got up and washed their faces and hands in bowls of water. Then they dressed in tunics and leather sandals. Men wore togas over their tunics. Before leaving home, people prayed in front of their family shrine. The shrine was a special place of honour for images of the gods who looked after the family.

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Older boys studied public speaking, Latin grammar, maths and Greek. Girls were taught reading, writing and music at home. There they also learned how to run a house.

In the afternoon, men and boys often © R. I . C.Pu bl ca t i o ns went toi the public baths. (Women went in the morning.) Hardly anyone had a bath ther family was wealthy •Ifenough, f o r e v i e w p uhome. r po ses on l ythe• at Besides keeping clean, the boys went to

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Ancient Romans enjoyed going to the baths to visit friends. Men could also exercise in the sports area.

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school. Their teachers were paid by their parents. Students learned reading, writing and mathematics. Lessons were written on long rolls of paper called scrolls. An abacus was used for teaching maths.

The evening meal was served about six o’clock. Soon after dinner, it was bedtime. Few Romans could afford to keep their oil lamps burning into the night. So, as soon as darkness fell, the day was over.

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Think about ancient Rome.

1. Circle the words or phrases associated with Ancient Rome.

2. Would you have enjoyed living in Ancient Rome? Why or why not?

mud huts

gladiators

coliseum

knights in armour

chariots

ice-skating

44 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

A day in Ancient Rome lesson 22

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Build your vocabulary tunic 1.

Compare and contrast

grammar

toga

abacus

is the system of rules for speaking and writing.

11. Name three differences between a day in your life and a day in Ancient Rome. •

3. A is a loose-fitting garment extending to the knees. It is often worn under a

• •

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life.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

2. A is a loose outer garment usually worn over a

10. Name one similarity between a day in Ancient Rome and a day in your own

4. An is a manual computing device that uses parallel rods strung with movable counters.

Ancient Romans kept themselves very clean.

13.

The climate in Rome must be fairly warm.

14.

Many men in Rome gave speeches.

15.

Schools were free to the public.

16.

Girls were trained to be leaders.

17.

Children always did their homework after dinner.

5. In the sentence‚ ‘Girls were taught how to run a house’‚ ‘run’ is a (noun/verb).

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6. In the sentence‚ ‘As soon as darkness fell, the day was over’‚ ‘fell’ is a (noun/verb).

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Draw a conclusion

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7. What language was spoken in Ancient Rome? Provide antonyms

8. The word ‘public’ is the opposite of

9. The word ‘ancient’ is the opposite of

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Look it up in a reference source 18. What are the approximate dates of the beginning and end of the Roman Empire?

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lesson 23

A tough sport for tough athletes.

The sport of kings—and queens! And while there are several successful women jockeys, there is still discrimination. They are often preferred as morning exercise riders, while being snubbed for afternoon race mounts. Even the top female jockeys seldom get the best horses.

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Injuries are common. The horses can also be difficult. They’re high-strung and easily spooked. Sometimes the horses buck, crash into gates or just take off. One jockey, Russell Baze, has had his collarbone broken twice and his back fractured four times. His wrist and pelvis have also been broken and he’s suffered several concussions.

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Horseracing is a very dangerous sport. Unlike other riders, jockeys don’t sit on their horses. They balance with their toes in the stirrups and lean over the horse’s neck. One good jolt can send them flying. If these petite individuals fall off, they risk being trampled by a 500-kilogram horse!

So why would anyone—male or female—struggle to be a part of this gruelling sport? Perhaps for the thrill of the ride.

Thoroughbred racehorses love to race. Even without riders, they will race each other. The jockeys hold them back for most of the race. Why? The horses must save their strength. Then, in the last quarter of the race, the jockeys let them go. The surge forward can be beautiful. Jockey and horse are in perfect rhythm. The rest of the world seems to stand still as the finish line looms ahead. Now horse and jockey push ahead with all the heart and strength they’ve got. And if they’re lucky, they win.

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Serious injuries affect not only the body, but the wallet. There is no payment for an injured rider. Very few jockeys are wealthy.

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Jockeys are mostly male. However, females entered the sport in the late 1960s and their numbers are growing.

REFLECT:

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Think about women and men in the workplace.

1. Name three jobs that in past years were mostly ‘men only’.

2. Now name three jobs that in past years were mostly ‘women only’.

•

46 Read • Reflect • Respond

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The sport of kings—and queens! lesson 23

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Build your vocabulary 1. A concussion is an injury to the (collarbone/brain).

12.

Jockeys sit down in the saddle and lean over the horse’s neck.

13.

Racehorses are often tense and easily scared.

14.

Racehorses aren’t naturally competitive.

15.

Owners prefer to have male jockeys exercise their horses.

16.

Female jockeys no longer face discrimination in the world of racing.

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3. A gruelling activity is (easy/hard).

4. If you’re naturally a high-strung person, you’re (smart/tense). 5. A crack or break in a bone is called a (suture/fracture). 6. A thoroughbred is a pure breed of racehorse that (descended/ascended) from English mares and Arabian stallions.

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2. If you often get spooked, you’re easily (surprised/frightened).

Match words and meanings

strong

horse-lover

chubby

fearful

small

8. Circle the words that describe a skillful jockey. cautious

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(a) to get up on

(b) to ignore or behave coldly towards

(d) small, slender and trim

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Draw conclusions

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Recall details (Write T for true or F for false.) 9.

Female jockeys often get to ride the best horses.

10.

Jockeys hold their horses back until the last part of the race.

11.

Most jockeys make a fortune racing horses.

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Look it up in a reference source

21. How many kilometres per hour does a thoroughbred racehorse usually run?

22. What’s the average annual income for a jockey in your country?

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lesson 24

Are the sounds you hear in a movie ‘real’?

Sound effects match the movements of the actors in the scene.

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And there’s another reason—real sounds don’t sound real on film. Why? Because recording devices aren’t perfect. For example, the ‘crack’ of a cricket bat may need to have an echo sound added. The echo would make the ‘crack’ sound as if it’s happening in a big space—like a cricket ground.

Sound experts have huge libraries of recorded sounds. They might have 50 000 CDs of sounds—and even more stored on a computer. And sound experts are always creating new sounds.

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When a film crew shoots a scene for a movie, they also record the sounds being made, right? Wrong. There’s too much background noise. Unwanted noise comes from everywhere. It might be the sound of nearby cars, aeroplanes flying overhead, people moving around off-screen—you name it. Even in a soundproof studio, cameras can be noisy.

Probably the most famous sound designer is Ben Burtt. He invented the sounds for Star wars. Here are a few of the sounds he created:

• Wookie language: a blend of walrus calls and other animal sounds

• Darth Vader’s breathing: © R. I . C.Pu bl i c at i o nsBurtt himself, breathing with scuba equipment •f orr evi ew pu r po seso nl y • Luke’s landspeeder: sounds of a• freeway,

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• Lightsabre: blended noise from a TV set and a 35mm projector

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Every single background sound you hear has been added. For example, imagine a family having dinner. Sounds might be added to simulate the clink of silverware and dishes. The hum of a refrigerator might be heard, too, or the noise of distant traffic. The sounds of chairs moving and the brush of clothes against those chairs must also be added. Many of these sounds have to

recorded through a vacuumcleaner hose

• Ewok language: a combination of Nepali, Mongolian and Tibetan language (spoken by the peoples of Nepal, Mongolia and Tibet) plus some made-up words.

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For more on Star wars sound effects, you can visit <www.filmsound.org/starwars> or <www.skysound.com> on the Internet.

Think about sound and movies.

1. Think about sound effects used in movies‚ including musical scores. Do you think these sounds add to or detract from the movie? Explain your answer. 48 Read • Reflect • Respond

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Sound effects lesson 24

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Identify examples 1. Sound contributes a lot to the mood of a movie. Think of one sound that could make a horror movie scarier.

10. The first robot is old and slow-moving. The best sounds for it might be:

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2. Circle actions that could be done silently. rubbing

scraping

wondering

writing

breathing

twisting

forgetting

3. ‘Whack’ is both a sound and an action. Circle the words below that are both sounds and actions. fight

hum

crack

pop

blend

(a) high-pitched‚ chirping sounds.

(b) creaky‚ rusty sounds.

11. The second robot is speedy and comical. The best sounds for it might be:

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thinking

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Make inferences (Choose appropriate sounds for three robots.)

(a) whirring‚ chirping sounds.

(b) heavy-footed‚ clanking sounds.

12. The third robot is swift-moving and dangerous. The best sounds for it might be:

mix © R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons (a) swishing‚ hissing sounds. •(Write f or r e v i e wfalse.) pur p se so nl y • o (b) delicate‚ tinkling sounds. Recall details T for true or F for

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Background noise includes the sounds of the main characters’ voices. Sound effects are often a blend of electronic and everyday sounds.

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Identify synonyms (Complete each word pair with a synonym from the box.)

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Sound experts are always adding to their sound collections.

imitate

combine

machine

13. device /

14. simulate /

In a movie‚ sound effects are made while scenes are being filmed.

15. blend /

Look it up in a reference source

In every scene‚ sounds must be added at just the right moment.

16. What is a Foley artist?

Ewok language is a combination of Nepali‚ Mongolian and Taiwanese.

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lesson 25

Dental hygiene has an interesting history.

Ever twig your teeth?

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The first nylon toothbrush came out in 1938. Unfortunately, the bristles were so hard, they damaged people’s gums. Eventually, after a few changes were made, nylon toothbrushes became safer to use. They are what most people use today. Before nylon toothbrushes, people cleaned their teeth in several different ways. Some used animal bristles, usually taken from pigs. Others used sand, leaves or even their fingers. In Egypt, about 3000 bce, people cleaned their teeth with a tooth ‘stick’. This was a twig that had one end frayed into bristles. The other end was the handle.

have always been prized. In the Middle Ages, dentists whitened people’s teeth by filing away the tooth enamel. Then they coated the teeth with nitric acid. For a while, the teeth would look pearly white. Then they would decay. Even today, we don’t have a magic secret for turning teeth white. Brushing and flossing can reduce stains. But be wary of products that promise perfectly white teeth. Many products contain harsh abrasives that can damage the tooth enamel. So always talk to a dentist before trying to whiten your teeth.

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You’ll find this hard to believe, but most early toothpastes had urine in them. Yes, really! Urine contains ammonia, and ammonia is an excellent cleanser. Many formulas for toothpaste today still use ammonia— but not in the form of urine.

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As people get older, their teeth gradually turn from white to yellow. That’s a shame, because white teeth

REFLECT:

Think about how you groom yourself in front of the mirror.

1. Besides brushing your teeth, what do you do in front of the mirror in the morning? 2. Name two grooming products that weren’t around in Ancient Egypt. • 50 Read • Reflect • Respond

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Ever twig your teeth? lesson 25

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer. Recall details

Build your vocabulary frayed

enamel

wary

abrasive

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9. What substance in urine is a cleaning agent?

is the hard outer

10. What process makes teeth look yellow?

layer of the teeth.

Dental plaque eats through 3.

means separated

into loose ends.

The ends of her old shoelaces eventually

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substance

1. An scrapes or grinds. Sandpaper is

8. What can help to get rid of stains on teeth?

harsh

11. Does modern toothpaste contain urine?

12. What can harsh abrasives do to tooth enamel?

against

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Identify the main idea

‚ you’re of unlit car parks at

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Match synonyms

5. If you’re careful or cautious. Be night.

14.

decay

(a) valued

15.

reduce

(b) rot

16.

stains

17.

prized

(d) discolourations

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6. What is the main idea of this reading?

(a) People can damage their teeth if they’re not careful.

(b) In the past‚ people used various methods to clean their teeth.

7. Write one detail from the reading that supports the main idea you selected. R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

Look it up in a reference source 18. What do modern dentists do to help people who want to hide their unsightly teeth? Read • Reflect • Respond 51

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lesson 26

What happened to the ‘fourth’ plane on 9/11?

Flight 93 On 11 September 2001, United Airlines Flight 93 was scheduled to depart at 8.00 am. Instead, it left New Jersey, USA, 42 minutes late. It was headed towards San Francisco.

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But the plane wasn’t headed back to New Jersey. It was now flying toward Washington, DC, the capital of the United States.

The plane was getting closer to Washington, DC. The White House had been evacuated. Fighter jets were in the air, ready to shoot down any suspicious planes.

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About an hour into the flight, air traffic controllers heard something strange. Sounds of a struggle were coming from the cockpit! A few minutes passed. Then a man’s voice announced in heavily-accented English, ‘This is your captain. We’ve been advised that there is a bomb on board. Everyone should remain calm as we return to the airport’.

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While a telephone operator talked to one of the passengers (Todd Beamer), she could hear other passengers wailing in the background. Beamer told her that he and some of the passengers planned to rush the hijackers.

It was almost 10.00 am when a flight attendant, Sandra Bradshaw, called her husband. She said she was boiling water to throw on the hijackers. Passenger Jeremy Glick told his wife about the passengers’ plan to take back control of the plane.

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The people who were called told the passengers the terrible news. The United States was being attacked by terrorists! Two hijacked planes had crashed into the World Trade Centre in New York City and another into the Pentagon.

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‘Are you ready? OK, let’s roll’. Jeremy Glick’s wife couldn’t stand to listen anymore. She handed the phone to her father. He heard some noise, then screams. He said the sounds reminded him of a roller coaster. Then the phone went dead.

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people on their mobile phones. Passenger Mark Bingham told relatives that the plane had been hijacked.

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The plane crashed to the ground in a rural area. Today, people remember their lives and their bravery.

Think about the story Flight 93.

1. What are your feelings about this event? 52 Read • Reflect • Respond

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Flight 93 lesson 26

2. What situations have you had to deal with that were scary? What did you do?

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Match words and meanings

Flight 93 changed its destination. Six planes had already crashed.

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controller

struggle

evacuated

rural

Draw a conclusion

(b) someone who checks things are working correctly

9. Why do you think‚ knowing what had happened to the other flights‚ the passengers did what they did?

(d) withdrawn from a dangerous area

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(a) a fight or violent encounter

Put events in order

5. Number the events to show the order in which they happened.

throw at the hijackers.

Flight 93 took off from New Jersey 42 minutes late.

Flight 93 crashed‚ killing everyone.

10. What is the Pentagon?

Air traffic controllers heard sounds of a struggle on the plane.

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Look it up in a reference source

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The passengers learned of the attacks in New York City and the Pentagon.

Recall details (Write T for true or F for false.) 6.

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An attendant planned to throw hot coffee on the hijackers.

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11. How many buildings did the World Trade Centre consist of? 12. What is the White House? Read • Reflect • Respond 53

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lesson 27

How can you tell if a photo has been faked?

Photoshop™ fakery

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Pictures don’t lie, right? Wrong. Sometimes they do. Images taken with a digital camera can be altered. With computer programs like Photoshop™, you can combine two or more images. It’s easy to do and the photo looks real. Sometimes the result can be funny. For example, you can put your brother’s head on the body of the family dog. Sometimes, though, the result can hurt people. For example, imagine a photo of someone well known taking cash from a thief. If the photo is real, that’s one thing. But if it’s a fake, the person’s reputation is ruined—unfairly.

that has been changed shows abnormal © R. I . C.Pu bl i cat i ons patterns. Many distressed people calll Farid, •f orr evi ew pu r p oses on y•

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Here’s how it works: Every digital photo is made up of pixels. Each pixel represents a small piece of coded information. Farid’s program looks for the patterns of pixels in the photo. A photograph that hasn’t been changed shows normal patterns. A photograph

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looking for help. They say they’re victims of photo-fakery fraud. For example, a Brazilian model once asked for Farid’s assistance. She claimed that a beer company put a photo of her head on the body of another woman in an ad. Farid provided the proof she needed to force the brewery to stop running the ad. ‘You gotta love this job’, Farid said, ‘if you’ve got supermodels calling you!’

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But now there’s a way to tell if a photo has been altered. Hany Farid, a university professor, has recently invented software that detects fake photos.

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Think about pictures.

1. What do you think affects people more—words or pictures? Why? 2. Have you ever seen a photo of yourself and thought‚ ‘That doesn’t look like me’? Describe the photo. 54 Read • Reflect • Respond

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Photoshop™ fakery lesson 27

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Match words and meanings fraud

code

image

abnormal

With some computer programs‚ you can combine images.

10.

‘You gotta love this job.’

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1. A set of words or symbols used to send messages is a kind of .

Recall details

11. Digital photographs are made up of (pixels/images).

3. A is something that tricks or cheats—a fake.

13. Farid’s program can be used to detect (who last used a camera/changes made to a photograph).

4. Something that is is not normal‚ average or usual.

Give an example

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12. Farid’s program looks at (patterns/ software) in photos.

(a) synonyms. (c) antonyms.

Identify synonyms (Complete the words from the reading.)

Identify the main idea

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6. What’s the main idea of the reading?

(a) Fake photos can ruin people’s reputations.

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i outcome / r created / i

16. envision /

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(b) A new software program can detect fake photos. (c) A model says she’s the victim of fraud.

Fact or opinion? (Write F for fact or O for opinion.) 7.

15. upset /

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14. Farid’s program is an example of computer software. Name one example of computer hardware.

5. Normal and abnormal are:

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2. An is a picture or other likeness of a person or thing.

Faked digital photographs can be amusing. Many people say they’re the victims of fraud.

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17. 18.

Look it up in a reference source 19. Write the dictionary definition of the word pixel.

Read • Reflect • Respond 55

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lesson 28

What were the best-selling cars of all time?

The Tin Lizzy and the Bug specified certain criteria the car must meet. It must have a top speed of 100 km/h and achieve 18 kilometres per litre of petrol. It must have an air-cooled engine and be able to transport two adults and three children.

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Ford kept his car simple. The Tin Lizzie had the same design every year. It had no extras at all— not even a speedometer! It was dependable, easy to fix and came in one colour— black.

Hitler also had plans for the styling of the car. He is reputed to have said, ‘It should look like a beetle. You have to look to nature to find out what streamlining is’.

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Henry Ford had big plans when he started the Ford Motor Company. He wanted to make a car that almost everyone could afford. In 1908, when the Ford Model T first came out, it cost $850. At the time, this was still too expensive for most people. To cut costs, Ford’s company invented the assembly line. This innovation increased the speed of production and cut costs. In 1925, a Ford Model T cost only $290. By 1927, some 68 per cent of the world’s cars were Ford Model Ts—also called ‘Tin Lizzies’. People loved them!

The first Volkswagen™ (German for ‘the people’s car’) made its debut in 1939. Production soon ended, however, with the onset of the Second World War.

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Hitler assigned the task of designing this special car to Ferdinand Porsche. He

REFLECT:

comeback in 1945. Like the Ford Model T, the Beetle™ wasn’t fancy, but it was cheap. It was also dependable and easy to fix. And Volkswagen™ didn’t come out with a new design for the Beetle™ every year. With only minor changes, the Germans continued to build Beetles™ from 1945 to 1979. Today, however, the ‘originaldesign’ Beetle™ is made only in Mexico.

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The idea for the Volkswagen Beetle™—the best-selling car of all time—came from Adolf Hitler. The German dictator wanted to mass-produce a car that the average person in the street could afford.

™

Think about cars.

1. What features would be most important to you in a car? Looks? Dependability? Price? Explain your answer. 56 Read • Reflect • Respond

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The Tin Lizzy and the Bug lesson 28

2. Name two or three of your favourite makes or models of cars. Explain why you like them.

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

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8. Name one difference between the two cars.

Match words and meanings innovation

reputed

criteria

onset

(a) guidelines or rules of performance

(b) supposed to be a fact

(d) the start or beginning of something

Draw conclusions (More than one answer may be correct.)

Recall details (Write T for true or F for false.) 9.

In 1927‚ more than half the world’s cars were Ford Model Ts.

10.

Ford Model Ts were made in the 1960s and ’70s.

Unfortunately‚ the Beetle™ broke down easily.

5. Making cars in less time cuts costs because:

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13.

The design of the Beetle™ changed every year.

14.

Ford’s assembly line increased the cost of the Ford Model T.

15.

‘Volkswagen’ is German for ‘the people’s car’.

16.

The Germans did not build any Volkswagens™ after World War II.

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6. In 1927‚ what per cent of the cars in the world were not Ford Model Ts?

(a) 32%

Make comparisons

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(b) machinery stays running for a shorter time.

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(b) 22%

7. Name two similarities between the ‘Tin Lizzie’ and the ‘Bug’.

Look it up in a reference source

•

17. What did Henry Ford say about the colour of his Ford Model Ts?

•

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lesson 29

Did you know that your hair has a life of its own?

All about hair affects men. Most men slowly become bald over a period of many years. One out of five men, though, begin balding in their 20s. Another one of five men will not go bald at all. This trait is largely determined by genetics.

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Most people lose about 70 strands of hair a day. But stress can cause even more hair loss. If you are very sick, or not eating enough nourishing food, your hair loss can double.

It takes eyebrows only ten weeks to grow and fall out. (That’s why they stay so short.) In comparison, eyelash hairs last about three months before they’re replaced with new ones.

Hair colour comes from melanin. This is a pigment deposited in the hair cells as they form in the roots. Melanin produces hair colours ranging from blond to black. As people grow older, pigment is no longer deposited in the newly forming hair cells. That’s why hair gradually loses colour. Without melanin, the hair becomes transparent. You can see inside the hair shaft, which is hollow and filled with tiny air bubbles. As light hits the air bubbles, the hair appears to be grey or white.

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About 90 per cent of the hair on your head is still growing. A scalp hair grows just over a centimetre a month for two to four years. Then it falls out and a new hair replaces it. Hair grows more in the morning than at other times.

Some hair never does grow back. A few women go bald—but baldness mostly

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Think about hair.

1. Do you think men mind going bald? Explain your answer. 58 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

All about hair lesson 29

2. Describe a hairstyle you’ve worn in the past. How do you wear your hair today? How is it different?

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

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Match words and meanings nourishing

transparent 4.

pigment

12.

Hair cells form in the roots.

scalp

13.

Bald men are less attractive than men with thick hair.

14.

Baldness is more common in men than in women.

15.

Old men usually have thinner hair than young men.

16.

Hair colour is an inherited genetic trait.

(a) colouring matter

(b) skin on top and back of the head

(d) something you can see through

Identify parts of speech

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i Very shiny 1i 7. © R. I . C.Publ cat o n shair looks fake. Draw •f orr evi ew pur p oconclusions sesonl y• 6. I’m going to colour my hair black.

5. The colour of his hair is black. ‘Colour’ is a (noun/verb).

18. (Three/Two/Four) of five men will become bald over the years.

7. 8.

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Recall details (Complete words from the reading.)

is deposited in newly-forming hair cells.

10 weeks.

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10. Eyebrow hairs have shorter lives than

20. A person grows a new set of eyelashes about (4/12/2) times a year.

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9. People lose more hair when they’re

19. Losing a (good job/few pounds) might speed hair loss.

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‘Colour’ is a (noun/verb).

hairs.

21. In a month’s time, you lose about (710/210/2100) hairs from your head. 22. The average scalp hair grows about (12/120/24) centimetres a year. Look it up in a reference source 23. What is a hair follicle?

Fact or opinion? (Write F for fact or O for opinion.)

11.

Hair grows faster if you have it thinned regularly.

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lesson 30

Like every person, every word has a history.

Word origins

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Escape is another word that was first used by the Ancient Romans. In Latin, the language of Ancient Rome, escape means ‘out of cape’. In those days, when a person was being chased, the escapist would throw off his or her cape while running.

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Where did the word Monday come from? A form of the word was first used in Ancient Rome. Its purpose was to dedicate the second day of the week to the moon. Early English people later translated the Roman word into Old English. The English word meant ‘moon’s day’. Over the years, ‘moon’s day’ became Monday.

‘kanguru’. In his language, that was the name for that animal. Cook heard the word as kangaroo and spelt it that way.

© R. I . C.PuThe bl i cat i ons word coconut comes from Portuguese explorers. To them, the The English• word hazard means ae risk f o r r e v i w p u r p o s e s o n l y • three holes in a coconut resembled a or danger. But the word was originally

While British explorer Captain Cook landed in Australia, he saw strange large animals hopping around. He asked an Indigenous Australian what they were called. The man said,

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human face. They named it ‘coco’, which, to them, meant ‘smiling face’.

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Arabic—‘al zahn’—and was linked to a type of dice game. The word was eventually associated with danger and the risks involved in gambling.

Traditional map makers once had a picture of Atlas in their books. Why? Atlas was the Greek god who carried the Earth on his shoulders. Over the years, a book of maps became known as an atlas.

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Think about how words change.

1. Some old words are no longer in use. Ask an older person about a word he or she once used that isn’t used today. Explain what that word means. 60 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Word origins lesson 30

2. Think of one new word you and your friends use and explain what it means. (Choose a word that adults don’t understand.)

RESPOND:

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Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Match words and meanings

Make comparisons

1. To dedicate something is to:

7. Find two similarities between escape and Monday.

(b) set it apart for a special purpose.

(a) Both words came from Latin.

(b) Both have similar meanings.

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(a) spend too much time on it.

2. The word resemble means to:

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8. Find one similarity between kangaroo and coconut.

(a) be like or similar to.

(b) put something together.

(b) show you can do a job well.

Recall details

9. (Two/Three) words in the reading have roots in Ancient Rome.

(a) Both words came from Australia.

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Identify parts of speech 4. Monday comes from the words ‘moon’s day’.

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(b) Both words came from explorers. © R . I . C . P u b l i cat i ons 3. If you prove yourself‚ you: (c) Both words are verbs. (a) solve math problem. •af or r evi ew pur posesonl y•

10. The word coconut came from the (Japanese/Portuguese) language. 11. Captain (Cook/Hook) visited Australia.

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Monday is a (noun/verb).

12. Atlas was a (British/Greek) god.

5. Romans could escape by throwing off their capes.

13. The dice game’s name was associated with (risk/luck).

Escape is a (noun/verb).

14. Today‚ an atlas is a book of (facts/maps).

6. The Roman threw off his cape as he made his escape.

Look it up in a reference source

Escape is a (noun/verb).

15. From what foreign language did we get the English word planet? What was the word’s original meaning?

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Read • Reflect • Respond 61

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lesson 31

What to do when you’re feeling blue.

Dealing with stress What’s wrong? You can’t sleep—or perhaps you sleep all the time. You withdraw from family and friends. You feel that you’re worthless, not good enough. What’s going on? You may be under too much stress.

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something you don’t want to do. As hard as it may be, the best solution is to tell them ‘no’. You may need to find friends who won’t push you in the wrong direction.

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Everyone should watch out for symptoms of stress. Here are a few more telltale signs: You might lose interest in things you usually enjoy. Perhaps you can’t concentrate. Maybe you have mood swings. (A ‘mood’ swing is a sudden, big change in the way you feel. In the morning you feel great. But by evening your emotions have crashed and you feel that life isn’t worth living.)

You can’t, of course, avoid all stress. But you can take a break from it. Playing computer games, watching a movie or listening to music can ease your tension. Physical activities such as dancing or sports can help, too. Sometimes, taking a break can clear your mind. If you think about your problems later, maybe you can come up with answers.

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a move to a new home, or peer pressure. Other causes might be the birth of a sibling, doing poorly in school or doing something you know is wrong. The best way to deal with stress is to get to the heart of the problem. Figure out what’s really bothering you and then take steps to solve the problem. For example, suppose you feel pressure from your friends. Maybe they want you to do

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Talking to a trusted friend can help. Even if he or she doesn’t have the answers, it helps to express what’s bothering you. Avoid drugs and alcohol, though. They may seem to offer an easy escape from problems. But sooner or later, they become problems, too.

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Think about stress.

1. What’s one thing that makes you feel stressed? 2. Is there anything you can do about it? Why or why not? 62 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

Dealing with stress lesson 31

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Build your vocabulary 1. Circle two words that are antonyms (words with opposite meanings).

You’re exhausted. You’ve spent all night writing a great song.

For about three weeks, you’ve been unable to sleep until early morning.

Your team wins an important tournament.

You get a stomach-ache every time your mum and brother fight.

solution

worthless

withdraw

worthy

worried

2. Draw lines to connect the words that are synonyms (words with the same or similar meanings). solution

sign

worthless

stress

symptom

answer

tension

useless

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symptoms

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Identify examples (Is it a symptom of stress? Write Y for yes or N for no.)

Recognise solutions

driving in rush-hour traffic

(a) worth a try.

asking someone to be nicer to you

(b) peer pressure.

kicking a football

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making someone look like a fool

4. Your mum’s new baby keeps you awake all night. You might be:

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something dangerous. This is:

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a long, hot bath

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cuddling with your dog or cat

(a) stressed because of peer pressure.

(b) worried that the baby might get sick.

5. Every little thing seems to make you angry. Maybe you’re: (a) stressed about something.

shoplifting

watching a funny movie

Look it up in a reference source 11. What is the ‘fight or flight’ response?

(b) not eating well.

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Read • Reflect • Respond 63

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lesson 32

Someday, doctors might be able to listen for cancer.

The sounds of cells

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Gimzewski created an extremely small device to measure those vibrations. Then he made yet another device. This one amplified sounds—made them loud enough for human ears to hear. Gimzewski began his research using yeast cells. As he worked, he discovered that a yeast cell made about 1000 vibrations a second. When he turned up the volume, a hum-like music filled the room. ‘It wasn’t at all what I expected’, Gimzewski remembers. ‘It sounded beautiful.’

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Four years ago, nanotechnology expert James Gimzewski had an interesting idea. He already knew that cells are made of tiny moving parts. Now he wondered if those moving parts produced vibrations. He knew that all vibrations produce noise. So would it be possible to listen to sounds made by the vibrating cells?

Cell vibration creates sound.

Even small changes in temperature made the cells sound different. But Gimzewski has his sights set on something bigger than movies. He’s determined to use his discovery to detect cancer.

Gimzewski has learned that something as © R. I . C.Pu b l i c a t i o n s minor as small changes in temperature will cells sound different. He also knows •f orr evi ew pmake ur p osesonl y• that cancer creates changes in cells. Cell

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Gimzewski is still experimenting. He has determined that when a yeast cell is dead, it gives off a dead-sounding hiss. And when he dipped yeast cells in alcohol, they gave off a creepy sound—like a scream—and then died. This sound is so eerie that it piqued the interest of a director of horror movies. The director asked permission to use the ‘screaming’ cells’ sounds in a movie.

walls might change shape, or the cells will divide more rapidly. These changes could produce different vibrations. If the ‘sound’ of cancer could be identified, doctors might be able to detect cancer simply by listening. Gimzewski’s research continues. These days he’s trying to create a device that can listen to human cells. Needless to say, cancer experts are seriously interested in his work.

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Think about diseases.

1. Name one machine or procedure that’s already used to detect cancer. 2. Which disease would you most like to see a cure for? Why? 64 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

The sounds of cells lesson 32

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer. Fact or opinion? (Write F for fact or O for opinion.)

Match words and meanings vibrations

device

yeast

determined

amplify

cancerous

10.

A movie director was interested in Gimzewski’s work.

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Cells made different sounds at slightly different temperatures.

12.

The vibrations of normal yeast cells sounded beautiful.

13.

When cells become cancerous, they change.

3. To be is to be unyielding—unwilling to give up.

14.

Nanotechnology will someday cure cancer.

4. A is a tool made for a particular purpose.

Identify synonyms (Complete the words from the reading.)

is a substance used in baking. It makes bread rise.

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are rapid‚ back-

and-forth motions.

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11.

5. When you something‚ you make it louder or stronger.

cells grow more rapidly than normal cells.

(b) vibrated very rapidly.

cell:

7. Gimzewski found that yeast cells:

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(a) behave just as human cells do.

18. motion picture /

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Recall details

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Look it up in a reference source 19. Write dictionary definitions.

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8. Gimzewski hopes doctors will someday be able to:

(a) direct horror movies.

(b) listen for dying yeast cells.

cancer:

9. Gimzewski hopes to make:

(a) cell sounds loud enough to hear.

(b) a device that listens to human cells.

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lesson 33

There really is a right and wrong way to argue.

How to argue—without losing a friend! of the moment, he said some things that hurt your feelings. And perhaps you didn’t really mean some of the things you said.

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you:

Why did you leave all that rubbish in my car? It’s an absolute mess, and I’m tired of you always being so inconsiderate!

friend:

Look who’s talking! You’re such a slob, I didn’t think you’d notice.

How can you avoid such situations? Learn to argue in a better way. Be clear about what’s bothering you, but don’t get carried away by your anger. Try something like this: you:

I don’t like it when you leave rubbish in my car. It makes me feel like you don’t respect me.

friend:

You’re right. It was very inconsiderate. I won’t do it again.

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An argument is an exchange of views between people who do not agree. Some arguments turn into angry quarrels. Suppose, for example, that a friend borrowed your car and left it full of fastfood rubbish. What if you dealt with the situation this way:

Before speaking, you obviously took a deep breath and got control of your anger. You were clear and honest. The words you used let your friend know specifically what was bothering you. And‚ most importantly, you didn’t put him down. You treated him with respect—so he responded in the same way.

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Now the argument is over. You don’t feel satisfied that you’ve told him off. In fact, you don’t feel good at all! During the heat

REFLECT:

Also notice that this time you began the argument using the pronoun ‘I’. An argument beginning with ‘You did …’ is generally a challenge. What usually follows is criticism or an insult … and it goes downhill fast from there.

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nasty exchange? You were angry and feeling as though your kindness was being abused. So instead of talking with your friend, you yelled at him. ‘Why did you …’ was a challenge. That’s why your friend immediately went on the defensive and yelled back.

Using ‘I’ in arguments won’t eliminate all disagreements. But it can certainly cut down on the yelling.

Think about arguments.

1. What is one thing that can really make you angry? 2. Has someone ever hurt your pride during an argument? Explain your answer. 66 Read • Reflect • Respond

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How to argue—without losing a friend! lesson 33

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Identify synonyms (Complete the words from the reading.) 1. truthful /

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2. garbage /

3. disagreement /

(a) This really bothers me.

(b) You’re such a loser.

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Interpret figurative language 5. You may say hurtful things in the heat of the moment.

(a) when the argument gets emotional

(b) if it’s hot outside

(d) How many times have I told you not to do that?

(e) I’m not sure what you mean.

(f) It makes me feel bad when you do that.

(g) You’re making me feel bad.

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4. scream /

10. Which sentences might be used in an ‘I’ argument?

11. Which behaviours are likely to be used in a ‘you’ argument?

(a) threats

(b) praise

(a) winning arguments with other people.

(b) using the ‘I’ method to communicate better.

(d) sarcasm

(b) quickly going out of control

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7. Using the ‘I’ method can cut down on yelling. (a) shatter; destroy

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(b) reduce the amount of

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8. These words don’t put him down.

(a) hit him

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6. This conversation is going downhill fast.

(b) insult him

Look it up in a reference source 13. Write dictionary definitions. criticism:

Make comparisons (More than one answer may be correct.)

9. Name one difference between ‘I’ arguments and ‘you’ arguments.

insult:

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Read • Reflect • Respond 67

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lesson 34

Some common phrases from the 1700s are still in use today.

Title: Commonly, a long, wide board was folded down from the wall and used as a table. The ‘head of the household’ always sat in the chair while everyone else ate sitting on the floor. Frequently, an honoured male guest would be invited to sit on the chair during a meal. The man sitting in the chair was called the ‘chair man’. In business today, the most important person is often the ‘chairman of the board’.

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Men of the 1700s shaved their heads (because of lice) and wore wigs. (Women covered their hair.) Wealthy men could afford good-looking wigs made of wool. But wool wigs couldn’t be washed. To clean them, a maid would carve out a loaf of bread. Then she would put the wig in the shell and bake it for 30 minutes. The heat would make the wig big and fluffy again. That’s why, even today, a powerful, wealthy man is sometimes called a ‘bigwig’.

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There were no cameras in the 1700s. How could you capture a loved one’s image? You’d have to hire a sculptor or a painter. How expensive would that be? The price would depend on how many arms and legs were to be painted! Still today, when you hear someone say, ‘That will cost you an arm and a leg’, you know the price will be high.

Inb the 1700s, personal hygiene was very © R. I . C.Pu l i c a t i o n s different than it is now. People took baths only twice a year—in May• and •f orr evi ew pu r p o s e s o n l y October! Many people developed acne

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Many houses in the 1700s included of a large room with only one chair.

REFLECT:

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scars by adulthood. To smooth out their complexions, women would spread bee’s wax over their faces. If a woman was rude enough to stare at another woman’s face, she was scolded. ‘Mind your own bee’s wax’, she was admonished. And if a woman sat too close to the fire, the wax would start to melt. That very embarrassing event was called ‘losing face’.

Think about life in America during the 1700s.

1. Write an interesting title on the line above the reading. 2. In the 1700s things like electricity‚ hotwater systems‚ telephones and computers did not exist. Which of these would you miss the most and why? 68 Read • Reflect • Respond

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(To be titled by student.) lesson 34

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Draw conclusions (Tick more than one answer.) 1.

•

In the 1700s‚ ordinary people probably couldn’t afford to have their portraits painted.

A wig tended to flatten out as it got dirty. Women in the 1700s were considered socially inferior to men.

Build your vocabulary (Unscramble words from the reading.)

12. Describe something that could make a person ‘lose face’.

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Modern men don’t shave their heads unless they have lice.

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•

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11. Name two things that ‘cost an arm and a leg’.

Write antonyms from the reading 13. female / 14. wealthy /

5. NEEHIGY is the science of keeping people healthy and protected from disease. 6. Your NOMEXIPLOC

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is the colour and appearance of your skin‚ especially the skin of the face.

17. unlike /

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Write synonyms from the reading

18. bad-mannered /

7. A SHOELOUDH includes all the persons who live in one house‚ especially family members.

19. often /

is 8. An SERPEXISON a word or phrase that communicates an idea.

Look it up in a reference source

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20. preserve /

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9. To NOHISMAD someone is to verbally discipline that person for a misdeed.

21. Edward Jennen was born in 1749. What major breakthrough did he discover?

Give examples

10. Name a well-known person who could be described as a ‘bigwig’.

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Read • Reflect • Respond 69

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lesson 35

What did people eat before there were supermarkets and kitchens?

The first food

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Men hunted for animals. They hunted bison, horses, boar, mammoths and deer. Their weapons were spears made of wood and stone. These early men used several methods to capture and kill animals. Sometimes they disguised themselves with skins. If their prey was deer, a man might wear a deer head and skin. Then he would creep up on a herd of deer until close enough to attack.

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Until about 10 000 years ago, there were no farms, let alone supermarkets. So early people spent much of their time searching for food. Women looked for roots, mushrooms and eggs. They also collected nuts, snails and grubs. (A grub is an insect in an early stage of life. It looks like a short, fat worm.) The women used sticks as digging tools.

At first, people ate everything raw. Probably, the first experiment in cooked food came about when someone accidentally dropped food in a fire. After that, people decided that some things tasted better when cooked.

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Sometimes men dug deep holes and covered them with sticks. Animals that fell into the holes were trapped. Another method was to chase animals into swamps or over cliffs. To do this, hunters waved around burning branches to frighten the animals.

Later, early people learned to cook food in several ways. They cooked it on sticks that were held over the fire. Or they put it on flat stones that had been heated by fire. The first cooking pots were holes in the ground. A hole was dug, lined with animal skins, and then filled with water. Finally, rocks heated in the fire were added. When the water was hot enough, the food was put in the ‘pot’ to cook.

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Think about food and eating.

1. How do people ‘search’ for food today? 2. The first people searched for food every day. Today‚ about how much time did you spend looking for something to eat? 70 Read • Reflect • Respond

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The first food lesson 35

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer. 11. Over the years, what three things have people done to make food readily available?

Match synonyms 1.

accidentally

(a) scare

raw

collected

frighten

(d) uncooked

(b) gathered

(a) planted crops

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Recall details (Complete the sentences with words from the reading.) 5. The first cooking pots were

(b) raised livestock

(d) established supermarkets

Write antonyms (Complete words from the reading.) 12. predator /

c retreat / a cooked / r

13. stomp / 14.

15.

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17. A mammoth is similar to (an elephant/a hippopotamus).

. by

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8. Animals were burning branches.

Look it up in a reference source

9. Both women and men used

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for their tools.

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18. Homo sapiens—the name of modern human beings—means ‘wise man’. What do the names of these earlier human species mean?

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Draw conclusions (More than one answer is correct.)

10. Why did early people have to search for food every day?

(a) Food would go bad if not eaten quickly.

(b) They didn’t grow their own food.

(d) They enjoyed searching‚ even in the snow.

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Homo habilis:

Homo erectus: Read • Reflect • Respond 71

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lesson 36

Pictures can be used to prove a point.

Necessity is the mother of invention the necessity

How to prove an opinion and win a bet: At some moment in a horse’s gait, are all four hooves off the ground at the same time? the invention

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In 1872, Stanford hired a local landscape photographer. Eadweard Muybridge’s commission was to capture a clear image of a trotting horse in motion. That would settle the hotly debated issue once and for all!

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A new method of clearly photographing objects in motion.

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According to legend, he even wagered $25 000 on his success.

Leland Stanford, a former governor, was a passionate horseman. His passion included a great interest in the way horses moved. He had a stable of more than 800 racehorses. That gave him many opportunities to observe horses in motion.

For six years, Muybridge worked with scientists and engineers to design and assemble the required equipment. They even had to develop a new chemical formula to photograph fast movement clearly.

such encounter was with some prominent horsemen. These men insisted that a trotting horse always has at least one foot touching the ground.

Then a trotting horse, harnessed to a sulky, began to move. As the wheels of the sulky crossed the wires, the camera shutters were triggered.

Stanford strongly disagreed. It was his firm belief that trotters—at some point in their stride—had all four feet off the ground.

The resulting 12 pictures—taken in about half a second—proved that horses do indeed ‘fly’. It also set off the revolution in motion photography that would later become ‘the movies’.

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Stanford immediately took up the challenge. He was determined to prove his opinion.

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Finally, on 15 June 1878, the experiment was © R. I . C.Pu bl i cat i ons set in motion. Some 12 cameras were set up alongside a racetrack. Wires were laid During Stanford’s travels, her would often • f o r e v i e w p u r posesonl y• on the track at 50-centimetre intervals. strike up conversations about horses. One

Think about inventions.

1. Name one other invention that has had an impact on people’s lives. 2. Describe a device that you would like to invent. 72 Read • Reflect • Respond

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Necessity is the mother of invention lesson 36

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer. 10. The horsemen insisted that when a horse trotted:

Match words and meanings prominent

landscape

assemble

legend

observe

revolution

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1. To watch it closely.

2. A major change in a stage of progress or .

development is a 3. To items is to bring them together as a whole.

4. A photograph is a picture of natural scenery.

(b) two feet would always be on the ground.

Recognising synonyms (Complete the words from the reading.)

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(a) only one foot would be off the ground.

11. A c assignment of a specific task. 12. To s long steps.

is the

is to walk‚ taking

5. A person is respected and well-known.

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(b) the way horses moved.

Recall details

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7. Leland Stanford was very interested in:

Draw a conclusion 14. A sulky is:

(a) an angry jockey.

(b) a horse-drawn vehicle.

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6. A is a popular but unverified story that has been passed down over the years.

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(a) what horses ate.

8. Eadweard Muybridge was a:

(a) portrait photographer.

(b) landscape photographer.

Look it up in a reference source

15. What was the name of the horse in the photograph that settled the debate?

9. Muybridge worked with:

(a) scientists and engineers.

(b) veterinarians and technicians.

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lesson 37

Who created Charlie Brown™?

Peanuts™: A much-loved comic strip

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Schulz continued to draw the strip for 50 years. Unlike many other cartoonists, he used no assistants, even in the lettering and colouring process.

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The name Charles M Schulz may not be familiar to you. But almost everyone knows the characters he created—especially Charlie Brown™ and Snoopy™. Schulz’s first Peanuts comic strip appeared in seven newspapers in 1950. No-one, including the cartoonist, could have guessed how popular it would become. At its peak, Peanuts™ ran in more than 2600 newspapers. Readership was estimated at 355 million in 75 countries. It was translated into 40 languages.

he protested the way numbers were taking over people’s identities. He added a little boy named ‘5’ to the cast. His sisters were named ‘3’ and ‘4’. Their father had changed the family surname to their postcode. The Peanuts™ characters have appeared in animated form on many television shows. In all, more than 30 animated specials were produced. The characters even found their way to the live stage. You’re a good man, Charlie Brown, an extremely successful musical, was performed for four years.

™

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didn’t address issues such as racial and gender equality directly. For example, Peppermint Patty’s athletic skill and selfconfidence were presented as self-evident. And Franklin’s presence in a racially integrated neighbourhood school was also taken for granted.

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Charles Schulz lived and worked in a small town in California, USA, for more than 30 years. After he died there, in 2000, the local council renamed the local airport after him. A bronze statue of Charlie Brown and Snoopy now stands in the town in which he once lived.

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Schulz tackled topics ranging from the Vietnam War to school dress codes. In 1963,

REFLECT:

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Think about comic strips.

1. What is your favourite comic strip? Explain what you like about it. 2. Circle four words usually used to describe comic strips. dull

fun

angry

interesting

irregular

short

lengthy

daily

74 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

Peanuts™: A much-loved comic strip lesson 37

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Match synonyms

Draw conclusions

noteworthy

converted

subjects

helpers

1. topics / 2. translated /

14. Charles Schulz’s neighbours were (shocked by/appreciative of) his work.

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15. The Peanuts™ creator’s (surname/given name) is Schulz. Recognise examples

4. remarkable /

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3. assistants /

13. Charles Schulz supported (human equality/the Vietnam War).

16. Check two examples of ‘social commentary’.

Match antonyms

(a)

I like vanilla ice-cream.

familiar

local

(b)

Should everyone pay taxes?

animated

address

(c)

Are whales mammals?

n Steve i (d) © R. I . C.Publ c at i o sWaugh was a cricketer. 5. foreign / School students have to wear (e) • f o r r e v i e w p u r p o s e s o nl y• a uniform! 6. motionless / 7. ignore /

Look it up in a reference source

8. strange /

Build your vocabulary (Complete the words from the reading.)

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18. What Peanuts™ character is always surrounded by a cloud of dust?

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9. You p when you object to it. 10.

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17. What kind of dog is Snoopy?

something

equality has to do with fair treatment for women and girls.

11. When you e you come up with an approximate number.

‚

12. Characters in the same show are members of the

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Read • Reflect • Respond 75

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND READ:

lesson 38

These shoes are comfortable from morning to night.

Escalating heels

From 0°

“You should be able to do something about that.” So, of course, I listened to her.’

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‘High heels’ have been popular for hundreds of years. In the 1700s, fashionable women in France wore very high heels. They had to be helped up and down stairs so they wouldn’t fall.

Tu designed an escalating high heel. The height can be set at six different levels, from zero to 38 degrees. All you have to do to adjust them is push a button.

To 38°

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Women’s high-heeled shoes are uncomfortable and hard to walk in. Besides hurting your feet, they can make your back ache. After all, people weren’t meant to walk around on their toes. So why do women wear them? Most people think they look great.

Are you going to be on your feet all day at work? Set the heel at zero. Want to look sharp for a lunch date? Set the shoes at the middle setting. Dressing up for a club? Crank the heels up to the limit.

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Now, however, an industrial designer, Wei-Chieh Tu, may have come up with the perfect solution. ‘My wife wanted to wear eight-centimetre heels’, Tu says. ‘But she refused to buy them because she wouldn’t be able to wear them all day. “You’re an industrial designer”, she said.

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REFLECT:

always do—there’s no need to replace your shoes. Just set the height up or down.

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high heels. But they seldom wear them all day. Why? Because they’re too uncomfortable.

Tu’s idea originated from his childhood in Taiwan. He remembered the Chinese fans his mother and grandmother used. These fans could be spread out to use or folded up to put away. They changed shape with ease—like the shoes he designed.

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Think about fashion. (‘Fashion’ is the style that is popular now.)

1. Name a clothing style you think is silly and explain your thinking. The style can be something that is popular now or was in the past. 76 Read • Reflect • Respond

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

Escalating heels lesson 38

2. Name a past or present fashion you think is attractive. Tell why you think so.

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Identify antonyms (Complete the words from the reading.) 1. descending /

3. often /

4. accepted / 5. disliked / 6. forgot /

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(b) dancing at a party

Look it up in a reference source

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2. problem /

11. In which situation would you probably prefer low heels? (a) a shopping trip

12. Following are just a few industrial designs that are viewed as classics. On the lines‚ write the year each item was first introduced. (You might also enjoy studying pictures of these classic creations.)

Make an inference

: s iMac by Jonathan Ive and © R. I . C.Publ i c at i on (a) change the setting from highest to lowest. Apple’s Industrial Design (b) wear untilr they really hurt your feet. •them f or ev i ew pu r posesoGroup nl y•

7. ‘Crank it up to the limit’ means:

™

Recognise the author’s tone (More than one answer is correct.)

: glass Coca-Cola™ bottle by Root Glass Company of Terre Haute

: Barcelona chair by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

: Cadillac™ Eldorado by Harley Earl

: Bic biro™ ballpoint pen

: Porsche™ 356 by Erwin Komenda

: IBM™ Selectric typewriter

: iPod™ by Apple Computer™

The tone of this reading is: (a) formal. (b) informal. (c) casual.

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Draw conclusions

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: Porsche™ 911

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Industrial designers might design: (a) coffee mugs. (b) computer monitors. (c) handmade jewelry.

10.

What do Tu’s shoes do that fans can do too? (a) lie flat (b) move like a ship (c) change shape

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Read • Reflect • Respond 77

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND READ:

lesson 39

These athletes are special in every way.

The Special Olympics

For participants, the games build valuable pride and self-confidence. The games also educate the public about the intellectually disabled. The focus is on what they can do, not what they can’t. Disability experts say that intellectually disabled people suffer the worst discrimination in the world. Many people see them as a burden to society.

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let me be brave in the attempt.’

—the oath of the special olympics

The Special Olympics is an international program that trains people who are intellectually disabled to compete in sports. Throughout the year the athletes train in both summer and winter sports such as basketball, swimming and skiing.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S ‘Let me win. But if I cannot win,

Athlete Loretta Claiborne says, ‘People have a misconception of the mentally challenged. They think you have to walk or talk a certain way to be mentally disabled. But it’s not true’. Claiborne adds, ‘Everyone has some kind of mental handicap. Things are not always what they seem’. About her disability, Claiborne says, ‘I have just learned to work around it—that’s what our people do all the time’.

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REFLECT:

Special Olympics athletes are coached by volunteers. Coaches say their athletes have inspired them. Coach Rafer Johnson says that sometimes athletes who are running will take the hand of their closest rival. ‘They’ll run hand in hand to the finish line’, he says. ‘Or they’ll stop in mid-race and go back to pick up a fallen runner. You won’t see that anywhere else.’

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up a ‘Special Olympics’ for athletes from the United States and Canada. The games were such a success that more countries organised their own Special Olympics programs. The first International Special Olympic Games were held in 1977. In 2007, some 4000 athletes from 170 countries gathered to compete in the Special Olympics World Summer Games in Shanghai.

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Think about competition in sports—and in other areas of life.

1. In your own mind‚ how important is winning?

(a) Winning is everything.

(b) It’s great to win sometimes‚ but it’s not everything.

78 Read • Reflect • Respond

Explain your choice.

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND

The Special Olympics lesson 39

2. Can there be anything good about losing? Explain your answer.

RESPOND:

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

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Draw conclusions (More than one answer may be correct.)

Build your vocabulary

(a) carry a notepad with written reminders

(b) keep certain objects‚ like keys‚ in one spot all the time

2. What are some common mental challenges for many people?

rival

intellectually disabled

is a 5. A misunderstanding of some kind.

6. People who are

focus on what

they can do.

is someone 7. Your who tries to beat you in a race or contest.

(b) getting mad at careless drivers

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attempt

3. To ‘be brave in the attempt’ means:

misconception

9. A that is hard to bear.

Recall details (Write T for true or F for false.)

(a) to attempt to play many sports.

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(b) to try one’s very best.

is something

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burden

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1. Imagine that you have trouble remembering things. How could you ‘work around’ your forgetfulness?

10.

Special athletes will do anything to win.

11.

Loretta Claiborne started the Special Olympics.

12.

Intellectually disabled people often suffer from discrimination.

13.

Special athletes learn only summer sports‚ such as running.

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4. Some special athletes will stop to help a fallen rival. What’s your opinion of this? Write at least three sentences.

Look it up in a reference source

14. Where are the 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games being held?

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Read • Reflect • Respond 79

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND READ:

Super

lesson

A gifted man who can’t talk has a lot to say.

Stephen Hawking

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Stephen William Hawking was born in 1942 in England. As a boy in school, he was an average student. But since the age of 12, he wanted to be a scientist. In his university years, Hawking studied physics. In 1962, his last year of university, he learned he had a terrible disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The disease gradually destroys the body’s nerves and muscles. Doctors told Hawking that he probably had only two more years to live.

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Stephen Hawking is the most famous physicist in the world. Many say he’s the new Einstein. Why? Thanks to him, we understand the secrets of the universe much better. Most of his work has been done while he was in a wheelchair. And an amazing amount of his work has even been done since he’s been unable to write or talk.

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Hawking was shocked—and angry. He remembers thinking, ‘Why should it happen to me? Why should my future be cut off like this? Then, while I was in the hospital, I saw a boy die of leukemia in the bed opposite me. It was not a pretty sight. Clearly, there were people worse off than I’. Whenever Hawking starts to feel sorry for himself, he says he thinks about that boy in the hospital.

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Before Hawking learned he had ALS, he remembers being ‘very bored’ much of the time. Having the disease transformed him. It made him realise that life was precious. He realised that there was much he could do.

Shortly after becoming ill, he became engaged to Jane Wilde, a fellow student. When the two-year prediction of his death 80 Read • Reflect • Respond

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passed, Hawking was still alive. He and Jane were married in 1965 and had three children. The marriage lasted for 26 years. Hawking then married one of his nurses, Elaine Mason. ALS, which often kills quickly, has let Hawking live many years. He is now more than 65 years old. And he has given the world so much! The books he’s written explain very difficult subjects to non-scientists. His first book, A brief history of time, was incredibly R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND successful. It has been translated into 40 different languages. Another of his books, The universe in a nutshell, was also a bestseller.

communicate. At the front of his wheelchair is a computer screen. On the screen are lists of words and phrases. He points the computer cursor to the word or phrase he wants. The computer ‘voice’ then says the words out loud. The computer can also transform certain words into mathematical equations. As you can imagine, it’s a lot of work for Hawking to make a single sentence.

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Meanwhile, ALS has steadily attacked his body without mercy. When he could no longer walk, he had to use a motorised wheelchair. In time, he could no longer write, or speak. Now he’s almost completely paralysed. He operates his computer with a ‘blink recogniser’ implanted in his glasses. By blinking and scrunching up his cheeks, he is able to

But Hawking keeps communicating his brilliant ideas. He travels around the world. He teaches and gives ‘talks’. As long as he’s able, he will share the power of his awesome mind.

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Hawking has worked in many areas of physics. He is best known for his ideas about black holes—the mysterious remains of giant stars. As these enormous stars use up their nuclear energy, they collapse and form black holes. Hawking is also working on ideas that would explain the beginning of the universe and how it is organised.

Stephen Hawking Super lesson

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Write a few sentences describing your ideas.

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1. Imagine being unable to see. What impact would that have on your ability to make friends?

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2. Imagine not being able to hear or speak clearly. How would you communicate with a shop assistant? Write a few sentences describing your plan. 3. Name one invention (besides the wheelchair) that helps disabled people. 4. Do you think life was harder for disabled people 100 years ago? Why or why not? R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

Read • Reflect • Respond 81

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND RESPOND:

Stephen Hawking Super lesson

Circle a letter or word(s), fill in the blanks or write the answer.

Build your vocabulary

Recall details

1. Physics is the science that deals with matter and energy. This field of science includes the study of motion‚ light‚ heat‚ sound‚ electricity and force. A person who works in physics is a (physicist/ physician).

8. ALS attacks the body’s: (a) hair and skin.

(b) muscles and nerves.

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3. Remains are things left over after death or destruction. When a giant star (collapses/generates)‚ its remains can form a black hole.

9. Hawking can move:

(a) several toes.

(b) his eyelids and cheeks.

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2. Gravity is the force that pulls things toward the centre of the Earth. Gravity is at work when something (falls to/covers up) the floor.

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10. Doctors once told Hawking that he had:

(a) to get more rest.

(b) two years to live.

11. Hawking uses his computer to:

(a) make his own voice louder.

(b) ‘speak’ for him. © R. I . C.Pu bl i cat i ons 12. Hawking was married (before/after) he •f orr evi ew pu r p os e sALS. onl y• learned he had

4. To transform something is to (change/ display) it. Hawking’s computer transforms words on the screen into speech.

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discouraged

chemist lazy

15. Hawking wrote books (before/after) he learned he had ALS.

brilliant

admired

Identify the main idea 7. The main idea of the reading is:

(a) Hawking is best known for his ideas about black holes.

(b) In spite of having ALS‚ Hawking has contributed much to science.

82 Read • Reflect • Respond

14. Hawking has made discoveries about (gravity/Einstein).

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6. Circle the words that best describe Stephen Hawking. determined

13. Hawking is interested in how the (universe/world) works.

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5. An equation is a math statement in which two things are declared to be equal. ‘4 + 2 = 6’ (is not/is ) an equation. ‘4 > 2’ (is not/is) an equation.

Draw conclusions (More than one answer may be correct.) 16. What has Hawking been able to do in spite of his disability?

(a) travel

(d) lecture

(b) drive a car

(e) get dressed

(f) raise a family

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND 17. Because of his disability‚ Hawking needs help:

Stephen Hawking Super lesson

Make inferences (Find the answer by reasoning.)

(a) taking a shower.

(b) remembering people’s names.

(a) time seemed to pass very slowly.

(d) getting on an aeroplane.

(e) listening to music.

(b) Hawking was still alive after two years.

21. ‘When the two-year prediction of his death passed’ means:

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18. What suggests that doctors don’t know everything there is to know about ALS?

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22. ‘The disease attacked Hawking’s body without mercy’ means:

(a) ALS made Hawking’s disabilities more and more severe.

(b) ALS kept Hawking from being able to climb stairs.

(c) Hawking had no mercy in attacking © R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons his disease. 19. Why do you think Hawking was only an •f orr evi ew pur p osesonl y• average student in school? Look it up in a reference source

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20. How did the boy who died of leukemia help Hawking?

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23. Why is ALS more commonly called Lou Gehrig’s disease?

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Read • Reflect • Respond 83

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND Lesson 1 Turn down the volume!

(pp. 2–3)

3. 5. 6. 7. 8.

(c) restrict (d) tunnel spiny anteater 4. worms and shellfish long tongue, tubelike snout (a) P (b) E (c) E (d) P (e) E milk Mammals are warm-blooded, have a backbone, have hair on their bodies and nurse their young. 9. possible answer: Echidna, because, despite the quills, platypuses have venomous spurs on their legs.

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Lesson 2 From the pool to the jungle

(pp. 4–5)

Reflect: 1.–2. Answers will vary. 3. possible answers: They swim much faster; Olympic records are continually broken as training, fitness and athletic equipment are improved. Respond: 1. 100-metre freestyle, 200-metre freestyle relay race, water polo, 400-metre freestyle 2. a bronze medal 3. two gold medals 4. (a) 5. Until the 1960s, most movies were made in black and white because making colour movies was too expensive. 6. motion pictures 7. audition 8. anchor 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. Beijing, China 17. 12 18. Maureen O’Sullivan

Lesson 4 Cowboys of the pampas

(pp. 8–9)

Reflect: 1. Answers will vary. 2. It would be very important because of the difficult living conditions and the hard manual labour. Respond: 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. nomads 7. frontier 8. stampede 9. to purify it for drinking 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (e) 14. (a) 15. sombrero 16. poncho 17. pampas 18. estancia 19. bombachas 20. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Montevideo, Uruguay

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Reflect: 1. Probably don’t agree; perhaps loud music makes parents nervous or parents dislike the music. 2. possible answers: leaf blower, sirens, alarms, nails being pounded etc. 3. Either—No, it’s a free country; or Yes, to protect the public’s hearing. Respond: 1. intensity 2. pulse 3. pollution 4. an abbreviation 5. make you deaf 6. higher 7. nerves 8. 70 9. less 10. air, water, noise 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. possible answer: Overexposure to very loud noise can damage your health. 14. seasickness or nausea 15. about 60 dB

Answers

Lesson 3 Australia’s ‘leftovers’

Reflect: 1. Answers will vary, but possibly a flood, because you’d have a better chance of evading floodwaters by climbing up high or swimming than you would of evading fiery ash falling from the sky. 2. Answers will vary. Respond: 1. sequence: 5, 2, 1, 4, 3 2. ash, rocks, sulfur gas 3. 40 hours 4. 2000 5. by sailing on boats 6. Pliny the Younger 7. (a) account (b) residents (c) extinct (d) shore (e) erupted 8. It runs along the west coast of the Americas from Chile to Alaska, down the east coast of Asia from Kamchatka to Indonesia, and continues from New Guinea to New Zealand. 9. Herculaneum and Stabiae

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Reflect: 1. possible answers: dog, cat, whale etc. 2. lay eggs 3. possible answers: Humans are bigger creatures, have bigger brains, walk upright, don’t lay eggs etc. Respond: 1. Over millions of years they haven’t changed. 2. (a) extraordinary (b) dense 84 Read • Reflect • Respond

(pp. 10–11)

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Lesson 5 The big blow

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND Lesson 6 Come to the fair!

(pp. 12–13)

15. certain 16. vanish 17. 97 lbs., 4 oz.; Kenai River, Alaska 18. possible answers: channel, blue, white, flathead, bullhead, bronze, leopard, dwarf, pygmy 19. The clarias catfish can walk and breathe air.

Lesson 9 The electric eel: A shocking story

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Lesson 7 Comparing planets: Hottest and coldest

(pp. 14–15)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. V 2. N 3. N 4. V 5. N 6. V 7. N 8. degrees Celsius 9. 9 10. Neptune 11. sun and moon 12. 23 ˚C 13. orbit 14. mass 15. solid 16. surface 17. average 18. atmosphere 19. Milky Way 20. the moon and Mars 21. Its thick, cloudy atmosphere traps the heat, creating a runaway greenhouse effect.

Reflect: 1. An aquarium. An aviary is a large cage or building used to house birds. Aquatic animals are kept in an aquarium. 2. circle: slender, wriggling, carnivorous, aquatic Respond: 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. lie 5. organ 6. current 7. volt 8. thrive 9. Tissues 10. stun 11. native 12. fraction 13. neon 14. prey 15. Moray eels are larger and more fierce.

Lesson 10 Crackers: A humble history

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Lesson 11 Careless crooks

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Reflect: 1. Answers will vary. 2. It has feelers around its mouth that look like a cat’s whiskers. 3. possible answers: industrial waste dumping, tanker oil spills, acid rain 4. Answers will vary. Respond: 1. Thailand 2. Golden Triangle 3. seven 4. May 5. 93 kilograms more 6. 2087 km shorter 7. wild 8. plentiful 9. protected 10. species 11. leviathan 12. candidate 13. world 14. landed R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

(pp. 20–21)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. hardtack 2. barrel 3. Pearson 4. Bent 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. Sailors 10. 200 11. American 12. shelf 13. staple 14. booming 15. mission 16. origin 17. entrepreneur 18. survey 19. 1865; William Arnott

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Lesson 8 A true fish story

(pp. 18–19)

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Reflect: 1. circle: bustling, enticing, diverse, crowded 2.–3. Answers will vary. Respond: 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. 19th century 4. Eiffel Tower 5. any two of: Asia, Europe, North America, Australia 6. (a) humbly (b) cover (c) attractive (d) concluded 7. structure 8. cultural 9. present 10. Technical 11. unveil 12. highlight 13. the Space Needle 14. water sustainability

Answers

(pp. 22–23)

Reflect: 1. circle: inept, unsuccessful, foolish 2. possible answers: a burglar alarm, double-locked doors, a barking dog Respond: 1. sequence: 3, 1, 4, 2 2. (b) 3. laminated 4. fragment 5. petty 6. agitated 7. infuriated 8. bungler 9. scheme 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (e) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. Postcard Bandit; Woodford Correctional Centre, Australia.

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READ • REFLECT • RESPOND Lesson 12 A few words about worms

(pp. 24–25)

Reflect: 1. circle: soft-bodied, slender, segmented, stretchy 2. Answers will vary. 3. no 4. no Respond: 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. Answers will vary. 9. O 10. F 11. A caterpillar turns into a butterfly. 12. any two of: Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic

Hippocratic coughing, sneezing 13. doctor 14. incomplete 16. manage 17. claim 19. 161 ce to 180 ce

possible answers:

was not injuries important Meditations

Lesson 16 Fiction based on fact

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (pp. 26–27)

Reflect: 1. Answers will vary. 2. circle: battery, charge, wall socket, positive Respond: 1. electricity 2. four 3. ground 4. battery 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. O 8. F 9. F 10. breakthrough 11. array 12. edition 13. 1706–1790 14. Answers will vary, but possibly include bifocals, the odometer and the Franklin stove.

(pp. 32–33)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. B 2. S 3. S 4. B 5. S 6. B 7. 28 8. Robinson Crusoe 9. notorious 10. reckless 11. privateer 12. freelancer 13. bribe 14. respected 15. intrigued 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. goats 21. possible answers: Moll Flanders; Journal of the Plague Year 22. possible answers: Treasure Island; Kidnapped;

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Lesson 13 Benjamin Franklin, electrician

10. 11. 12. 15. 18. 20.

Answers

Lesson 17 A teardrop on the cheek of time

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Reflect: 1. Answers will vary. Respond: 1. Battle of Little Big Horn 3. Sioux and Cheyenne 4. F 5. T 7. T 8. (a) 10. only 11. castle 13. perished 14. guest 16. slender 17. A steeplechase race is run hedges, ditches, walls etc.

2. Grand National

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on a course that has that must be jumped.

Lesson 15 Forebearers of modern medicine Reflect: Answers will Respond: 1. Symptoms 4. Arteries 7. thoughts

6. F 9. valuable 12. insane 15. forbidden

(pp. 30–31)

vary. 2. anatomy 5. Ethics 8. preceded

86 Read • Reflect • Respond

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Lesson 14 Not your ordinary horses

Reflect: 1. Answers will vary. 2. circle: enormous, touching, ornate, spectacular Respond: 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. changing outdoor light reflected on semiprecious stones laid in the marble 10. He was devastated. 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. The Great Pyramid of Egypt The Hanging Gardens of Babylon The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus The Statue of Zeus at Olympia The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus The Colossus of Rhodes The Pharos of Alexandria

3. dissect 6. starts 9. 140 ce

Lesson 18 Braille: A teenager’s invention

(pp. 36–37)

Reflect: 1. (b); Louis Braille’s own need to read motivated him to find a way. 2. circle: intelligent, innovative, creative 3. Answers will vary. R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND Respond: 1. Charles Barbier 2. 1820s 3. soldiers 4. dots 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. adapted 9. tangible 10. military 11. potential 12. Trenches 13. 1827 14. Napoleon Boneperte dies. Rugy football is invented. The name ‘Australia’ is officially adopted.

Lesson 22 A day in Ancient Rome

(pp. 44–45)

Reflect: 1. circle: gladiators, Coliseum, chariots 2. Answers will vary. Respond: 1. Grammar 2. toga, tunic 3. tunic, toga 4. abacus 5. verb 6. verb 7. Latin 8. private 9. modern 10.–11. Answers will vary. 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. F 16. F 17. F 18. 27 bce to 395 ce

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Lesson 19 Plants that detect land mines

(pp. 38–39)

Lesson 20 Nanotechnology

(pp. 40–41)

Lesson 23 The sport of kings—and queens!

(pp. 46–47)

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Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. (b), (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. altered 7. maim 8. Scattered 9. characteristic 10. defeat 11. lethal 12. (a), (b), (c) 13. 156 (by 2007)

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Answers

Reflect: 1. possible answers: carpenter, plumber, lawyer, racecar driver 2. possible answers: nurse, secretary, flight attendant Respond: 1. brain 2. frightened 3. hard 4. tense 5. fracture 6. descended 7. suddenly 8. circle: strong, horse-lover, small 9. F 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. F 16. F 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. 55 km/h 22. $30 000 a year

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Lesson 21 Sakena Yacoobi

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3. device 6. resistant

10. dwarf 13. T 16. (b)

Lesson 24 Sound effects

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Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. toxic 2. concerns 4. virus 5. Carbon 7. change 8. billionth 9. are in use today 11. thicker 12. T 14. F 15. T 17. bacteria, algae and protozoa

(pp. 48–49)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. Answers will vary. 2. circle: thinking, wondering, forgetting 3. circle: hum, crack, pop 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. machine 14. imitate 15. combine 16. a member of a film crew who creates and records many of the sound effects

o c . che e r o t r s super (pp. 42–43)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (a) 6. (b), (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. possible answer: So the Taliban supporters wouldn’t get suspicious about girls gathering together. 10. (a), (b) 11. 3, 2, 5, 4, 1 12. Hamid Karzai.

R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

Read • Reflect • Respond 87

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND Lesson 25 Ever twig your teeth?

(pp. 50–51)

Lesson 26 Flight 93

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (pp. 52–53)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond:

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. sequence: 4, 1, 5, 2, 3 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. Answers will vary. 10. two 10. Building which houses the United States’ Defence Department. 11. seven 12. The building in which the US President lives and works.

Lesson 29 All about hair

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Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. abrasive 2. Enamel 3. Frayed 4. Harsh 5. wary 6. (c) 7. Answers will vary. 8. brushing and flossing 9. ammonia 10. aging 11. no 12. damage it 13. damage the gums 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. cover the teeth with pearly white caps

Respond: 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a), (b) 6. (a) 7. possible answers: cheap and easy to fix; dependable; immensely popular; same design year after year; affectionate nicknames 8. possible answers: Model T came only in black. Model T made in USA and the Beetle in Germany. Model T was most popular in the 20s, and the Beetle was the most popular of all time. 9. T 10. F 11. F 12. F 13. F 14. F 15. T 16. F 17. ‘You can buy a Model T in any colour you want, as long as it’s black.'

(pp. 58–59)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. noun 6. verb 7. Pigment 8. Eyebrow 9. stressed 0. scalp 11. O 12. F 13. O 14. F 15. F 16. F 17. O 18. Four 19. good job 20. 4 21. 2100 22. 12 23. the elongated casing that encloses the root

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. code 2. image 3. fraud 4. abnormal 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. O 11. pixels 12. patterns 13. changes made to a photograph 14. possible answers: monitor, keyboard, CPU 15. distressed 16. imagine 17. result 18. invented 19. An individual tiny dot of light that is the basic unit from which images on a computer or TV screen are made.

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Lesson 28 The Tin Lizzie and the Bug Reflect: Answers will vary. 88 Read • Reflect • Respond

(pp. 60–61)

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Lesson 27 Photoshop™ fakery

Lesson 30 Word origins Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. noun 6. noun 7. (a), (c) 9. Two 10. Portuguese 12. Greek 13. risk 15. Ancient Greek; wanderer

o c . che e r o t r s super

(pp. 56–57)

Lesson 31 Dealing with stress

5. verb 8. (b) 11. Cook 14. maps

(pp. 62–63)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. circle: worthless and worthy 2. solution ➜ answer, worthless ➜ useless, symptom ➜ sign, tension ➜ stress 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. N 7. Y 8. N 9. Y R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND 10. circle: asking someone to be nicer to you kicking a football a long, hot bath cuddling with your dog or cat watching a funny movie 11. It is our body’s primitive, automatic, inborn response that prepares the body to ‘fight or flee’ from perceived attack, harm or threat to our survival.

Lesson 32 The sounds of cells

Lesson 35 The first food

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (pp. 64–65)

(pp. 70–71)

Reflect: 1. possible answers: They search along supermarket aisles or ‘search out’ restaurants. 2. possible answers: Perhaps shop for food every few days. Perhaps ‘searching through’ kitchen cabinets or refrigerators. Respond: 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. holes in the ground 6. stone 7. disguises 8. frightened 9. wood 10. (a), (b), (c) 11. (a), (b), (d) 12. prey 13. creep 14. attack 15. raw 16. pig 17. an elephant 18. homo habilis: ‘handy man’ or ‘man with ability to use tools’ homo erectus: man who walks erect

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Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. Yeast 2. Vibrations 3. determined 4. device 5. amplify 6. Cancerous 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. F 11. F 12. O 13. F 14. O 15. changes 16. tiny 17. interesting 18. movie 19. cell: the basic unit of living matter made of protoplasm and enclosed by a membrane or wall cancer: a disease in which certain cells grow out of control and spread throughout the body

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8. expression 9. admonish 10.–12. Answers will vary. 13. male 14. poor 15. cheap 16. admonish 17. different 18. rude 19. frequently 20. capture 21. Invented the vaccine against smallpox.

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Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. honest 2. rubbish 3. argument 4. yell 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. possible answers: ‘I’ arguments are non-threatening and more respectful. They don’t include criticism, insults and challenges. 10. (a), (e), (f) 11. (a), (c), (d) 12. (b) 13. criticism: the act of finding something wrong; disapproval insult: to hurt someone’s pride or feelings

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Lesson 36 Necessity is the mother of invention Reflect: Answers will Respond: 1. observe 4. landscape 7. (b) 8. (b) 12. stride 15. Occident

vary.

2. revolution 5. prominent 9. (a) 10. (c) 13. gait

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Lesson 34 Language in the 1700s (To be named by student.)

(pp. 72–73)

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How to argue

3. assemble 6. legend 11. commission 14. (b)

(pp. 68–69)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1.–4. tick: 1, 3, 4 5. Hygiene 6. complexion 7. household R.I.C. Publications® www.ricpublications.com.au

Read • Reflect • Respond 89

READ • REFLECT • RESPOND Lesson 37 Peanuts™: A much-loved comic strip

(pp. 74–75)

Lesson 38 Escalating heels

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (pp. 76–77)

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond:

escalating 2. solution 3. seldom refused 5. popular 6. remembered (c) 8. (b), (c) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (a), (b) 1998—the iMac™ 1963—the Porsche™ 911 1916—the glass Coca-Cola™ bottle 1929—the Barcelona chair 1959—the Cadillac™ Eldorado 1950—the Bic biro™ ballpoint pen 1948—the Porsche™ 356 1961—the IBM™ Selectric typewriter 2001—the iPod™

were others worse off than he. 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. American baseball legend Lou Gehrig also had ALS.

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Lesson 39 The Special Olympics

Reflect: Answers will vary. Respond: 1. (a), (b) 2. (a), (c) 4. Answers will vary. 6. intellectually disabled 8. attempt 9. burden 11. F 12. T 14. Athens, Greece

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Super lesson Stephen Hawking

(pp. 78–79)

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1. 4. 7. 12.

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Reflect: 1. Answers will vary. 2. circle: fun, interesting, short, daily Respond: 1. subjects 2. converted 3. helpers 4. noteworthy 5. local 6. animated 7. address 8. familiar 9. protest 10. Gender 11. estimate 12. cast 13. human equality 14. appreciative of 15. surname 16. tick: b, e 17. beagle 18. Pigpen

hearing aids, amplified phones and TDD, cochlear implants, wheelchair ramps and lifts. 4. possible answers: Life was harder. People were generally less accepting. Fewer aids and inventions were available to help the disabled live normally. Respond: 1. physicist 2. falls to 3. collapses 4. change 5. is, is not 6. circle: determined, brilliant, admired 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. after 13. universe 14. gravity 15. after 16. (a), (c), (d), (f) 17. (a), (c), (d) 18. possible answers: Hawking has survived long past his expected time of death. 19. possible answers: Perhaps he was bored. If he’d been offered physics as a child, he might have excelled. 20. possible answers: He made Hawking realise there possible answers:

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3. (b) 5. misconception 7. rival 10. F 13. F

(pp. 80–83)

Reflect: 1. possible answers: If you can’t see, you won’t make friends based on their looks. 2. possible answers: You could write that you’re deaf and describe what you want. The cashier could write, too. 90 Read • Reflect • Respond