Primary Australian History: Book E - Ages 9-10 by Teacher Superstore

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Primary Australian history (Book A) Primary Australian history (Book B) Primary Australian history (Book C) Primary Australian history (Book D) Primary Australian history (Book F) Primary Australian history (Book G)

This master may only be reproduced by the original purchaser for use with their class(es). The publisher prohibits the loaning or onselling of this master for the purposes of reproduction.

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In some cases, websites or specific URLs may be recommended. While these are checked and rechecked at the time of publication, the publisher has no control over any subsequent changes which may be made to webpages. It is strongly recommended that the class teacher checks all URLs before allowing students to access them.

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Website: www.ricpublications.com.au Email: mail@ricgroup.com.au

Primary Australian history

Foreword Primary Australian history is a series of seven books designed to provide students with an awareness of the chronology of major events in the history of Australia and the significance of these events in shaping the nation.

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• Primary Australian history Book A

• Primary Australian history Book B

• Primary Australian history Book C

• Primary Australian history Book D

• Primary Australian history Book E

• Primary Australian history Book F

• Primary Australian history Book G

Contents

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Titles in this series include:

Teachers notes.........................................................................................................................................iv – xv

How to use this book............................................................................................................................. iv – v

Curriculum links........................................................................................................................................... vi

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Useful Australian history resources............................................................................................................... vii Historical literacy skills ........................................................................................................................ viii - ix

Public holidays..............................................................................................................................................x Timeline of major Australian and world events...........................................................................................xi-xiv

Australian Prime Ministers since Federation................................................................................................. xv

A new nation................................................... 50–73

The Dreamtime.............................................. 2–5

Federation: The Australian flag.................... 50–53

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Maritime exploration.......................................... 6–9 European discovery of Australia....................... 6–9

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The beginning..................................................... 2–5

Federation: States and territories................. 54–57

World War I: The Western Front................... 58–61

The Great Depression................................. 62–65

Early settlement.............................................. 10–29

World War II: The Rats of Tobruk.................. 66–69

The voyage of the First Fleet....................... 10–13

Immigration: ‘Populate or perish’................. 70–73

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The dark history of Port Arthur..................... 14–17 Bennelong................................................. 18–21

Adelaide and Melbourne............................. 22–25 James Ruse............................................... 26–29 Discoveries..................................................... 30–41

Exploring the interior................................... 30–33

Natural resources – Gold............................ 34–37 Natural resources – Opal............................ 38–41 Progress......................................................... 42–49 A drover’s life....................................... ......42–45 Australia takes to the skies......................... 46–49

People and politics......................................... 74–85 The $10 faces............................................ 74–77 Sir Robert Menzies..................................... 78–81 The dismissal of Gough Whitlam.................. 82–85

Modern Australia.......................................... 86–101 Marvellous medical inventions..................... 86–89 The Wave Hill walk-off................................ 90–93 International Australian stars....................... 94–97 Peacekeeping.......................................... 98–101 Quizzes....................................................... 102–116 Quiz questions....................................... 102–114 Quiz answers......................................... 115–116

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Primary Australian history

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Teachers notes How to use this book The sections of this book incorporate an introduction to some of the major events to have influenced the course of Australian history. In the early levels, the activities are intended to form a basis for future learning about historical events. The events have been arranged, in part, to follow the chronology of events from the migration of the Australian Aboriginals to the modern day. Each section contains one or more main historical events. The sections are: • The beginning

• Maritime exploration

• Early settlement

• Discoveries

• Progress

• A new nation

• People and politics

• Modern Australia

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Topics within the sections follow a similar four-page format of a teachers page followed by three (3) student pages. The three student pages may be about different individual aspects of an historical event or time or three connected activities associated with one historical event.

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Features

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• A series of quick multiple choice quizzes for each topic is provided on pages 102-116. All answers are supplied. • Outcome links for Society and Environment and English are provided on page vi.

• A list of useful R.I.C. Publications resources for teacher support for each section of the book is printed on page vii. • An explanation of the five broad historical literacy skills is provided on page viii. • A list of public holidays relevant to Australia’s history and celebrated by each state is provided on page x. • For teacher reference, a time line of major Australian and world events from 1788 to the present is on pages xi to xiv.

Teachers page

The teachers page contains the following information:

Indicators state literacy outcomes for reading and comprehending the informational text and outcomes relating to the cross-curricular student pages.

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Worksheet information provides additional information to place the topic in context with events of life at the time. It also includes specific details regarding the use of the worksheets, if required.

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The page number for the quiz questions relating to each topic is given at the end of the worksheet information.

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The title of the topic indicates the person or event in Australia’s history being discussed.

Answers are provided for the comprehension page. Open-ended tasks require the teacher to check the answers.

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A time line is included to place events in chronological order and also to indicate similar or significant events occurring elsewhere in Australia or in the rest of the world.

Further exploration activities offer suggestions for developing the knowledge and understanding of the topic or for widening the scope of knowledge by researching similar people or events in another place or time.

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Teachers notes How to use this book Student pages The student pages follow the following format: • The first student page is an informational text, providing details and dates of key people and/or events and the significance of their role in Australian history. • The second student page includes a variety of comprehension activities to establish student understanding of the text.

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• The final student page is a cross-curricular activity designed to deepen understanding of the topic or to widen the scope of knowledge.

Student pages

• The title of the topic.

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• Informational text about the topic.

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• The title of the topic.

• Comprehension activities to establish understanding. Answers for these activities are provided on the teachers page.

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• Fact file: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

3. • The title reflects the activity to be completed. • Fact file: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

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Primary Australian history

Teachers notes

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Curriculum links

Society and Environment

TS3.1, TS3.2, TS3.3 RS3.5, RS3.6 WS3.9, WS3.13

CCS3.1, CCS3.2, CUS3.3, CUS3.4 SSS3.7, SSS3.8

Vic.

ENSL0401, ENSL0402, ENSL0404 ENRE0401, ENRE0404 ENWR0401, ENWR0402, ENWR0404

SOHI0401, SOHI0402

LS 4.1, LS 4.2, V 4.1, V 4.2 R 4.1, R 4.2, R 4.4 W 4.1, W 4.2, W 4.3, W 4.4

ICP 4.2, ICP 4.3, ICP 4.4 C 4.1, C 4.2 TCC 4.1, TCC 4.2, TCC 4.3 NSS 4.1, NSS 4.2, NSS 4.3

NSW

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English

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State

4.1, 4.2, 4.3 4.7, 4.8 4.10

Qld

Refer to curriculum documents at <http://www.qsa.edu.au>.

TCC 4.3, TCC 4.4 CI 4.4 SRP 4.4

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Teachers notes

Useful Australian history resources

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There are a number of R.I.C. Publications’ titles which may be used to extend knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of the history of Australia.

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• Primary Society and Environment — a seven-book series which includes a number of relevant Primary Australian history topics • Aboriginal studies — a three-book series

• Australian studies — a three-book series • Gold in Australia — a single book for upper primary • Anzac Day — a single book for use throughout the primary school • Australian special days — a three-book series

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• Australian Aboriginal culture — a four-book series

• Change in the 20th century — a three-book series

• Australian explorers — a single book for upper primary

• Famous Australians — a three-book series for middle to upper primary • Current affairs — a single book for middle to upper primary

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• Successful Australians — a single book for upper primary • Australia on the map 1606–2006 — a two-book series for middle to upper primary

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• Australian identity — a single book for upper primary

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• Australian politics — a single book for upper primary

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• Democracy – a single book for upper primary

State government websites are a valuable source for information about individual states. • http://www.nsw.gov.au/ • http://www.vic.gov.au/

• http://www.tas.gov.au/

• http://www.qld.gov.au/ • http://www.wa.gov.au/ • http://www.nt.gov.au/ • http://www.act.gov.au/ • http://www.sa.gov.au/

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Primary Australian history

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Teachers notes

Historical literacy skills

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It is not possible for us to know exactly what life was like in a time or place of which we have no direct experience. But we can study evidence of past events and eras to reach some understanding of the past. The more sources we use and the deeper we question their content, the greater our understanding and the more balanced our opinions will be.

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It is important to bring the study of people and events of the past alive, kindling a genuine interest in history. This can be achieved by incorporating many learning areas into the investigation of an historical event.

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As events do not occur in isolation, it is necessary for students to appreciate the context as well as the content of an event. To achieve this, students need to develop historical literacy skills which will allow them to demonstrate the depth of their knowledge and understanding of an event. There are five broad areas of historical literacy skills: 1. Understanding chronology • To understand and use words and phrases linked to the passing of time.

• To appreciate that the past can be divided into different eras between which there are similarities and differences. • To describe how life today is different from that in any era of the past.

• To order events, people and eras chronologically, using dates and CE (Common Era) and BCE (Before Common Era) conventions.

2. Understanding continuity and change

• To demonstrate an awareness of people and events beyond living memory.

• To consider reasons why certain events occurred and how decisions made affected the outcome of events.

• To look at events from the viewpoints of all parties involved and consider why some people had more influence than others. • To compare and contrast characteristics of different eras. 3. Interpreting historical information • To recognise the difference between and the value and reliability of primary* and secondary* sources.

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• To understand the cause and effect of an event using a range of sources and studying it from different aspects. 4. Understanding historical information

• To use literal, inferential and applied questioning techniques to learn about the past from a range of sources.

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5. Organising and communicating information

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• To use a range of presentation techniques to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of people, events and eras of the past.

The level at which each of these skills is practised deepens as students gain confidence and maturity. By studying the past in an effective way, they will recognise processes and be able to predict possible outcomes of similar events as they occur in the present time. In studying the history of their own country, students will learn how events of the past have shaped the present and how actions taken today will affect life in the future.

* Primary sources are usually original documents which contain firsthand information about a topic. Some primary sources are diaries, letters, autobiographies, interviews, original works of art or artefacts, photographs and surveys. * Secondary sources are second-hand versions. They are edited primary sources or commentary on, or discussion about, primary sources. Some secondary sources are bibliographies, journal articles, reports, biographies, commentaries and newspaper and magazine articles. For the purposes of this series, fictional primary sources have been created.

‘Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.’ George Santayana 1863–1952 viii

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Teachers notes Organising and communicating information

Questioning historical information

Interpreting historical information

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Name

Understanding continuity and change

Understanding chronology

Historical literacy skills class record

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Primary Australian history

Teachers notes

Public holidays

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All states and territories of Australia observe a number of special days each year, most of which are not public holidays. While many of the public holidays celebrated are also observed in other parts of the world, such as Christmas, Easter and the Queen’s Birthday holiday, a number of them celebrate events specific to Australian history.

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Some days are observed on the same date throughout Australia, while others vary among states and territories. Public holidays are listed below. • Australia Day — 26 January — national public holiday

This day commemorates the founding of the first British settlement at Sydney Cove in 1788, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, by the First Fleet.

• Anzac Day — 25 April — national public holiday

This day commemorates the landing of the ANZAC troops at Gallipoli on this day in 1915, but also serves as a reminder of all who have fought or served in the defence forces for Australia. A holiday on this day is also observed in New Zealand, Tonga and Western Samoa.

• Labour Day — first Monday in October for NSW, SA and ACT; second Monday in March for Vic. and Tas.; first Monday in May for Qld; first Monday in March for WA — national public holiday

This day commemorates the eight-hour working day which was established in 1871.

• Canberra Day — third Monday in March — ACT only

This day celebrates the official naming of Canberra at a ceremony on 12 March 1913 by Lady Denman, wife of Lord Denman, the Governor-General at the time.

This day celebrates the day in 1836 when South Australia was proclaimed a province.

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• Foundation Day — first Monday in June — Western Australia only

This day celebrates the foundation of the Swan River Colony on 1 July 1829.

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• Proclamation Day — 28 December — South Australia only

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) The beginning – 1799

>60 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have arrived in Australia. 35 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have reached Tasmania.

1300: Marco Polo discusses the possibility of a great unexplored southern land.

1606: Luis Vaez de Torres sails through the Torres Strait.

1606: Willem Janszoon, sailing in Duyfken, makes the first European discovery of Australia.

1616: Dirk Hartog, a Dutch explorer, sails to Western Australia.

1622: Trial is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

1629: Batavia is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

1642: Abel Tasman makes the fist European discovery of Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

1688: William Dampier, English explorer, arrives on the west coast of Australia.

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1701–1714: War of the Spanish Succession occurs.

1705: Edmund Halley predicts the return of a comet.

1708: First accurate map of China is drawn.

1712: First practical steam-powered piston engine is invented.

1713: Britain becomes the dominant force in North America.

1715: France takes control of Mauritius.

1716–1720: China invades Tibet.

1719: Daniel Defoe writes Robinson Crusoe.

1721: French and English East India companies compete for trade in India.

1722: The Dutch reach the Samoan Islands and Easter Island.

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1728: Danish explorer is the first European to cross the Bering Strait.

1739–1748: The War of Jenkins’ Ear is fought between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean. 1739: Highwayman Dick Turpin is hanged in Britain.

1747: British Royal Navy introduces lime rations to prevent scurvy.

1752: Great Britain adopts the Gregorian calendar.

1754–1763: The French and Indian War takes place in North America. 1755: Samuel Johnson’s dictionary is first published.

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1756–1763: The first global conflict, the Seven Years War, occurs.

1757: The sextant is invented by John Campbell.

1761: The marine chronometer is invented by John Harrison.

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1762–1796: Catherine the Great begins her reign as Empress of Russia.

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1765: James Watt develops the steam engine.

1766–1769: Frenchman Louis-Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigates the globe.

1769: Napoleon Bonaparte, later to become Emperor of France, is born.

1770: Captain James Cook lands on the more hospitable east coast of Australia and claims it for Britain.

1771: The first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica is published.

1775–1783: The American War of Independence occurs.

1779: James Cook is murdered in Hawaii.

1788: The First Fleet, under the command of Arthur Phillip, arrives at Sydney Cove and the NSW colony is founded.

1789: Mutineers on HMS Bounty cast William Bligh adrift in an open boat on the Pacific Ocean.

1789–1799: The French Revolution occurs.

1793: The first free settlers arrive in Australia.

1798: George Bass and Matthew Flinders circumnavigate Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 1800–1899

1802: the first steamship, Charlotte Dundas, is built.

1804: The first steam rail locomotive is built.

1804: Hobart Town is established in Van Diemen’s Land (now known as Tasmania).

1812: Grimms’ fairy tales, by the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, is published.

1813: Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth locate a path through the Blue Mountains.

1816: Shaka becomes leader of the Zulus.

1818: Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, is published.

1819: Thomas Stamford Raffles founds the British colony of Singapore.

1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena.

1822: Tea is cultivated in India, ending China’s monopoly.

1822: The Rosetta Stone is deciphered by Frenchman Jean Francois Champollion, the ‘Father of Egyptology’.

1823: The game of rugby is invented.

1824: ‘Australia’ is officially adopted as the name for the first colony.

1825: Van Diemen’s Land is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1829: Swan River Colony is founded.

1832: Swan River Colony is renamed Western Australia.

1833: Port Arthur opens as a penal settlement in Van Diemen’s Land.

1836: South Australia is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1837: Queen Victoria begins her reign.

1840: Treaty of Waitangi is signed in New Zealand.

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1845–1848: The Irish potato famine occurs.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Gold is discovered in California. The gold rush begins near Bathurst in New South Wales. Victoria is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales. David Livingstone crosses Africa.

1853: Last convict transportation to Van Diemen’s Land.

1853: The railway and telegraph are introduced in India.

1854: The Eureka Rebellion occurs in Victoria.

1856: Van Diemen’s Land is renamed Tasmania.

1859: Queensland is proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales.

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1848: 1851: 1852–1856:

1861: Archer wins the first Melbourne Cup. 1862: France begins to colonise Vietnam.

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1864: The Red Cross organisation is established.

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1865: Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s adventures in Wonderland is published.

1866: The Ku Klux Klan movement is begun in the USA.

1868: The last convicts are transported to Australia.

1873: Uluru (Ayers Rock) is sighted by Europeans for the first time.

1873: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the ‘Mounties’, are formed.

1876: Sioux and Cheyenne warriors defeat the American army in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

1880: Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.

1883: The Federal Council of Australasia is formed.

1885: Gold is discovered in the Transvaal (Gauteng).

1887: The Raffles Hotel in Singapore is opened.

1889: Sir Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration.

1890: Massacre of Native Americans occurs at Wounded Knee.

1894: Rudyard Kipling’s The jungle book is published.

1899–1902: Boer War takes place in South Africa

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 1900–1999

1929: 1932: 1932–1933: 1933:

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1901: Lord Hopetoun proclaims the Commonwealth of Australia. 1901: Queen Victoria dies. 1902: The Franchise Act gives non-Indigenous women throughout Australia the right to vote. 1903: Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first powered flight. 1905: British New Guinea is transferred to Australian administration. 1909: Canberra chosen as capital city of Australia. 1911: Northern Territory is transferred from South Australian control to the Commonwealth. 1912: Titanic sinks during her maiden voyage from Britain to the United States. 1914: The Panama Canal in Central America opens, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans for shipping. 1914–1918: Australian troops fight in World War I. 1915: ANZAC troops land at Gallipoli. 1917: Tsar Nicholas II and his family are assassinated in Russia. 1919: Amritsar Massacre takes place in India. 1920: Qantas is formed as an airline. 1920: Australia takes control of German New Guinea. 1923: Tutankhamen’s tomb is opened. 1923: Vegemite™ is first produced. 1927: The first Federal Parliament is held in Canberra.

The Royal Flying Doctor Service is established in Australia. The Wall Street Crash takes place. Sydney Harbour Bridge opens. The ‘Bodyline’ cricket tour of Australia takes place. Western Australia passes a referendum for secession from the Federation of Australia, but it is rejected by the British Parliament. Australia Antarctic Territory is established. Australian troops fight in World War II. The Cold War between the USA and the USSR begins. The first all-Australian car is produced—the Holden (FX) 48-215. Australian troops fight in the Korean War. Mount Everest is climbed by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. Melbourne hosts the Olympics. The Soviet Union launches the first artificial satellite, Sputnik. Australian troops fight in the Vietnam War (from 1965). Russian Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space. Apollo 11 space mission—Armstrong and Aldrin land on the moon. Neville Bonner becomes the first Aboriginal Australian federal Member of Parliament. The Sydney Opera House opens. The Khmer Rouge take control of government in Cambodia. Asian immigration into Australia increases. Australia wins the America’s Cup. Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster occurs. Bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. The new Parliament House opens in Canberra. Tiananmen Square Massacre occurs in Beijing. Nelson Mandela is freed from captivity in South Africa after 27 years. The Cold War officially ends with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Nelson Mandela is elected president of South Africa. Israeli Prime Minister, Yitznak Rabin, is assassinated. John Howard is elected Prime Minister. Diana, Princess of Wales, is killed in a car crash. Head of Yagan is returned to Australia. World population reaches six billion. A massive hailstorm hits Sydney, causing $1.7 billion in damage.

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1933: 1939–1945: 1946: 1948: 1950–1953: 1953: 1956: 1957: 1959–1975: 1961: 1969: 1971: 1973: 1975: 1981: 1983: 1986: 1988: 1989: 1990: 1991: 1994: 1995: 1996: 1997: 1998: 1999:

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 2000–2007

2000: John Howard’s Liberal government introduces the goods and services tax (GST).

Sydney hosts the Summer Olympics.

2001: Australia celebrates the centenary of Federation of Australia.

The World Trade Centre towers in New York City are destroyed by terrorists. 2001 Mars Odyssey reaches the orbit of Mars.

2002: The euro is officially launched as the new single currency for 12 of the European Union’s member states.

Terrorist bombings in Bali nightclubs kill 202 people.

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East Timor gains independence from Indonesia.

Brazil wins the Football World Cup for the fifth time.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spreads around the world. 2002–2003: Athens hosts the Summer Olympics.

2003: US-led coalition force invades Iraq, beginning the Iraq War.

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Space shuttle Columbia disaster occurs.

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Chinese space program launches its first manned space flight, Shenzhou 5 Almost 35 000 people in Europe die as a result of a prolonged heatwave.

Australia wins the Cricket World Cup. England wins the Rugby World Cup.

2004–2005: The Orange Revolution takes place in Ukraine.

2004: Australia and the USA sign a free trade agreement.

An Indian Ocean earthquake creates a tsunami which kills more than 260 000 people. The Madrid train terrorist attack claims the lives of 191 people and injures over 1000.

Hurricanes Charley, Francis, Ivan and Jeanne cause over 3000 deaths as they batter the Caribbean.

2005: Hurricane Katrina causes major destruction along the Gulf Coast of the US, killing almost 2000 people.

An earthquake in Kashmir claims the lives of almost 90 000 Indians and Pakistanis. The London transport terrorist attack claims the lives of 52 people and injures 700.

A terrorist attack in Delhi on the eve of the festival season kills 61 people and injures almost 200 more. In cricket, England wins the Ashes by defeating Australia. American Lance Armstrong wins the Tour de France for the seventh time. 2006: North Korea conducts its first nuclear weapons test.

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Pluto is reclassified as a dwarf planet. Saddam Hussein is executed in Baghdad. Steve Irwin, the ‘crocodile hunter’, dies after being fatally pierced by a stingray barb.

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Melbourne hosts the Commonwealth Games.

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Australia regains the Ashes from England. Italy wins the Football World Cup.

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2007: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit is held in Sydney.

Buddhist monks in Burma protest against military rule in the country. Australia wins the Cricket World Cup.

South Africa wins the Rugby World Cup.

Kevin Rudd (ALP) elected Prime Minister.

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2008: Federal Parliament offers an official apology to the ‘stolen generations’ on behalf of the Australian Government.

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Australian Prime Ministers since Federation Prime Minister

Term and length of office

Political party

Sir Edmund Barton

01/01/1901 – 24/09/1903

2 years 9 months

Protectionist

Alfred Deakin

24/09/1903 – 27/04/1904

0 years 7 months

Protectionist

Chris Watson

27/04/1904 – 18/08/1904

0 years 4 months

Labor

Sir George Reid

18/08/1904 – 05/07/1905

0 years 11 months

Free Trade

Alfred Deakin

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Protectionist

13/11/1908 – 02/06/1909

0 years 7 months

Labor

02/06/1909 – 29/04/1910

0 years 11 months

Commonwealth Liberal

29/04/1910 – 24/06/1913

3 years 2 months

Labor

24/06/1913 – 17/09/1914

1 year 3 months

Commonwealth Liberal

Andrew Fisher

17/09/1914 – 27/10/1915

1 year 1 month

Billy Hughes

27/10/1915 – 09/02/1923

7 years 4 months

Stanley Bruce

09/02/1923 – 22/10/1929

6 years 9 months

James Scullin

22/10/1929 – 06/01/1932

2 years 3 months

Joseph Lyons

06/01/1932 – 07/04/1939

7 years 3 months

Sir Earle Page

07/04/1939 – 26/04/1939

0 years 3 weeks

Robert Menzies

26/04/1939 – 28/08/1941

2 years 4 months

United Australia

Arthur Fadden

28/08/1941 – 07/10/1941

0 years 6 weeks

Country

John Curtin

07/10/1941 – 05/07/1945

3 years 9 months

Labor

Frank Forde

05/07/1945 – 13/07/1945

0 years 1 week

Labor

Ben Chifley

13/07/1945 – 19/12/1949

4 years 5 months

Sir Robert Menzies

19/12/1949 – 26/01/1966

16 years 1 month

Harold Holt

26/01/1966 – 19/12/1967

1 year 11 months

19/12/1967 – 10/01/1968

0 years 3 weeks

10/01/1968 – 10/03/1971

3 years 2 months

Liberal

10/03/1971 – 05/12/1972

1 year 9 months

Liberal

05/12/1972 – 11/11/1975

2 years 11 months

Labor

Malcolm Fraser

11/11/1975 – 11/03/1983

7 years 4 months

Liberal

Bob Hawke

11/03/1983 – 20/12/1991

8 years 9 months

Labor

Paul Keating

20/12/1991 – 11/11/1996

4 years 3 months

Labor

John Howard

11/11/1996 – 03/12/2007

11 years 9 months

Liberal

Andrew Fisher Alfred Deakin

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Andrew Fisher Sir Joseph Cook

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05/07/1905 – 13/11/1908

Labor

Labor/Nationalist Nationalist Labor

United Australia

Sir John McEwen John Gorton

Sir William McMahon Gough Whitlam

Kevin Rudd

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Country

Labor

Liberal

o c . che e r o t r s super

03/12/2007 –

R.I.C. Publications®

Liberal

Country

Labor

Primary Australian history

The beginning

50 000 BCE

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Reads text and answers questions about the Dreamtime.

• Makes notes to recount a Dreamtime story and to extract the message it contains.

Last ice age. Australia is linked between New Guinea and Tasmania. Migration between islands occurs.

38 000 BCE

Aboriginal Australians living in Devil’s Lair, Western Australia. 24 000 BCE

Aboriginal Australians living in Koonalda Cave on the Nullarbor Plain, South Australia. 10 000 BCE

Temperature rises, ice melts, seas rise, land bridges disappear. ~1400 CE

• The Dreamtime is the legend of the creation of the universe and how the spirits of the ancestors intended humans to live with the land.

• Dreamtime stories describing the origin of Australia include powerful characters and amazing events. They describe the creation of the Australian landscape and the occurrence of major geological changes such as the rising of the seas, the change from lush vegetation to hostile desert, and the eruption of volcanoes, as well as the arrival of man. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 102.

Answers

Chinese exploration into the Indian Ocean begins. 1488 CE

First European expedition to sail around the Cape of Good Hope. 1494

Page 4

1. 1. ancestors

2. environment

3. sacred

5. link

6. present

7. people

4. culture

2. (a) The creation of the land

(b) Messages given in the Dreamtime stories about living with the land and with each other.

1497

3. (a) Elders and the rest of the community

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(b) Through telling stories of the Dreamtime

Portuguese capture Melaka and take control of the Indonesian spice trade. 1530–1570

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Dieppe map is drawn in France. 1606

Aboriginal Australians trade with Macassans from south-west Sulawesi. 1788 European settlement of Australia begins.

Primary Australian history

4. (a) They used the position of the sun in relation to natural features.

(b) At different times of the day, the sun appears to change position in relation to the land and casts shadows of different length and position.

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Torres Strait between New Guinea and Australia is discovered by Spanish explorer, Luiz Vaez de Torres. 1700s

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Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain. Portuguese discover a sea route to Asia.

• Aboriginal Australians have the longest continuous cultural history of any group of people on Earth, dating back 65 000 years. The Dreamtime explains the creation and culture of the land and its people. ‘Dreamtime’ generally refers to the time when all things were created. ‘Dreaming’ refers to an individual’s or a group’s beliefs or spirituality.

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Aboriginal Australians living in Lake Mungo area, New South Wales.

Worksheet information

Further exploration

• Study the meaning of a chosen Dreamtime story. Create a large poster illustrating the characters, writing a brief outline of the story and highlighting the message and Dreamtime law of the story.

• Locate different Aboriginal language groups on a map of Australia. Create a fact file for a selection of the tribes.

• Write an illustrated report on different aspects of significant ceremonies of the Aboriginal culture.

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The be

The Dreamtime – 1

ginni n

The Dreamtime is at the heart of Aboriginal culture and its stories have been passed down through the generations for over 60 000 years. Each story has a message about how to live with the land and with each other. These are the Dreamtime laws. The stories tell of the spirits of their ancestors who came to life and travelled through the land. As they did, they created the natural environment; plants, animals and all types of land formations from mountains and rivers to deserts and oceans.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

When their work was done, the spirits came to rest as trees, stars, rocks or any of nature’s wonders. As they did not die, the places where they rest are considered sacred sites in Aboriginal culture. They are a tie between the past and the present, the land and the people.

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The location of sacred sites is told only to certain people within the community unless the site is threatened by modern development. The most famous of these sites is Uluru. The caves inside the rock are adorned with numerous Aboriginal paintings dating back many thousands of years. Before the arrival of the European settlers, Aboriginal children did not attend school. They were educated in the ways of their tribe by the elders and the rest of the community. Telling Dreamtime stories has always been used to teach the children about their history, their culture and their way of life. This included many different things, such as which plants can be eaten, how to track animals successfully and where to find water.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons Indigenous Australians developed a way to signpost the land which is connected to the Dreamtime. Using f or e vi e wp ulandscape r pos es l y the position • of the sun andr the natural features of the created byo then spirits of • the ancestors, they are able to travel the land without map or compass.

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Dreaming tracks or ‘song lines’, are believed to follow the paths of their spirit ancestors as they created the land. Aboriginal Australians believe that performing songs and ceremonies at certain places along the Dreaming track will bring them closer to the spirits of their ancestors. Many communities take their young people along the Dreaming tracks and tell them the stories of each site, teaching them about the land and the Dreamtime.

o c . che e r o t r s super For over 60 000 years, the Indigenous people of Australia have lived by the land, adapting to natural changes as they have occurred and continuing to learn about and understand the great gift the spirits of their ancestors have given to them—the land.

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Primary Australian history

The be

The Dreamtime – 2

ginni n

Use the text on page 3 to answer the questions.

1. Find the word to fill the gaps.

The spirits of the

The places where they rest are

created the natural 3

sites in Aboriginal

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S . These sites are a

and the

between the past

, the land and the

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2. (a) What are the Dreamtime stories about?

(b) What are the Dreamtime laws?

3. Before the arrival of the Europeans: (a) who taught the children?

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4. (a) How were the Aboriginal people able to travel (b) Why is the sun important in this method of the land without using a map or compass? navigation?

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Exploration of Australia’s vast interior was made possible through the tracking skills of Aboriginal people such as Wylie, who accompanied Edward John Eyre, and John Piper, who accompanied Major Mitchell.

Primary Australian history

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The be

A Dreamtime story

ginni n

The stories of the Dreamtime contain many characters of great importance to the Aboriginal people, such as Wandjina, who made the Earth and the sea, and the rainbow serpent, which has life-giving powers. 1. (a) From books or the Internet, read a selection of Dreamtime stories. (b) Choose one story to study and present to younger students.

Name of story:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

2. Use the framework below to make notes about the story.

Describe the setting.

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Name and describe the characters.

Describe the main event.

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Explain the consequences of the main event.

o c . che e r o t r s super What law or message do the Aboriginal people take from this story? Explain the conclusion.

3. On a separate sheet of paper, explain how you would present this story to younger students so they would understand the message. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Indigenous Australians honour the traditions of the Dreamtime through stories, music, dance, art and special ceremonies. Primary Australian history

Maritime exploration Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Role-plays a discussion with an historical figure.

Willem Janszoon and his crew, aboard Duyfken, become the first Europeans to sight and visit the Australian coastline, at Cape York Peninsula.

Dirk Hartog discovers the west coast of Australia. 1618

Haevik Claeszoon and Leenaert Jacobszoon both visit the Western Australian coastline, near Exmouth Gulf. 1619

Frederik de Houtman anchors near the location of the future Swan River Colony. 1623

Jan Carstenszoon visits the Gulf of Carpentaria and Cape York Peninsula. 1627

Gerrit Frederikszoon de Witt sights part of the western coast of Australia. 1629 Batavia is wrecked off the Western Australian coast. 1642

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Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania. 1644

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Third Anglo-Dutch war begins (1672–1674). 1696–7

Answers Page 8

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Willem de Vlamingh explores Rottnest Island and the Swan River and charts the Western Australian coastline to North West Cape. 1699

• The text used on page 7 contains a fictitious diary entry, based on factual information. Explain to the students that diary entries are primary resources and therefore will contain subjective comments about events, along with important factual information. In the activity on page 9, the students will need to consider carefully how Tasman might have felt about the events described on page 7. Encourage them to use clear, strong voices when presenting their discussions. Students may also like to use simple costume items to add to their presentations. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 102.

Abel Tasman maps part of the Northern Territory– Western Australian coastline and becomes the first European on record to sight New Zealand. 1672

• By the time of his first voyage to Australia in 1642, Abel Tasman was an experienced sea captain who had commanded voyages from the Netherlands to the East Indies and had explored the north Pacific and parts of Asia. After his second voyage to Australia in 1644, he continued to work for the Dutch East India Company, undertaking more voyages, although none would be around the Australian coast. He died in 1659 in Batavia.

Pieter Nuyts is responsible for making sure the southern coast of Western Australia is mapped. 1628

• In the 1600s, many Dutch ships, owned by the powerful Dutch East India Company, were sent on voyages of discovery to find the fabled ‘south land’—and consequently discovered parts of Australia. Other Dutch ships found Australia when they were blown off-course on the journey from the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), where the Dutch dominated the spice trade. In 1606, Dutch sea captain Willem Janszoon and his crew aboard Duyfken were the first Europeans to sight and land upon the Australia mainland, at Cape York Peninsula. Thanks to Janszoon and other Dutch explorers such as Hartog, de Houtman, Carstenszoon, Thijssen, Nuyts and de Witt, by 1628 much of the western, northern and southern coastlines of Australia had been mapped. But within a few decades, the Dutch were losing interest in the land they had come to call New Holland. Dutch explorers took home disappointing reports of a barren land. The west coast was also proving dangerous for ships. By the late 1600s, the Dutch had abandoned any ideas of claiming parts of Australia for the Netherlands.

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1616

Worksheet information

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1606

Time line

William Dampier charts northern coastline of New Guinea and explores Bismarck Islands, discovering Dampier Strait.

1. (a) opinion

(b) fact

(d) fact

2. He mapped part of Tasmania; he claimed Tasmania for the Netherlands; he mapped part of the Northern Territory–Western Australian coastline, proving they were part of one landmass. 3. Teacher check 4. (a) Indonesia

(b) Tasmania

5. Answer should be one of the following: there was no-one to trade with, there were no precious metals, there were no spices.

Further exploration • Make a list of places in Australia that were named after Dutch explorers or ships. • Write a biography of Abel Tasman’s life. • Find a map that shows the areas of Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand known to Europeans after Tasman’s 1642 voyage. Use an atlas to identify and label different geographical features.

Primary Australian history

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European discovery of Australia – 1

Maritime ex

plora ti

In the 1600s, several European nations, including the Netherlands, were keen to find a mythical land known as the ‘great south land’. In trying to find this land, the Dutch discovered parts of Australia—the first being Willem Janszoon and his crew aboard Duyfken in 1606. Other Dutch explorers soon followed. One of these was experienced Dutch sea captain Abel Tasman. Two of his diary entries might have read like this …

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

It’s hard to believe my crew and I left from here almost a year ago. The Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies*, Van Diemen, certainly set us a challenging task! Among other things, we were to find out more about the south land—if it has fruits, precious metals and cattle, what the people are like and whether it’s connected to New Guinea.

Back again after my second voyage to New Holland (this is what we now call the great south land—thanks to me!). I couldn’t believe it when Van Diemen decided to give me another chance! One of the main tasks he set was to circumnavigate New Holland. We didn’t quite achieve that, but we did map the coastline I have sketched below. Now I have proved that the northern and western parts of New Holland are part of one landmass! However, the land itself is disappointing. There is nothing of value—no-one to trade with and no precious metals, diamonds or spices. I can’t see the point in going back. It’s not as if we Dutch want to settle there.

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Batavia, Dutch East Indies, August 1644

After sailing south for three months, we sighted land and mapped its coastline, which I have sketched below. The next day, we claimed the land for the Netherlands, naming it ‘Van Diemen’s Land’.** We continued sailing eastwards and saw what must be the east coast of the south land.*** Then we headed back to Batavia. Yesterday, I reported our discoveries to Van Diemen, but there is just no pleasing some people. He doesn’t like the fact we didn’t explore the northern coast of the south land or talk to its people!!!

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Batavia, Dutch East Indies, June 1643

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Soon after Tasman’s voyages, Dutch interest in exploring New Holland began to wane. This was left to other nations—primarily France and Britain. Both of these were interested in establishing colonies in Australia; however, for various reasons, it was Britain that got in first. On 26 January 1788, the First Fleet arrived in Australia to establish the first European settlement. * Now Indonesia www.ricpublications.com.au

** Tasmania R.I.C. Publications®

*** Actually, it was New Zealand! Primary Australian history

European discovery of Australia – 2

Maritime ex

plora ti

Use the text on page 7 to answer the questions. 1. Fact or opinion? (a) Van Diemen was an unreasonable man.

fact

opinion

(b) The Dutch didn’t want to settle Australia.

fact

opinion

fact

opinion

(d) Janszoon sailed aboard Duyfken.

fact

opinion

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• •

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2. List three major achievements of Abel Tasman’s voyages.

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4. Write the modern placename for each of these.

(b) Van Diemen’s Land (c) New Holland

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In 1856, the name ‘Van Diemen’s Land’ was changed to ‘Tasmania’ in Tasman’s honour, as were the Tasman Peninsula and the Tasman Sea.

Primary Australian history

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Maritime ex

Celebrity interview

plora ti

Find a partner to work with for this activity. Imagine you have the ability to travel back in time to the year 1645 to talk to Abel Tasman. 1. Plan your discussion with Tasman in the space below. Use the information on page 7 to help you. Use keywords and/or note-form.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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2. Decide who will play the interviewer and who will play Tasman and rehearse your discussion. When you are ready, perform it for the class. www.ricpublications.com.au

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• Write three questions you think Tasman might ask you about Australia. Write your replies.

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• Write three questions you want to ask Tasman about his voyages in 1642 and 1644, and about Van Diemen. Write what you think his answers would be. Make sure he describes his thoughts and feelings.

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Like other Dutch explorers before him, Tasman believed that Torres Strait was a bay and therefore thought that Australia was joined to New Guinea. Primary Australian history

Early settlement

Time line

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Places important events in the voyage of the First Fleet into chronological order. • Uses an atlas to find and label locations on a map of the world.

The First Fleet departs from Portsmouth, England.

3 June

The First Fleet arrives at the Canary Islands.

7 August

The First Fleet arrives at Rio de Janeiro.

13 October

The First Fleet arrives at Table Bay (now Cape Town).

Mutiny on HMS Bounty.

1788

18 January

The First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay, but leaves soon after, disappointed by the conditions.

26 January

The First Fleet arrives and settles at Port Jackson.

14 February

Supply leaves for Norfolk Island to establish a colony.

1790

• The First Fleet was under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, who had also been appointed the first governor of the colony of New South Wales. Those on board the ships were mostly English and Irish. Exact numbers are not known, but there were approximately 300 marines (plus some of their wives and children), 20 officials, 200 seamen of the Royal Navy and 800 convicts. Approximately 20 children were born during the journey and about 50 people died. Many others were seriously ill when they arrived in Australia. • After arriving at Botany Bay, a small party of marines sailed north to find a better site and decided upon Port Jackson. The fleet dropped anchor there on 26 January 1788 and a ceremony was held to commemorate the beginning of the new colony. The landing place was named Sydney Cove after Lord Sydney, the Secretary for the Home Department. The people of the First Fleet encountered many difficulties in the first few years of the settlement. For example, the plants they had brought would not grow, their tools were of poor quality and few of the convicts knew how to farm land.

Sirius leaves for China for supplies but is wrecked off Norfolk Island.

17/04/90

Supply leaves for Batavia for supplies.

03/06/90

Convict ship Lady Juliana arrives at Sydney Cove.

20/06/90

Supply ship Justinian arrives at Sydney Cove.

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1791

Worksheet information

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13 May

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• The landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove marked the end of the sole occupation of Australia by its Indigenous people. The arrival of the British also lead to a great deal of conflict. As the British arrived at Sydney Cove, the Eora people told them to go away, but were ignored. The Eora people then tried to attack the settlers, wounding some soldiers, but their spears and stones were no match against the muskets of the British and many died. The conflict between British and Aboriginal people only grew worse over the years as Aboriginal people were forced off their traditional land by the settlers. Many also died from diseases brought by the settlers, to which they had no immunity.

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1787

Indicators

• The text on page 11 is a fictional newspaper article. Discuss with students that this genre is a secondary source, although the journalist has reported some actual comments from Phillip (these are based on fact). For the activity on page 13, the students will require an atlas. They will need to refer to the text on page 11 to write their information, using note form.

George Vancouver charts King George Sound in southwest Australia.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 103.

1792

Answers

d’Entrecasteaux circumnavigates Australia.

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Dufresne expedition lands at Marion Bay, Tasmania. 1798

Page 12

1. They didn’t have much food, they had to stay below decks for some of the journey and they had to stay on board in Rio de Janeiro.

George Bass and Matthew Flinders circumnavigate Van Diemen’s Land.

2. (a) 2

1801

4. Teacher check

Matthew Flinders circumnavigates Australia. 1803 John Boween establishes settlement at Risdon Cove, Van Diemen’s Land.

Primary Australian history

(b) 6

(d) 1400

(e) 11

3. He was disappointed by the unprotected bay, poor soil and lack of fresh water. 5. To repair the ships and take fresh food and water on board.

Further exploration • Imagine you are an Aboriginal Australian watching the First Fleet arrive in Sydney Cove. What do you think? • In small groups, create models of the First Fleet from recyclable materials.

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The voyage of the First Fleet – 1

The London Chronicle First Fleet adventure: Governor tells all r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

In an interview yesterday, Phillip says that preparing the fleet of three storeships, two naval ships and six convict transport ships for the voyage took many months.

1 June 1793

although the convicts stayed on board. After repairing the ships, we left on 4 September, striking stormy weather as we rounded the Cape of Good Hope. The seas were extremely rough and most people were seasick. However, on 13 October we made it to our next stop, Table Bay*, safely. Once again, we took a month to repair the ships and take on more fresh food, seeds, plants and livestock, including chickens, sheep and goats. Then we left for what was supposed to be our final destination—Botany Bay. But when we arrived on 18 January we were disappointed by the unprotected bay, poor soil and lack of fresh water. I was also concerned about the Indigenous people—although they seemed merely curious about us, I thought they may attack.’

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The first governor of the colony of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip, has returned to England, bringing interesting insights into the voyage of the First Fleet, which arrived in Port Jackson on 26 January 1788.

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Early se ttlem e

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‘Just loading the storeships took two months’, he said. ‘We had to take enough food to last all the officers, marines, crew and their families for two years until we could grow our own food. We didn’t allow much food for the convicts. This would have been too costly. The storeships were also loaded with tools and bricks, nails and other building materials.’

Although weary from the eight-month voyage, The First Fleet left the city of Portsmouth on 13 Phillip decided to sail further north, and found May 1787, carrying approximately 800 convicts Port Jackson, calling it ‘the finest harbour in the and 600 others. The weather at first was fine, world’. He decided this would be a better place which made for a pleasant journey. to settle. The next two years spent establishing ‘On 3 June, we anchored in the Canary Islands the colony would prove to be tough until more to load the ships with fresh water, meat, fruit and British ships arrived. But Phillip says he wouldn’t vegetables’, said Phillip. ‘Six days later, we sailed have missed the voyage for the world. However, on to Rio de Janeiro. Things were less pleasant he says we should spare a thought for those who on this leg of the journey. The weather was died on the voyage—nearly 50 in all. very humid and rats, cockroaches, lice and fleas ‘It’s sad to think of those people’, he says. ‘But I began to bother us. The tropical storms kept the am proud that most of us made it in good health. convicts below decks, creating foul conditions, It was an amazing adventure.’ and causing fights to break out. We finally reached Rio on 7 August, and enjoyed a month on land, * Now Cape Town

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Primary Australian history

Early se ttlem e

The voyage of the First Fleet – 2

Use the text on page 11 to answer the questions. 1. Give reasons why the convicts on the First Fleet would have found the voyage more uncomfortable than the other passengers.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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2. Complete the number facts.

(a) Enough food was loaded on board the First Fleet to last years. (b) The First Fleet spent

days at the Canary Islands.

months.

people travelled on the First Fleet.

ships made up the First Fleet.

• the worst part of the voyage?

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4. Imagine you were travelling as a child of one of the officers on the First Fleet. What do you think would be: • the best part of the voyage?

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5. What were the main purposes in stopping during the voyage? Arthur Phillip was governor of New South Wales for four years, retiring due to ill health. He sailed back to England, arriving in London in May 1793. 12

Primary Australian history

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Early se ttlem e

To the far side of the world

The map below shows the route taken by the First Fleet. Use an atlas and the text on page 11 to complete the activities below. 1. Mark the places listed. • England • Botany Bay • South America

• Indian Ocean

• South Africa

• Cape of Good Hope

• Atlantic Ocean

• Table Bay (Cape Town)

• Canary Islands

• Australia

• Port Jackson

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• Portsmouth

• Rio de Janeiro

2. In the correct places on the map, write interesting notes about the place of departure and final destination of the First Fleet, plus each stopping point. Include the date the First Fleet arrived at each place.

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At Rio de Janeiro, a small island was leased by Captain Philip and female convicts were dropped there to wash the ship’s linen and clothes.

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Primary Australian history

Early settlement

1718–1783

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Researches to find out how historical places can change over time.

Worksheet information

1787

• Named after Governor George Arthur, Port Arthur is located on the Tasman Peninsula. Both Port Arthur and Point Puer were based on a new idea at the time—that convicts could be reformed, not just punished. This was the reason for the religious instruction, educational classes and training in trades provided for inmates.

Teac he r

Lord Sydney agrees to send convicts to New South Wales. 1788 (26 January)

The first convicts arrive in Sydney Cove on the First Fleet. 1790

Second fleet of convicts arrive in New South Wales. 1793

First free settlers arrive in New South Wales. 1824

Moreton Bay penal settlement opens.

• The first convicts were transported to Sydney Cove, but by the early 1800s they were also sent to other places such as Moreton Boy, Port Arthur, Port Macquarie and Norfolk Island. By the time transportation ended in 1868, approximately 160 000 convicts had been sent to Australia.

1833

Port Arthur begins to be used as a penal settlement. 1834

Point Puer, a boys’ prison, opens across the bay from Port Arthur. 1840

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1. Answers should indicate that this would make the prisoners more anonymous or would discourage them from speaking to one another.

Point Puer closes.

1853

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Transportation to Tasmania ends. 1856

Transportation to Norfolk Island ends. Van Diemen’s Land is renamed Tasmania. 1868

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 103.

Answers

Transportation to New South Wales ends.

Transportation to Western Australia begins.

• The text used on page 15 contains tourist information for the Port Arthur historic site, a secondary source. In the activity on page 17, the students will need access to the Internet. Alternatively, teachers could print out information from the website for the students to use.

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Swan River colony is settled.

1850

• By 1840, Port Arthur had become a major industrial settlement. As well as convicts, soldiers, officers and their families also lived in the grounds. When transportation to Tasmania ended in 1853, Port Arthur began to decline and the settlement was closed in 1877. By this time, approximately 12 000 convicts had served sentences at Port Arthur. After the settlement’s closure, the site was broken up into lots, and a small town emerged called Carnarvon. Eventually, Port Arthur became a tourist site. In 1996, it gained world-wide attention when Martin Bryant killed 35 people in and around Port Arthur and wounded dozens of others. Bryant was given 35 life sentences with no possibility of parole for his crime.

1829

1849

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British convicts are transported to American colonies.

2. Answers should include two of the following: similar rations; some of the same punishments; prisoners could work in blacksmithing and shoemaking; both worked at least eight-hour days.

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Transportation to Western Australia ends—marking the end of convicts being transported to Australia.

3. (a) having to do with punishment (b) soldiers guarding a post (c) an allowance of food (d) a small church 4. Teacher check

5. The waters were shark-infested and the narrow strip of land connecting Port Arthur to the mainland was guarded by sentries and ferocious dogs.

1877

Further exploration

Port Arthur closes.

• Research to write a biography of a convict from Port Arthur or Point Puer. • Ask the students to consider how it might have felt to have been a young prisoner at Point Puer.

Primary Australian history

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Early se ttlem e

The dark history of Port Arthur – 1

Welcome to Tasmania and Port Arthur! Below is some information you may like to read to help you get the most out of your visit to this historic site. A prison for boys

In the late 1700s, British gaols were overcrowded. As a result, many convicts were sent to British colonies in America. But after America gained its independence in 1776, this stopped. So the British government decided to establish a penal colony in Australia, which explorers had partially mapped. The first convicts arrived in Sydney Cove on the First Fleet on 26 January 1788.

Between 1834 and 1849, a prison for boys aged between nine and 18 operated across the bay from Port Arthur. It was the first prison of its type in the British Empire. Daily life at Point Puer followed a strict routine, with little free time allowed. From Monday to Friday, the boys worked an eight-hour day at tasks such as cutting firewood, cooking and clearing land. After work, they went to school for two hours. They had Saturday afternoons and Sundays off work— but had to attend church and school on these days. Well-behaved boys also learnt trades such as shoemaking and blacksmithing.

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‘The toughest was Port Arthur …’ Other penal colonies soon followed. The toughest of these was Port Arthur. Originally a timber-felling station, in 1833 it began to be used as a place of punishment for convicts who were repeat offenders. Port Arthur was almost impossible to escape from. The waters surrounding it were shark-infested and the narrow strip of land connecting Port Arthur to the mainland was guarded by sentries and ferocious dogs.

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A new land, a new penal colony

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A convict’s daily life at Port Arthur meant working between eight to 12 hours a day on rations of bread, gruel (a thin porridge), salt beef or pork and soup. Men were assigned to different types of labour, depending on their skills and behaviour. The hardest work was in the forests, felling trees and cutting logs, and in the dockyards. Some convicts also worked in trades such as blacksmithing and shoemaking.

was in a barracks and for worsebehaved boys in cells. The boys’ diet was similar to that of the adult convicts. Punishments ranged from losing free time to solitary confinement and lashes or even transfer to Port Arthur.

o c . che e r o t r s r Punishments at Port Arthur were harsh.s Men who u e p broke the rules could be sentenced to lashes, wearing leg irons or solitary confinement. But by the late 1840s, authorities decided these punishments weren’t effective enough. So in 1851, a separate prison was opened. Convicts sent here were kept apart from each other and were not allowed to talk. They only left their cells for chapel, cleaning duties and short exercise periods, wearing hoods with eye slits. www.ricpublications.com.au

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The dark history of Port Arthur – 2

Use the text on page 15 to answer the questions. 1. Why do you think the convicts in the separate prison were made to wear hoods that covered their faces whenever they left their cells?

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2. List two similarities between life at Port Arthur and at Point Puer.

3. Write definitions for these words from the text. You may use a dictionary to help you. (a) penal (b) sentries (c) rations

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4. Give your opinion on the prison for boys at Point Puer.

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(d) chapel 5. Why it was almost impossible to escape from Port Arthur?

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The Port Arthur historic site covers over 100 hectares, of which visitors can access about 40 hectares. 16

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The changing face of Port Arthur

Like many historical places, the penal settlement at Port Arthur changed over time as new buildings/sites were constructed or old ones were modified or destroyed.

Log on to the official Port Arthur website (www.portarthur.org.au) to write about how each building or site below has changed over time.

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Government gardens

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Hospital

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Commandant’s residence

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Dockyards

Church

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Hint: You will find all the information you need under ‘Visitor Info’, ‘History’ and ‘Conservation’. You may need to look at pictures of each place to help you write about how it looks today.

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Some of the other industries the Port Arthur convicts were involved in were timber and brick making, flour milling, carpentry and wood turning. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Early settlement

Time line

1788

Indicators

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Uses a range of sources to locate and record historical information about an area.

The First Fleet arrives at Port Jackson (renamed Sydney Cove).

January 18

The First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay.

1789

Bennelong and Colbee kidnapped under orders from Captain Arthur Phillip. 1790

Pemulwuy and Tedbury launch guerilla campaign against settlers. 1792

Bennelong and Yemmerrawanie travel with Phillip to England. 1794

• It is believed there were more than 300 000 Indigenous people on the continent of Australia at the time of European settlement. The coastal area around Sydney was occupied by the Eora people—Eora meaning ‘from this place’. Today, central Sydney is sometimes referred to as ‘Eora Country’.

• The Cadigal group of Aborigines occupied the area which is now the heart of the city of Sydney. It is believed that this whole group of Indigenous people was decimated once the region was settled by the British.

• The British had much experience of colonising distant lands and had created penal settlements in America from the 1620s to the American Revolution. Many battles between the British and Native Americans occurred during this time. • The text used on page 19 is a report which is a secondary source. Facts, dates and details from primary sources of information such as journals and newspaper articles written during Bennelong’s lifetime will have been used to collate and write secondary sources such as reports about him.

Indigenous Australians dispossessed of their land along the Hawkesbury River. Yemmerrawanie dies in Britain. 1795

Worksheet information

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January 2

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

Answers

Bennelong returns to Sydney after visiting Britain with Governor Phillip.

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1. (a) 3

(b) 4

(d) 6

(e) 1

(f) 5

2. Once they realised the newcomers were taking away their hunting land and waterholes.

1797

3. To train them as interpreters to aid communication between the two groups.

1798

4. Because the British were taking land and food from the Aboriginals. Also because the two groups spoke different languages and had different customs, rules and cultures.

1799

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Indigenous Australians dispossessed of their land around George’s River Flats and Bankstown.

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The six-year Black Wars begin, a period of resistance against white settlement. 1804

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Pemulwuy launches attack on Toongabbie settlement.

5. Answers will vary. One possible answer may be that if they were forced to go, the British would not want a record kept detailing this. Without a written record, the facts may have been lost or altered from years of passing on stories about the event. 6. Answers will vary. Possible answer: Bennelong had acquired European dress, language and ways so found it difficult to fit back in with his traditional lifestyle and people. He was also probably rejected from the British because of his heritage, customs and ways.

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Hostilities against Indigenous Australians in Van Diemen’s Land increases.

Further exploration

1813

• Students can use the notes recorded about Bennelong Point on page 21 to create an information poster about the area.

Indigenous Australians assist colonists to find a way through the Blue Mountains. 1814

Governor Macquarie establishes the first Native Institution at Parramatta. 1829 Swan River Colony established.

• Enter the name Yemmerrawanie into the site: www.findagrave.com to see a photograph of Yemmerrawanie’s headstone at Saint John the Baptist’s Church, London, England. • Research and write a biography about other significant Aboriginals of this time such as Arabanoo, Pemulwuy and Yagan. • Discuss possible ‘luxuries’ which Bennelong may have enjoyed when in the company of Governor Phillip. Make a list.

1838 Myall Creek massacre.

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Bennelong – 1

In 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet arrived at Sydney Cove, the land surrounding the harbour was already inhabited by Aboriginal Australians known today as the Eora people. Phillip had instructions to form a relationship with them so both groups could live among each other in harmony, but he was also ordered to take away their land. Unlike many marines and convicts, Phillip treated the local people with respect and they responded positively to him. However, once the Aboriginal people realised the newcomers were taking away their hunting land and waterholes, they began to fight. As communication between the two groups was almost impossible, Phillip decided he would need to train Aborigines to learn the language and customs of the local people.

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On 25 November 1789, Phillip, who now held the position of Governor of New South Wales, ordered the kidnapping of two Aboriginal men at Manly, NSW. One of them was Bennelong, a senior man of the Eora people of the Port Jackson area. The other was Colbee of the Cadigal people from the Manly area.

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Bennelong and Colbee

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Even though the two men were kept under strict guard, Colbee was able to escape and return to his people. Bennelong remained and over several months Phillip was able to build a relationship with him. Bennelong began to wear European clothing and joined the Governor on trips around the harbour. He learnt to speak English and settled into the European way, enjoying the luxuries that came with it. Phillip hoped to use Bennelong to model and teach other Aborigines the ‘benefits’ of British ways.

. tewith some of the colonists who built him a brick hut onowhat is now known as Bennelong was friendly c Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour— the site of the Sydney Opera House. . che e r o Bennelong and Yemmerrawanie r st super Portrait believed to be of Bennelong

In 1792, Governor Phillip took Bennelong and another Aborigine named Yemmerrawanie with him to England. Some reports say the men went voluntarily. Bennelong and Yemmerrawanie were presented to King George III on 24 May 1793. Sadly, one year later while still living in Britain, Yemmerrawanie died of pneumonia at the age of 19. Bennelong’s health also deteriorated while overseas. In February 1795 Bennelong, who was unhappy with English life, returned to Sydney. Here he found that he was not accepted by the English or his Aboriginal people. As time passed, Bennelong’s visits to Sydney became less frequent. On 3 January 1813, Bennelong died at Kissing Point (now known as Ryde in Sydney) and was buried on the estate of James Squire. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Bennelong – 2

Use the text on page 19 to answer the questions. 1. Order these events from earliest (1) to latest (6). (a) Colbee escapes from the British. (b) Bennelong and Yemmerrawanie travel to England.

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(f) Yemmerrawanie dies in England of pneumonia. 2. When did the Eora people begin to fight with the British settlers?

3. Why did Governor Arthur Phillip order the two Aboriginal men to be kidnapped?

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(e) The First Fleet arrives at Sydney Cove.

4. Why do you think the British and Eora people were unable to live alongside each other in harmony?

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5. Why do you think it is unknown whether Bennelong and Yemmerrawanie voluntarily went to England with Governor Phillip or if they were forced to go?

6. On the back of this sheet, explain why you think Bennelong was not accepted by the British people or his own people once he returned to Sydney Cove from England.

Yemmerrawanie was buried at Saint John the Baptist’s Church, London, England in 1793. His headstone remains there today. 20

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Bennelong Point

Learn about the historical significance of Bennelong Point—the site of the magnificent Sydney Opera House. Locate and read a number of different sources about the history of Bennelong Point and add your own notes to complete the boxes below.

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Description at time of British settlement

Origin of its name

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Location

Other names it has been known as

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What happened at Bennelong Point

in 1798?

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because... because... © R. I . C.P ubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

Other interesting facts

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People attending a performance at the Sydney Opera House may dine there at the Bennelong Restaurant. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Early settlement Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Time line

Prior to European settlement

• Locates and lists the similarities and differences between the way Melbourne and Adelaide were colonised.

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The area which will become Melbourne is occupied by the Aboriginal language groups known collectively as the Kulin nation.

1788

First British settlement established at Sydney Cove. 1791

George Vancouver discovers King George Sound in Western Australia, later to be settled as Albany. 1827

• During the time Melbourne and Adelaide were being established as settlements, Brisbane was a convict establishment which was open to free settlement in 1842. Settlers had arrived on the Swan River on the west coast of Australia in 1829. The colony struggled in the 1830s with some settlers leaving for South Australia once it was founded in 1836. • The text used on page 23 is a report which is a secondary source. Facts, dates and details from primary sources of information such as journals and newspaper articles written during the settlements of Adelaide and Melbourne are used to write secondary sources such as reports. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

Settlement at Albany, WA is established. 1829

Answers

Settlement at Swan River is established.

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1830

1836

Nine ships leave Britain for the south coast of Australia. 1848–1863 Californian goldrush. 1835

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John Batman docks on the Yarra River and ‘acquires’ land from the local Aborigines.

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First ships arrive on the southern coast of Australia. 1837

Colonel Light names the site Adelaide. 1837

Governor Bourke names the city of Melbourne. 1851

Melbourne

Occupied by which Aboriginal group

Kaurna people

Kulin nation

Year first ships arrive

1836

1835

Who chose the site?

Col. William Light

John Batman

Who named it?

Col. William Light

Gov. Richard Bourke

Named after?

Wife of King William IV

Exports

Wool (silver, lead, copper, wine)

Wool (gold)

Population in 1851

14 577

77 000

2. (a) Fact

(b) Opinion

(d) Opinion

The Prime Minister

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3. It was very unusual because only free people were to establish the settlement and not convicts. 4. Answers will vary. Page 25

1.-3. Teacher check

Victoria becomes a colony. 1851

Gold is discovered in Bendigo and Ballarat, starting a gold rush. 1853 Francis Cadell navigates the River Murray, opening trade links between South Australia and the eastern colonies. 1856 South Australia becomes a self-governing colony.

Adelaide

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British government agree to settlement on the south coast of Australia.

1836

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The area which will become Adelaide is occupied by about 300 Kaurna people.

• In 1833, Charles Sturt published a book detailing his expeditions to the Interior of Southern Australia from 1828–1831. His book was read by Edward Gibbon Wakefield who was an advocate for creating a model colony in the new southern land. Wakefield’s lobbying of the British Government led to South Australia being chosen as the new settlement.

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4. Adelaide, as the land was surveyed and systematically distributed compared to Melbourne, where the town spread with little order or organisation.

Further exploration • Create a time line showing important dates of how South Australia and Victoria became colonies of Australia. Display them side by side for comparison. • Write a biography about one of the men mentioned in the text. • Research to create an early map of Australia showing original names of the state capitals and including important dates. • Research the Aboriginal groups who occupied the areas of the two settlements. What was their fate?

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Adelaide and Melbourne – 1

Read the report describing the settlements of Melbourne and Adelaide. Adelaide

Melbourne

In 1830, the British government agreed to a new settlement on the southern coast of Australia but would give it no financial backing. If £20 000 could be raised and £35 000 worth of land sold, the settlement would go ahead.

In 1835, an expedition left Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) across Bass Strait to the region of New South Wales called Port Phillip Bay. On behalf of a group of squatters and businessmen, John Batman led the expedition to search for fertile land for agriculture and cattle grazing.

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The ships anchored on the Yarra River, which was occupied by a number of Aboriginal language groups known collectively as the Kulin nation. Batman gave blankets, tomahawks, mirrors, flour and other gifts to the Indigenous leaders in exchange for land. A treaty was supposedly signed by both parties and Batman began illegally assigning land to settler families.

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By 1836 the money was raised and nine ships had travelled across the globe with settlers and labourers on board. It was very unusual that only free people, and not convicts, were to establish the settlement. Although land was cleared on Kangaroo Island, the surveyor, Colonel William Light, chose a different spot and named it Adelaide after the wife of King William IV. Governor John Hindmarsh proclaimed the site, which surrounded the Torrens River, the new province of South Australia. At this time, the location was occupied by the Aboriginal Kaurna people.

For some time no agreement could be made on what the colourful town should be called. Farmers, whalers, Aborigines and shopkeepers all lived together other. The poorly planned settlement was slowly spreading and authorities from New South Wales and Britain realised they had little control. In 1837, the Governor of New South Wales, Richard Bourke, visited the area and named it Melbourne, after the prime minister. Taxes were put in place and laws were created.

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As the settlers had little to do while they waited for the countryside to be surveyed, some left for the east and others became squatters. Eventually hundreds of hectares of land were cleared for grazing and agriculture, and distributed to the settlers. A number of German farmers arrived in the colony and the state’s wine industry was founded. Wool was now being exported to Britain and silver, lead and copper were mined. By 1851 the European population was 14 577 and five years later South Australia became a self-governing colony.

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Unhappy with British attempts to send convicts to Melbourne, a petition was signed by the settlers and sent to the Queen. Amazingly, in 1851, just 16 years after the settlement at Port Phillip District was illegally established, it became Victoria, a new colony separate from New South Wales. It was the centre of Australia’s wool trade and had a population of 77 000. That same year the discovery of gold at Ballarat and Bendigo would transform the colony.

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Adelaide and Melbourne – 2 Use the text on page 23 to answer the questions.

1. Complete the table about the settlements of Adelaide and Melbourne. Adelaide Occupied by which Aboriginal group? Year first ships arrive? Who chose the site?

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2. Decide if the statements are fact or opinion.

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Who named it?

Melbourne

Fact

Opinion

(d) The Kulin Aborigines understood that they were exchanging land for gifts.

Fact

Opinion

Named after? Exports?

Population in 1851?

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3. Why was the settlement of Adelaide unusual for the time?

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© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons Fact Opinion (a) £55 000 was raised before ships could sail to the south coast. • f o r r e v i e w p u r p o s e s o n l y • (b) John Batman was unhappy in Van Diemen’s Land. Fact Opinion

. te o c 4. A treaty was supposedly signed by both parties and Batman began illegally. assigning land to c e settler families. her r o t s streaty r pfore Why do you think this report says that Batman’su land was ‘supposedly signed by both

parties’?

The very first police force in Australia was established in South Australia in 1838. 24

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Similarities and differences

1. Reread the text on page 23 about how Melbourne and Adelaide became colonies of Australia. 2. Find the answers in the text to the questions below and decide if the two colonies were similar (S) or different (D). Write ‘S’ or ‘D’ in the box.

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• Did the British government finance the colony?

• Was the land occupied?

• Was the settlement created for convicts?

• Was the settlement legal?

• What was the land to be used for?

• Did the settlers ‘buy’ the land from Aborigines?

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• Did it surround a river?

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• When did the ships arrive?

3. Record the similarities and differences in the table using dot points. Add more points of your own. How Melbourne and Adelaide became colonies Similarities Differences

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o c . che e r o t r s super 4. Imagine it is the present day and you have flown over Melbourne and Adelaide. Circle which capital city you think would have the more organised layout? Melbourne

Adelaide

On the back of this sheet, explain your answer. Some earlier name suggestions for the settlement which became Melbourne were Batmania, after John Batman, and Bearbrass after the Aboriginal Australian name for the area. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Early settlement

1782

Time line

James Ruse is sentenced to death.

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Reads text and answers questions about James Ruse.

• Records information about wheat farming in Australia in the 18th century and compares this with current farming practices.

Worksheet information

1788 1789

• Ruse carved his own tombstone. It reads:

‘Sacred to the memory of James Ruse who departed this life Sep 5 in the year of Houre Lord 1837. Natef of Cornwell and arrived in this coleney by the forst fleet, aged 77.

Experimental Farm established at Parramatta.

My mother reread me tenderley

1792

James Ruse is given the first official land grant. 1796

Coal is discovered in Newcastle, NSW.

Climate - rain after seeding, sunshine and warmth for growing, dry for harvesting land Clearing, removing stones, selecting well-drained areas for cultivation

Black Wars begin in Hawkesbury and Parramatta areas.

Seeding – timing, rain, method for making holes and covering them up Harvesting – when, implements used, method

John Murray discovers Port Phillip Bay. 1808

And when I arrived in this codney I sowd the forst grains

• Students should work in small groups to research and discuss each section on page 29 to write notes in the table. They may like to consider the following:

1797

1801

With me she took much paines And now with my hevnly father I hope for ever to remain.’

Macarthurs purchase their first Merino sheep.

1799

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First Fleet arrives at Sydney Cove.

Grain – separating, threshing, grinding, bread making, next season’s planting Hay – stacking, storing, stock food

The Rum Rebellion occurs.

Storage – reasons, location (dry conditions)

1813

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

1817

Page 28

John Oxley explores the Lachlan River.

1. (a) False (b) True (c) False (d) True (e) False

1824

2. His farm was flooded and he needed to earn money to pay his debts.

Martial law is declared in the Bathurst area. 1825

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Tasmania separates from NSW. 1828

Charles Sturt discovers the Darling River. 1830 Black Wars in Tasmania. 1834 Battle of Pinjarra occurs.

3. Answers may include: James Ruse Agricultural High School, The Sydney suburb of Ruse, James Ruse Drive, Parramatta

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1835 John Batman explores the Yarra River, discovering a site for Melbourne. 1836

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Answers

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Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth find a route across the Blue Mountains.

4. (a) James Ruse played such an important role in establishing Australia’s agricultural industry. (b) and (c) Teacher check 5. (a) Dr Harris

(b) and (c) Teacher check

Further exploration

• Explain why clearing land was such hard work during the 18th century.

• The Experimental Farm Museum is the original house built on the property by Dr Harris. Work with a partner and make a list of the things you would expect to see there. • Dr Harris came to New South Wales as a surgeon with the New South Wales Corps. Research information about his life and write a short biography.

South Australia is formed.

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James Ruse was a convict who had been sentenced to death in England in 1782 for stealing two silver watches, worth five pounds. However, his sentence was later changed to transportation to New South Wales for seven years. He travelled on Scarborough and arrived in Botany Bay with Governor Phillip and the first fleet in January 1788.

colony from starvation. It made it possible to remain in New South Wales and for additional convicts and settlers to come and join the colony.

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James Ruse – 1

In 1792, Ruse’s sentence expired and his property was officially granted to him. This was a very significant event because it was the very first land granted to anyone in New South Wales.

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Governor Phillip allocated one and a half acres of cleared land for this project and provided assistance to clear another five acres. Ruse was promised an additional 30 acres if the crops he planted were successful. He was also given two cows and six hens and was supplied with food and clothing from the public store.

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Harris from the New South Wales Corps and in 1794 he moved further out to establish a farm where South Creek joined the Hawkesbury River. He and his wife Elizabeth and their three children continued to farm there for some time.

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Ruse, a well behaved convict, had been a farmer in England, so when the crops at Sydney Cove failed and there wasn’t enough food for the colony, he was chosen by Governor Phillip to try farming at Rose Hill (Parramatta).

However, disaster struck the Ruse family when the river flooded. They lost everything. Ruse had to get a job as a seaman to pay off his debts and his wife continued to work very hard. Later he was able to work back on the land as an overseer on someone else’s property. He died in 1837.

o c . c e r After 15 months Ruse was h producing enough e o t r s super food on his land to support his family. Governor Phillip was very pleased with his success and sent other convict farmers to join him, so they too could learn how to grow food for themselves and the colony. Their crops did well. They enjoyed quite a good life with more freedom than they’d had in Sydney. They were even given other convicts to help them work the land. The food they produced saved the www.ricpublications.com.au

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The important part James Ruse played in Australia’s early history is commemorated by the naming of a number of locations around Sydney after him. There is the suburb of Ruse in Sydney, James Ruse Drive near Parramatta and James Ruse Agricultural High School. Primary Australian history

Early se ttlem e

James Ruse – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 27.

1. True or false? (a) James Ruse was sentenced to death for murder.

True

False

(b) Ruse learnt about farming in England.

True

False

True

False

(d) The first land granted in New South Wales was at Rose Hill.

True

False

(e) James Ruse’s land at Rose Hill was flooded.

True

False

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2. Why did James Ruse get a job as a seaman?

3. Name two places named after James Ruse. • •

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4. (a) Why do you think they named an agricultural 5. (a) Who bought Ruse’s farm at Rose Hill? high school after James Ruse? (b) Do you think it was a good idea for him to (b) Do you think this was a good idea? sell it?

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There is a replica of James Ruse’s tombstone in the front garden of the administration building at James Ruse Agricultural High School.

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Growing wheat 1. Complete the table below by adding relevant information about the different aspects of growing wheat in Australia in the 18th century.

Wheat growing in the 18th century Climate

Land

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Seeding

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Harvesting

Hay

Storage

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Grain

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2. List some of the ways that wheat farming has changed since the 18th century. • • • • • •

The house built by Dr Harris at Rose Hill on James Ruse’s original land is now a museum. It retains the name of ‘Experimental Farm’ given to it by Governor Phillip. It is a popular tourist attraction.

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Discoveries Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about exploring Australia’s interior. • Researches the origin of the names of rivers and deserts in Australia.

Worksheet information

Time line

1815 Birth of Stuart. 1821 Birth of Burke.

• Soon after the arrival of the First Fleet in Botany Bay in 1788, both convicts and free settlers made attempts to cross the forbidding Blue Mountains which were blocking the expansion of the fast-growing colony. Finally, in 1813, Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth successfully crossed the range, which paved the way for the interior of Australia to be explored from the east. From the middle of the 19th century, expeditions into the interior were also made from or to the west, north and south as colonies in Western Australia and South Australia, and the Northern Territory were established.

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Birth of Wills.

Answers Page 32

1844

Stuart joins Sturt on his expedition to locate the centre of Australia. Stuart’s first expedition—discovers good grazing land. 1859

South Australia announces prize for first return crossing of continent from south to north.

1861 February

Burke reaches Gulf of Carpentaria.

July

Stuart reaches coast.

Death of Grey, Burke and Wills.

September

King is rescued.

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Stuart returns to Adelaide.

Mount Sturt renamed Mount Stuart.

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State funeral for Burke and Wills. June

(b) John Oxley

(b) Ernest Giles explores the western interior, crossing the Gibson Desert.

5. Teacher check

Page 33 Space does not permit more detailed answers.

Death of Stuart in London.

1871

Overland Telegraph Line opens.

1 8. John Roper, member of Leichhardt’s party 19. Dominick Daly, Gov. of SA 20. Harry Ord, Gov. of WA 21. Captain Robert Fitzroy 22. Earl de Grey, then Pres. Royal Geog. Society 23. Captain Gascoyne, friend of explorer Capt. George Grey 24. Roderick Murchison, Scottish geologist 25. named for the black swans de Vlamingh saw there 26. Vice Admiral Sir Henry Blackwood 27. Chief Justice Sir Charles Cooper 28. Lady Diamantina Rome Bowen, wife of 1st Gov. of Queensland 29. William Finke, promoter of expedition 30. Arthur Palmer, Queensland Chief Secretary 31. description of desert 32. local Aboriginal word meaning ‘never dry’ 33. Alfred Gibson, explorer 34. Allen Simpson, expedition promoter 35. Queen Victoria, British monarch 36. Charles Sturt, explorer

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Charles Ross finds bottle and note left by Stuart. 1873

1. Orig. named Hume, then Murray, after then Sec. of State for the Colonies 2. Gov. of NSW, Sir Ralph Darling 3. local Aboriginal name meaning ‘big water’ 4. Lachlan Macquarie, Gov. of NSW 5. mistakenly believed to be the local Aboriginal name for the river 6. British statesman, Henry Goulburn 7. Charles Joseph La Trobe, 1st Gov. of Vic. 8. River Derwent in Eng. 9. named after local Aboriginal group 10. See entry 4 11. Aboriginal word for a species of acacia growing in area 12. Aboriginal name meaning ‘wide water’ 13. Mr T de la Condamine, aide-de-camp to NSW Gov. 14. Mrs Thomas Burdekin, assisted exploration party 15. Sir Thomas Mitchell, surveyor-general and explorer 16. Matthew Flinders, explorer 17. Ludwig Leichhardt, explorer,

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Stuart locates geographic centre and names it Central Mount Sturt.

1866

4. (a) Charles Sturt travelled to the centre of Australia and proved there was no inland sea.

2. The Blue Mountains

1860

1863

1. an enormous inland sea 3. (a) George Evans

1858

1862

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Teac he r

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

1834

Further exploration • Research to find comprehensive information about the expeditions of any of the explorers mentioned on page 31, particularly those involved in the exploration of the students’ home state or territory. (There are several others not mentioned in the text.) Write a report and share with the class. • While students are researching to find the information above, they will discover the positive and negative encounters the explorers had with Aboriginal Australians. Discuss how some explorers only retaliated with violence in order to protect themselves, while others tried to befriend and learn bushcraft from them. Some explorers also used Aboriginal guides as members of their party.

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Discov eries

Exploring the interior – 1

Teac he r

If you look at maps of Australia drawn around the beginning of the 19th century, you will notice there are many places labelled along the coastal areas, with very little labelled in the interior. It was a mystery as to what features would be found in this undiscovered region. It was widely believed that the westward flowing rivers on the eastern side of the continent (now known as the Murray-Darling River System) ran from the other side of the Blue Mountains into an enormous inland sea, instead of flowing into the Murray River and eventually the Indian Ocean in South Australia. Explorers also discovered that the Australian interior is virtually one huge desert.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

1813 Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth become the first Europeans to cross the rugged Blue Mountains. 1813 George Evans surveys the first road over the Blue Mountains and discovers the Macquarie and Lachlan Rivers.

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Read the time line below about some of the expeditions that gradually led to exploring Australia’s interior. Charles Sturt was arguably the most successful in discovering where the western rivers systems led and what lay in the interior. Besides the explorers mentioned, others made important discoveries in the interior. Thomas Mitchell explored large areas of southeastern Victoria and central Queensland. John and Alexander Forrest, and Edward John Eyre separately explored much of Western Australia and South Australia. John Stuart made several expeditions in South Australia and the Northern Territory as did Edmund Kennedy in Queensland. Explorers who died or disappeared while journeying in the interior included Robert Burke and William Wills, and Ludwig Leichhardt.

1818 Oxley explores the Macquarie River, hoping it will lead to an inland sea. Again, the party confront marshes and turn eastward. He discovers the rich, fertile Liverpool Plains.

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1828 Charles Sturt intends to find the source of the Macquarie River, hoping it will lead to an inland sea. He discovers the Bogan and Darling Rivers, but no inland sea. 1829 Sturt and his party use a whaleboat to explore the Murrumbidgee River and discover it flows into the Murray River. They follow the Murray and find it flows into Lake Alexandrina, which empties into the ocean—not an inland sea.

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o c . che e r o t r s super

1844 Sturt intends to travel to the centre of the continent. He travels over Sturt’s Stony Desert. His journey leads him to the Simpson Desert and finally proves there is no inland sea. 1856 Augustus Gregory first discovers the Tanami Desert, but decides not to cross it. It is not fully explored until the 20th Century. 1873 Ernest Giles explores Australia’s western interior, crossing the Gibson Desert. Peter Warburton explores the interior, with one of his expeditions crossing the Great Sandy Desert. 1875 Giles explores and crosses the Great Victoria Desert.

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1817 John Oxley explores the Lachlan River until the way becomes blocked by impassable marshes.

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Primary Australian history

Discov eries

Exploring the interior – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 31. 1. What did early Australian settlers believe they would find in the interior?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

2. What obstacle first had to be crossed before the interior could begin to be explored from the eastern side of the continent?

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Teac he r

3. Name the explorer who discovered each of these. (a) Macquarie and Lachlan Rivers (b) Liverpool Plains (c) Tanami Desert

(d) Bogan and Darling Rivers (e) That the Murray-Darling River System flows into the ocean.

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(b) Ernest Giles explores the eastern interior, crossing the Simpson Desert.

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4. Rewrite these sentences so they are true.

o c . c e hhappened r 5. Briefly describe one expedition that in each year. er o t s super (a) 1813

(b) 1817 (c) 1873 (d) 1875 During Sturt’s trip into the interior, the party was forced by the extreme heat to build an underground room near a stretch of deep water to shelter in for a few months. Thermometers were bursting (showing 67 °C), lead fell out of pencils and their hair stopped growing. 32

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Discov eries

What’s in a name?

The map below shows a selection of the major rivers and deserts in Australia. While some of them have Aboriginal Australian names, most have names of European origin. Places were often named after the European explorer who discovered them or an important official. Places were also named after the local Aboriginal word for them or using a word that described them.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

Divide the names of the rivers and deserts among your class. Research to find out the history behind each name and build up a profile with your class.

Rivers: 3. Murrumbidgee

4. Lachlan

5.Yarra

6. Goulburn

7. Latrobe

8. Derwent

9. Bogan

10. Macquarie

11. Namoi

12. Barwon

13. Condamine 14. Burdekin

15. Mitchell

16. Flinders

17. Leichhardt 18. Roper

19. Daly

21. Fitzroy

22. De Grey

23. Gascoyne 24. Murchison

25. Swan Deserts:

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2. Darling

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1. Murray

o c . che e 26. Blackwood 27. Coopers Creek 28. Diamantina 29. Finke r o r st super

30. Palmer

31. Great Sandy Desert

32. Tanami Desert

33. Gibson Desert

34. Simpson Desert

35. Great Victoria Desert

36. Sturt’s Stony Desert

Explorer Thomas Mitchell had an unusual way of working out the distance he’d travelled. Mitchell would count the beat of his horse’s front hoof. Upon counting to 100, he’d put his hand in his pocket and take out a pea or bean and put it in his other pocket. He figured that 950 paces (9 to 10 ‘peas’) of his horse equalled 1 mile (1.6 kilometres). www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Discoveries

1814

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Reads text and answers questions about gold. • Writes a letter.

Convicts discover gold while cutting a road to Bathurst. They are forced to silence by flogging. 1815 1823

Gold is discovered at Bathurst.

The Eureka Stockade was Australia’s only major rebellion and is a significant historical event. There was considerable discontent among the miners. They didn’t have any political rights and were often harassed by the police, many of whom were corrupt. They made life difficult by demanding to see miners’ licences many times each day. Licences were very expensive and needed to be renewed every month. In December 1854 more than 1000 men, many from overseas, rallied under a flag featuring the Southern Cross. They all swore the following oath:

1841

Gold is discovered at Cox River in NSW. 1848

Gold is discovered in California. 1851

Hargraves discovers gold at Bathurst.

‘We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties’.

Gold is also discovered in Bendigo. 1853

Led by Peter Lalor, an Irishman, they built a stockade with timber, rocks and overturned wagons. When the troops attacked on Sunday morning at 3 o’clock there were only between 100 and 200 of the men there. They were brutally and mercilessly cut down. Twenty-two of them died, more were injured and some were later arrested for treason.

Gold is discovered in Queensland. 1854 Eureka Stockade.

• It is not surprising that law and order was a problem on the goldfields. There were thousands of men, many with criminal backgrounds, all wanting to get their hands on gold in any way they could. Alcohol caused difficulties and was unsuccessfully banned between 1851 and 1853. The few police available spent their time collecting licence fees instead of controlling the violence and crime.

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Teac he r

Bathurst founded as first inland town of Australia.

Worksheet information

First electric telegraph comes into operation in Victoria.

Peter Lalor later became a Victorian member of parliament.

1858

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 106.

Melbourne-Adelaide telegraph line is opened.

Answers

1859

Page 36 1. (a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) F

Copper is discovered in NSW. 1865

Gold is discovered in NT. 1867

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As a result of this action and some government regret about the way it was managed, their grievances were finally addressed and changes made.

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First railway line in Australia, between Melbourne and Port Melbourne.

2. Answers may include: shovels, picks, pans, cradle or rocker, cooking equipment, tent

o c . che e r o t r s super

Diamonds are discovered at Hope Creek in South Africa.

3. (a) Teacher check

(b) Answers may include: inadequate diet, poor medical treatment, contaminated water, poor cooking, lack of hygiene (c) dust, flies, insect bites (d) Teacher check

1869

‘Welcome Stranger’ gold nugget is found in Victoria.

4. (a) Chinese

1877

(b) Answers may include: They looked different, had different customs, didn’t speak English, worked hard for long hours, tolerated the difficult living conditions better, saved their money, sent their gold back to China

Gold is discovered in Tasmania. 1886 Gold is discovered in the Transvaal.

Further exploration

1890s

• Research the construction of a gold rocker or cradle. Draw and label a diagram explaining how it worked. Describe the jobs of the four men needed to operate it

Huge gold reserves are discovered in Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie, WA.

• Cobb and Co. provided transport to the goldfields in the early days. Find out when and where the company started, how it operated, about some of the people involved and what happened to it. • Imagine you are a miner setting off for the goldfields. Make a list of what you will need to take with you.

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Discov eries

Natural resources – Gold – 1

In 1851, Edward Hargraves, who had been in California searching for gold, found some in Bathurst. After he made his discovery public, the gold rush started and within one month there were 1000 men on the goldfield. More gold was found in Bendigo, Victoria later that year and by 1852, about 370 000 immigrants had arrived from all over the world. Victoria’s population increased from 77 000 to 540 000 in two years. Gold was discovered in WA and Qld during the 1850s, the NT in 1865, Tasmania in 1877 and at Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie in WA in the 1890s.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

Gold was first discovered in 1823 at Bathurst and in 1841 at Cox’s River in NSW. These discoveries were kept secret because of government concern that convicts and settlers would just leave everything and rush off to search for gold.

Mining camps were very busy places. Dusty, dirty tents covered the land where miners worked frantically on their small claims, as they searched for long hours for the gold that could make them rich. Life was hard. Most of them had only the equipment they were able to take with them on the wheelbarrows they pushed for long distances across difficult country. They needed tools like picks for digging, shovels, pans and for many, a rocker box or cradle. (These boxes were copies of those used in California and were introduced in Australia by Hargraves. It took four men to work one, but it was much faster and more efficient than panning.)

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The men on the goldfields worked in extreme weather conditions, from the heat and dust of some places in summer to the cold and damp of winter. They were driven mad by flies and bitten by a multitude of insects and spiders. They suffered from health problems caused by their living conditions and they didn’t eat very well. They couldn’t get the vegetables they needed, their food wasn’t cooked well and the water they collected or had to buy was sometimes contaminated. Many of them suffered from dysentery and couldn’t work. Lots had very sore eyes and their eyesight was affected by the dusty conditions they worked in and the insect bites they suffered. There were very few doctors available and most of those who claimed to be doctors were in fact ‘quacks’ who charged a lot of money for medicines they said would fix everything but which really didn’t work.

o c . che e r o t r s supe r Different languages were often heard on the goldfields because many of the miners came from overseas. The largest group of about 40 000, came from China. They worked extremely hard because they had to pay off their fares. Their living conditions were particularly harsh. They were not accepted by other miners and were made to pay a tax if they landed in Victoria, so many walked in from South Australia.

In December 1854, miners became angry because they couldn’t vote and had to keep paying lots of money to corrupt police for their mining licences. They staged an uprising known as the Eureka Rebellion. They were overcome by troops who attacked them unexpectedly on Sunday morning, killing 22 men. The blue flag with the Southern Cross they fought under is still used in Australia today, often as a symbol of rebellion against authority. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Discov eries

Natural resources – Gold – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 35. 1. True or False?

True

False

(b) Most of the miners who came to the goldfields from overseas were Chinese.

True

False

True

False

(d) The Eureka flag has a Union Jack on it.

True

False

(e) The miners won the fight at the Eureka Stockade.

True

False

Teac he r

(a) Edward Hargraves was the first to discover gold in Australia.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. (a) Why was life difficult for diggers on the goldfields?

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2. What equipment did diggers on the goldfields need?

(b) Why did many of them become ill?

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o c . c e her r (b) Why do you think they were so unpopular? o t s s r u e p 4. (a) Which group of miners were treated very poorly?

Australian soldiers were called ‘diggers’ during the First World War (1914–1918) because many of them had been working in the goldfields where they had been digging for gold.

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Life on the goldfields 1. Imagine it’s June 1854 and you are a young man from Ireland who has come to the Australian goldfields in Ballarat to look for gold.

Discov eries

Write a letter home to your mother telling her about your life. • Use the planning outline below to organise and jot down your ideas. • Write your letter on a separate sheet of paper or use a computer.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Proofread and edit your letter and rewrite it.

PLANNING OUTLINE

Your address – be creative e.g. Mosquito Creek, Strike it Lucky Flats

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Teac he r

• Ask a partner to read your letter and make a positive comment.

Note: The address would have been written in the top right corner with the date under it.

Paragraph 1.

Introduction – Start with Dear Mother,

Suggestions: Ask about her health and about other family members. Tell her about your health.

e.g. walked, pushed barrow, rode horse, rode on cart

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Paragraph 3.

What’s it like there?

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e.g. other languages, busy, crowded, happy, miserable, crime, alcohol, illness, food, water, living conditions

. te o Paragraph 4. Describe your work. c . ch e e.g. panning, using a cradle, insects, weather (Remember, it’s June.) r e o t r s super

Paragraph 5.

How successful have you been? How do you feel about it?

Final paragraph – Your future plans, when you’ll write again or be returning home. As the goldfields developed, transport was provided by Cobb and Co. This company was successful because instead of using European coaches, they imported much stronger American ones which survived the rough conditions. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Discoveries

2000 BCE

Time line

Aboriginal Australians discover opal. 1840

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Reads text and answers questions about opal.

• Creates a cartoon of significant events in the history of opal.

Worksheet information

1868

The first discovery of precious opal is made in Queensland.

The first official opal mining lease was registered in 1871 and this was where the famous ‘Pride of the Hills’ opal mine south of Quilpie in Queensland was discovered and worked.

Australia’s first commercial opal mine was at White Cliffs in NSW. It was first discovered in1884 and rediscovered by kangaroo shooters in 1889. It became well known throughout the world for its white opal and buyers from overseas used to make the long difficult journey there to buy opal.

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Teac he r

‘Professor’ Menge (Angaston) makes first discovery of opal in South Australia.

First registered mining lease is issued in Queensland.

Lightning Ridge, 700 km from White Cliffs, was discovered by the Murray children. It is famous for its black opal, which is still mined today.

‘Pride of the Hills’ opal field is discovered and worked.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 106.

1873

Answers

Precious boulder opal (Barcoo opal) is discovered in Queensland.

Page 40

1871

Joe Bridel discovers new form of precious opal at Stony Creek. 1884

Australia’s first commercial opal field, White Cliffs, is discovered in NSW. 1889

2. The Creator came to Earth on a rainbow with a message of peace and, where his foot touched the ground, the stones became alive and started to sparkle. 3. (a) South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales

(b) South Australia 4. (a) Answers may include: pick, shovel, rope bucket, windlass

1890

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Wollaston takes opal to London and the Australian opal industry is initiated.

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(b) gold

White Cliffs field is rediscovered.

1898

1. (a) Teacher check. Answers may include: gold, pearls, diamonds, opal etc.

(b) A windlass was used to pull dirt to the surface in a bucket. (c) wood 5. (a) water

Rosenove introduces the ‘candlebox trade’, dealing in low grade opals.

(b) they only worked when some was available

1914

(d) Answers may include: Coober Pedy, White Cliffs

White Cliffs ceases trading. First World War begins. 1915

o c . che e r o t r s super

Coober Pedy opal field in South Australia is discovered. 1921

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late 1870s

Mintabie opal field in South Australia is discovered. 1930

Further exploration

• Write a newspaper article with the headline, ‘Opal found in Australia’.

• Would you prefer to live in your house or in a dugout? Find out more about dugouts and make a list of advantages and disadvantages of them. • Coober Pedy, the world’s most productive opal field, was discovered by 14-year-old Willie Hutchinson in 1915. Write an imaginative recount of his find in a letter to a cousin in Adelaide.

Andamooka opal field in South Australia is discovered.

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Discov eries

Natural resources – Opal – 1

in1894 at White Cliffs and later at Lightning Ridge where valuable black opal was mined.

Energy resources like coal, natural gas and uranium are of great economic value. So is iron ore mining, which has developed on such a huge scale since the middle of the 20th century that new towns, ports and railways have been needed on the north-west coast of Australia to extract and to export it.

The world’s largest and most productive opal field is at Coober Pedy in South Australia. It was discovered by a 14-year-old boy, Willie Hutchinson, in 1915. Other famous opal mines in South Australia are Mintabie (discovered in 1921) and Andamooka (1930).

There is a great excitement about Australia’s precious sparkling diamonds and in the history and stories of the beautiful, lustrous pearls from the Kimberley. Equally exciting is the opal found in outback deserts like Coober Pedy. Its fire and amazingly vivid colours have made it so sought after around the world that Australia now supplies more than 90 per cent of the world’s opal.

Early opal miners used equipment they could carry with them; usually a pick and shovel and a windlass, often made at the site using local timber, to pull a rope bucket to the surface.

Opal was first discovered by Aboriginal Australians thousands of years ago. A story from the Dreamtime tells how the Creator came to Earth on a rainbow with a message of peace and, where his foot touched the ground, the stones became alive and started to sparkle.

from the heat of the day and the icy winds at night. About half of the homes and five of the hotels in Coober Pedy today are underground. These homes are not expensive to build or to extend (about $1000 per room), have running water, electricity and free air conditioning and are a tourist attraction.

The Australian overseas opal market began after Tullie Cornthwaite Wollaston took precious opal to London in 1890 and overseas buyers travelled to places like White Cliffs to buy it.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

Australia is a country rich in natural resources. Some resources, such as gold, were discovered early in Australia’s history and had a huge effect on its development, touching everyone in the country in some way. Other resources, such as diamonds, are more recent discoveries and have not had the same impact.

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Lack ofa water was the greatest problem facing © R. I . C.Pub l i c t i o n s miners, who could only work when some was available. Ine Coober Pedy and other opal towns, they •f orr evi ew pur p o s s o n l y • dug underground houses (dugouts) as protection

o c . che e r o t r s super

A German geologist, ‘Professor’ Menge was the first European to find opal in Australia at Angaston, South Australia in 1840. It was a greenish-coloured common opal. Opal was found in 1868 in Queensland and the first opal lease was registered there in 1871. Precious opal was later discovered in New South Wales

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Discov eries

Natural resources - Opal – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 39. 1. (a) Name three natural resources found in Australia that are used in jewellery.

(b) Which natural resource had the greatest impact on Australia and its people?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

2. What is the Aboriginal Australians’ Dreamtime explanation of how opal came to be in Australia?

3. (a) Name three states where opal was found.

(b) In which state was opal first discovered by a European?

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(b) What did they use a windlass for?

. tfrom? (c) What was it made e

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4. (a) Name three pieces of equipment used by opal miners.

o c . 5. (a) What was the opal miners’c greatest problem? e h r e o t r (b) How did they deal with it? s super

On 28 July 1994, opal was declared Australia’s National Gemstone. Primary Australian history

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Discov eries

Cartoon history 1. Draw a suitable picture for each date to make a cartoon.

2. Your illustrations will show some of the significant events in the history of opal in Australia. 3. Use your imagination and try to make the story you create interesting. 4. Add dialogue in speech bubbles or write a caption at the bottom of each cartoon panel to explain and to give further information about each event.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

5. You may need to do some research to find additional information about some events. 1840

1871 © R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

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1890

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1868

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Teac he r

2000 BCE

o c . che e r o t r s super 1915

The name ‘Coober Pedy’ comes from an Aboriginal Australian language and can be approximately translated as ‘white man in a hole’.

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Progress Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about droving along Australia’s stock routes.

Time line

1788

• Reads a ballad to write a recount about Edna Zigenbine, Australia’s first female ‘boss’ drover.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

Cattle and sheep are first introduced to Australia with the First Fleet. 1796

1807

The first wool is exported. 1809

Lachlan Macquarie is appointed Governor of NSW. 1813

Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth find a route across the Blue Mountains. 1817

• Pastoralists (or ‘cockies’) who ran the enormous cattle stations had the problem of transporting the cattle over vast areas of on page 43. Discuss any terms they may rough terrain with little water. Before the not be familiar with; e.g. 1 mile = 1.6 km, advent of railways, trucks and road trains, a ‘cocky’ is a farmer/station owner, ‘swag’ drovers on horseback moved livestock to is a bedroll. (Note: Distances mentioned market, following the stock routes that in text equate to;140 miles: 225 km, were gradually established. These stock 10 miles:16 km, 370 miles: 595 km.) routes had bores at regular intervals, • A map showing the places mentioned in equipped with windmills and troughs to the journal and the notes above would provide water when naturally-occurring assist students in visualising the locations. sources such as rivers or permanent • Quiz questions relating to this section can waterholes were absent. Well-known be found on page 107. outback stock routes included the Murranji Track in the Northern Territory, the Canning Answers Stock Route in WA and the Birdsville Page 44 Track from Maree in SA to Birdsville in 1. A person who moves animals over long Queensland. distances. • Drovers in the past had only horses to 2. Victoria River to Newcastle Waters, 140 help them round up the cattle and carry miles (225 km) provisions. Later, cattle dogs such as blue or red heelers assisted the drovers. 3. If there was enough vegetation, the cattle wouldn’t eat the poisonous ironwood With technological advances, utes, trucks, trees. trains, road trains, four-wheel drive vehicles, motorbikes and helicopters were 4. Possible answers: 10 Sept. – cattle used. straying into bushes; before cattle dogs drovers would have to round them up • Discuss the information above with the themselves 14 Sept. – having to take the students before they read the journal entry

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Teac he r

John and Elizabeth Macarthur purchase their first Merino sheep.

• Cattle were first reared, along with sheep and other livestock, to provide food for the early settlements near Sydney. As the rest of Australia was gradually explored and colonised, beef cattle spread to areas in north-eastern and north-western Australia. Dairy cattle are mainly found in southern Australia and coastal areas with good rainfall. Meat and dairy products became important export industries after refrigeration became common in the early 20th century.

1835

Batman explores the Yarra River and the eventual site for Melbourne. 1838

Myall Creek massacre. 1842 First sugar refinery is built in Australia.

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1856

The eight-hour day is established. 1860s

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Birdsville Track stock route established. 1876

Windmills are first built in Australia. 1886

Murranji Track stock route opens in NT.

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Phillip Parker King explores the coastline from Exmouth to Arnhem Land and North West Cape.

o c . che e r o t r s super

long route before the bores were put down; going the short way and risking not finding water for the cattle 15 Sept. – crowded route meant another mob used bore water before tanks had refilled 21 Sept. – a stampede at night through a drovers’ camp

5. They ‘earned their tucker’ and ‘made the job easier’.

1910 Canning Stock Route opens in WA. 1914–18 World War I 1939–45 World War II

6. The cattle would be in as good or better condition as when they started. 7. Possible answer: Only horses assisted drovers in the past and now motorbikes and helicopters are used. (Students may have correct alternative answers.)

Further exploration • Research to find further information on the stock routes mentioned above or others the students discover. • Compare the way droving is done now to how it was done in the past. The text above and the journal entries on page 43 will provide some information. Students can research to find more by reading poems such as ‘Clancy of the Overflow’ (Banjo Paterson), ‘The overlander’ (Anonymous) or ‘The ballad of the drover’ by (Henry Lawson).

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Progr e

A drover’s life – 1 A drover or overlander is a person who moves animals over long distances. Droving has long been part of farming in Australia. In the past, only horses assisted the drovers. Now, motorbikes and helicopters are generally used instead of horses.

Read these journal entries that could have been written by a drover in the 1940s on the Murranji Track in the Northern Territory.

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10 Sept. 1943 Our cattle dogs, particularly Bluey and Jed, sure do earn their tucker and sleep at night. One’s a blue heeler and the other’s a red heeler. They seem to work out what to do with the often unpredictable cattle before you have to give a command. One stray got caught up in a bush today. Bluey nipped at its heels, it yelped and trotted back to the centre of the mob. In the old days, drovers had to round them up with just their horses and a whip to remind them who’s boss. Dogs make the job easier.

15 Sept. 1943 Reached the next bore to find that another mob had left earlier in the day and the storage tanks had not had time to fill. Will have to stay an extra day. Route is becoming crowded. This track meets with the north–south and the one further south that goes east across the Barkly Tableland into Queensland.

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7 Sept. 1943 Left at the crack of dawn from Victoria River to take a mob of cattle to Newcastle Waters, about 140 miles south-east. Should be there towards the end of the month. Have droved on this track before—must watch the cattle don’t get into the ironwood tree. It’s poisonous and they seem to die of a heart attack if they eat it. Cattle won’t look for it if there’s still other vegetation to eat.

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14 Sept. 1943 Enjoyed a yarn around the campfire last night after another long, hot, dusty day in the saddle. So far the mob’s been moving about 10 miles a day, which is good going. Should reach the next bore tomorrow where the cattle can have a good drink. Old Jack was saying last night that until the bores were put down in the early 1920s, cattle were mostly moved east–west via Katherine, an extra 370 miles. Unless you had an Aboriginal guide who knew where permanent soaks and waterholes were found, it was too hard to find water and stock would die. www.ricpublications.com.au

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on watch when my horse sensed a rush was in the making. Probably a bush rat or two among the mob gnawing on a soft hoof, or a dingo nearby. We gradually wheeled the cattle around so they moved in a circle and calmed down. Drovers tell stories of climbing trees to avoid being trampled to death in their swags by a stampeding mob at night.

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24 Sept. 1943 Had some well-earned beers at the Junction Hotel in Newcastle Waters. Pub is made from scraps of old windmills left at stock route bores! The cocky is pleased with the cattle’s condition—a drover’s aim is to hand over the mob in as good or better shape than at the beginning of the trek. For my next job I’ll go with the gang further south down the Track, taking a mob from Tennant Creek across the Barkly Stock Route into Queensland. Primary Australian history

Progr e

A drover’s life – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 43.

1. What does the word ‘overlander’ mean?

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2. Where from, where to and how far along the Murranji Track was the drover going to travel?

3. Why was the drover hoping there would be lots of vegetation for the cattle?

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4. Briefly describe one problem drovers in the past had to deal with that was written about in each of these journal entries. 10 Sept.

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5. Explain what the drover thought about the usefulness of cattle dogs.

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15 Sept.

14 Sept.

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6. How did a drover know if his gang had done a good job with droving a mob of cattle?

7. What is one major difference between droving now and in the past?

In 1881, Nat Buchanan, considered by many to be the greatest overlander of all, took a mob of 20 000 cattle from St George in Queensland to the Daly River in the Northern Territory—covering 3200 km. 44

Primary Australian history

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Edna Zigenbine

Progr e

Not all accomplished drovers were men—women also performed this job, with some becoming ‘boss’ drovers. One such woman was Edna Zigenbine. She travelled from where she was living and took over as boss drover when her father became ill while droving. She successfully moved 1500 head of cattle 1000 miles (1600 km) from Bedford Downs Station in the Kimberley (WA) to Dajarra in western Queensland. The feat took six months, with no loss of cattle.

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Verse 4 © R. I . C.Pub l i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

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Verse 2

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Her story is featured in a ballad by cowboy poet, Jack Sammon. Go to the website <http//www.cowboypoetry.com/jsam.htm> to view the ballad. Scroll down past a few of his ballads to Edna’s. There is information before and after the ballad about her as well. Make notes in the headings below about the events in each verse. Use these to write a recount about her life.

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The Murranji Track gets its name from a desert frog that is able to live underground for long periods without water. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Progress

Time line

1889

Indicators

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• Reads text and answers questions about the development of air transport in Australia.

Australian aviator-inventor, Lawrence Hargrave, invents rotary air-powered engine. 1894

1903

Wright brothers make world’s first engine-powered, controlled flight in USA.

Worksheet information

• The text on page 47 tells of the achievements made by Australian pioneer aviators. Some of these were first achieved by others around the world. The time line lists some of them. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 107.

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Hargrave becomes airborne in a heavier-than-air machine.

• Completes a cloze about the first flight across the Pacific Ocean by Charles KingsfordSmith and his crew.

Answers Page 48

1909

1. isolated, air, problem

G A Taylor makes first Australian non-powered flight.

2. inventing and flying aircraft, and developing air services

1910

3. (a) invented first rotary compressed air engine/first Australian to become airborne in a heavier-than-air machine

First controlled flight in Australia by Fred Custance (disputed), followed by Harry Houdini the next day.

(b) first flight by Australian in non-powered aircraft/founder of NSW Aerial League

John Duigan flies in self-built powered aircraft.

1914–1918

(d) won England–Australia Race

(e) flew with WA Airways/completed first round-Australia flight/completed first transPacific flight

World War I 1919

4. The development of flying machines caused the aviation industry to boom.

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines established.

5. Due to always having a safe, reliable reputation and being well managed.

1920

Page 49

Qantas established.

1. Pacific

2. Kingsford-Smith

3. cockpit

4. rest

5. heavy

1926

6. Hawaii

7. engines

8. tossed

9. numb

10. cheered

1927

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Charles Kingsford-Smith and Charles Ulm complete a round-Australia flight.

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American, Charles Lindbergh, makes first solo flight across Atlantic Ocean. 1928

Further exploration

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Smith brothers win England–Australia Race.

• Investigate the story behind the establishment of Qantas by founders Fysh, McGuiness (military aviators) and McMaster (a wealthy grazier). Page 6 of the website <http://www. ahc.gov.au/publications/linking-nation/chapter-8.html> gives background behind this.

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• Make an Australian aviation pioneer ‘Wall of fame’, by listing the names and achievements of those mentioned on page 47 and others they research.

Kingsford-Smith and crew first to fly across Pacific Ocean. Kingsford-Smith flies from Melbourne to Perth.

Kingsford-Smith flies from Sydney to Christchurch, NZ. World’s first flying doctor service established in Qld. 1935 Kingsford-Smith dies in aeroplane crash.

Primary Australian history

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Progr e

Australia takes to the skies – 1

The world has appeared to ‘shrink’ over the past 100 years or so with one reason being the development of air transport. Australia, is a very isolated country geographically. Major developments in air transport and communication mean that its isolation is not the problem it once was. These developments would not have been possible in Australia without the efforts of early aviation pioneers, in inventing and flying aircraft and developing air services. Here is a brief summary of some important contributions.

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Early pioneers

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• The development of flying machines during World War I caused the aviation industry to boom. Australian airmen who survived the war returned with aeroplanes and skills to fly and to train others. Many of them took to attempting increasingly long distance flights, losing their lives in the process.

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• At the same time as others around the world were experimenting with flight, Australia had its own aviation inventor—Lawrence Hargrave. He made two important contributions. In 1889, he invented the first rotary compressed air engine. This engine did not progress to being able to propel an aircraft but paved the way for future engine development. Hargrave also developed the box kite. In 1894, he was lifted off the ground using an arrangement of box kites, becoming the first Australian to become airborne in a heavier-than-air machine.

• Brothers Keith and Ross Smith won the England– Australia Race in 1919. They took off near London on 12 November, making several stops along the way, landing in Darwin on 10 December. This race led to important developments in air transport in Australia.

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• In 1910, John Duigan was the first Australian to fly in a powered aircraft designed in Australia. Having built it himself, he continued to make further modifications to fly longer distances. www.ricpublications.com.au

The most famous Australian aviator was Charles Kingsford-Smith. In 1921, he joined Western Australian Airways, which provided the first regular air service to deliver mail and supplies to Outback areas. In 1926, he completed a round-Australia flight with fellow pilot Charles Ulm in 10 days, five hours. In 1928, KingsfordSmith, along with Ulm, a navigator and a radio operator, became the first to fly across the Pacific Ocean. He also made several other record-breaking flights, some solo and others with a copilot.

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balance. In 1909, he made the first flight (not controlled by engine power) by an Australian. Hargrave also founded the Aerial League of NSW, which did much to promote flying, by gliding.

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Established in 1920, Qantas is the world’s second oldest surviving airline. The letters stand for Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services. It has grown from a small outback carrier to arguably the world’s best international airline. This is due to its reputation for safety and reliability.

Primary Australian history

Progr e

Australia takes to the skies – 2

Answer the questions about the text on page 47. 1. Fill in the missing words.

Although Australia is a very

country geographically, development in

transport and communication mean this is not the

it once was.

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2. What are three things mentioned in Paragraph 1 that early aviation pioneers did for aviation in Australia?

3. Briefly describe one thing each of these aviation pioneers achieved. (a) Lawrence Hargrave

(d) K and R Smith

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(e) Kingsford-Smith

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5. Why has Qantas become a major international airline? G A Taylor’s wife, Florence, also flew a glider the same day as her husband, making her the first Australian woman to fly. Her main problem was her clothes! She had to tuck in the long skirts that were worn at that time, to keep them out of the way. 48

Primary Australian history

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Progr e

The flight of the ‘Southern Cross’

Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith was born in Brisbane in 1897. He was knighted for his services to aviation in 1932. He is considered by many to be the world’s greatest pilot. Kingsford-Smith set many world flight records, some solo and others with a copilot and crew. He completed more long distance routes than any other pioneer aviator. One of his major goals was to fly over the world’s largest ocean—the Pacific.

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Use the words below to fill in the missing spaces and find out about this remarkable achievement. Kingsford-Smith and fellow Australian, Charles Ulm, went to the USA in 1928 to find a plane they could fly across the

Ocean. They purchased a three-engined aeroplane they named ‘Southern Cross’. 2

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The men hired Americans Harry Lyon as navigator, and James Warner as radio operator. was the pilot, with Ulm the relief pilot. The plane was loaded with distress signals, water and enough food for a week. It had an open , with windows in the front but

not in the sides. As the engines were so noisy, the crew communicated by handwritten messages.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons Their flight to Australia was to be in three nonstop stages so they could and refuel. The •California f orr vi e r p os es nl ywas •difficult due to first was from to e Hawaii andw tookp 27 u hours. During this leg,o navigation 4

cloud. The next stage,

to Fiji, all across open water, took them almost 35

incident when one of the plane’s

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hours. Strong headwinds and severe storms blew them off course. They also experienced a heart-stopping spluttered for several long minutes.

the plane violently. Sometimes they had to fly just above the waves. The crew were . te o lifted in the air as their seats were not fitted with seatbelts. Kingsford-Smithc and Ulm were soaked and . e with cold.c her r o t s s r u e p Twenty-five thousand people were there to greet them when they finally landed in Brisbane. A further

The final stage of 18 hours to Brisbane was to prove the most difficult. Fierce storms with torrential rain 8

300 000

to acknowledge their remarkable achievement when they later landed in

Sydney. tossed

rest

heavy

Kingsford-Smith

Hawaii

cockpit

numb

engines

Pacific

cheered

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In 1935, Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith lost his life at sea while flying with a copilot from England to Australia. His plane disappeared into the Indian Ocean, soon after taking off from a stopover in Allahabad, in India. Primary Australian history

Federation: The Australian flag A new nation

NSW colony founded.

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Designs a new Australian flag that represents the past, present and future.

Worksheet information

1825 1829

Swan River Colony is declared.

• The Australian flag competition held in 1901 attracted almost 33 000 entries. Five people submitted near identical designs and were declared joint prizewinners, sharing the 200 pounds prize money. The original 1901 flag varies slightly from the current Australian flag. First, the stars in the Southern Cross originally had points ranging from five to nine; this was changed in 1903 so that all but the smallest star had seven points. Second, the Commonwealth star (also known as the Federation star) originally only had six points to represent the six Australian states. In 1908, a seventh point was added to represent all of Australia’s territories.

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Van Diemen’s Land is proclaimed.

1832

Swan River Colony renamed Western Australia. 1836

• Other proclaimed Australian flags include the naval ensign, air force ensign, Aboriginal flag and Torres Strait Islander flag. The Aboriginal flag was designed by Harold Thomas in 1971 and was officially proclaimed under the Flags Act in 1995. The Torres Strait Islander flag was designed in 1992 by Bernard Namok and was also officially proclaimed under the Flags Act in 1995.

South Australia is proclaimed. 1840

New Zealand is proclaimed. 1856

Van Diemen’s Land is renamed Tasmania. 1859

Queensland is proclaimed. 1889

Sir Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration. 1898

• The text used on page 51 is a report—a secondary source. For the activity on page 53, a class discussion could be held before the students begin the activity, perhaps showing them some other people’s ideas on what a new Australian flag should look like (the Internet can provide this), as well as the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags. The students will require scrap paper for this activity. When they have completed their final designs, they could be shared with the class and common features/ideas noted. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 108.

The first federation referendum is held in Australia.

Answers

1900

Page 52

The final federation referendum is held in Australia.

1. Because not all states voted ‘yes’ straight away.

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1901 (1 January)

The Commonwealth of Australia is proclaimed in Sydney.

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A public competition is held to design the Australian flag. 1911

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1788

Indicators

Time line

2. It declared the blue ensign as Australia’s national flag, it set down its precise form, and it declared the red ensign as the civil ensign. 3. The blue ensign and the red ensign. The blue ensign was for government use and the red ensign was to be used by private citizens.

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The Northern Territory is transferred from South Australia to the Commonwealth.

4. (a) true

(b) true

(d) false

5. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Draw the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags and research their history.

1913

The foundation stone is laid for the national capital, Canberra. 1927

• Research to find other official Australian flags.

• Hold a class or partner debate on the topic, ‘The current Australian flag should be replaced’.

Parliament opens in Canberra for the first time. 1953 The Flags Act is passed by the Australian government, declaring the blue ensign to be Australia’s national flag and the red ensign the civil flag.

Primary Australian history

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A new

Federation: The Australian flag – 1

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Federation background

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By 1891, Australia was a country of mini-nations. Each of the six colonies—New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and Queensland—had its own government, as well as its own army, navy, money and stamps. But although each colony had its own parliament, its laws could still be overruled by Britain because each colony was still officially British. Eventually, people began to see the need for a single government to make laws for all Australians. A number of referendums were held between 1898 and 1900 to ask the people of each colony whether they approved of federation. There was more than one referendum because not all states voted ‘yes’ straight away. Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania were the first to vote ‘yes’, followed by New South Wales, then Queensland and finally Western Australia. The new nation was proclaimed on 1 January 1901. The Australian flag

• After federation, one of the things the new Australian nation needed was a flag. So on 29 April 1901, the government announced a competition to design the flag of Australia. Of the entries, five people, including a 14-year-old boy, were selected as winners and their ideas contributed to the Australian flag. There were two versions—one had a blue background (known as the ‘blue ensign’) and one had a red background (the ‘red ensign’). The red ensign was to be used as a civil flag—that is, one to be flown by private citizens. The blue ensign was for government use only.

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– declared the blue ensign Australia’s national flag and set down its precise form (e.g. the Union Jack must occupy the upper quarter) – declared the red ensign as the civil ensign – to be used at sea (pleasure craft may fly either the blue or red ensign) or by private citizens on land

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o c . e The Union Jack (the flag c The stars of the Southern her r o of the UK), representing t Cross, the brightest s super the historical link between constellation in the Southern

• The features of the Australian flag are:

Australia and Britain. The crosses also stand for the principles of democracy, rule of law and freedom of speech.

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Hemisphere, representing Australia’s geographical position. The Commonwealth star, symbolising the federation of states and territories.

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Primary Australian history

A new

Federation: The Australian flag – 2

natio

Use the text on page 51 to answer the questions. 1. Why was more than one federation referendum held in Australia?

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2. List three things the Flags Act of 1953 achieved.

3. What were the two versions of the Australian flag in 1901? Why were there two versions?

4. True or false?

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(b) In 1891, there were six Australian colonies.

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False

True

False

True

False

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(a) NSW had its own stamps prior to federation.

o c . 5. What do you think of the Australian flag? Give reasons for your answer. ch e r er o st super (d) Pleasure boats in Australia must fly the red ensign.

True

False

A flag known as the First Union Flag or the Queen Anne Jack (similar to the Union Jack but without the cross of St Patrick) was the first official flag of Australia. It was replaced by the Union Jack in 1801 and, finally, by the Australian national flag in 1901.

Primary Australian history

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A new

A flag for all Australians

natio

Ever since the Australian flag was designed, it has received negative criticism from some Australians. The main criticisms are: • it does not represent Indigenous Australians • it does not reflect Australia’s development into a multicultural country • it is too similar to the flag of New Zealand.

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Imagine you are asked to design a new Australian flag. Plan it in the space below. Use the information on this page and on page 51 to help you. 1. To begin, note your opinions on the features that are included on the current Australian flag.

(b) the stars

2. Brainstorm colours and images you could use to represent Australia’s past, present and future. List anything else you feel should be represented (e.g. its natural features).

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(a) the Union Jack

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(d) other

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o c . c e her st r o super 3. Draft your design on scrap paper. 4. Draw your final design in the space opposite. Australian National Flag Day is held on 3 September each year to commemorate the first flying of the Australian national flag on 3 September 1901 from the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Federation: States and territories A new nation Indicators

Time line

1788

NSW colony founded.

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Uses the Internet to research the history of Australian state/territory emblems.

Worksheet information

1825 Van Diemen’s Land is proclaimed.

• Detailed information on each state/territory’s emblems and its history can be found on the Internet at the official government website for each state/territory. These are: http://www.nsw.gov.au/

1829

http://www.tas.gov.au/

Swan River Colony is declared. 1832

Swan River Colony renamed Western Australia. 1836

South Australia is proclaimed. 1840

http://www.vic.gov.au/

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Australian colonies separate from NSW begin to be named and established.

http://www.qld.gov.au/ http://www.wa.gov.au/ http://www.nt.gov.au/ http://www.act.gov.au/ http://www.sa.gov.au/

Queensland is proclaimed.

• The text used on page 55 is a report – a secondary source. For the activity on page 57, students will need access to the websites listed above. Historical information on the flags/ coat of arms can be found by typing ‘flag’ or ‘coat of arms’ into the ‘search’ area on the webpage. Some of the websites have a link called ‘All about …’ where the information can also be found. Note: The Tas. and NT government websites have little information on the history of their flags and coats of arms. It would be better for students to choose other states/territories for this activity.

1863

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 108.

New Zealand is proclaimed.

Van Diemen’s Land is renamed Tasmania. 1859

Answers

1911

Page 56

Control of the NT transfers to the Australian Commonwealth.

1. NSW or Qld

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The NT is established, under the control of SA.

The ACT is established in an area of NSW. 1912

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Australian Coat of Arms is granted. 1913

Canberra is named as Australia’s capital city. 1914–18 World War I

colour

sky blue (NSW) or maroon (Qld)

Tas.

mineral

crocoite

fossil

gogo fish

Qld or SA

gem

sapphire (Qld) or opal (SA)

2. Teacher check

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o c . che e r o t r s super 3. 1788 • NSW was only colony, taking up almost half the land. 1859 • Australia was made up of six colonies.

1863 • The NT was established under the control of SA. 1911 • The Commonwealth took over control of the NT.

• The ACT was created in an area of NSW.

Further exploration

• Imagine you are asked to come up with some new emblems for each Australian state/ territory. Decide on colours, minerals, gems and faunal emblems for those states/ territories which lack them. Give reasons for your decisions.

• Construct maps showing the changes to Australian states/colonies from 1788 – 1901. • Write a speech that explains why you are proud of the state/territory in which you live.

Primary Australian history

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A new

Federation: States and territories – 1

natio

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When Federation occurred in 1901, Australia still had no official capital city. In 1908, it was decided to create a new city in a new territory. In 1911, this new territory was created in an area of NSW and was called the ACT. In 1913, ‘Canberra’ was chosen as the capital city’s name.

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In 1788, when the British first settled Australia, NSW was the only colony, taking up almost half the land. But after 1825, separate colonies were named and established. By 1859, Australia was made up of six colonies: NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic. and WA—although the borders of some were different from those today. (Upon Federation in 1901, these colonies became known as ‘states’.) In 1862, both Qld and SA were extended. The NT was established in 1863 under the control of SA. In 1911, the Commonwealth took over control of the NT.

Over time, each state and territory has chosen a number of emblems to represent it. All have their own flag, coat of arms and floral emblem. All except Tas. have faunal emblems. NSW and Qld have official colours (sky blue for NSW and maroon for Qld), Tas. has a mineral (crocoite) and Qld and SA have gems (sapphire for Qld and opal for SA). WA even has a fossil emblem (the gogo fish). The floral and faunal emblems are below.

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Fauna gang-gang cockatoo kookaburra, platypus, blue groper red kangaroo, wedge-tailed eagle brolga, koala hairy-nosed wombat, leafy seadragon – helmeted honeyeater, leafy seadragon, Leadbeater’s possum numbat, black swan

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ACT NSW NT Qld SA Tas. Vic.

Flora royal bluebell waratah Sturt’s desert rose Cooktown orchid Sturt’s desert pea Tasmanian blue gum Common heath

o c . che e r o t r s super red and green kangaroo paw

In addition to the state/territory emblems, there are also Australian national emblems – the national flag, Coat of Arms, anthem (Advance Australia Fair), colours (green and gold), floral emblem (golden wattle) and gem emblem (opal).

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Primary Australian history

A new

Federation: States and territories – 2

natio

Use the text on page 55 to answer the questions. 1. Complete the table with one emblem and one state/ territory for each type of emblem. Emblem

Type

State/Territory

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mineral

gem

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fossil

2. (a) What do you think of Australia’s national colours? Explain why.

(b) Suggest two new colours Australia could use as its national colours. Give reasons for your choices.

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3. Write a time line of events in the development of Australia’s states and territories. 1788 • 1859 • 1863 • 1911 •

• In 1927, the Northern Territory was divided into two smaller territories — North Australia and Central Australia. In 1931, this was changed back to the Northern Territory.

Primary Australian history

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A new

Flags and coats of arms

natio

Use the Internet to research the history of the flag and coat of arms of an Australian state/ territory of your choice. Use the official government website of your chosen state/territory to find the information you need. • State/Territory name: • Sketch the flag

• Write things you like and dislike about the flag and coat of arms. You could consider how well it represents the state/territory’s history.

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• Flag history

Dislikes

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• List three main features of the coat of arms

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• Coat of arms history

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The Tasmanian devil is considered to be the unofficial faunal emblem of Tasmania.

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Primary Australian history

World War I: The Western Front A new nation Indicators

Time line

World War I begins.

Worksheet information

1915 Landing at Gallipoli.

1915

December

Evacuation of troops from Gallipoli.

• Besides serving on the Western Front in Belgium and France during World War I, Australian troops served at Gallipoli and in the Middle East.

1916–1918

Australian troops serve on the Western Front.

• The appalling unsanitary conditions in the trenches resulted in many men dying or having to recover from disease or infection away from the trenches. There were no facilities for regular washing and, while the cesspools (sewage pits) were covered in lime or creosol, they still harboured disease. Rats grew as big as cats and carried disease. Lice were found to cause Trench Fever, a disease with sudden severe pain and high fever. The constant wet and unsanitary conditions also caused Trench Foot—a fungal infection that could become gangrenous, possibly resulting in amputation.

1916

Battle of Fromelles. Battle of Verdun.

Battle of the Somme.

First conscription referendum. 1917

• Enlistment standards in 1914 were 18–35 years of age, minimum height 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) and chest 34 in (86 cm). Dental and ophthalmic (eye) fitness were also considerations. During the first year, 33 per cent of volunteers were rejected. In 1915, the age range and height were changed to 18–45 years and 5 ft 2 in (158 cm). In 1917, the height was lowered to 5 ft (152 cm).

Second conscription referendum. Death of Les Darcy.

• The fighting ceased in World War I at 11.00 am on 11.11.1918 when Germany agreed to an armistice. This was later to become the date and hour Remembrance Day is held each year.

Battle of Passchendaele. Battle of Bullecourt.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 109.

Battle of Dernancourt.

Answers

1918

Page 60

Battle of le Hamel.

1. mid-1914 to November 1918

Battle of Mont St Quentin. 9 November

2. (a) It was a series of trenches that stretched about 700 km from the North Sea to the Swiss border.

Turks sign Armistice.

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3 October

• World War I was the first conflict that Australia was involved in as a whole nation, occurring 13 years after Federation. The manner in which Australian soldiers conducted themselves during the war proved that Australia ‘measured up’ as a nation. As for many other nations, this war was the most costly in terms of deaths and casualties. Over 400 000 enlisted from a population of fewer than 5 000 000. Of these, 60 000 were killed and more than 150 000 wounded, gassed or captured by the enemy.

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25 April

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• Reads text and answers questions about the conscription debate during World War I.

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1914

• Reads text and answers questions about Australia’s part on the Western Front during World War I.

(b) To protect the opposing warring sides from each other.

Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates.

3. The Turkish Army in Gallipoli.

10 November German Republic is founded. 11 November Germany and the Allies sign Armistice.

4. Possible answers: reputation as an outstanding fighting force, never gave up no matter how difficult the conditions, courageous

5. flamethrowers, poison gas, tanks, aircraft

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World War I ends.

1919 28 June

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Peace Treaty is signed by German delegates and the Allies in Versailles.

6. Teacher check 7. (a) 16 000

(b) 46 000 (c) 4000

(d) 114 000

Page 61

1. compulsory enlistment in the armed forces

2. They sent white feathers, a sign of cowardice, to those who didn’t volunteer.

3. Their opinion was narrowly against conscription, as shown by the results of two referendums. 4. It was thought others would enlist if their national sporting hero did.

5. (a) He wanted to continue his boxing career so his family would be set up for life. (b) Teacher check 6. Teacher check

Further exploration • Find out the events that led up to World War I. • View and discuss some of the recruiting signs for enlisting in the war and some of the signs for and against conscription. A useful website is: <http://www.anzacday.org.au/history/ww1/homefront/ index.html>

Primary Australian history

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World War I : The Western Front – 1

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World War I, also known as The Great War, was fought nearly 100 years ago, from 1914–1918. After the campaign in Gallipoli finished at the end of 1915, where Australian and New Zealand troops (Anzacs) fought against the Turks, Australian troops were sent to help allied troops (those from other countries on the same side) on the Western Front in Europe.

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The Western Front was the name given to a series of trenches that zigzagged more than 700 kilometres from the North Sea on the Belgian coast, south and then east across France to the border of Switzerland. When the war first began in mid-1914, the German army had quickly taken over and occupied large areas of France and Belgium. By the end of 1914, French and British forces had stopped their advance. The allied troops had dug trenches for protection on one side of the front and the enemy, Germany, on the other. Sometimes these trenches were only metres apart. The space in between enemy trenches was called ‘No Man’s Land’.

Australian troops (who became known as ‘the Diggers’) arrived at the Western Front in 1916. Until the war finished in November 1918, they were to be involved in many major battles in trying to prevent the Germans from advancing along the front. The manner in which they fought gave them the reputation as being an outstanding fighting force no matter how difficult conditions became during the course of the battle. The Diggers never gave up.

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Forward No Man’s listening post Land

To enemy trenches

Communication trench

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Front line trench

Firebay

Bank built to protect from explosions from behind

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rifles and pistols were the key weapons used, along with bayonets, grenades and machine guns. But other deadly weapons had been developed. The Germans were the first to use flamethrowers (using burning fuel) and poison gas in this war. Later, tanks and aircraft were developed and used by both sides.

The Germans were not the only enemy—so were the conditions in the trenches. The trenches offered little protection from the weather and the winters were extremely cold. Soldiers lived knee deep in mud from rain and melted snow. They slept half standing, huddled close together for warmth—waking to find their eyelids were frozen shut! Lice and giant rats infested the trenches. Not only was there the constant threat of disease and infection, there was the constant fear of artillery shells or grenades landing in your trench—and long periods of passing the time waiting for orders to attack or to be attacked.

o c . che e r o t r s super To reserve trenches

Support trench

Company HQ dugout

Throughout the time the courageous Australian troops served on the front, their casualties numbered 181 000. Of these, 46 000 died, 114 000 were wounded, 16 000 were gassed and 4000 were taken prisoner. www.ricpublications.com.au

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A new

World War I: The Western Front — 2

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Answer the questions about the text on page 59. 1. When did World War I occur? 2. (a) What and where was the ‘Western Front’?

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(b) Why was it ‘built’?

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3. Where and against whom did Australian troops fight before being sent to the Western Front?

4. Write words and phrases from paragraphs three and six that describe the ‘Diggers’’ reputation.

5. List four new weapons or machines that were developed and used during World War I.

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6. List four things mentioned in the fifth paragraph that describe what the Diggers had to endure on the front.

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(a) were gassed?

(b) died?

(d) were wounded?

Small patrols were sent out from the trenches at night into No Man’s Land, to try to capture a German sentry to be questioned about what the enemy was planning. Many in the patrols were killed, as the Germans used a flare suspended from a small parachute to light up the area briefly and enable them to shoot. 60

Primary Australian history

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The story of Les Darcy

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Conscription is compulsory enlistment in the armed forces. During World War I, enlistment was voluntary and many recruiting campaigns encouraged those eligible to enlist. Over 400 000 chose to do so. On the other hand, there were thousands who opposed the war and did not choose to enlist. Some of these men were frowned upon and received white feathers as a sign of cowardice. The Prime Minister at the time—Billy Hughes—decided that conscription would increase the numbers of troops needed on the Western Front. He held two referendums to make enlistment compulsory, one in 1916 and the other in 1917. Interestingly, both were defeated by narrow margins.

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It was during this time that Australia had a brilliant world-class boxer, Les Darcy. He had only lost four professional fights in his career to then and had never been knocked out. Les was a national sporting hero and admired by many. It was thought that if he enlisted, then thousands of his male admirers would copy him and enlist. But Les did not want to enlist. He came from a large family and, as his father was at times unemployed and his older brother partly crippled, Les was expected to support them. He began making a good income as his boxing career took off. Les spent most of this income on his family—he didn’t smoke, drink or gamble. He felt he would be letting his family down if he went to war as he wanted to make money while he could. His aim was to go to America and have several fights there, making his family financially secure.

Discuss these questions and answer them on a separate sheet of paper.

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1. What does ‘conscription’ mean?

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However, public opinion turned against him and he was refused a passport. He decided to stow away on an oil tanker bound for New York. To avoid further criticism, he took out US citizenship and enlisted. His call-up was delayed so he could train for a fight. But on 24 May 1917, Les died, aged 21. He had been admitted to hospital suffering from a badly infected tooth. The infection had spread throughout his bloodstream and he was unable to recover. All criticism disappeared and Les Darcy became a folk hero.

. te o c 4. What part did the government think Les Darcy could play in the war? . c e her r 5. (a) What were Les Darcy’s reasons for not enlisting? o st super

2. How did some people show their feelings towards those who decided not to enlist? 3. What was the Australian people’s opinion of conscription during the war years?

(b) (i) Do you agree with his decision?

Yes

(ii) Explain your answer.

6. Even though Les was criticised for his actions, he still became a folk hero. Why do you think this is? Australian troops played an important part in liberating the French town of Villers-Bretonneux. Today, the Australian flag flies there over the Australian National Memorial, the main street is called ’Rue de Melbourne’, there is a ‘Restaurant le Kangarou’ and a school—’Victoria College’—was built by donations from Victorian schoolchildren in the 1920s. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

The Great Depression A new nation

Indicators

Time line

1929 (29 October)

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Considers an historical event from a particular point of view.

Worksheet information

Beginning of the Great Depression in Australia.

• The Great Depression officially began on 29 October 1929 (‘Black Tuesday’) when the Wall Street stock market in New York crashed, causing a dramatic fall in international trade, income, tax revenue and profits. Among other problems caused by the Great Depression, Australia was put at risk of defaulting on money it had borrowed from American and British banks. So the Bank of England sent representative Sir Otto Niemeyer to Melbourne to encourage the Australian government to increase taxes and cut spending. Spending was reduced by means such as cutting public service wages, decreasing welfare benefits and closing down government agencies and manufacturing and building companies. This became known as the ‘Melbourne Agreement’. As more companies were closed down, unemployment rose to over 30%. As unemployment increased, shops and other businesses also closed down. Families who couldn’t pay rent were evicted and forced to live in appalling conditions. Shanty towns in Australian cities harboured many of these people.

1930

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Bank of England representative Sir Otto Niemeyer arrives in Australia to establish the ‘Melbourne Agreement’.

Don Bradman scores a record 452 not out in one cricket innings. Phar Lap wins his first Melbourne Cup. 1931

Sir Douglas Mawson charts 6400 km of Antarctic coastline and claims 42% of the icy mass for Australia. 1932

Sydney Harbour Bridge opens.

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Wall Street stock market crashes in New York.

• Australia recovered slowly from the Great Depression by manufacturing more goods locally, which also helped in other areas of the economy. Unemployment was reduced to approximately 10% by 1939.

The Labor government falls and Joseph Lyons becomes Prime Minister.

1936

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 109.

The last Thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger) dies.

Answers

1937

Page 64

Western Australia votes at a rerefendum to secede from the Commonwealth, but the vote is ignored by both the Commonwealth and British governments.

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The radio series ‘Dad and Dave’ begins.

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Hindenburg airship disaster occurs in the USA. 1938

Australia enters the Second World War. 1939

2. They are desperate for money, as her father is out of work. 3. Teacher check 4. Teacher check

5. Teacher check.

Further exploration

The first flight is made by an Australian-made warplane, the Wirraway. Victoria is devastated by the Black Friday bushfires. Lyons dies in office and is succeeded by Robert Menzies.

1. It meant that other countries could not afford to import products from Australia, so less money was coming in and the Australian government increased taxes that businesses had to pay, forcing some of them to close down, putting many people out of work.

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Sydney hosts the Empire Games, the forerunner to the Commonwealth Games. 1939

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Construction begins on San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge.

• The text used on page 63 is a letter—a primary source. The experiences of the girl in this letter are based on factual accounts of life during the Great Depression. For the activity on page 65, students will need to reread page 63 carefully, considering the events described in the letter from Grace’s father’s point of view. When they have completed the worksheet, they can discuss their answers with a partner. This could then form the basis of a class discussion/debate.

1933

Primary Australian history

• Read eyewitness accounts of what it was like to live in poverty in Australia during the Great Depression. • Design food coupons which would have been given to the workers so they could feed their families. • The wealthy were barely affected by the Great Depression. They continued to live in the same manner and some even profited from the event. Do you think was fair or unfair? Explain why.

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A new

The Great Depression – 1

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The Great Depression (1929 to mid1930s) was a time of much hardship for many Australians. Read about this girl’s experiences.

r o e t s Bo r e Dear Hannah p o letter! I can’t ask Mum you this d sen to e abl be to d u ase ple k am I so ay, tod on the ground I found a postage stampS not just us—things are terrible s it’ d An . ney mo for ate per des so are y and Dad for a stamp at the moment. The rk, he said there had recently been

Teac he r

6 December 1930

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why so many men are out of wo d Da ed ask I en Wh . ple peo st mo for in Sydney and banks to close down. This is called ies pan com of lots g cin for , rld wo the a big drop in business activity around ort products from Australia, so imp to rd affo ’t can ies ntr cou er oth t tha es that a ‘depression’. The depression also means stralian government has increased tax Au the m, ble pro the ve sol To . alia str less money is coming into Au ed down, putting Dad and heaps of clos e hav y the so this rd affo ’t can m the businesses have to pay. But many of his friends out of work. Dad to us. Last night, we overheard Mum and pen hap to ng goi s at’ wh ut abo d rrie wo My brother and I are really k they are going to be able to pay next thin ’t don y the and eks we two for rk talking. Dad has now been out of wo away when they can’t pay rent. ht aig str ted evic ally usu are ple peo t w tha alongside week’s rent. This made me shiver. I kno family now live in a tent on the beach, her and she and ek we t las t jus Lily This happened to my friend getting really angry at the government are ple Peo d. foo for g gin beg s, eet str other families. Other people live in the People are also organising protest ed. loy mp une the and ice pol the en we s bet and there are often scuffles in the street marches against the government. rk choices. Because he has been out of wo two has y onl he t tha m Mu to d sai I don’t know what Dad will do. He are exchanged for food from special ich wh s pon cou ’— nce ena ust s ‘ for nt me ily. So for 14 days, he can apply to the govern ke him feel like he can’t look after his fam ma uld wo s pon cou the ing ept acc t tha shops. But Dad told Mum work like chopping firewood. Thousands find to e abl be ht mig he s say He y. ntr instead, he wants to go to the cou n from the country can’t find work me t tha me told Lily t Bu g. thin e sam of other men from the city are doing the either and are coming to the city! bably Melbourne? Is it much the same? It pro in life is w Ho n. soo ter bet get gs thin t I’m really scared and hope tha are being affected by the depression. is—Mum said that all Australian cities

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Please write soon. Your friend Grace www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

A new

The Great Depression – 2

natio

Use the text on page 63 to answer the questions. 1. Explain the effect the drop in worldwide business activity had on Australia in the 1930s.

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2. Why doesn’t Grace want to ask her parents for a stamp?

3. In her letter, Grace says she is worried and scared. Write four other words that describe how you would feel in her situation.

P © R. I . C. ubl i cat i ons 4. Do you think you would have joined in a protest march against the Australian government during the •f oreasons. rr evi ew pur posesonl y• Great Depression? Give

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5. Describe two things you think Grace could do to help her father.

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The queues to apply for food coupons in Australia during the Great Depression could be so long that they stretched for many blocks. It could sometimes take a few days to get to the front of the queue!

Primary Australian history

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A struggle for survival

natio

In the 1930s in Australia, men were almost always the sole breadwinners for their families, as women were expected to stay at home to look after the household and any children. Men who lost their jobs and were evicted from their homes because they couldn’t pay the rent had to find a way to feed and shelter their families somehow. Some of the options were: • applying for ‘sustenance’ from the government (which many men found humiliating)

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• leaving their families and going to the country/ city to find work

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• begging for food on street corners

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• selling some of their possessions • moving in with relatives

• scavenging for food (e.g. asking for stale loaves from a baker, catching fish, trapping rabbits) and having their children help them

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons Read page 63 again. Imagine you are Grace’s father. Ar few days after Grace writes her letter, you are evicted • f o r r e v i e w p u p o s e s o n l y • from your home. What do you do to feed and shelter your family? Consider three options and write points • living with their families in a hessian tent in a park or beach.

for and against each one. Then tick your final decision. Discuss it with a partner. For

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Against

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Option

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Fact file: By 1930, unemployment in Australia was already at about 28%. It peaked in 1932 at about 30%. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

World War II: The Rats of Tobruk A new nation

1936–39

Indicators

Time line

Spanish Civil War.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Reads text and answers questions about the Rats of Tobruk. • Designs a banner incorporating an acrostic.

Worksheet information

1939 1940

North African Campaign begins.

• The German army had attacked the allied forces with unexpected speed during their first drive across Libya, cutting them off from their main force. The allies had captured Tobruk and fell back behind its strongly fortified perimeter, holding it against great odds from April to December 1941.

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Teac he r

World War II is declared.

1941

• The Australian troops were gradually withdrawn in British ships and replaced by a British Infantry Division. This was the start of Operation Crusader and the lifting of the siege. The Australian troops were disappointed not to have been able to have shared the triumph of the allies’ second drive across Libya.

Seige of Tobruk occurs between April and December.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 110.

Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor and the US enters the war.

Answers

Battle of the Mediterranean. Battle of Calabria.

HMAS Sydney is believed sunk.

Page 68

The Battle of Crete.

Invasion of Vichy French-held Syria and Lebanon.

1. (a) Lord Haw Haw/the Germans

August

Menzies resigns as prime minister.

October

Curtin becomes prime minister.

1942

(b) They dug tunnels as protection from German bombs. (c) The Australians liked the name and were proud of it. 2. (a) Tobruk is on the coast of Libya in Northern Africa.

Japanese air raids on Darwin.

(b) Tobruk would be a good place to launch an attack on the Germany army and weaken its drive into Egypt.

Japanese midget submarine enters Sydney Harbour.

3. (a) 8 months

Battle of the Coral Sea.

(b) Supplies were brought in by the British and Australian navies.

Battle of Milne Bay.

4. Answers may include: dust, flies, the heat, enemy attacks, bombs

Singapore falls to the Japanese.

Second Battle of El Alamein.

6. (a) The Australians attacked at night.

1943

(b) They crept up on the enemy to get information or to attack them unexpectedly.

North African Campaign ends. 1945 War ends.

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5. Rommel had a large well-equipped army, he was considered a military genius and had never been defeated.

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Australian forces hold back Japanese troops on the Kokoda Track, New Guinea.

o c . che e r o t r s super 7. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Draw a map of Africa showing Tobruk, Libya, Egypt, the Mediterranean Sea and some of the countries around it and the Red Sea. • Write an Australian soldier’s diary for two or three days, telling about his life under siege at Tobruk. • Research the uniform worn by the Australian soldiers during the North African Campaign. Write a description, add an illustration and comment on particular features that made it suitable for living in a hot, dry environment.

Primary Australian history

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A new

World War II: The Rats of Tobruk

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they had no hope of winning. About two months into the siege, Lord Haw Haw started making broadcasts calling the Australians the Rats of Tobruk, but they didn’t react in the way the Germans expected. Instead of persuading them Tobruk is remembered as an important part of to give up, the broadcasts made the Australians Australia’s history because of the heroic actions stronger and more determined to succeed. of the soldiers who defended the town in 1941 The Australians took the name ‘Rats of Tobruk’ as against the bigger, well equipped German–Italian a badge of honour. They even made themselves army besieging them. This siege lasted for eight medals from the metal of a German aircraft they months. Almost 4000 Australians were killed, had shot down and wore them with pride. Instead wounded or taken prisoner. of just defending their positions, they went on the attack. Some of The more than 1400 Australian their missions into enemy territory troops, supported by some British were to gather information about tanks and artillery and some Indian the enemy, but others were to and later Polish soldiers, were attack them. These patrols took led by Lieutenant General Leslie place at night. Soldiers often Morshead. The German army was crawled long distances to carry under the command of Rommel, out their many successful surprise a military genius, who, until then, attacks, which weakened the had never been defeated. German army. Rommel thought that the army they had driven back and isolated in Tobruk would be easily During the siege the Rats of Tobruk were supplied overcome. He attacked them with tanks and by ships from the Australian and British navies. bombed them from the air. Instead of trying to British naval ships finally evacuated small groups shoot down the enemy aircraft, the Australians of soldiers in the weeks before 9 December survived thousands of air raids by building a 1941. series of underground tunnels and sheltering In recognition of their courage and their in them. Their mission was to keep Tobruk so achievements against what seemed impossible it could be used as a base for launching future odds, a memorial to the Rats of Tobruk was attacks against the Germans and thus weaken erected in Canberra, as well as others around their drive into Egypt. They were determined to the country. In 1991, the Australian Mint issued hold the town at all costs, but the dust, the heat, a special medallion to commemorate their fiftieth the flies and the enemy made life very difficult for anniversary. them. These determined men made a wonderful

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The siege of the port of Tobruk, at the end of a bay on the coast of Libya, took place in World War II. It was during the North African Campaign or Desert War which was fought in Libya and Egypt for three years from 1940 to 1943.

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The Germans, who excelled at propaganda, tried contribution to their country and will be forever to demoralise the Australians by telling them remembered as true Australian heroes. they were like rats hiding underground and that

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Primary Australian history

A new

World War II: The Rats of Tobruk – 2

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Answer the questions about the text on page 67. 1. (a) Who called the Australians the ‘Rats of Tobruk’? (b) Why were they given that name?

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(b) Why was it important to stop the Germans from capturing it?

3. (a) How long did the siege of Tobruk last? (b) How did the Australian get the supplies they needed to stay there?

6. (a) When did the Australian patrols attack the enemy?

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(b) How did they do it?

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. teof Tobruk should be remembered o 7. (a) Do you think the Rats c . and have an important place in Australia’s history? ch e r er o (b) Explain why you think this. t s super (c) How successful were their attacks?

Tobruk was built as a garrison town at the end of a bay. It was arid, treeless country where only a few goats and camels wandered. It had a peacetime population of about 5000 people. 68

Primary Australian history

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A new

Tobruk banner

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1. Look carefully at the drawing of the Rats of Tobruk insignia on page 67. What are some of the things you notice about it?

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Include:

• an acrostic using the letters t, o, b, r, u, k

• their insignia

• other suitable illustrations

• attractive colours

• neat printing

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B R

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2. Design a banner for the Rats of Tobruk.

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K ‘Tobruk ferry’ was the name given to any naval ship that carried supplies to Tobruk. Two destroyers, three sloops and 21 smaller vessels were lost by the British and Australian naval forces carrying out this very dangerous work. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Immigration: ‘Populate or perish’ A new nation Indicators

Time line

1945

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Prepares and performs an interview with a partner based on an historical event.

Australia’s first Commonwealth Immigration Department is established. 1947

Worksheet information

1947–1953

Australian Government assists over 170 000 displaced people from Eastern Europe to migrate to Australia. 1947–1973

Migrants are able to apply for Australian citizenship after one year’s residence. 1949

Thousands of immigrants work on the Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme. 1950s & 60s

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Australia’s first group of post-World War II migrants arrives from northern Europe.

• After World War II, Australia formed agreements with overseas governments and organisations to achieve its massive immigration scheme; for example, allowing free or assisted passage for residents and ex-servicemen. Agreements existed with European countries such as the UK, the Netherlands, France, Norway, Denmark, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, West Germany, Malta, Belgium, Austria and Spain. Australia looked to Europe for migrants as its political parties at the time all supported the White Australia policy.

• Upon their arrival in Australia, most migrants were housed at migrant reception centres until suitable jobs and housing could be found for them. Here they could also learn some English. The Department of Immigration was responsible for these camps, which included Bonegilla and Rushworth in Victoria; Greta and Kapooka in New South Wales; Wacol in Queensland; and Graylands and Cunderdin in Western Australia. The accommodation and food provided at these centres was very basic.

• The text used on page 71 is a report—a secondary source. For the activity on page 73, students will need to work in pairs to prepare a television interview. The worksheet should be read as a class first to help the students with ideas for their interviews. They should then be allowed adequate rehearsal time. This activity could be run over a few days to allow students to prepare costumes and props. The interviews could also be recorded with a video camera.

Migrants seeking a better life come to Australia from countries such as Italy, Greece, Malta, Croatia and Turkey. 1952–1978

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 110.

Answers

Villawood Migrant Hostel is administered to accommodate and assist migrants.

Page 72 2. Answers should include two of the following: the climate, food, customs, land, wildlife and language

1973–1984

3. Teacher check

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1. 1947

The one millionth post-war migrant arrives in Australia.

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1955

Migrants are required to prove three years’ residency before applying for Australian citizenship.

4. (a) By promising sunny weather, beautiful beaches, good quality food and lots of suitable jobs

1984–present day

(b) Teacher check

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Migrants required to prove two years’ residency before citizenship application can be made.

5. (a) true

(b) false (c) true

(d) true

Further exploration

• Read eyewitness accounts of what it was like to live in a migrant reception centre such as Bonegilla. • Create posters you think would entice a 1940s/1950s migrant to move to Australia. • Conduct a survey of your class to find out how many students were born in Australia. Graph the results and see if they support the statistic that one in four of Australia’s population today was born overseas.

Primary Australian history

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A new

Immigration: ‘Populate or perish’ – 1

natio

During World War II, the Japanese bombed Australia. This meant that after the war ended in 1945, the Australian government was concerned about the possibility of Japan or other nearby countries invading Australia, particularly since Australia had a relatively small population. If there was a larger population, the government believed that Australia would have a better chance at defending itself. Australia would have to ‘populate or perish’, as the slogan went. In addition, Australia also needed workers, particularly in the building and manufacturing industries.

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To increase Australia’s population quickly, the government launched a massive immigration scheme, targeting European countries. Millions of Europeans had been left homeless due to the war, and many of these were interested in starting a new life in another country. At first, the government sought migrants from northern European countries who they felt would ‘fit in’ with the majority of Australians who were from a British or Irish background. Later, in the 1950s, migrants also began to be recruited from southern European countries like Italy, Greece and Yugoslavia.The migrants were enticed with images of sunny weather, beautiful beaches, good quality food and housing and the promise of lots of suitable jobs. The first group of migrants—tens of thousands of them—arrived by ship in 1947. However, in many ways conditions were vastly different from what they expected. First, they had to agree to work wherever the government told them to for two years. They were often given the worst jobs or had to work in jobs they were not suited to or qualified for. For example, a doctor or teacher might have had to work in a factory or as a labourer.

Second, there was not enough housing ready for the migrants. So the government set up camps to temporarily house them, which were often rows of old army barracks. Some people spent months in such places before they were given jobs.

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To the migrants, Australia seemed very strange. The climate, food, customs, land and wildlife were completely different from what they were used to. Many Australians also resented them, particularly those migrants who did not speak English. Their customs also seemed strange to Australians. Migrants were often treated as second-class citizens and many found life in Australia very difficult. In the end, more than two million people immigrated to Australia from Europe during the 20 years following the end of World War II. While some of these decided to return to Europe, the majority stayed, eager to make a new life for themselves.

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o c . che e r o t r s super

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Primary Australian history

A new

Immigration – ‘Populate or perish’ – 2

natio

Use the text on page 71 to answer the questions. 1. In which year did the first post-war migrants arrive in Australia?

2. Name two things a migrant might have found strange about Australia.

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3. What do you think about the Australian government’s policy of only recruiting migrants from Europe? Explain why.

4. (a) Describe how the Australian government enticed people to migrate to Australia.

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(b) Do you think this was fair? Why/Why not?

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o c . che 5. True or false? e r o t r s true false s up er (a) Over two million people have migrated to Australia.

(b) The British bombed Australia in World War II.

true

false

true

false

(d) Army barracks were used to house migrants.

true

false

Almost one in four of Australia’s population today was born overseas. Most of these were born in New Zealand or the UK.

Primary Australian history

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A new

Immigrant interview

natio

What do you think it would feel like to move to a country that is completely different from the one you live in? Consider this idea by preparing a television interview with a partner. 1. To begin, invent a country you would both find unusual to live in.

Country’s name

Language

Climate

Land (e.g. ‘mountainous’)

Popular food

Clothing

Popular celebration

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Housing

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2. Imagine one of you is an Australian migrant to your invented country who has now lived here for 10 years. The other person is the television interviewer who asks questions to find out how the person felt on arrival and how he/she coped. Write five questions the interviewer will ask and consider how the immigrant will answer.

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• 3. Practise your interview using clear voices. When you are ready, present it for the class.

Since 1945, approximately 6.5 million people have migrated to Australia. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

The $10 banknote People and politics

Indicators

Time line

1864

Banjo Paterson is born.

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Uses the Internet to find answers to questions about history.

Worksheet information

1865 1886

• The current Australian $10 banknote, like all Australian notes, is made from polymer. In 1988, Australia issued the world’s first polymer banknote – a $10 note designed to commemorate Australia’s bicentenary. • The current $10 note is 65 x 137 mm and was designed by Max Robinson. Its security features are:

Gilmour begins work as a schoolteacher. Paterson begins work as a solicitor.

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Dame Mary Gilmour is born.

– a clear window with a windmill printed in it and an embossed wave pattern

1895

Gilmour moves to Paraguay, South America.

– a seven-pointed star in a circle, which can be seen when the note is held up to the light

Paterson composes ‘Waltzing Matilda’ and writes The man from Snowy River.

– raised printing on some parts of the design

1899

– microprinted excerpts from Paterson’s The man from Snowy River and Gilmore’s No foe shall gather our harvest, along with the words ‘Ten dollars’ between each stanza.

Paterson travels to South Africa as a war correspondent for the Sydney Morning Herald. Gilmour returns to Australia.

• The text used on page 75 is a mixture of description and biography—secondary sources. For the activity on page 77, students will need access to the URLs given (the Reserve Bank website). They can be told that some of the quiz answers can be found under ‘FAQ’. This activity could be completed individually or in pairs.

1908–1931

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 111.

1902

Gilmour writes the women’s page in the Australian Worker newspaper.

Page 76

1937 Gilmour becomes Dame Commander of the British Empire (DCBE).

1962

Gilmour dies. 1966

14 February

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4. Teacher check

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Paterson becomes CBE. Paterson dies.

1. Because Paterson wrote the lyrics to ‘Waltzing Matilda’. 3. Answers should include four of the following: portraits of Paterson and Gilmore, brumbies, a horseman, a bullock team and an outback scene

1939 1941

Answers

5. Paterson: author/writer/poet; solicitor; overseas war correspondent

Gilmore: author/writer/poet; schoolteacher; journalist; social campaigner

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Australia changes from pounds, shillings and pence (£sd) to decimal currency.

6. Teacher check Page 77

1. 14 February 1966

2. Francis Greenway, architect, and Henry Lawson, poet and short story writer 3. It was the world’s first polymer note and was released in January 1988. 4. 86 million

1988

Australia issues the world’s first polymer banknote – a $10 note that commemorates Australia’s bicentenary.

5. 1 November 1993

1993

7. 5 pound note

1 November

The current Australian $10 note is issued.

6. Max Robinson 8. 2002

Further exploration • Research to find out how Australian banknotes have changed throughout history. • Design a new $10 note containing images you think represent the Australia of today.

Primary Australian history

R.I.C. Publications®

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People a nd po li

The $10 banknote – 1

tics

The current Australian $10 banknote was first issued in November 1993, although the first version of the note first appeared in 1966, when Australia changed from pounds, shillings and pence to decimal currency. The current $10 note has many security features to help prevent people from copying it. These include a clear window; raised printing on some parts of the note; ‘microprinting’ (printing that can only be seen under a microscope); and a watermark.

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Paterson (1864–1941) is best known for his poems about Australian rural life, including The man from Snowy River, Mulga Bill’s bicycle and The man from Ironbark. He also worked as a solicitor and an overseas war correspondent. Paterson’s other literary works include novels and a children’s book. He also wrote the lyrics to ‘Waltzing Matilda’. On the $10 note you will see: • Paterson’s portrait

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The front of the note contains images and words related to the Australian poet AB ‘Banjo’ Paterson.

• pictures of brumbies and a horseman (inspired by The man from Snowy River)

Paterson’s

handwriting.

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Gilmore (1865–1962) is best known for her stories and poems, including the patriotic poems No foe shall gather our harvest and Singapore. She also worked as a schoolteacher and a journalist and campaigned for social changes, such as introducing old age pensions, allowing women to vote and an improvement in the treatment of Aboriginal people. In 1937, she was appointed Dame Commander of the British Empire for her contributions to literature.

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The back of the note contains images and words related to the Australian writer Dame Mary Gilmore.

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On the $10 note you will see: • two portraits of Gilmore • a bullock team (an inspiration for some of Gilmore’s work) • images of an Outback scene • an extract from No foe shall gather our harvest in Gilmore’s handwriting. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

People a nd po li

The $10 banknote – 2

tics

Use the text on page 75 to answer the questions. 1. Why does the ‘Waltzing Matilda’ logo appear on the $10 note?

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2. In which year did Australia change to decimal currency? 3. Name four pictures found on the $10 note.

•

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•

4. Do you think images of Paterson and Gilmore were good choices to put on an Australian banknote? Give reasons.

5. List the occupations both Paterson and Gilmore held during their lives.

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o c . c e her for do you thinks 6. Which of the issues Dame Gilmore campaigned was ther most important? Explain why. o t s r upe

Polymer banknotes are used in Australia because they last about four times as long as paper, are cleaner and can be recycled into plastic products. 76

Primary Australian history

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People a nd po li

$10 Internet challenge!

tics

Complete this Internet quiz about the history of the Australian $10 note. Use the two URLs below. http://www.rba.gov/CurrencyNotes http://www.rba.gov.au/Museum/Displays

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1. What was the exact date of issue of the first Australian $10 note?

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2. Which two Australians were pictured on the first $10 note and what were their occupations?

3. What was significant about the $10 commemorative note and when was it released?

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4. Approximately how many $10 notes have been issued so far?

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million

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7. Which pre-decimal Australian note is worth $10?

o c . che e r o t r s su per 6. Who was the designer of the current $10 note? 5. What was the exact date of issue of the current $10 note?

8. In which year were the printed names of the people featured on the current Australian $10 note added?

When you have finished, mark your quiz and give yourself a score out of 8.

— 8 Each Australian banknote is a different size and a distinctive colour. This helps visually impaired people distinguish between them. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Sir Robert Menzies People and politics Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about Sir Robert Menzies, the 12th person to become Prime Minister of Australia. • Completes a report about an Australian Prime Minister.

Time line

1894

Robert Gordon Menzies born. 1914–1918 1916

• Although Menzies was a supporter of the war in 1914–1918, he did not enlist and publicly did not give reasons why. It is thought that because his two older brothers had enlisted, the family had made enough sacrifice and Robert should complete his law degree. This non-enlistment resulted in him almost not being elected to state parliament, when he was criticised in the press about it. His non-enlistment was also brought up by Earle Page (the Country Party leader whose party worked in coalition with the United Australia Party) in 1939, as Menzies was being considered to be made Prime Minister after Prime Minister Joseph Lyons suddenly died. Among other scathing comments dealing with Menzies’s forceful and somewhat arrogant personality, Page implied that Menzies would not be suitable for the position at a time when war was imminent as he was a ‘shirker’ and a ‘coward’ about enlisting and this would not be appropriate for a wartime PM.

Menzies graduates from Melbourne University. 1920

Menzies marries. 1928

• A useful website that gives a time line of all Australian Prime Ministers for students to choose to write a report on for page 81 is:

Menzies enters Victorian state parliament. 1934

<http://www.pm.gov.au/past_pm/index.cfm>

Menzies enters federal parliament. 1939–1941

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 111.

Robert Menzies is Prime Minister.

Answers

1939–1945

Page 80

World War II. 1944

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World War I.

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Menzies creates Liberal Party. 1949–1966

1. (a) 20 December 1894 in Jeparit, Vic.

(e) Lawyer

(b) fourth of five children

(f) 1963

(g) Pattie Leckie, daughter of Nationalist Party MP, in 1920

1966 Menzies retires.

2. (a) Robert Menzies is the longest-serving Prime Minister, having served more than 18 years.

1963

(b) Menzies supported the war and conscription and decided not to enlist.

Menzies knighted. 1965

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Menzies dies.

3. (a) 1928 – entered Victorian state parliament

(d) 1941 – resigned as Prime Minister

(b) 1934 – entered federal parliament

(f) 1949 – became Prime Minister for the second time (Liberal Party)

(e) 1944 – created the Liberal Party

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Menzies granted Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. 1977

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(d) Grenville College, Wesley College

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Menzies is Prime Minister.

4. Answers could include: He was a brilliant speaker/communicator; he thought carefully about things; he was Prime Minister during a long period of booming economy, when there was little unemployment and wages increased, making the voting public happy; provided strong and stable rule; did much for education; created Canberra as the nation’s capital

Further exploration • Find out more as to why the United Australia Party lost confidence in Robert Menzies as Prime Minister. • Browse through the website: <http://www.pm.gov.au/past_pm/index.cfm> and scroll down to kidZONE to view personal photographs and facts about the current Prime Minister and information about Parliament House.

Primary Australian history

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People a nd po li

Sir Robert Menzies – 1

tics

Robert Gordon Menzies, the 12th person to become Prime Minister of Australia, was also the longest serving. He served more than 18 years from 1939–1941 and again from 1949–1966, when he retired. Throughout his career, Menzies was renowned as a brilliant speaker.

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The fourth of five children, Menzies was born on 20 December 1894. He grew up in the small country town of Jeparit in northwestern Victoria. There, his parents struggled to run the town’s general store. Menzies attended the local school until the age of 12, when he was sent to board with his grandmother in the larger town of Ballarat. It was already obvious that Menzies was good at public speaking and had an opinion on everything. He did very well at the highly regarded Humffray Street State School and topped the state in the scholarship exam at the end of his primary school years. This enabled him to enrol in the private Grenville College secondary school in Ballarat, which would not have been possible for his family to afford. Menzies finished his schooling at Wesley College in Melbourne and then went on to study law at Melbourne University, where he graduated with honours in 1916.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f o rr ev i e w ur p eson l ylawyers. • In 1920, he Menzies reputation quickly grew and he soonp became oneo ofs Melbourne’s leading Menzies was 19 when World War I broke out. Although he supported the war and conscription, and had undergone compulsory military training, he did not enlist. This was later to affect him politically.

married Pattie Leckie, the daughter of a federal Nationalist Party MP. They had four children during the 1920s, one of whom died at birth.

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In 1928, Menzies left his law practice to enter Victoria’s state parliament, representing the Nationalist Party. He was almost not elected when a group of ex-servicemen criticised him in the press for not having enlisted for service in World War I. Menzies became Deputy Premier in 1932. In 1934, he entered federal parliament in the Melbourne seat of Kooyong representing the United Australia Party (UAP). He became Prime Minister in 1939, shortly before World War II broke out. Menzies resigned in 1941 after the UAP lost confidence in him. The public had also lost confidence in the UAP and it lost the next election.

o c . Instead of giving up, Menzies thought carefully about how the UAP could improve. In 1944, he created c e h r the Liberal Party and led his newe party to victory over the Labor Party in the 1949 election, becoming o t r s s r u pe Prime Minister. He remained Prime Minister for nearly 17 years, leading the Liberal Party to seven election victories. Australia enjoyed a booming economy during this time and it became known as ‘The Golden Era’ and Australia was ‘The Lucky Country’. Wool exports soared and oil, gas and mineral discoveries made Australia rich. There was little unemployment and wages increased. Menzies communicated well with the Australian people—first by radio and later by television—and carefully wrote his own speeches. He did much for education in Australia and developed Canberra as the nation’s capital. The Menzies government provided a period of strong and stable rule. Menzies was knighted in 1963. He was known as a ‘Queen’s man’ because of his strong belief in the British royal family. www.ricpublications.com.au

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People a nd po li

Sir Robert Menzies – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 79.

tics

1. Answer these personal facts about Sir Robert Menzies. (a) Born? (b) Position in family? (c) Primary schools? (d) Secondary schools? (e) Job before politics?

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(f) Knighted?

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(g) Married?

2. Rewrite these sentences so they are true.

(a) Robert Menzies is the second longest serving Prime Minister, having served more than 15 years.

(b) Menzies did not support the war and conscription and decided to enlist.

3. Briefly explain what happened during each of these years.

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(a) 1928

o c . che e r o t r 4. Why do you think Menzies was such a successful Prime Minister? s super (e) 1944

(f) 1949

Menzies received the nickname ‘Pig Iron Bob’ as a result of his industrial battle with waterside workers in 1939. They did not want to load iron ore on ships bound for Japan, saying it would come back as bombs. Menzies continued to permit its export. 80

Primary Australian history

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People a nd po li

Australian Prime Minister report

tics

Complete this report framework with information about another Australian Prime Minister. Use your notes to write a report. Display your report with other class members’ reports. Title: (Name of Prime Minister)

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Classification: (Brief summary of achievements)

Description: (Date of birth, family, early life, schooling, higher education, rise through politics, achievements)

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Conclusion: (A summary which could include a personal opinion.)

In 1965, Queen Elizabeth II bestowed one of the highest British awards on Sir Robert Menzies and also the highest award given to an Australian. He was made ‘Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports’. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

The dismissal of Gough Whitlam People and politics Indicators

Time line

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Whitlam joins the Australian Labor Party.

• Writes a persuasive speech showing understanding of the reforms made by Gough Whitlam.

1950

Worksheet information

1945

1952

Before students are given the worksheet on page 85 to complete, teachers may like to list on the board the reforms Gough Whitlam oversaw during his time in office and discuss each with the class. Notes from the discussion could be added to assist students with the activity.

Teac he r

Note: Teachers may need to explain and discuss more advanced words and phrases in the text such as: ‘conscription’, ‘immigration’, ‘exporting’ and ‘Opposition party’.

Whitlam is elected to the House of Representatives. 1955

ALP splits, with the Catholic right wing of the party forming the Democratic Labor Party. 1963

The ‘faceless men’ picture is displayed. 1966

Whitlam is almost expelled from the party due to his vocal support for government aid to private schools. 1967

• As leader of the Opposition, Gough Whitlam united his party and introduced a more democratic party. With the slogan ‘It’s time!’, Labor was voted into government in 1972, the first time since its loss in 1949. • The dramatic events of 11 November 1975 continued throughout the afternoon. At 3.03 pm, Whitlam moved a motion of noconfidence in Fraser and 13 minutes later the House of Representatives passed a motion of noconfidence in Fraser. By 4.50 pm, the Governor-General’s secretary, David Smith, was at Parliament House and read the proclamation dissolving Parliament.

• The text used on page 83 is a fictitious transcript of a radio announcement. On the afternoon of 11 November, ABC Radio went live around the country with a continuous broadcasting of the political events in Canberra. This coverage has been stored and provides a valuable audio record of the day the Whitlam government was dismissed.

Liberal party leader Harold Holt disappears. Late 60s–early 70s

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Whitlam becomes a Labor candidate for the NSW Legislative Assembly.

Whitlam advocates the abolition of conscription and Australian withdrawal from Vietnam.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 112.

Answers

Whitlam visits the People’s Republic of China, promising to establish diplomatic relations.

Page 84 1. (a) True

1972

Whitlam leads the ALP to its first electoral victory since 1946.

2. Withdrawing the troops from Vietnam; equal pay for women; greater protection of crocodiles and kangaroos; ended conscription for the armed forces; made it easier for people to immigrate to Australia; opened the doors for exporting to China

1975

3. (a) Malcolm Fraser

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(d) False

(b) Liberal

(e) False

(f) True

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1971

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November 11 Governor General of Australia, Sir John Kerr, dismisses the Gough Whitlam government and commissions Malcolm Fraser as Prime Minister.

4. Of course, newspapers across the country have been calling for Mr Whitlam’s resignation for weeks now.

December 13 The Australian Labor Party is defeated at the polls. The Fraser government (Liberal Party) wins the largest majority in Australian Federal political history.

Further exploration

5. Too many changes too quickly; disastrous decisions made; refusing to hold an election. 6. (a)–(b) Answers will vary

• Conduct research to write a personal profile about the man, Gough Whitlam.

• Assign two students to be the radio announcers from the text. Appoint other students as callers ringing the radio station to voice their opinions of the day’s events. Ensure there is a mix of opinions (for example, some callers are celebrating the news while others are angry/devastated). • Watch Australian comedian Norman Gunston (Garry McDonald) on the steps of Parliament House on 11 November 1975: http://whitlamdismissal.com/chronology/

Primary Australian history

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People a nd po li

The dismissal of Gough Whitlam – 1

tics

Read this fictitious transcript of a radio announcement from 1975. Radio announcer 1:

Good afternoon, listeners. I hope you are all wearing your poppies as it is the 11th of November—the day Australians remember those who have died in war.

Radio announcer 2:

Today will also be remembered as a monumental day in Australia’s history as we have just now been informed that the Governor General, John Kerr, has dismissed the Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam. Of course, newspapers across the country have been calling for Mr Whitlam’s resignation for weeks now, but no-one could have predicted that he would be forced to leave. This may be the most dramatic event in Australia’s political history!

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Radio announcer 1:

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Radio announcer 2:

Gough Whitlam, our first Labor Prime minister in 23 years, has made some massive changes during his three years as leader of our nation. Perhaps there were too many changes, too quickly?

Radio announcer 1:

Possibly. Whitlam oversaw some very good reforms though, such as withdrawing the troops from Vietnam, equal pay for women and greater protection of crocodiles and kangaroos.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons Don’t forget the Whitlam government ended conscription for the armed forces, made itv easier for people tor immigrate to s Australia and opened the doors for •f or r e i e w p u p o s e o n l y • exporting goods to China again. We now send our iron ore, wheat, wool and sugar

Radio announcer 2:

to China.

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Radio announcer 2:

We must remember that Gough Whitlam has also made some disastrous decisions during the Labor Party’s rule and he has been refusing to hold an election. Stop! More breaking news! It is 1.15 pm, ladies and gentlemen of Australia, and the Governor General has just installed Malcolm Fraser of the OPPOSITION PARTY, the Liberal Party, as caretaker Prime Minister!

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o c . che e r o Unbelievable! r I am speechless! t s super The announcement says Fraser can make no policy changes, no appointments or dismissals and must immediately call a federal election! Australia … we are going to the polls!

Radio announcer 1:

Well … farewell Gough Whitlam.

I think, listeners, it is time for a song …

www.ricpublications.com.au

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R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

People a nd po li

The dismissal of Gough Whitlam – 2

tics

Use the text on page 83 to answer the questions. 1. Answer true or false. True

False

(b) Gough Whitlam was Prime Minister of Australia for 23 years.

True

False

True

False

(d) The Whitlam government was asking for an election.

True

False

(e) Gough Whitlam cared very little about Australian animals.

True

False

(f) The Governor General has the power to dismiss a Prime Minister.

True

False

2. List the reforms made while Gough Whitlam was Prime Minister of Australia.

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• • • • • •

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(a) Gough Whitlam was dismissed as Prime Minister on Remembrance Day.

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3. (a) Who replaced Whitlam as (caretaker) Prime Minister? Party

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4. Find and copy the comment which shows that some Australians were unhappy with how Gough Whitlam was running the country.

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o c 5. What do the radio announcers believe to be some of the reasons for the dismissal? . che e r o t r s super

6. (a) Tick the reform above (from Question 2) which you think was the most important. (b) Explain your choice. The only Prime Minister to grow up in Canberra, Gough Whitlam served in World War II as an RAAF navigator. 84

Primary Australian history

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People a nd po li

In support of Gough Whitlam

tics

For the supporters of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, the events of 11 November 1975 were devastating! Imagine you are a big supporter of the changes Gough Whitlam made while he was Prime Minister of Australia and you have just been informed that he has been dismissed.

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1. Use the framework below to write a persuasive speech explaining why you think Gough Whitlam should be reinstated as Prime Minister. I think that

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because

Furthermore,

Surely you can see that

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because

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o c . e So these argumentsc clearly show that her r o t s super

2. With a partner as a radio announcer, call the local radio station and give your point of view about the dismissal. Your partner must ‘ad lib’ his or her comments to you. When completed, swap roles. 3. Choose the best performance and act it out to another group. Gough Whitlam and his wife, Margaret, were members of the successful 1995 Sydney bid team for the Olympic Games held in Sydney in 2000. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Marvellous medical inventions Modern Australia

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Alexander Fleming, the Scottish scientist, discovers penicillin. The artificial pacemaker is invented in Australia.

Australian Howard Florey, with a team of scientists in Britain, successfully extracts penicillin to create a medicine. 1952

Jonas Salk, USA, develops the first polio vaccine. 1960

Invention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). 1961

The ultrasound scanner is invented by David Robinson and George Kossoff. 1964

• When reading the text, students may be encouraged to think about the many years of research and experimentation which go in to creating a medicine or medical product and how such inventions can improve the quality of people’s lives.

• The texts used on page 87 are fictitious newspaper articles. Newspaper articles written at the time an event occurs are valuable historical primary sources. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 112.

Answers Page 88 1.

An amputated finger is rejoined using microsurgery techniques pioneered by Professor Earl Owen from Sydney. 1979

Medical invention

Year

The inventor

The pacemaker

1928

Mark C Lidwell

Penicillin medicine

1941

Howard Florey

Bionic Ear

1978

Graeme Clark

Spray-on skin

Professor Graeme Clark from the University of Melbourne invents the first cochlear implant.

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1984

• Although Australia has only a short history since European settlement, a remarkable number of important medical inventions have been pioneered here. The last 200 years have seen the country’s doctors, medical researchers and scientists achieve some outstandingly significant medical innovations. For such a relatively small population, Australia has made its mark in the world for medical inventions.

First vaccine for measles. 1970

Worksheet information

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Teac he r

1941

• Researches and records information to extend knowledge about a person who has achieved a significant medical breakthrough during the last century.

2. (a) Bionic ear

2002 (b) Pacemaker

Dr Fiona Wood (c) Penicillin medicine

3. Less need for further operations, less scarring

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1928

Time line

The first baby in the world born from a frozen embryo in Melbourne.

4. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin but it was Howard Florey who learnt how to extract it to create a medicine for humans.

1995

5. (a) Who was the first person to receive a bionic ear?

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o c . che e r o t r s super

Plastic surgeon Dr Fiona Wood and medical scientist Ms Marie Stoner create a spray-on skin for burns victims. 2006

Professor Ian Frazer and others at the University of Queensland develop a vaccine to prevent cervical cancer in women.

(b) In which year was spray-on skin used on victims of the Bali Bombings?

Further exploration

• Create a survey to find out how many students in the school have been given antibiotics and for which illnesses. Display the results graphically. Write a summary about the importance of antibiotics. • Ask someone who has a pacemaker or a cochlear implant to speak to the students about how important this medical innovation is to his or her life. • Dr Fiona Wood earned the prestigious award of Australian of the Year in 2005. Use the Internet to research other doctors who have been Australians of the year. Which field of medicine are the doctors in and for which medical achievement were they recognised? Display results in a table format.

Primary Australian history

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Marvellous medical inventions – 1

Read the newspaper articles about four groundbreaking Australian medical inventions. 1928

Sydney Morning Herald BABY SAVED BY MODERN WONDER!

FLOREY’S MIRACLE MOULD

This marvellous device was attached to the baby’s heart, reviving it. After ten minutes on the machine, the baby’s heart began to beat on its own.

The pacemaker is an invention of Mark C Lidwell of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital of Sydney. It can be taken to a patient and inserted under the skin, controlling the rate of the heartbeat. Let’s hope this amazing medical invention becomes available to everyone who needs it!

The history books list Alexander Fleming as the man who discovered penicillin, but it is Australian scientist Howard Florey who has ingeniously turned it in to a medicine we can use. Adelaide-born Florey and his dedicated team transformed penicillin mould into a lifesaving antibiotic which can cure infectious diseases.

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Teac he r

The Australian

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The parents of a stillborn baby at Crown Street Women’s Hospital in Sydney owe their child’s life to a piece of modern technology called ‘The pacemaker’.

It is said that this wonderful drug will help heal our courageous wounded soldiers returning from the War.

The West Australian

1978

ROD SAUNDERS – THE BIONIC MAN!

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A Melbourne local, Rod Saunders, has made medical history today as the first person in the world to receive a bionic ear.

The bionic ear works by electrically stimulating the hearing nerves in the inner ear (the cochlea). Rod will now

be able to understand many sounds, including speech.

2002

BURNS VICTIMS GIVEN MAGIC SKIN AT PERTH HOSPITAL

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The Melbourne Sun

www.ricpublications.com.au

1941

Victims of the terrifying bombings in Bali have been arriving at Royal Perth Hospital this week with most suffering from horrific burns.

o c . che e r o t r s super Researcher Graeme Clark from the University of Melbourne is responsible for this wonderful invention which will bring joy to so many people!

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Dr Fiona Wood of Perth has created medical history with spray-on skin! A tiny piece of skin is taken from the patient and placed in a solution which helps skin grow. This growing skin is then sprayed on the wound. This whole process can take just half an hour (unlike a skin graft, which can take three weeks!). Tests have shown that spray-on skin means less need for further operations and less scarring. What a remarkable Australian medical invention! Primary Australian history

Modern Austr alia

Marvellous medical inventions – 2 Use the text on page 87 to answer the questions. 1. Complete the table. Medical invention

Year invented

The inventor

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Teac he r

2. Complete the sentences.

(a) The invention allowing people with severe hearing impairments to understand

speech is the

(b) The invention which can control the rate of a person’s heartbeat is the

3. List the two benefits of using spray-on skin on people with burns. • •

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5. Write questions for these answers. (a) Rod Saunders (b) 2002

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4. How did Howard Florey use Alexander Fleming’s discovery to create medical history?

o c . che e r o t r s super

6. List words you think best describe how a person who is profoundly deaf (unable to hear at all) may feel once fitted with a bionic ear.

While conducting experiments to find new sources of mould, Howard Florey and his team discovered mould grown on rockmelons created large amounts of penicillin. 88

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A marvellous Australian invention Find out more about a remarkable Australian medical inventor. 1. Choose one person responsible for making a medical breakthrough from the text to research further. Record your findings in the boxes below. Name: Date of birth: Where born:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Death: Lived:

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Teac he r

Schools/universities:

How it all began:

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Most famous for:

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o c . che e r o t r s Why does this person inspire you? s Where did you get your information? r upe

The Australian ‘bionic ear’ has been implanted in more than 50 000 people in more than 120 countries. Children as young as 5 months can receive a bionic ear implant.

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Primary Australian history

The Wave Hill walk-off Modern Australia

Indicators

Time line

1901

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Demonstrates understanding of the purpose and effect of the Wave Hill strikes through role play.

The Aboriginal Protection Act leads to the institutionalisation of Aboriginal people. 1920s

Worksheet information

1930s

Investigation in to the treatment of Aborigines at Lord Vestey’s cattle station—nothing changed. 1938

• When the cattle industry was developing in the north of Australia, convict labour had diminished and so cheap labour from Aborigines was used to create great profits for pastoralists like Lord Vestey.

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Teac he r

A number of organisations lobby for civil rights for Aboriginal people.

• Before reading the poem, discuss with the students how the traditional Aboriginal people of Australia have a close connection with the land. They use natural features to signpost the land which is connected to their Dreaming stories and Spirit Ancestors. The land has great significance to them for both survival and spiritual reasons.

The first major political rally by Aboriginal people takes place on 26 January as they call for a ‘Day of mourning’.

• When reading the poem, ask students to consider more reasons why the cattle station appearing meant they had nothing to eat.

1940

Reasons include fences being built blocking them from waterholes and hunting grounds. Kangaroos and hunting dogs were shot and cattle trampled the bush tucker.

The Aborigines Act introduces a new policy of assimilation.

Australian Citizenship Act gives Aboriginal people the right to vote in Commonwealth elections.

• The text used on page 91 is a poem written using information from secondary sources such as reports and primary sources such as interviews of people telling firsthand accounts of the Wave Hill strike. A poem which documents an event firsthand without any interpretation is a primary source.

1965

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 113.

The ‘Freedom Ride’, led by Charles Perkins, tours rural NSW. 1966

2. The station took over their land. Fences were erected which blocked them from their waterholes, leaving them with no water or food.

1966–1975

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The Wave Hill strike.

3. Answers will vary. Possible answers—patient, determined, stubborn, powerful, passionate, united

91% of Australian citizens vote ‘yes’ in a referendum to count Aboriginal people in the census. 1972

Page 92 1. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) False (e) True (f) False (g) True

The Wave Hill walk-off.

1967

Answers

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4. (a) Where did the Gurindji people camp while they waited for a decision to be made about their land?

o c . che e r o t r s super

Gough Whitlam becomes Prime Minister of Australia and introduces a policy of self-determination for Indigenous people. 1975

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1949

(b) In which year was Lord Vestey forced to return land to the Gurindji people?

5. What began as a struggle for pay and working conditions equal to the non-Indigenous workers at Wave Hill transformed in to a battle for land rights.

6. Answers will vary.

The handback of land rights to the Gurindji people.

Further exploration

1977

• Research and present an informative poster about the celebrations of Freedom Day.

Aboriginal Land Rights NT Act. 1988

• What do the words terra nullius mean? Present a brief report to the class explaining the term and how Europeans arriving in the country could use it to acquire land.

Landmark Australian court case over native title.

• Write a newspaper article from 1966 about the Wave Hill walk-off.

1992

• Write a report about Australia’s Freedom Ride in the summer of 1965.

Eddie Mabo and Co wins native title case for Murray Island. 2008 Federal Parliament offers an official apology to the ‘stolen generations’ on behalf of the Australian Government.

Primary Australian history

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The Wave Hill walk-off – 1 Read the poem about the 1966 strikes at the Wave Hill cattle station in the Northern Territory.

Up in the north of Australia The Gurindji people lived a peaceful, traditional life Until a cattle station owned by Lord Vestey Took away their human rights

Modern Austr alia

Lingiari travelled to South Australia To spread word about the Wave Hill strike Students, workers and unions listened And sympathised with his plight

Teac he r

The Gurindji people were hungry So they went to work for just rations of food

In tin humpies they lived with no water or power But the other workers didn’t have it so rough On the 23rd day of August Vincent Lingiari decided he’d had enough

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r o e t s Boyears of fighting for justice r e It took many p ostood his firm ground Wave Hill station took over their land u But Lingiari, hek S as it grew Fencing off waterholes And in ’75 in Gough Whitlam A worthy Prime Minister he found

After nine years of striking and waiting The Gurindji people were told During an historic ceremony That they could all finally go home

‘I c solemnly swear on this day,’ Gough said, © R. I . C.Publ i at i o ns While pouring soil onto Vincent’s hand, •f orr evi ew pur po s e son l yof• ‘the Gurindji people Australia Are the rightful owners of Wave Hill land’.

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‘We want the wages we earn and better conditions, We’ll walk off ’til we get equal pay’ So 200 Aborigines left the station Walking to Wattie Creek, 30 kilometres away

. te o c Vestey’s mob came offering money . c e he But Lingiari knew what was right r o t r s uper ‘We want more now, we want our s

land back That land is our home and for it we will fight’

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Primary Australian history

Modern Austr alia

The Wave Hill walk-off – 2 Use the text on page 91 to answer the questions. 1. Answer true or false.

True

False

(b) Vincent Lingiari encouraged his people to strike.

True

False

True

False

(d) Wattie Creek was only a short walk from the station.

True

False

(e) The owner of the station wanted the workers to return.

True

False

True

False

True

False

Teac he r

(a) Wave Hill station is in the Northern Territory.

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(f) Only people in the north of the country knew about the strike.

(g) Gough Whitlam believed the land belonged to the Gurindji people. 2. Why were the Gurindji people forced to work at the Wave Hill cattle station?

3. Circle the words which best describe the Gurindji people. Add one more of your own.

Patient

Weak

(a) Wattie Creek

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(b) 1975

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4. Write a question for these answers.

. tof the Gurindji people change during the strike? o 5. How did the demands e c . che e r o t r s super

6. On the back of this sheet, describe how you think life may have been different for the non-Indigenous workers at Wave Hill. The area known as Wattie Creek would become Dagaragu—the first cattle station to be owned and managed by an Aboriginal community. 92

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The Wave Hill walk-off – role-plays

Demonstrate your understanding of the purpose of the Wave Hill walk-off by preparing and presenting a role-play. 1. With a partner, choose one of these historical events to role-play. Vincent Lingiari explaining to the manager at the station why they were going to walk off.

Vestey’s mob visiting Wattie Creek and offering the group higher wages if they return to the station.

Vincent Lingiari meeting with a journalist in South Australia to make people aware of the strike.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Facts and ideas

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Teac he r

2. Once you have been allocated a role, make notes about what you will say and how you will use your voice and body to perform your best. Voice and body

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3. Rehearse and perform the role-play to the class or another group.

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4. Do you think the message of the purpose of the Wave Hill strike came through in your performance?

o c . Effects of the Wave c Hill walk-off e her r o t In 1975 the Gurindji people were awarded land s super rights to a large part of the land from the Wave

Yes

Hill cattle station. 5. Prepare a role-play showing a group of Aborigines who have just heard the news about the Gurindji people’s success. This group were moved off their land so a mine site could be constructed. What would they be saying to each other? Australian singer and song writer Paul Kelly wrote a song with Kev Carmody called ‘From little things big things grow’, which tells the story of the Gurindji people’s struggle for land rights. www.ricpublications.com.au

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International Australian stars Modern Australia Indicators

Time line

1861

Nellie Melba (Helen Mitchell) is born.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions about prominent Australians: Dame Nellie Melba, Sidney Nolan, Rolf Harris and AB Paterson. • Completes an information table.

Worksheet information

1864 1886

Melba goes to London.

• Rolf Harris (1930–) made his first wobble board by accident. He had painted a board and placed it over a heater to dry. When he picked it up it was hot and burnt his fingers so he wobbled it to cool it and liked the sound it made.

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Teac he r

Andrew Barton ‘Banjo’ Paterson is born.

• Sidney Nolan (1917–1992) had a wider international reputation than any other Australian artist. He was a great traveller and studied in many countries. He even went to Antarctica with the US Navy in 1964.

1892

Roy Rene (‘Mo’), comedian, is born (d. 1954).

• Andrew Barton Paterson (1864–1941) took leave from his law practice and went to South Africa as a war correspondent in 1899. He also went to China to cover the Boxer Rebellion in 1901, but it had ended. During WWI he wasn’t accepted as a war correspondent and drove an ambulance instead.

1909

Errol Flynn, actor, is born (d. 1959). 1912

Dame Joan Hammond, singer, is born (d. 1996). 1917

Sidney Nolan is born. 1918

• Helen Porter Mitchell (1864–1931) or Dame Nellie Melba was from a musical family. She went to London in 1886 and on to Paris where she studied, making a successful debut in Brussels. She gave farewell performances for three years, giving rise to the expression, ‘more farewells than Nellie Melba’.

Melba is given title for charity work.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 113.

1926

Answers

1927

1. He used unusual instruments such as the wobble board and the didgeridoo.

Slim Dusty (David Kirkpatrick), singer, is born (d. 2003)

2. He appeared a lot on television.

1930

3. Western Australia

Rolf Harris is born.

4. (a) False

1931

5. It was the name of a family horse.

Melba dies. 1939

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Clive James, writer and broadcaster, is born. 1941

Banjo Paterson dies. 1947

First of Nolan’s Ned Kelly series is produced. 1948 Nolan makes first visit to Outback. 1951 Geoffrey Rush, actor, is born. 1955 Nolan moves to London.

(b) True

6. Waltzing Matilda

(d) True

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Dame Joan Sutherland, singer, is born.

(e) True

7. They wanted him to have the opportunity to do other jobs and not to have to work on the land as they did.

o c . che e r o t r s super 8. Covent Gardens

9. Answers may include: Peach Melba, Melba toast, Melba Hall and on a one hundred dollar note. 10. It is a shortened form of Melbourne; where she was born.

Further exploration

• Find and read a recipe for peach melba. Explain why you think you would either like or dislike it. • Work in a small group to read and dramatise the ballad ‘Clancy of the Overflow’ or copy it out and add illustrations.

• Choose a Rolf Harris song to learn and work with a small group to perform it for the class. You may like to make a wobble board to use and perhaps wear a beard and glasses.

1981 Nolan is knighted. 1992 Nolan dies.

Primary Australian history

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Modern Austr alia

International Australian stars – 1 Sir Sidney Nolan – artist

Harris was born in Western Australia in 1930. His many talents included swimming. He was an Australian swimming champion at 14.

Nolan was the son of a tram driver. He was born in Melbourne in 1917 and was educated there. He didn’t visit the Outback until 1948.

His first song to top the charts was Tie me kangaroo down sport, followed by Two little boys and Jake the Peg. He used unusual instruments, including a digeridoo and a wobble board.

He studied art in many countries. After 1955, he lived mainly in London where he had a spectacular art career, but he returned regularly to Australia.

Rolf Harris did rapid cartoon drawings on TV, but he was also a serious artist. The Queen asked him to paint her 80th birthday portrait; a great honour.

Nolan was an experimental painter of figures and landscapes. He was interested in painting and telling stories. The series of pictures of Ned Kelly he started in 1947 are his best-known work. He painted other historical figures like Burke and Wills and also illustrated books, designed theatre and film sets and wrote poetry.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

His TV shows were very popular. The first episode of Rolf on art was watched by a record 6.8 million people. Animal hospital ran for eight years. Time magazine named him the fifth most influential artist and entertainer of the 20th century.

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Rolf Harris – musician, artist, TV host

Nolan was knighted in 1981 and died in 1992.

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become really famous overseas. She spent 38 years on the stage, made almost 200 recordings and was the first international artist to make a radio broadcast in Australia.

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Banjo Paterson was born in the bush in 1864. When he was ten his parents had to sell their property as a result of a drought. They stayed on as workers but they wanted him to have other job opportunities, so they sent him to school in Sydney.

When Melba first went to London in 1886, she shortened Melbourne to Melba, and used it as her stage name.

o c . che e r o t r s sup r Melba was based at Covent Gardens in London His fame opened many doors and he became a e where she was known as the ‘Queen of Song’. war correspondent and a journalist. The American He became a lawyer, but he always loved the Outback. He started to write ballads using the name of a family horse, The Banjo. He became famous after writing Clancy of the Overflow.

president admired his work and in England he was compared with Rudyard Kipling. He sold his most famous work, Waltzing Matilda, for only five pounds. Banjo Paterson, who died in 1941, is featured on the Australian $10 note. www.ricpublications.com.au

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She was given the title ‘Dame’ in 1918 for charity work during World War II.

She was mobbed by crowds during her Australian tours. Melba died in 1931. Melba Hall at the University of Melbourne, Melba toast and peach melba were named after her. She is featured on the Australian $100 note. Primary Australian history

International Australian stars – 2

Modern Austr alia

Answer the questions about the text on page 95. 1. What is unusual about Rolf Harris’s music? 2. Why is his face so well known around the world?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. In which state was he born?

(a)

Nolan was born in the bush.

True

False

(b)

His most famous paintings were of Ned Kelly.

True

False

(c)

He spent most of his time working in Australia.

True

False

(d)

He was interested in the theatre.

True

False

(e)

Nolan didn’t visit the Outback until he was 31 years old.

True

False

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Teac he r

4. True or false

5. Why did AB Paterson choose the name ‘Banjo’?

6. What is his most famous work?

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8. Where did Dame Nellie Melba perform and work in London?

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7. Why did his parents want him to go to school in Sydney?

o c . che e r o t r s super 10. Where did the name Melba come from? 9. Name two ways in which she is remembered.

When Russell Crowe accepted an Oscar at the Academy Awards for his performance in Gladiator in 2000, he quoted some of his favourite lines from Clancy of the Overflow.

Primary Australian history

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Modern Austr alia

Meet a star!

1. Which of the four Australian stars you read about on page 95 would you most like to meet?

2. Complete the information chart below about this person. There is some information in the text but you can find out more. You may like to add some appropriate illustration. Name Birth details

Skills

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Teac he r

Occupation

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Significant events in life

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Achievements

o c . che e r o t r s super

There are only two marble busts of singers in the foyer of Covent Gardens, London; one is of Dame Nellie Melba. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Peacekeeping Modern Australia

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Time line

1945

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• Writes letters to demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of peacekeepers working during troubled times in East Timor.

Worksheet information

United Nations established. Australia is a founding member.

• Peace is often thought of as a passive state—a lack of war. But peace is a process which requires action to be created and sustained.

1947

• When reading the text, students may be encouraged to think about:

Teac he r

~ what is a ceasefire?

~ the Australians who have died helping to restore peace in other countries

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Australia is first country to deploy troops to a United Nations peacekeeping mission—Indonesia—to monitor a ceasefire between Dutch and Indonesian nationalists.

~ what it would be like to live in a war-torn country

1950

Australian peacekeeping force serves in Kashmir.

• The texts used on page 99 is a report, which is a secondary source. Facts, dates and details from primary sources of information such as journals, newspaper articles and interviews recorded during the time of an event are used to write secondary sources such as reports.

1961–1972

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 114.

Australian peacekeeping force serves in Vietnam.

Answers

Australian peacekeeping force serves in Korea. 1950-85

1990–1991

Australian naval ships ensure a ban on Iraq is enforced during the Gulf War. 1992-3

Page 100

Australian peacekeeping force serves in Cyprus.

Australian peacekeeping force serves in Cambodia. 1993 Australian peacekeeping force serves in Somalia. 1994

1. • To help mediate conflicts between countries • Maintain peace 2. (a) 192, 1945

(b) 12, 1966

• Prevent wars

• To protect innocent people

(d) 1999, 1000, 2006, 21 000

3. (a) Choose from:

• observing and monitoring places in the world where there is a ceasefire or a peace agreement between two groups (or countries) • helping societies which have been destroyed by war to rebuild homes and towns • preventing a war before it begins or helping to end a war

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1964–date

• making sure aid such as food, water and blankets reaches innocent people during or after a war

1997

• sending medical staff to treat injured people caught in a war

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Australian peacekeeping force serves in Rwanda, Sinai.

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Australian peacekeeping force serves in Bougainville.

(b) Answers will vary.

1999

4. Answers will vary.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Australian peacekeeping force serves in East Timor.

5. Teacher check

2007

6. Answers will vary.

Approximately 1000 Australian peacekeeping troops are stationed in East Timor.

Further exploration

• Make a list of past winners of the Nobel Peace Prize and include what each one won it for. Discuss what you think should be the criteria for nominees of the Nobel Peace Prize. See: <http://nobel.no/>

• In a group, brainstorm different symbols of peace (such as the white dove, the olive branch and the sign for peace). Choose one and create an information poster presenting facts about the origins of this peace sign and where it can be seen. • Design your own peace symbol. • Research other international organisations which promote peace by taking action. Some include: Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) and Association of World Citizens (AWC). • Ask if the children know someone in the Australian Defence Forces who would like to come and speak to the class about his/her experiences.

Primary Australian history

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Modern Austr alia

Peacekeeping – 1 Read the report about how Australia helps to maintain peace around the world. United Nations

Most Australian peacekeepers are part of the country’s defence forces—the army, navy and air force. They are usually quite safe but do work in dangerous areas. Tragically, 12 Australians have died during peacekeeping efforts since 1966. Two people were killed by landmines and one in a plane crash.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

In 1945, at the end of the Second World War, an international organisation called the United Nations was created. Some of the United Nations’ goals include: helping to mediate conflicts between countries; preventing wars; maintaining peace; and protecting innocent lives. If a country is breaking basic human rights laws, the United Nations can stop other countries from trading Australia has been a member of the United Nations goods with them. Australian navy ships enforced a since it was established. Today, 192 countries are ban on Iraq during the 1990s Gulf War. members, including the People’s Republic of China, the United States, France, Russia and the United East Timor Kingdom. Countries may require peacekeepers when there Peacekeeping is an election and the result causes an eruption of violence. This occurred in East Timor in 1999, when Countries who are members of the United Nations the people voted to become independent from can volunteer people and troops to help keep the Indonesia. Approximately one thousand people were peace in other countries. killed. Australian troops were sent to restore peace.

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Timor when fighting broke out between groups of • observing and monitoring places in the world soldiers and 21 000 people fled their homes. where there is a ceasefire between two groups Today there are still over 1000 Australian troops in (or countries) East Timor. While they work to maintain the peace, • helping societies which have been destroyed by they also help to rebuild schools and homes. war to rebuild homes and towns

o c . • making sure aid such asc food, water and blankets e he r reaches innocent people during or after a war o t r s speople per • sending medical staff to treat injured u • preventing a war before it begins or helping to end a war

caught in a war.

Conflicts Since World War I there have been 30 conflicts around the world which Australian peacekeeping forces have been sent to. Some of these conflicts were in Korea, Indonesia, India, Iraq, Iran, Cambodia and East Timor. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Modern Austr alia

Peacekeeping – 2 Use the text on page 99 to answer the questions. 1. List four goals of the international peacekeeping organisation, the United Nations. •

•

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

2. Add numbers to complete the sentences.

countries, including Australia, are members of the United Nations which was established in

Teac he r

(a)

Australians have died during peacekeeping efforts since

conflicts around the world since World War

(d) Australian troops have been sent to East Timor twice, in the year

people were killed, and again in

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(b)

when

people fled their homes.

3. (a) Read the list of activities involved in peacekeeping. Describe the one you think is the most important.

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(b) Explain your choice.

4. List words to describe the Australian troops who help maintain peace in other countries; for example, brave.

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o c . che e r o t r s su 5. Name two reasons why a country may require peacekeepers. per • • 6. On the back of this sheet, describe what you think the world would be like if the United Nations and peacekeeping forces didn’t exist.

100

Primary Australian history

In 1993, Australia had over 2000 peacekeepers in the field, with some in Cambodia and others in Somalia.

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Modern Austr alia

Peacekeeping – East Timor Australian peacekeeping forces have helped East Timor restore and maintain peace since 1999 and continue to do so today. 1. Imagine you are a child living in East Timor during troubled times. Write a letter to a penpal describing your life and how you feel about the Australian soldiers keeping the peace in your town. Dear

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Dear

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2. Imagine you are an Australian soldier posted to East Timor. Write a letter home to your mum and dad describing how you feel about your duties and life in Timor.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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From

In 1988, the United Nations peacekeeping forces, called the Blue Helmets, were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Love

Primary Australian history

101

Quiz questions

pages 2–5

1. Dreamtime stories have been told for:

(a) a few years (b) thousands of years

2. After the creation, the spirits of the ancestors: (a) died

(b) rose into the sky

3. Children are told Dreamtime stories:

Teac he r

(a) to learn about their way of life

(b) at bedtime (c) on special occasions

4. Aboriginal people find their way using:

(a) tracks followed by the spirit ancestors

(b) tracks followed by entertainers

6. Aboriginal people honour the traditions of the Dreamtime:

(a) in solemn prayer

(b) through music, art and special ceremonies

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5. Dreaming tracks are believed to be:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

The Dre amtim e

(a) map and compass (b) road signs

7. The greatest gift the Aboriginal people have been given is:

(a) animals to hunt

(b) plants to gather

Quiz questions

lia

pages 6–9

5. Which modern country did both of Tasman’s voyages leave from?

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(a) 1640 and 1642 (b) 1642 and 1644

(a) Indonesia

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2. What did Tasman call Tasmania?

(a) Batavia

3. Which of these was a reason why the Dutch lost interest in Australia?

(a) no spices

(b) bad climate

4. Which other country did Tasman sight during his first expedition to Australia?

(a) Brazil

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Primary Australian history

(b) France

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(b) New Holland

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1. In which years did Abel Tasman’s voyages to Australia take place?

6. On his second expedition to Australia, Tasman was asked to:

(a) bring back animals

(b) circumnavigate it

7. In the 1600s, the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies was:

(a) Van Diemen

(b) Duyfken

(b) Indonesia

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Quiz questions

The voyage o f pages 10–13

the Fir

st Fle et

1. Which city did the First Fleet leave from?

(a) Rio de Janeiro

(b) Portsmouth

2. When did the First Fleet officially arrive in Port Jackson?

(a) 26 January 1788

(b) 13 May 1787

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. How many ships were in the First Fleet?

(a) 6

(b) 11

4. The first governor of New South Wales was: (a) Arthur Phillip

Teac he r

(b) Phillip Botany

(a) Canary Islands

(b) Cape Town

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5. What was originally supposed to be the final destination of the First Fleet? (c) Botany Bay

6. Approximately how many convicts travelled on the First Fleet?

(a) 800

(b) 400

7. Approximately how many people died on the First Fleet’s voyage?

(a) none

(b) 15

Quiz questions

pages 14–17

1. In which state of Australia will you find Port Arthur? (b) Tasmania

(b) women

2. Point Puer was a prison for:

(a) boys

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(a) Victoria

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3. What made it almost impossible to escape by sea from Port Arthur?

(a) freezing water

(b) ships

4. At the Separate prison at Port Arthur, convicts were not allowed to:

(a) exercise

(b) talk

5. Which of these formed part of a convict’s diet at Port Arthur?

(a) soup

(b) fruit

6. Point Puer prison was located:

(a) across the bay from Port Arthur (b) in Hobart

7. One of the punishments at Port Arthur was:

(a) scrubbing floors

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(b) looking after dogs

103

Quiz questions

pages 18–21

1. The First Fleet arrived in Sydney Cove in the year:

(a) 1788

(b) 1789

2. Bennelong and Colbee were kidnapped at: (a) Sydney Cove

(b) Manly

(b) 1792

4. Yemmerrawanie dies of pneumonia at the age of:

(a) 19

5. Bennelong died from:

(a) old age

(b) pneumonia

6. Phillip ordered the kidnapping of the two Aboriginal men to:

(b) 21

(a) train them as his servants

(b) scare the other Aborigines

7. Which man escaped from the British not long after he was captured?

(a) Bennelong

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Teac he r

3. Bennelong and Yemmerrawanie travelled to England with Governor Phillip in: (a) 1790

ong

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Benne l

(b) Colbee

Quiz questions

r ne

pages 22–25

(a) 1835

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(b) 1836

2. The settlement of Adelaide was named after:

(a) The Prime Minister (b) King William IV

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3. The first settlers of Melbourne arrived from:

(a) Britain

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1. The first British ships arrived in Melbourne in which year?

(b) Van Diemen’s Land

4. The man responsible for choosing and naming the site of Adelaide was:

(a) John Batman

(b) Governor Richard Bourke

5. Victoria became its own colony, separate from New South Wales, in:

(a) 1850

(b) 1851

6. The site chosen for Adelaide surrounds which river?

(a) Torrens River

(b) Yarra River

7. By 1851, the colony of Victoria had a population of:

(a) 14 577

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Primary Australian history

(b)

55 000

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Quiz questions

James

pages 26–29

Ruse

1. The Ruse family lost everything because of:

(a) bushfire

(b) flood

2. Governor Phillip chose Ruse to work Experimental Farm because he was:

(a) a farmer

(b) well behaved

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. Governor Phillip was pleased with Ruse’s success so he:

(a) paid him well

(b) granted him land

(b) farming was easy

4. James Ruse proved that: (a) he was a good man

Teac he r

(a) a thief

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5. Ruse was sent to New South Wales because he was: (b) a murderer

6. Ruse travelled to New South Wales with:

(a) his family

(b) the First Fleet

7. Governor Phillip organised Experimental Farm because he: (a) wanted to see if it worked

(b) wanted to help Ruse

Quiz questions

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(a) 20th century

(b) 19th century

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(a) an inland lake

(b) a desert

3. In which year were the Blue Mountains crossed?

(a) 1813

(b) 1788

4. Who discovered the Macquarie and Lachlan Rivers?

(a) John Oxley (b) Augustus Gregory

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5. Who is considered to have been the most successful in discovering what lay in Australia’s interior?

(a) Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth

(b) Charles Sturt

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2. What did people believe would be found in Australia’s interior?

ior

pages 30–33

1. Not much was known about the Australian interior in the early:

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6. Where did explorers discover the Murray-Darling System flowed into?

(a) an inland sea

(b) the Indian Ocean

7. Which explorer died or disappeared while journeying to the interior?

(a) Ludwig Leichhardt

(b) Thomas Mitchell

Primary Australian history

105

Quiz questions

Natural res pages 34–37

ources –

Gold

1. The first gold discovery to be made public was in:

(a) 1841

(b) 1823

2. The first rocker boxes or cradles were made in:

(a) Australia

(b) California

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. The largest group of overseas miners was from:

(a) China

(b) America

4. The miners were angry because: (a) they couldn’t find gold

Teac he r

(b) their licences cost too much

(a) had to pay back their fare (b) liked working

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5. Chinese miners worked harder because they:

6. Lots of miners had sore eyes because:

(a) they couldn’t get glasses (b) it was dusty

7. The government didn’t tell people gold had been discovered because:

(a) they wanted to keep it

(b) crime would increase (c) workers would leave jobs

Quiz questions

pages 38–41

pal

(a) Brazil

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(b) Australia

2. Australian opal was first discovered by:

(a) Menge

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3. Dugouts kept people:

(a) warm

(b) Willie Hutchinson

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1. Which country supplies most of the world’s opal?

o c . che e r o t r s super (b) cool

4. Willie Hutchinson discovered opal at:

(a) Coober Pedy

5. Opal miners needed:

(a) an axe

(b) Angaston

(b) a drill

6. The first registered opal lease was in:

(a) Queensland

(b) South Australia

7. Water was the greatest problem facing opal miners because:

(a) there was too much

106

Primary Australian history

(b) it’s thirsty work

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Quiz questions

pages 42–45

1. What is another word for ‘drover’?

(a) cocky (b) overlander

2. When were the bores put down on the Murranji Track?

(a) 1920s

(b) 1940s

(a) dingoes

(b) kelpies

5. What did the drover consider was a good distance for a mob to travel each day?

(a) 100 miles (160 km)

(b) 6 miles (10 km)

(a) a stampede

(b) bore water not refilled

6. How did the drover prevent the stampede?

(a) wheeled the cattle in a circle

(b) climbed a tree

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4. What is a problem a drover in the past would not have to deal with?

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er’s l if e

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. What breed of dogs makes good cattle dogs?

A drov

7. The Murranji Track is in ...

(a) Queensland

(b) Northern Territory

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1. The fact that Australia’s distance from other countries is not the problem it once was is due to:

(a) the world shrinking

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ies

pages 46–49

(b) developments in communication and air transport

4. In which year did GA Taylor make the first flight by an Australian in a plane not controlled by engine power?

(a) 1189

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Quiz questions

(b) 1909

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2. Who was the first Australian to become airborne in a heavier-than-air machine?

5. Kingsford-Smith and his crew were the first to fly over the:

(a) Pacific Ocean

(b) Indian Ocean

(a) Kingsford-Smith (b) The Smith brothers 6. Qantas stands for ...

3. Who built and flew in Australia’s first powered aircraft?

(a) John Duigan

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(a) Queensland and Northern Territory Air Safety

(b) Queensland and Northern Territory Air Support

(b) Kingsford-Smith

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Primary Australian history

107

Quiz questions

Federation: The pages 50–53

Austra l i an f l ag

1. In which year did Australian Federation occur?

(a) 1901

(b) 1891

2. The red ensign (the Australian flag with a red background) may be used:

(a) by the RAAF

(b) at sea

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. What is the name of the large star on the Australian flag?

(a) Southern Cross

(b) Commonwealth star

4. In 1891, each of the six colonies that made up Australia had its own: (a) money and stamps

Teac he r

(b) money and passports (c) passports and stamps

(a) the Ensign Act

(b) the Federation Act

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5. In 1953, the Australian government passed a bill called:

6. Which constellation appears on the Australian national flag?

(a) Hemisphere

(b) Southern Cross

7. How many versions of the Australian flag were there in 1901?

(a) 10

(b) 5

Quiz questions

ies

pages 54–57

1. Which was the first Australian colony? (b) Victoria

2. Which of these is the floral emblem of the Northern Territory?

(a) Royal bluebell

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(b) Blue gum

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3. All of Australia’s states and territories have their own:

(a) coat of arms

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(a) Tasmania

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(b) faunal emblem

4. Which of these is the gem emblem of Australia?

(a) opal

(b) sapphire

5. What were Australia’s colonies called after Federation took place?

(a) emblems

(b) states

6. In which year was the ACT created?

(a) 1911

(b) 1921

7. Which of these is a faunal emblem of WA?

(a) black swan

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Primary Australian history

(b) koala

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Quiz questions

World War I: Th e pages 58–61

1. World War I lasted for about ...

(a) two and a half years

(b) six years

Wester n Fro nt

5. What were the key weapons used on the Western Front?

2. The Western Front extended from:

(a) grenades and rifles

(b) pistols and rifles (c) flamethrowers and gas

(a) Belgium to Switzerland

(b) Belgium to France

6. What does the term ‘No Man’s Land’ mean?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. When did Australian troops begin serving on the Western Front?

(b) a communication trench

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(a) sleeping in a trench

(a) 1914

(b) 1916

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4. Which word best describes the Diggers’ reputation?

7. How many Australian troops lost their lives on the Western Front?

(a) inexperienced

(b) hardworking

(a) 46 000

(b) 181 000

1. When did the Great Depression begin in Australia? (a) 1919

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(b) 1929

2. During the Great Depression in Australia, unemployed people could apply for food coupons called what?

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(a) sustenance

ion

pages 62–65

4. What usually happened to Australians who couldn’t pay their rent during the Great Depression?

(a) They were given coupons.

(b) They were evicted.

o c . che e r o t r s super

(b) depressets

3. Why did many Australian businesses close down during the Great Depression?

(a) They couldn’t find any workers.

(b) They couldn’t import goods.

5. How many days did people have to be out of work before they could apply for government food coupons?

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(a) 14

(b) 2

6. In which decade did the Great Depression end in Australia?

(a) 1930s

(b) 1940s

7. During the Great Depression, scuffles broke out in the streets between unemployed people and:

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Quiz questions

(a) employers (b) police (c) employed people Primary Australian history

109

Quiz questions

World War II: Th e Rats o f Tob ruk

pages 66–69

1. Tobruk is:

(a) in the mountains

(b) by the sea

2. The siege of Tobruk took place in:

(a) 1941

(b) 1940

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. The Australians were fighting against:

(a) the British

(b) the Indians

4. They dug underground tunnels at Tobruk: (a) to reach the enemy

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(b) to escape bombs

(a) sea

(b) land

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5. Supplies were brought to Tobruk by:

6. Lord Haw Haw broadcast from:

(a) England

(b) Germany

7. Which anniversary did the Rats of Tobruk celebrate in 1991? (a) 10 years

(b) 60 years

Quiz questions

pages 70–73

1. In which year did the first group of postwar migrants arrive in Australia?

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(a) 1937

(b) 1947

2. Approximately how many migrants came to Australia during the 20 years after World War II?

(a) 2000

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sh’

5. Postwar migrants to Australia were expected to work wherever the government told them to for:

m . u

(a) 2 days

(b) 2 months (c) 2 years

6. The Australian government launched a massive immigration scheme after World War II, mainly because:

o c . che e r o t r s super

(b) 2 million

(a) Australia would have a better chance of defending itself

4. Many postwar migrants were keen to settle in Australia because:

(b) it wanted more people who spoke English

(a) they had Australian relatives

(b) World War II had left them homeless

7. Postwar migrants were often housed in:

3. Where did the Australian government recruit postwar migrants from?

(a) Europe

110

(b) USA

Primary Australian history

(a) hospitals

(b) schools

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Quiz questions

The $10 pages 74–77

bank n ote

1. In which year was the first Australian $10 note issued?

(a) 1966

(b) 1977

2. Which of these is a security feature of the $10 note?

(a) microprinting

(b) portraits

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3. Which Australian writer is found on the front of the $10 note?

(a) Henry Lawson

(b) Paul Jennings

4. Dame Mary Gilmore is best known for writing: (a) children’s books

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(b) stories and poems

(a) 4

(b) 3

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5. How many portraits of Dame Mary Gilmore appear on the $10 note? (c) 2

6. An excerpt from which poem appears on the $10 note?

(a) ‘Mulga Bill’s bicycle’

(b) ‘Waltzing Matilda’

7. In which year was the current Australian $10 note issued? (a) 1973

(b) 1993

Quiz questions

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(a) 18th

(b) 25th

person to become Australian Prime Minister.

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ies

pages 78–81

1. Robert Gordon Menzies was the:

2. Which political party did he not belong to?

5. Which political party did Menzies form?

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(a) Country (b) United Australia Party

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(a) Country (b) United Australia Party

6. How many election victories was Menzies involved in the second time he became Prime Minister?

(a) 17

(b) 7

3. For approximately how many years was Menzies Prime Minister?

7. What special talent did Menzies have that helped his political career?

(a) being loyal to the British royal family

(b) being a brilliant communicator

(a) 18

(b) 25

4. What caused a problem for Menzies in trying to enter state parliament?

(a) being a lawyer

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(b) not enlisting

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111

Quiz questions

The dismissal of

Gough

pages 82–85

Whitl am

1. In which year was Australia’s Prime Minister Gough Whitlam dismissed?

(a) 1975

(b) 1976

2. Which political party was Gough Whitlam a member of?

(a) The Liberal Party

(b) Australian Labor Party (c) The Democrats

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3. On which special day did these dramatic events occur?

(a) Labour Day

(b) Anzac Day

4. One of the reforms made by Gough Whitlam was protection for: (a) kangaroos and koalas

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(b) crocodiles and kangaroos (c) koalas and crocodiles

(a) Malcom Fraser

(b) The Queen

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5. Who was responsible for dismissing Gough Whitlam?

6. Gough Whitlam’s reforms enabled Australia to trade with which country?

(a) China

(b) Vietnam

7. Who was installed as the caretaker prime minister after Whitlam’s dismissal?

(a) Governor-General John Kerr (b) Bob Hawke

Quiz questions

pages 86–89

1. Which invention helps control the rate of a person’s heartbeat? (b) pacemaker

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(a) penicillin medicine

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2. In which year was penicillin made available to soldiers returning from the war?

(a) 1941

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(b) 1978

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3. Who invented a spray-on skin to help regrow skin on burn’s victims?

(a) Mark C Lidwell

(b) Graeme Clark

4. Which invention helps people with severe hearing impairments understand speech?

(a) pacemaker

(b) bionic ear

5. In which year was spray-on skin used to help victims of the Bali bombings?

(a) 2002

(b) 2004

6. In which year did Rod Saunders receive the first bionic ear?

(a) 1928

(b) 1941

7. Who discovered how to turn penicillin into a medicine for humans?

(a) Mark C Lidwell

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Primary Australian history

(b) Howard Florey

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Quiz questions

The Wave pages 90–93

Circle the correct answer. 1. Wave Hill cattle station was owned by:

(a) the Gurindji people (b) Lord Vestey

k-of f

5. The man who helped the Gurindji people win back the land was Gough Whitlam, the:

(a) manager of the cattle station

(b) Aboriginal leader

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2. The number of Indigenous people who walked off Wave Hill cattle station was:

(a) fewer than 50

(b) about 100

6. To which state did Lingiari travel, to spread the word about the strike? (a) South Australia

3. The year of the Wave Hill walk-off was:

(b) Victoria

(a) 1966

(b) 1975

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Teac he r

Hill wa l

4. At the beginning of the strike, Vincent Lingiari wanted his people to have:

7. In which year was the land at Wave Hill returned to the Gurindji people?

(a) equal land

(b) equal pay

pages 94–97

4. Nolan grew up in:

(a) Melbourne

(a) in books

(b) London

(b) on television

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(a) Western Australia

(b) Tasmania

(a) ‘Waltzing Matilda’

(b) ‘Man from Snowy River’

3. Sidney Nolan’s best known paintings feature:

6. He used the name Banjo because:

(a) landscapes

(a) he liked music

(b) portraits

(b) it was his horse’s name

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7. Dame Nellie Melba chose her stage name because she:

(a) liked it

(b) liked peaches

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5. Banjo Paterson first became famous after he wrote:

2. He was born in:

ars

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1. Rolf Harris is famous for drawing cartoons:

(b) 1975

Quiz questions

(a) 1966

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8. She was given her title because she:

(a) raised money

(b) sang beautifully

Primary Australian history

113

Quiz questions

pages 98–101

Circle the correct answer. 1. The United Nations was established in the year:

(a) 1845

(b) 1895

2. How many conflicts have Australian peacekeeping forces been involved in since World War I?

(a) 12

Peacek eepin 5. Two Australian peacekeepers have died on duty from:

(a) landmines

(b) gunfire

6. How many countries are members of the United Nations?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

(b) 30

(a) 42

(b) 92

(a) About 100

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7. How many Australian soldiers continue to keep the peace in East Timor today?

(b) Spain

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3. One country where Australian troops have been sent to maintain peace is: (a) Iraq

(b) About 1000

4. Australian troops have visited this country twice, in 1999 and 2006.

(a) Cambodia (b) Iran (c) East Timor

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Quiz answers The Dreamtime.................................. 102 1. (b) thousands of years 2. (c) remained on the land 3. (a) to learn about their way of life 4. (c) mental images 5. (a) tracks followed by the spirit ancestors 6. (b) through music, art and special ceremonies 7. (c) the land

World War I: The Western Front......... 109 1. (c) four and a half years 2. (a) Belgium to Switzerland 3. (b) 1916 4. (c) outstanding 5. (b) pistols and rifles 6. (c) space between enemy trenches 7. (a) 46 000

Natural resources – Gold................... 106 1. (c) 1851 2. (b) California 3. (a) China 4. (b) their licences cost too much 5. (a) had to pay back their fare 6. (b) it was dusty 7. (c) workers would leave jobs

The Great Depression........................ 109 1. (b) 1929 2. (a) sustenance 3. (c) They couldn’t afford to pay their taxes. 4. (b) They were evicted. 5. (a) 14 6. (a) 1930s 7. (b) police

Natural resources – Opal................... 106 1. (b) Australia 2. (c) Aboriginal Australians 3. (c) warm and cool 4. (a) Coober Pedy 5. (c) a rope bucket 6. (a) Queensland 7. (c) they worked in deserts

World War II: The Rats of Tobruk....... 110 1. (b) by the sea 2. (a) 1941 3. (c) the Germans 4. (b) to escape bombs 5. (a) sea 6. (b) Germany 7. (c) 50 years

The voyage of the First Fleet............. 103 1. (b) Portsmouth 2. (a) 26 January 1788 3. (b) 11 4. (a) Arthur Phillip 5. (c) Botany Bay 6. (a) 800 7. (c) 50

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

European discovery of Australia........ 102 1. (b) 1642 and 1644 2. (c) Van Diemen’s Land 3. (a) no spices 4. (c) New Zealand 5. (a) Indonesia 6. (b) circumnavigate it 7. (a) Van Diemen

Teac he r

Exploring the interior......................... 105 1. (b) 19th century 2. (c) an inland sea 3. (a) 1813 4. (a) John Oxley 5. (b) Charles Sturt 6. (b) the Indian Ocean 7. (a) Ludwig Leichhardt

The dark history of Port Arthur.......... 103 1. (b) Tasmania 2. (a) boys 3. (c) sharks 4. (b) talk 5. (a) soup 6. (a) across the bay from Port Arthur 7. (c) lashes

A drover’s life.................................... 107 1. (b) overlander 2. (a) 1920s 3. (c) heelers 4. (c) road train running late 5. (c) 10 miles (16 km) 6. (a) wheeled the cattle in a circle 7. (b) Northern Territory

Immigration – ‘Populate or perish’.... 110 1. (b) 1947 2. (b) 2 million 3. (a) Europe 4. (b) World War II had left them homeless 5. (c) 2 years 6. (a) Australia would have a better chance of defending itself 7. (c) old army barracks

The $10 banknote.............................. 111 1. (a) 1966 2. (a) microprinting 3. (c) Banjo Paterson 4. (b) stories and poems 5. (c) 2 6. (c) ‘The man from Snowy River’ 7. (b) 1993

Adelaide and Melbourne.................... 104 1. (a) 1835 2. (c) The wife of King William IV 3. (b) Van Diemen’s Land 4. (c) Colonel William Light 5. (b) 1851 6. (a) learn their language and customs 7. (c) Yemmerrawanie

Federation: The Australian flag.......... 108 1. (a) 1901 2. (b) at sea 3. (b) Commonwealth star 4. (a) money and stamps 5. (c) the Flags Act 6. (b) Southern Cross 7. (c) 2

Sir Robert Menzies............................ 111 1. (c) 12th 2. (a) Country 3. (a) 18 4. (b) not enlisting 5. (c) Liberal 6. (b) 7 7. (b) being a brilliant communicator

James Ruse....................................... 105 1. (b) flood 2. (a) a farmer 3. (b) granted him land 4. (c) grain would grow 5. (a) a thief 6. (b) the First Fleet 7. (c) needed food

Federation: States and territories...... 108 1. (c) New South Wales 2. (c) Sturt’s desert rose 3. (a) coat of arms 4. (a) opal 5. (b) states 6. (a) 1911 7. (a) black swan

The dismissal of Gough Whitlam....... 112 1. (a) 1975 2. (b) Australian Labor Party 3. (c) Remembrance Day 4. (b) crocodiles and kangaroos 5. (c) Governor-General John Kerr 6. (a) China 7. (c) Malcolm Fraser

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Australia takes to the skies............... 107 1. (b) developments in communication and air transport 2. (c) Lawrence Hargrave 3. (a) John Duigan 4. (b) 1909 5. (a) Pacific Ocean 6. (c) Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services

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Bennelong.......................................... 104 1. (a) 1788 2. (b) Manly 3. (b) 1792 4. (a) 19 5. (c) tribal fight 6. (c) learn their language and customs 7. (b) Colbee

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The Wave Hill walk-off....................... 113 1. (b) Lord Vestey 2. (c) about 200 3. (a) 1966 4. (b) equal pay 5. (c) Prime Minister 6. (a) the Gurindji people 7. (b) 1975 International Australian stars............ 113 1, (b) on television 2. (a) Western Australia 3. (c) Ned Kelly 4. (a) Melbourne 5. (c) ‘Clancy of the Overflow’ 6. (b) it was his horse’s name 7. (c) came from Melbourne 8. (a) raised money

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