EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 6CÌA>H:H : D7H:GK6v´:H
1
2
3
EG:H>9:CI: 9D 7G6H>A
;jcYV d 8jaijgVa EVabVgZh ;8E EgZh^YZciZ/ Ojaj 6gV _d
Aj h >c{X^d AjaV YV H^akV B>C>HIwG>D 96 8JAIJG6 B>C>HIGD 9: :HI69D 96 8JAIJG6
;jcYV d CVX^dcVa YZ 6giZ ;JC6GI: EgZh^YZciZ/ H g\^d BVbWZgi^
?d d Aj^o H^akV ;ZggZ^gV ?jXV ;ZggZ^gV
;jcYV d 7^Wa^diZXV CVX^dcVa 7C EgZh^YZciZ/ Bjc^o HdYg YZ 6gV _d 8VWgVa
H:8G:IÛG>D :M:8JI>KD
>CHI>IJ>vÀD E6G8:>G6
6a[gZYd BVcZkn
Egd\gVbV YVh CV Zh Jc^YVh eVgV d 9ZhZckdak^bZcid Ä ECJ9
H:8G:IÛG>DH HZXgZiVg^V YZ 8^YVYVc^V 8jaijgVa 8 a^d Ijg^cd HZXgZiVg^V YZ Eda i^XVh 8jaijgV^h ?dh Aj^o =ZgZcX^V HZXgZiVg^V YZ 6jY^dk^hjVa H^ak^d E^gded 9V"G^c HZXgZiVg^V YV >YZci^YVYZ Z YV 9^kZgh^YVYZ 8jaijgVa 6b g^Xd ?dh 8 gYjaV IZ^mZ^gV
8ddgYZcVYdgV GZh^YZciZ YV DCJ cd 7gVh^a Z GZegZhZciVciZ GZh^YZciZ Yd ECJ9 @^b 7daYjX GZegZhZciVciZ GZh^YZciZ 6hh^hiZciZ eVgV Egd\gVbVh BVg^hiZaV 7V^dc^ 6cVa^hiV YZ Egd\gVbV 8aVjY^V KVaZcojZaV
HZXgZiVg^V YZ 6gi^XjaV d >chi^ijX^dcVa H^akVcV AjbVX]^ BZ^gZaZh
6hh^hiZciZ YZ Egd\gVbV <gVo^ZaV H^akZ^gV
HZXgZiVg^V YZ ;dbZcid Z >cXZci^kd | 8jaijgV GdWZgid <dbZh Yd CVhX^bZcid
H:B>CÛG>D >CI:GC68>DC6A 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6
>CHI>IJ>vÁ:H K>C8JA696H 6D B>C8 >chi^ijid Yd EVig^b c^d =^hi g^Xd Z 6gi hi^Xd CVX^dcVa >E=6C EgZh^YZciZ/ Aj^o ;ZgcVcYd YZ 6abZ^YV 6\ cX^V CVX^dcVa YZ 8^cZbV 6C8>C: EgZh^YZciZ/ BVcdZa GVc\Za ;jcYV d 8VhV YZ Gj^ 7VgWdhV ;8G7 EgZh^YZciZ/ ?dh 6ab^cd YZ 6aZcXVg Z H^akV CZid
4
8ddgYZcV d Yd HZb^c{g^d H88$ B^c8 6cidc^V GVc\Za HjbVnV 8g^hi^cV 9djc^h KVa g^V K^VcV AVWgZV 9^gZidg H88$B^c8 II 8ViVa d 8ddgYZcVYdgZh H88$B^c8 :aV^cZ YV H^akV Idoo^ :a^ZiZ 7gV\V ?jVcV CjcZh
<^XZaYV ;ZggZ^gV YV H^akV >hVWZaaZ 8g^hi^cZ YV GdX]V 6aWjfjZgfjZ ÞiVad G^dh 8Vgn ?dh^VcZ HVciVcV G^WZ^gd AjX^VcV Da^kZ^gV HdjoV EVig X^V ;gVcXd EVjaV HVWg^cV YZ Da^kZ^gV HdjhV GdWZgiV < ^h 8dgYZ^gd HVgV] <dc VakZh 7gVcY^ EdgiZaV OdcYV 7Zh 8daVWdgVYdgZh 8aVjY^V 7VcYZ^gV YZ BZaad ;{W^d 9ZWdc^ EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6/ 6CÛA>H:H : D7H:GK6vÁ:H 8daVWdgVYdgZh 6aWV A X^V YV H^akV BVg^c]d 6a^XZ E^gZh YZ AVXZgYV 6cYg Aj^o 6cYg^Zh 6cidc^V GVc\Za 9ZWdgV] GZWZaad :YjVgYd <dbdg Ydh HVcidh :hiZg BVg Va ; g =VcVnVcV 7gVcY d ;dciZh A^bV @Vg^cV 8g^hi^cV HZcV <dbZh A^V 8VaVWgZ A^a^VcV HdjhV Z H^akV ?d d Aj^o EZgZ^gV 9db^c\jZh ?ja^VcV AdeZh BVg^V AjX^V BdciZh EVig X^V 9dgcZaZh HdÒV 6gV _d YZ Da^kZ^gV Hde]^V 8VgYdhd GdX]V HjbVnV 8g^hi^cV 9djc^h KVa g^V K^VcV AVWgZV K^Xidg CZkZh YZ HdjoV EGD?:ID :9>IDG>6A 8ZoVg 7^VcX]^ J^g{ EZ^mZ^gd ;DIâ<G6;D II 8ViVa d
8daVWdgVYdgZh YV H88$B^c8 8VZiVcd GjVh 9Vc^ZaZ HdjoV BVaVfj^Vh 9VnVccZ GZcViV I^b iZd YV H^akV
5
6
EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 6CÌA>H:H : D7H:GK6v´:H
7
8
HJBÌG>D &% &)
') -+
>CIGD9Jv³D H:B>CÌG>D >CI:GC68>DC6A 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6/ 6 IG69Jv³D >CI:G8JAIJG6A 8DBD B:ID9DAD<>6# D7?:IDH 9: :HIJ9D 6K6A>6v³D EG:A>B>C6G 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 9D B>C>HIwG>D 96 8JAIJG6
9
10
11
>CIGD9Jv³D
&#
:hiV ejWa^XV d hjg\Z cd XdciZmid Yd HZb^c{g^d >ciZgcVX^dcVa Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV fjZ VXdciZXZ ZcigZ dh Y^Vh &- Z '% YZ cdkZbWgd YZ '%%.! Zb E^gZc eda^h$<D! Z iZb edg ÒcVa^YVYZ YVg hjWh Y^dh eVgV dh Y^{ad\dh Z Vh igdXVh fjZ YZhZ_Vbdh fjZ dXdggVb d iZbed idYd YjgVciZ ZhiZ ZkZcid# D iZmid YZ VWZgijgV Xdck^YV d aZ^idg V Xdc]ZXZg dh bj^idh XVb^c]dh eZgXdgg^Ydh eZaVh V Zh Yd Egd\gVbV Z fjZ aZkVgVb | XdbegZZch d Yd HZb^c{g^d Xdbd jbV eVgVYV cZXZhh{g^V eVgV XdbegZZcYZg Z h^hiZbVi^oVg ZhhV ZmeZg^ cX^V# 6h VjidgVh Zhi d k^kZcYd d Y^V"V"Y^V Yd ZkZcid Z egde Zb jbV bZidYdad\^V fjZ Xdch^YZgZ dh YZhadXVbZcidh Z V gZcdkV d Ze^hi b^XV fjZ dh Edcidh egdiV\dc^oVb# EVgiZb YV XdbegZZch d fjZ d Egd\gVbV VegZhZciV cdkVh eg{i^XVh XjaijgV^h! fjZ deZgVb Zb jb XdciZmid ^\jVabZciZ cdkd Z fjZ Vh iZdg^Vh hdWgZ XjaijgV Z igVch[dgbV d hdX^Va! VijVabZciZ Y^hedc kZ^h! c d Y d XdciV VYZfjVYVbZciZ YZhiV cdk^YVYZ eda i^XV Z XjaijgVa# :aVh ZciZcYZb fjZ d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV egZhhje Z jb cdkd bdYd YZ
12
egdYjo^g Xdc]ZX^bZcidh! cZXZhh^iV YZ jbV gVX^dcVa^YVYZ bV^h VbeaV! Zb fjZ hZ Vbea^V V Y^kZgh^YVYZ Ze^hiZbda \^XV Yd bjcYd Vd YVg XgZY^W^a^YVYZ V ZmeZg^ cX^V hdX^Va Z Vd gZXdc]ZXZg fjZ Zm^hiZb ^cÒc^iVh [dgbVh YZ YZhXgZkZg! dgYZcVg Z XaVhh^ÒXVg d bjcYd# :b hZ\j^YV! BVg^V AjX^V BdciZh VegZhZciV jbV eg^bZ^gV VkVa^V d Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! Zb jbV Vc{a^hZ YZchV Z g^\dgdhV! bVh [aj^YV Z Xdck^YVi^kV Zb fjZ VXdbeVc]V Z VijVa^oV V ]^hi g^V fjZ Zhi{ hZcYd Xdchigj YV Z fjZ!
cd HZb^c{g^d! cdh egdedbdh XgZY^W^a^oVg# :b djijWgd VXdciZXZj cd G^d YZ ?VcZ^gd! cV ;jcYV d 8VhV YZ Gj^ 7VgWdhV! d HZb^c{g^d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV/ Cdkdh dW_Zidh YZ ZhijYd! dcYZ gZjc^gVb"hZ XZgXV YZ '% eZhfj^hVYdgZh Z dh \ZhidgZh Yd Egd\gVbV eVgV VegZhZciVg dh ZhijYdh fjZ Zhi d hZcYd gZVa^oVYdh! Xj_d iZbV d Egd\gVbV Z hjVh V Zh# CZhhZ ZcXdcigd [d^ aVc VYd jb Xdck^iZ/ dh eZhfj^hVYdgZh [dgVb ZcXdgV_VYdh V ÆgZXdgiVgZbÇ YVh hjVh bdcd\gVÒVh! Y^hhZgiV Zh! iZhZh Z Vgi^\dh V hjV XdbegZZch d Ydh XdcXZ^idh ZhigjijgVciZh Yd Egd\gVbV Z XdbeVgi^a]Vg Xdb dh eVgi^X^eVciZh Yd HZb^c{g^d >ciZgcVX^dcVa d bdYd Xdbd ZaZh VeVgZXZb cVh hjVh eZhfj^hVh# Dh fjZ gZhedcYZgVb Vd YZhVÒd egdYjo^gVb V ai^bV eVgiZ YZhhV ejWa^XV d! Zb fjZ ÒXV Zk^YZciZ V eda^hhZb^V! dh Y^[ZgZciZh da]VgZh Z eZgheZXi^kVh iZ g^XVh fjZ ]d_Z XVgVXiZg^oVb V egdYj d VXVY b^XV hdWgZ d Egd\gVbV#
:heZgVbdh fjZ ZhhZ bViZg^Va XjbegV hjV [jc d Z [dgiVaZ V V ^ciZgadXj d ZcigZ dh eVgi^X^eVciZh! XVgid\gV[VcYd cdkdh bVeVh Xd\c^i^kdh fjZ XdciZbeaZb Vh ZheZX^ÒX^YVYZh Z dh YZhadXVbZcidh fjZ V ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV egdbdkZb# :hiV ejWa^XV d WjhXV idgcVg egZhZciZh Vh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh XjaijgV^h Y^hedc kZ^h cd eV h! Vd kVadg^oVg k^k cX^Vh fjZ h d ^ck^W^a^oVYVh eZaV bdcdXjaijgV dX^YZciVa Z Vd gZXdc]ZXZg edi cX^Vh YZ edhh^W^a^YVYZh Ze^hiZbda \^XVh Z dcida \^XVh Y^kZghVh# Jb i^bd HZb^c{g^d KVbdh Vd YZWViZ 6cidc^V BVg^V Yd 8Vgbd GVc\Za KVa g^V K^VcV AVWgZV CdkZbWgd '%%.
13
H:B>CÌG>D >CI:GC68>DC6A 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6/
'#
6 IG69Jv³D >CI:G8JAIJG6A 8DBD B:ID9DAD<>6
K6AwG>6 K>6C6 A67G:6 HJB6N6 9DJC>H 6CIDC>6 B6G>6 9D 86GBD G6C<:A H:8G:I6G>6 9: 8>9696C>6 8JAIJG6A B>C>HIwG>D 96 8JAIJG6
14
D Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Zhi{ cV kVc\jVgYV YVh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh Yd :hiVYd! Vd gZXdc]ZXZg cV hdX^ZYVYZ Z cVh Y^kZghVh ZmegZhh Zh gZ\^dcV^h Z Zhi i^XVh! V [dg V cZXZhh{g^V eVgV gZkZaVg dh ÆWgVh^hÇ dXjaidh dj ZmXaj Ydh# :hiZ egd\gVbV gZkZaV d fjVcid Yd fjZ X]VbV ÆgZVa^YVYZÇ VeZcVh jbV kZgh d YV ]^hi g^V# ={ bVc^[ZhiV Zh YZ gZh^hi cX^Vh! WZaZoV \jZggZ^gV Z VÒgbV d YZ gZheZ^id fjZ c d hVZb cdh _dgcV^h! gZk^hiVh! g{Y^dh dj iZk h# :hiZh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV h d gZVa^YVYZh fjZ V\dgV hZ bdhigVb Z hZ XgjoVb Xdb V [dg V Vji ci^XV YV XjaijgV [Z^iV edg fjZb V k^kZ Xdbd ZhiV I:>6# <^aWZgid <^a IZ^V! '%%+ #
6 ^Y ^V"[dg V Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV VeVgZciZbZciZ h^c\ZaV/ d :hiVYd Zb kZo YZ Xg^Vg dj [dbZciVg cdkdh \gjedh XjaijgV^h! hjhiZciVcYd egd_Zidh edcijV^h Z fjZ VXVWVb _jcid Xdb d \dkZgcd! h^beaZhbZciZ gZXdc]ZXZ Z [dgiVaZXZ V ZmeZg^ cX^V Zhi i^XV Z Vgi hi^XV egdYjo^YV edg \gjedh hdX^V^h ]^hidg^XVbZciZ ZmXaj Ydh Yd X^gXj^id XjaijgVa! idgcVYd"V XgZY kZa# :hhV ^Y ^V! h^beaZh cV [dgbjaV d bVh Xdb jbV edi cX^V Xg^Vi^kV V^cYV V hZg bZchjgVYV! egde Z YZhadXVbZcidh Xdch^YZg{kZ^h cV XdbegZZch d Yd eVeZa Yd :hiVYd _jcid | hdX^ZYVYZ! edgfjZ ZciZcYZ fjZ :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ edYZb! Zb XZgiV bZY^YV Z YZcigd YZ jb XdciZmid VXdgYVYd! bVciZg gZaV d YZ Xd"\Zhi d Z gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ XdbeVgi^a]VYV YZ jbV eda i^XV e Wa^XV# Jb cdkd eVXid XjaijgVa egdedhid/ iVa bdYd YZ eVXijVg Xdb V hdX^ZYVYZ [d^ YZÒc^Yd Xdbd <Zhi d 8dbeVgi^a]VYV Z IgVch[dgbVYdgV Z ZckdakZ dh XdcXZ^idh YZ ZbedYZgVbZcid! Vjidcdb^V Z egdiV\dc^hbd hdX^Va# :cfjVcid cdh V[VhiVbdh YVh kZa]Vh ÆcZdÇ XVgi^a]Vh! XaVgZVbdh dh XdcXZ^idh! | bZY^YV Zb fjZ V ZmeZg^ cX^V hdX^Va VkVc V Z dh [Zc bZcdh idgcVb"hZ Zmea^X^iVYdh# BZcdh gZXZ^iVYdgZh Z bV^h ZYjXVYdgZh! ZhiZ eVgZXZ hZg jb Wdb XVb^c]d# IJG>CD! '%%)/ &+ Dh XdcXZ^idh ZhigjijgVciZh Yd egd\gVbV h d YZhXg^idh! ^c^X^VabZciZ! Xdb hZci^Ydh Vjid"Zk^YZciZh/ Vjidcdb^V hZ igVYjo eZad gZheZ^id | Y^c}b^XV adXVa! Xdbd jb egdXZhhd YZ
bdY^ÒXV d YVh gZaV Zh YZ edYZg0 d egdiV\dc^hbd Y^o gZheZ^id Vdh VidgZh hdX^V^h hZ Vhhjb^gZb ZcfjVcid hj_Z^idh YZ hjVh eg{i^XVh Z Vd gZXdc]ZX^bZcid YZ fjZ idYdh dh \gjedh hdX^V^h! ^cYZeZcYZciZbZciZ YZ hjVh dg^\Zch! egdYjoZb Xdc]ZX^bZcidh Z a^c\jV\Zb h^bW a^XV ZhiZi^XVbZciZ ZaVWdgVYV0 d ZbedYZgVbZcid ZkdXV d gZXdc]ZX^bZcid Z V VÒgbV d eZad fjVa dh hj_Z^idh igVch[dgbVb Vh gZaV Zh ZXdc b^XVh Z YZ edYZg#
:hhZh XdcXZ^idh h d ^bWg^XVYdh! jb ^bea^XV d djigd Z c d ]{ Xdbd YZÒc^"adh hZc d Zb gZaV d! Z cd bdbZcid fjZ ZhhZh XdcXZ^idh eVhhVb V Y^Vad\Vg Xdb V ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV " Z YZbV^h V Zh Yd Egd\gVbV/ Edci Zh! :hXdaV K^kV! 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! 6 d <g^ ! 8jaijgV Z HV YZ "! ZaZh h d gZhh^\c^ÒXVYdh! gZVÒgbVYdh! cZ\VYdh dj hjWhi^ij Ydh! [dgbVcYd cdkdh bVeVh XdcXZ^ijV^h#
D Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV egde Z fjZ dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV hZ Vgi^XjaZb Zb gZYZ# D hZci^Yd YZhhV gZYZ! edg kZoZh eda^hh b^Xd Z! dgV Y^o gZheZ^id | [dgbV YZ \Zhi d Yd Egd\gVbV fjZ! Zb Va\jbVh fjZhi Zh! VXda]Z Z gZhedcYZ |h YZbVcYVh YV hdX^ZYVYZ! dgV Y^o gZheZ^id | [dgbV fjZ dh edcidh hZ Vgi^XjaVb Xdb djigdh edcidh# 6 dg\Vc^oV d Zb gZYZ egde Z egdXZhhdh YZ Vjid"\Zhi d Z Xd"gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ! Y^aj^cYd d edYZg Zb k{g^dh edcidh [dXV^h! edhh^W^a^iVcYd V [dgbV d YZ jbV Zfj^eZ YZ \ZhidgZh fjZ hZ egde Z V gZhh^\c^ÒXVg Z bZhbd gZkZgiZg V Vhh^bZig^V fjZ Zm^hiZ igVY^X^dcVabZciZ ZcigZ hdX^ZYVYZ! :hiVYd Z bZgXVYd! Zb jb igVWVa]d dcYZ Vh V Zh h d Xdchigj YVh XdaZi^kVbZciZ# D Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV egdXjgV VegZhZciVg jbV VWdgYV\Zb YZ \Zhi d fjZ aZkZ Zb XdciV dh XdciZmidh hdX^V^h! V_jYVcYd V gZeZchVg Vh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh fjZ igVY^X^dcVabZciZ iZcYZb V YZÒc^g XdciZmidh egZZhiVWZaZX^Ydh! Òmdh Z bj^iVh kZoZh VcVXg c^Xdh#
H:B>CÌG>D >CI:GC68>DC6A 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 6e h X^cXd Vcdh YZ \Zhi d Z bV^h YZ '%%% Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Zb idYdh dh iZgg^i g^dh Yd 7gVh^a Z cd ZmiZg^dg! hZ [Vo cZXZhh{g^d jb ZcXdcigd fjZ gZ cV dh Y^[ZgZciZh egdiV\dc^hiVh Yd egd\gVbV# Hjg\Z YV V egdedhiV YZ jb HZb^c{g^d >ciZgcVX^dcVa Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Xj_dh dW_Zi^kdh eg^cX^eV^h h d/ GZÓZm d Xg i^XV YVh Y^gZig^oZh XdcXZ^ijV^h Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! V eVgi^g YV ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Z YVh djigVh V Zh Yd egd\gVbV! k^hVcYd V XdckZg\ cX^V ZcigZ dh Xdc]ZX^bZcidh ZhigjijgVciZh Z dh hVWZgZh fjZ ZbZg\Zb YV ZmeZg^ cX^V hdX^Va# EgdWaZbVi^oVg iZbVh Z fjZhi Zh ZhigjijgVciZh! WjhXVcYd XdckZg\^g XdcXZ^idh YZ Y^[ZgZciZh Y^hXjghdh Z ZhXVaVh eVgV jb egdXZhhd XdaZi^kd YZ Xdchigj d hdX^Va YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcidh fjZ hjgegZZcYV!
15
^ciZggd\jZ! eZgijgWZ Z hj\^gV d XZc{g^d YZ [jijgd Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# 6 egdedhiV YZ jb HZb^c{g^d >ciZgcVX^dcVa Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! gZjc^cYd egdiV\dc^hiVh! ^ci gegZiZh! igVYjidgZh Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! \ZhidgZh! gZegZhZciVciZh YZ ^chi^ij^ Zh eVgXZ^gVh Z eZhfj^hVYdgZh! eZchVYdgZh! VXVY b^Xdh XdciZbedg}cZdh! k^hV VegZhZciVg! h^hiZbVi^oVg! XdbegZZcYZg! gZVÒgbVg! gZhh^\c^ÒXVg ZhhV ZmeZg^ cX^V hdX^Va! V eVgi^g Yd Vegd[jcYVbZcid YV Y^hXjhh d YZ hZjh XdcXZ^idh Z Y^gZig^oZh ZhigjijgVciZh! fjZ Zhi d cV dg^\Zb YV egdedhiV Z fjZ idYdh dh egdiV\dc^hiVh Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Z YVh YZbV^h V Zh Yd Egd\gVbV cZXZhhVg^VbZciZ Y^Vad\Vb Z Xdc]ZXZb! hZ_V Ydh :Y^iV^h! hZ_V edg k^kZcX^{"adh Xdi^Y^VcVbZciZ# D hZb^c{g^d hZ egde Z V hZg jb egdXZhhd fjZ kVadg^oV V Xdchigj d Xd\c^i^kV YV ZmeZg^ cX^V! hjhiZciVYV eZaV gZÓZm d Xg i^XV XdaZi^kV# ;jcYVYd hdWgZ V Y^bZch d YV XjaijgV Xdbd Y^gZ^id Z Xdbd X^YVYVc^V! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV iZb Xdbd dW_Zi^kdh Vbea^Vg Z \VgVci^g dh bZ^dh YZ [gj^ d! egdYj d Z Y^[jh d XjaijgVa0 ediZcX^Va^oVg ZcZg\^Vh hdX^V^h Z XjaijgV^h! YVcYd kVo d | Y^c}b^XV eg eg^V YVh Xdbjc^YVYZh Z ZcigZaV VcYd V Zh Z hjedgiZh Y^g^\^Ydh Vd YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ jbV XjaijgV XddeZgVi^kV! hda^Y{g^V Z igVch[dgbVYdgV0 egdbdkZg V XjaijgV ZcfjVcid ZmegZhh d Z
16
gZegZhZciV d h^bW a^XV! Y^gZ^id Z ZXdcdb^V# D \gVcYZ m^id Yd egd\gVbV gZh^YZ cV [dgbV d YZ gZYZh XjaijgV^h Xdb d dW_Zi^kd YZ YZhZckdakZg Z Veg^bdgVg hdaj Zh VaiZgcVi^kVh Z Vji cdbVh eVgV V \Zhi d XjaijgVa! ZciZcYZcYd V XjaijgV Xdbd jb edYZgdhd ^chigjbZcid YZ YZhZckdak^bZcid ]jbVcd Z igVch[dgbV d hdX^Va! kVadg^oVcYd d ÆhVWZg YV ZmeZg^ cX^V [Z^iVÇ! cdh iZgbdh YZ EVjad ;gZ^gZ# D egd\gVbV hZ gZaVX^dcV Xdb
dh bV^h kVg^VYdh \gjedh hdX^V^h/ Xg^Vc Vh! _dkZch! bja]ZgZh! ^cY \ZcVh! Xdbjc^YVYZh YV eZg^[Zg^V YZ \gVcYZh bZig edaZh Yd eV h! Xdbjc^YVYZh V[gdYZhXZcYZciZh! VhhdX^V Zh YZ WV^ggd Z edejaV Zh XVbedcZhVh! g^WZ^g^c]Vh! gjgV^h Z hZb"iZggV# 6h dg\Vc^oV Zh h d hZaZX^dcVYVh edg ZY^iVa e Wa^Xd Z eVhhVb V gZXZWZg gZXjghdh Yd <dkZgcd ;ZYZgVa eVgV ediZcX^Va^oVg hZjh igVWVa]dh# D >E:6 Zb gZXZciZ ZhijYd bdhigV fjZ d egd\gVbV Zhi{ h^cidc^oVYd Xdb YZbVcYVh Z
kVadgZh XdciZbedg}cZdh cV {gZV XjaijgVa cVh fjZhi Zh gZ[ZgZciZh Æ| YZbdXgVi^oV d Yd VXZhhd YV egdYj d0 Z | kVadg^oV d YVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh adXV^h Z YV Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVaÇ >E:6! '%%*/&%& # D egd\gVbV iVbW b gZ[dgbjaV dh eVe ^h Z V VijV d Yd :hiVYd! Vd egdXjgVg Vbea^Vg dh ZheV dh e Wa^Xdh YZ XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid YZ YZX^h Zh Z ZmZXj d YZ eda i^XVh Xdb V hdX^ZYVYZ! ZhiVcYd! edgiVcid! VYZfjVYdh |h egdedh^ Zh YZ YZbdXgVi^oV d! eVgi^X^eV d Z igVcheVg cX^V cV
Duissequisi. Sandip el dit et wis nibh eum zzrit endre min hendre vel ex ex elit nulla consequat alit ipsumDuissequisi. Sandip el dit et wis nibh eum zzrit endre min hendre vel ex ex elit nulla consequat alit ipsumDuissequisi. Sandip el dit et wis nibh eum zzrit endre min h
17
18
XdcXgZi^oV d Z d VbVYjgZX^bZcid YV gZaV d YV \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV ZcigZ d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Z dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV#
\Zhi d Ydh gZXjghdh ^YZb # D 8jaijgV K^kV ^cdkV Vd Vbea^Vg! Zb jbV eZgheZXi^kV ]dg^odciVa! V gZaV d ZcigZ :hiVYd Z HdX^ZYVYZ! Xdchigj^cYd Zb Xdc_jcid Vh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh# D egd\gVbV ^cXZci^kV d ZbedYZgVbZcid YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a Vd egdedg jbV cdkV kZgh d eVgV d eVeZa fjZ d :hiVYd YZkZ YZhZbeZc]Vg# CZhiZ egdXZhhd! bj^idh YZhVÒdh hZ ^be Zb# Dh egdYjidgZh YZ XjaijgV egZX^hVb hZ Vegdm^bVg Yd :hiVYd Z XdbegZZcYZg hZj [jcX^dcVbZcid eVgV fjZ edhhV ^ciZgk^g cdh egdXZhhdh YZ \Zhi d! ZcfjVcid d egd\gVbV egZX^hV a^YVg Xdb gZVa^YVYZh Y^kZghVh eVgi^cYd YZ jb VgXVWdj d aZ\Va eVYgdc^oVYd Z edjXd ÓZm kZa YZ jb :hiVYd Zc\ZhhVYd Z g \^Yd# D fjZ V ZmeZg^ cX^V iZb bdhigVYd fjZ! edg kZoZh! V^cYV fjZ eVgZ V fjZ dh egdXZhhdh WjgdXg{i^Xdh egZkVaZXZg d hdWgZ dh egdXZhhdh Xg^Vi^kdh! iZb" hZ ZcXdcigVYd XVb^c]dh eVgV V
IgViV"hZ! ed^h! YZ jbV ZmeZg^ cX^V Zb Xjghd! Vi d bdbZcid WZb hjXZY^YV YZ \Zhi d e Wa^XV XdbeVgi^a]VYV! d fjZ h^\c^ÒXV jb \gVcYZ VkVc d cV Xdchigj d YZ jbV gZaV d bV^h YZbdXg{i^XV ZcigZ d edYZg e Wa^Xd Z V hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a# D ZciZcY^bZcid VijVa YZ fjZ d Egd\gVbV YZkZ Y^gZX^dcVg hjVh [dg Vh eVgV Xdchda^YVg"hZ WjhXVcYd! edg jb aVYd Vegd[jcYVg Z Y^kja\Vg hZjh XdcXZ^idh! ]^hi g^Vh Z ZmeZg^ cX^Vh Z! edg djigd! [dgiVaZXZg Vh ^c^X^Vi^kVh YZhZckdak^YVh eZaV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a Xdb [dXd cV Vegdeg^V d! cV Vjidcdb^V Z hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ# 6d adc\d YZ X^cXd Vcdh d egd\gVbV k b hZcYd ÆigVYjo^YdÇ Zb Y^[ZgZciZh a^c\jV\Zch! V eVgi^g YV ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV YZhhZh cdkdh V\ZciZh YZ igVch[dgbV d XjaijgVa! Xg^VcYd Y^[ZgZciZh VaiZgcVi^kVh XjaijgV^h Z ZhigVi \^Vh eda i^XVh fjZ \ZgVb V Zh XdaZi^kVh Zb kVhiV ZhXVaV iZgg^idg^Va# Dj hZ_V! d 8jaijgV K^kV jb egd\gVbV Zb VWZgijgV fjZ hZ Y^he Z V igVYjo^g hVWZgZh Zb djigdh hVWZgZh! igVYjo^g eg{i^XVh Z hj_Z^idh YZ jch Vdh djigdh! WjhXVg ^ciZa^\^W^a^YVYZ hZb ]dbd\ZcZ^oV d! Vgi^XjaVcYd ZhiZh hVWZgZh dg^jcYdh YZ Y^[ZgZciZh aj\VgZh Xdb dh egdYjo^Ydh cd eV h hdWgZ Vh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh XjaijgV^h adXV^h#
19
20
:hiV ZhigjijgV VXda]Z V Y^kZgh^YVYZ Z V ]ZiZgd\ZcZ^YVYZ Ydh \gjedh fjZ Xdbe Zb dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! Vhh^b! cZXZhh{g^V jbV eVgVYV eVgV dWhZgkVg XdcÓj cX^Vh Z VaiZg^YVYZh Z Xdchigj^g jbV k^h d YZ [jijgd! Xg^VcYd Vh XdcY^ Zh eVgV hjV hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ! V eVgi^g Yd ZcXdcigd ZcigZ eZhfj^hVYdgZh$ VXVY b^Xdh Z hZjh ^ci gegZiZh$ igVYjidgZh# HZ\jcYd 9jghidc! d Æegd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV d[ZgZXZ jb ZmZbead XdcXgZid YZ Xdbd iZdg^Vh hdWgZ d YZhZckdak^bZcid WVhZVYd cV VgiZ Z XjaijgV edYZb hZg ^beaZbZciVYVh cV eg{i^XVÇ# Dh egZhhjedhidh Ze^hiZbda \^Xdh fjZ hjhiZciVb ^YZ^V Yd HZb^c{g^d eg^dg^oVb V Y^Va i^XV YV gZVa^YVYZ hdX^Va! Xdch^YZgVcYd V ]^hidg^X^YVYZ Ydh [Zc bZcdh Z YV eg{m^h! Xdb hjVh XdcigVY^ Zh Z gZaV Zh YV V d Ydh hj_Z^idh hdWgZ hjVh X^gXjchi}cX^Vh# 6 eg{m^h YZkZ hZg XdcXZW^YV Xdbd bZY^V d W{h^XV cV Xdchigj d Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid edgfjZ edg bZ^d YZaV hZ kZ^XjaV iZdg^V Z eg{i^XV! d eZchVg Z d V\^g! eZhfj^hVg Z igVch [dgbVg# 6 ^ciZgegZiV d Ydh YVYdh h edYZ hZ gZVa^oVg Zb XdciZmid Z d hVWZg egdYjo^Yd cZXZhhVg^VbZciZ igVch[dgbVYdg Ydh hj_Z^idh Z YVh X^gXjchi}cX^Vh# GZidbVcYd V Vc{a^hZ Yd >E:6 '%%*/&%' / D egd\gVbV ### egZcjcX^V jb cdkd eVgVY^\bV YZ eda i^XV e Wa^XV XjaijgVa! bj^id edjXd ZmeadgVYV Z YZhZckdak^YV Zb ZmeZg^ cX^Vh XdcXgZiVh YZ gZdg\Vc^oV d YV
21
VijV d Yd :hiVYd# :hhZ eVgVY^\bV egZhhje Z jbV VbeaV WVhZ YZ dg\Vc^oV d Z YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh Vji cdbVh YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! fjZ gZeZgXjiV cV Y^cVb^oV d YV V d e Wa^XV ZhiViVa# :cigZiVcid! V^cYV hZ Xdc]ZXZ edjXd YZhhVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh Z edhh kZa fjZ ZaVh \Vc]Zb k^h^W^a^YVYZ dj dg\Vc^X^YVYZ V eVgi^g YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh Xdbd V Yd eg eg^d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV#
B:ID9DAD<>6 9D H:B>CÌG>D CZhhZ XdciZmid! egdedbdh jb HZb^c{g^d fjZ WjhXV h^hiZbVi^oVg ZhhV ZmeZg^ cX^V cV ZaVWdgV d XdaZi^kV YZ jbV \ZcZVad\^V Yd Egd\gVbV dcYZ V bZb g^V VijVa^oVYV Z gZVÒgbVYV eVgV fjZ edhhV hZg gZea^XVYV# Egdedbdh Xg^Vg eVg}bZigdh Vbeadh fjZ XdciZbeaZb V Y^kZgh^YVYZ ^ciZgXjaijgVa XVgVXiZg hi^XV Yd Egd\gVbV! cV WjhXV eVgV XdckZg\^g dh XdcXZ^idh ZhigjijgVciZh Zb Y^[ZgZciZh Y^hXjghdh Z ZhXVaVh Zb jb egdXZhhd
22
XdaZi^kd YZ Xdchigj d hdX^Va YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcidh fjZ hjgegZZcYV! ^ciZggd\jZ! eZgijgWZ Z hj\^gV d XZc{g^d YZ [jijgd Yd 8jaijgV K^kV# 6hh^b Xdbd d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV egdXjgV YZhXdchigj^g d eVeZa Yd :hiVYd! Xg^VcYd cdkdh hZci^Ydh eVgV V gZaV d :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ! eVgV d HZb^c{g^d WjhXVbdh YV bZhbV [dgbV jbV bZidYdad\^V fjZ eg^dg^oVhhZ d ZcXdcigd! XZaZWgVhhZ V Y^kZgh^YVYZ Z fjZ VhhZ\jgVhhZ jb ZheV d YZ kdo Z ZhXjiV eVgV idYdh dh eVgi^X^eVciZh! hZb ]^ZgVgfj^Vh# C d ZhiVbdh YZ bdYd Va\jb cZ\VcYd d edYZg h^bW a^Xd Yd :hiVYd dj Ydh \gjedh Va^ egZhZciZh! Vd XdcigVg^d! ZaZh h d Zmea^X^iVYdh! Vd bZhbd iZbed Zb fjZ [VoZbdh jb Zh[dg d eVgV fjZ iZc]Vb d bZhbd ZheV d eVgV igVoZg Z XdbeVgi^a]Vg hZjh hVWZgZh# IVbW b WjhXVbdh [j\^g Yd [dgbVid igVY^X^dcVa! Zc\ZhhVYd Zb bZhVh Zb fjZ edjXdh [VaVb Z bj^idh ZhXjiVb! c d ]VkZcYd iZbed eVgV igdXVh YZ hVWZgZh#
23
CZhhZ hZb^c{g^d djhVbdh eZchVg fjZ idYdh dh eVgi^X^eVciZh ZhiVg^Vb cV ÆbZhVÇ Z! hZ idYdh Zhi d cV bZhV! c d ]{ cZXZhh^YVYZ YZ bZhV# 6hh^b! eVgV d HZb^c{g^d >ciZgcVX^dcVa Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV egdedbdh Yd^h ZheV dh fjZ egde^X^Zb jbV XdcigVedh^ d YVh a^c\jV\Zch fjZ eZgbZ^Vb Vh Y^kZghVh V Zh Yd Egd\gVbV! d X gXjad YZ XdckZg\ cX^V Z dh \gjedh V\aji^cVYdgZh# :hiZh ZheV dh WjhXVb bdhigVg Y^[ZgZciZh ^ciZgegZiV Zh hdWgZ jb bZhbd ÆXdcXZ^idÇ! VWg^cYd"hZ | eda^hhZb^V Z edhh^W^a^iVcYd V dg\Vc^oV d YVh XdcY^ Zh YZ gZÓZm d! Vjid" [dgbV d Z ZbVcX^eV d Ydh hj_Z^idh Zckdak^Ydh! WZb Xdbd d YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ jbV Y^c}b^XV XdaZi^kV fjZ eZgb^iV d ZhiVWZaZX^bZcid YZ gZ[Zg cX^Vh Xdci cjVh Z Zkdaji^kVh Xdb d XdaZi^kd! cd hZci^Yd YZ VegZZch d Ydh h^\c^ÒXVYdh Xdchigj Ydh Z Zb Xdchigj d# 6 ^Y ^V Yd X gXjad YZ XdckZg\ cX^V Zc[Vi^oV V kVadg^oV d YZ jbV
24
cdkV Vi^ijYZ Ze^hiZbda \^XV YZ Xjg^dh^YVYZ Zb gZaV d Vdh Y^[ZgZciZh hZci^Ydh fjZ dh XdcXZ^idh ZhigjijgVciZh Yd egd\gVbV bViZg^Va^oVb cV ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV# D X gXjad YZ XdckZg\ cX^V ZciZcY^Yd Xdbd jb ZheV d Y^Va \^Xd ^ciZg"iZb{i^Xd dcYZ cd ^c X^d Yd hZb^c{g^d hZg{ VegZhZciVYd d ÆZhiVYd YV VgiZÇ Yd egd\gVbV! WZb Xdbd dh dW_Zi^kdh Yd HZb^c{g^d Z hjV bZidYdad\^V# CZhhZ eg^bZ^gd bdbZcid hZg d eVXijVYVh Vh ÆgZ\gVh YZ Xdck^k cX^VÇ YjgVciZ d eZg dYd Yd ZkZcid edgfjZ Xdbd iZgZbdh edjXd iZbed! egZX^hVbdh fjVa^ÒXVg Z VYZchVg Vh Y^hXjhh Zh eVgV X]Z\Vg Vd dW_Zi^kd Yd hZb^c{g^d# :! hZ ]djkZg egdedhiVh! gZVYZfjVYV V bZidYdad\^V# :b jb hZ\jcYd bdbZcid! d X gXjad hZg{ d ZheV d YZ ZcXdcigd YZ idYdh dh <6h! dcYZ hZg{ [Z^iV V eVgi^a]V Yd fjZ [d^ k^k^Yd Z VXdgYVYd cdh <6h Z ZhhZ VX bjad k^hjVa^oVYd Z edYZ k^g V hZg egdWaZbVi^oVYd! bdY^ÒXVYd dj gZVÒgbVYd! idgcVcYd edhh kZa Vbea^Vg d YZWViZ Xdb V eVgi^X^eV d eaZcV Ydh Xdck^YVYdh# 6 ^Y ^V Yd X gXjad Zc[Vi^oV d egdiV\dc^hbd YZ idYdh dh eVgi^X^eVciZh fjZ c d h d bZgdh Vhh^hiZciZh Z Xdcig^WjZb Vi^kVbZciZ V eVgi^g YV ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV Z$dj VXVY b^XV# 6 ^Y ^V Yd X gXjad Zc[Vi^oV d egdiV\dc^hbd YZ idYdh dh eVgi^X^eVciZh fjZ c d h d bZgdh Vhh^hiZciZh Z Xdcig^WjZb Vi^kVbZciZ V eVgi^g YV ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV Z$dj VXVY b^XV! gZ[dg VcYd V ^Y ^V YZ ?jXV ;ZggZ^gV YZ ÆXdaV\Zb
YZ hjW_Zi^k^YVYZhÇ dcYZ Æc d ]{ ZmeZXiVYdgZh! bVh i d hdbZciZ ^ciZgadXjidgZhÇ# D \gjed V\aji^cVYdg <6 k^hV XdbegZZcYZg Xdbd dh XdcXZ^idh ZhigjijgVciZh Yd egd\gVbV [dgVb Vegdeg^VYdh eZad Xdc_jcid Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Z YZ fjZ bdYd eVgi^XjaVg Y^Vad\Vb Xdb V ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV# : Xdbd ZhhV ZmeZg^ cX^V hdX^Va VeVgZXZ cV gZÓZm d VXVY b^XV Z cVh eZhfj^hVh# EVgV ^hhd! WjhXVbdh Vegd[jcYVg Z Zc[Vi^oVg V eda^hhZb^V Ydh XdcXZ^idh! V eVgi^g YZ Va\jbVh fjZhi Zh cdgiZVYdgVh Yd YZWViZ# Dh <6h iZg d bZY^VYdgZh Z gZaVidgZh fjZ VijVg d iVbW b Xdbd egdYjidgZh ZY^idg^V^h# :hhV YjeaV iZg{ V [jc d YZ bZY^Vg d Y^{ad\d ZcigZ dh eVgi^X^eVciZh! fjVa^ÒXVcYd ZhhV ^ciZgadXj d# :b jb eg^bZ^gd bdbZcid dh eVgi^X^eVciZh Y^k^YZb"hZ cdh Y^[ZgZciZh \gjedh Z cd hZ\jcYd bdbZcid dh \gjedh h d gZjc^Ydh eVgV hdX^Va^oV d Z gZÓZm d Xdc_jciV# w [jcYVbZciVa cZhhZ ZheV d d igVWVa]d Yd bZY^VYdg! fjZ [jcX^dcV Xdbd jb igVYjidg Ydh hVWZgZh! V eVgi^g YZ fjZhi Zh fjZ eZgbZ^Vb V gZÓZm d# Dh <6h YZkZb [dXVg hjV Vg\jbZciV d eVgV YVg gZhedhiVh V fjZhi Zh fjZ iZb d dW_Zi^kd YZ XdckZg\^g dh XdcXZ^idh ZhigjijgVciZh Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Z Vh Y^[ZgZciZh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh fjZ ZaZh hjhX^iVb# CZhiZ egdXZhhd! dh <6h YZkZb hZg idbVYdh Xdbd ZheV dh YZ gZÓZm d V eVgi^g YV igdXV Z ZhXjiV ZcigZ dh eVgi^X^eVciZh#
25
26
8dbd iZbVh dg^ZciVYdgZh Ydh Y^{ad\dh hj\Zg^bdh/ &# <gjed 6\aji^cVYdg 6giZ Z IgVch[dgbV d :meZg^bZciV d '# <gjed 6\aji^cVYdg 8jaijgV Z :YjXV d! (# <gjed 6\aji^cVYdg 8jaijgV Z ?jkZcijYZ! )# <gjed 6\aji^cVYdg 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! *# <gjed 6\aji^cVYdg 8jaijgV! IgVY^ d Z >ckZc d A^c\jV\Zb! gjeijgV Z XdcigVY^ d +# <gjed 6\aji^cVYdg 8jaijgV Z :Xdcdb^V Hda^Y{g^V ,# <gjed 6\aji^cVYdg 8jaijgV Z :bVcX^eV d :hiVYd! hdX^ZYVYZ Z eda i^XV # -# <gjed 6\aji^cVYdg 8jaijgV Xdbd 7Zb 8dbjb Z 7Zb :hiVg HV YZ! HjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ Z HdWZgVc^V 6a^bZciVg #
:hhZh ZheV dh k^hVb VegdkZ^iVg Z XgZY^W^a^oVg V ZmeZg^ cX^V YZ idYdh dh eVgi^X^eVciZh! gZaVX^dcVcYd dh XdcXZ^idh ZhigjijgVciZh Vdh Xdc]ZX^bZcidh ZbZg\ZciZh fjZ hjg\Zb YV ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV# HZ\j^cYd V egdedhiV YZ 7dVkZcijgV YZ HdjhV HVcidh '%%) Xdb V bZidYdad\^V YZ ÆigVYj d ^ciZgXjaijgVaÇ gZX egdXV dW_Zi^kVcYd d Æ^ciZggZXdc]ZX^bZcidÇ! gZXdbZcYV"hZ fjZ XVYV eVgi^X^eVciZ Yd \gjed Xdb XZgXV YZ '% eVgi^X^eVciZh edhhV jhVg jb iZbed eVgV Zmedg WgZkZbZciZ hjV k^h d Z hjV ZmeZg^ cX^V hdWgZ dh iZbVh egdedhidh# 6 bZidYdad\^V YZ igVWVa]d dWhZgkV V ^Y ^V" [dg V/ d fjZ ]{ YZ Xdbjb Z YZ Y^[ZgZciZ cZhhVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh cVggVYVh4 8dbd ^YZci^ÒXVg edcidh Z bdYdh YZ Vgi^XjaV d! hZb eZgYV YZ ^YZci^YVYZ Z Vjidcdb^V4 6 igVYj d XjaijgVa jb b idYd fjZ bVci b V Y^kZgh^YVYZ! eZgb^i^cYd d ^ciZgX}bW^d Z d b ijd Zcg^fjZX^bZcid#
D HZb^c{g^d WjhXV VcVa^hVg Z XdbegZZcYZg dh YZhadXVbZcidh XdcXZ^ijV^h fjZ V ZmeZg^ cX^V k^k^YV Z V gZÓZm d iZ g^XV egdYjoZb! eVgV V Xg^V d YZ Xdbjc^YVYZh Ze^hi b^XVh bV^h VbeaVh! fjZ egdYjoZb cdkdh hVWZgZh! ] Wg^Ydh! \ZhiVYdh cd ZcigZbZ^d! Xdc]ZX^bZcidh XdciZmijV^h Xdchigj Ydh XdaZi^kVbZciZ cd k^kZg"_jcid! [dgiVaZXZcYd dh k cXjadh YZ eZgiZcX^bZcid Z YZ ^YZci^YVYZ! Vbea^VcYd V k^h^W^a^YVYZ YZhhZh cdkdh hj_Z^idh YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid iVcid eVgV d :hiVYd fjVcid eVgV V Xdbjc^YVYZ# CV eZgheZXi^kV fjZ VYdiVbdh! d Xdc]ZX^bZcid XdciZmijVa! dh hVWZgZh igVY^X^dcV^h h d iZgg^i g^dh YZ eZhfj^hV! XVbedh Zbe g^Xdh [ giZ^h eVgV jbV XVgid\gVÒV hdX^Va Z h^bW a^XV fjZ WjhXV gZaVX^dcVg dh Xdc]ZX^bZcidh fjZ V ZmeZg^ cX^V YZ hZg Edcid YZ 8jaijgV \ZgV! egdYjo^cYd jbV cVggVi^kV VÒgbVi^kV fjZ bdhigV d fjZ d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV iZb Z hjV edi cX^V aViZciZ Z fjV^h h d dh XZc{g^dh YZ [jijgd edhh kZ^h#
27
D7?:IDH 9: :HIJ9D
(#
;JC96v³D 86H6 9: GJ> 76G7DH6 A>6 86A67G: D Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV iZb hZ idgcVYd dW_Zid YZ ZhijYdh VXVY b^Xdh! cVh bV^h Y^kZghVh {gZVh Z Zb Y^[ZgZciZh ^chi^ij^ Zh YZ Zch^cd Yd eV h# HZ_V edg hjV egZhZc V cVX^dcVa! hZ_V eZaV Y^kZgh^YVYZ YZ V Zh dj edg hZj [dXd Zb [dgiVaZXZg V Zh egdbdk^YVh eZaV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV kZb bZgZXZcYd jb da]Vg bV^h ViZcid edg eVgiZ Ydh ZhijY^dhdh# 8db d dW_Zi^kd YZ Xdc]ZXZg Z egdbdkZg V Y^kja\V d YZhhZh ZhijYdh Z ^cXZci^kVg V [dgbV d YZ jbV gZYZ YZ eZhfj^hVYdgZh hdWgZ d iZbV! V HZXgZiVg^V YZ 8^YVYVc^V
28
8jaijgVa! V ;jcYV d 8VhV YZ Gj^ 7VgWdhV ;8G7 Z V Jc^kZgh^YVYZ ;ZYZgVa Yd G^d YZ ?VcZ^gd J;G? ! gZVa^oVgVb Zb djijWgd YZ '%%. d > HZb^c{g^d/ Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Z dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Ä Cdkdh dW_Zidh YZ ZhijYdh# CZhiZ ZcXdcigd ZcigZ eZhfj^hVYdgZh Z dh \ZhidgZh Yd Egd\gVbV [d^ k^hid fjZ V fjZhi d YV Xdchigj d YZ cdkVh [dgbVh YZ YZhZckdak^bZcid adXVa Zhi{ egZhZciZ Zb ZhijYdh YVh {gZVh YZ \Zd\gVÒV! ijg^hbd Z VYb^c^higV d# 6 edhh^W^a^YVYZ YZ ^beaVciV d YZ eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h ^cdkVYdgVh fjZ egde^X^Zb \Zhi Zh XdaVWdgVi^kVh Z Xg^Zb cdkdh XVcV^h YZ gZaVX^dcVbZcid ZcigZ d :hiVYd Z V hdX^ZYVYZ
X^k^a Zhi{ egZhZciZ Zb ZhijYdh YV {gZV YVh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh! YV Xdbjc^XV d! YV egdYj d XjaijgVa Z YV VYb^c^higV d# 6 [dgbV d Ydh _dkZch dW_Zid YZ ZhijYdh cV {gZV YV ZYjXV d# 6 ZmeZg^ cX^V cV {gZV Y^\^iVa! Xdb Vjidcdb^oV d adXVa! VgiZ Y^\^iVa Z [dgbV d YZ Xdbjc^YVYZh Zb gZYZ Zhi{ hZcYd igVWVa]VYV cV \Zhi d XjaijgVa! Zb X^ cX^Vh hdX^V^h! Zb VYb^c^higV d Z Zb Xdbjc^XV d hdX^Va# IZbVh Xdbd eVgi^X^eV d hdX^Va! h d ZhijYVYdh eZaV {gZV YZ eh^Xdad\^V Z V egZhZgkV d YZ VXZgkdh YV XjaijgV edejaVg eZaV {gZV YZ eVig^b c^d# 8dbd gZhjaiVYd YZhiZ ZcXdcigd hV^j V egdedhiV YV Xg^V d YZ jbV gZYZ YZ eZhfj^hVYdgZh eVgV fjZ
XdcZXiVYdh ZaZh edhhVb igdXVg Xdc]ZX^bZcidh Z bZidYdad\^Vh YZ eZhfj^hV# IVbW b ZhiVbdh dg\Vc^oVcYd cd h^iZ Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV jb WVcXd YZ iZhZh$ Y^hhZgiV Zh$bdcd\gVÒVh Z Vgi^\dh eVgV Y^kja\V d YZhiVh eZhfj^hVh# 6 Òb YZ Xg^Vg hjWh Y^dh eVgV d HZb^c{g^d >ciZgcVX^dcVa Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV [d^ hda^X^iVYd Vdh eZhfj^hVYdgZh jb eZfjZcd iZmid dcYZ [dhhZb Zmea^X^iVYdh V XdbegZZch d Ydh XdcXZ^idh ZhigjijgVciZh Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Z Xdbd ZaZh VeVgZXZb Zb hZjh igVWVa]dh! fjZ ejWa^XVbdh Vfj^# 7dV aZ^ijgV
29
<:HI³D :B G:9: : 6GI>8JA6v³D :CIG: DH KÌG>DH EDCIDH 9: 8JAIJG6 ]^hi g^XV Z [Vo eVgiZ YZ jbV h g^Z YZ gZaV Zh Zb fjZ dh Æb ai^eadh eaVcdh YZ egdXZhhdh hdX^V^h Z XjaijgV^h hZ ZcigZXgjoVb! XdbedcYd jbV ^cig^cXVYV gZYZ YZ gZaV ZhÇ!' Zhedci}cZVh dj c d# 6a^{h! jbV YVh eg^cX^eV^h XVgVXiZg hi^XVh YVh gZYZh hdX^V^h V ^ciZcX^dcVa^YVYZ# CZhhV eZgheZXi^kV! XVWZ dWhZgkVg dh eVYg Zh YZ ^ciZgV Zh egdedhidh edg 8dgg V/(#
6A76 Aå8>6 96 H>AK6 B6G>C=D JC>K:GH>969: ;:9:G6A 9: E:GC6B7J8D 6h gZ[aZm Zh Vfj^ Xdci^YVh XdggZhedcYZb V jb Zh[dg d YZ eZchVg Vh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh XjaijgV^h VijVabZciZ egdedhiVh eVgV d 7gVh^a! eVgi^cYd YV k^h d Yd 8jaijgV K^kV Xdbd jb egd\gVbV Zb eZgbVcZciZ Xdchigj d Xdb k^hiVh | Vjidcdb^V! d egdiV\dc^hbd! d ZbedYZgVbZcid Z! hdWgZijYd! V \Zhi d Zb gZYZ Z V Vgi^XjaV d ZcigZ dh Y^kZghdh edcidh! kdaiVYdh | [dgbV d YZ jbV gZYZ \Zd\g{[^XV hdX^Va Z XjaijgVa Vji cdbV Z \ZgVYdgV YZ cdkdh c h# 6hh^b! V VWdgYV\Zb hZ kdaiV |h Y^bZch Zh YZ Vc{a^hZ YVh gZYZh \Zd\g{[^XVh YZ VXdgYd Vh egdedhiVh YZ ZhijY^dhdh YV <Zd\gV[^V 8jaijgVa! dj hZ_V! idbVYVh Xdbd jb Xdc_jcid YZ adXVa^oV Zh ^ciZgXdcZXiVYVh iVcid edg a^\V Zh bViZg^V^h fjVcid ^bViZg^V^h# 6h gZYZh h d ^ckZhi^\VYVh edg bZ^d YVh Y^bZch Zh dg\Vc^oVX^dcVa! iZbedgVa Z ZheVX^Va Xdbd
30
[dgbV YZ ^YZci^[^XVg dh hZjh VggVc_dh ^ciZgcdh! hjV YjgV d! V kZadX^YVYZ Ydh [ajmdh Z V [gZf cX^V Xdb fjZ V iZ^V hZ ZhiVWZaZXZ# GZ[Zg cX^V cdh ZhijYdh hdWgZ gZYZh! Y^o 8VhiZaah fjZ ZaVh [dgbVb jb Xdc_jcid YZ c h ^ciZgXdcZXiVYdh Z! Xdbd ZhigjijgVh VWZgiVh! iZcYZb V hZ ZmeVcY^g! \ZgVcYd cdkdh c h! Xdchi^ij^cYd V bdg[dad\^V hdX^Va YZ cdhhVh hdX^ZYVYZh# :aZ gZXdc]ZXZ fjZ ^hhd c d cdkd! V cdk^YVYZ Zhi{ cV Zm^hi cX^V YZ jbV WVhZ bViZg^Va eVgV V hjV ZmeVch d! edhh^W^a^iVcYd V Xg^V d YZ jbV cdkV ZXdcdb^V ^c[dgbVX^dcVa! \adWVa Z Zb gZYZ#& 6 XVgVXiZg^oV d Yd XdbedgiVbZcid Z Yd h^hiZbV Yd jc^kZghd ^ckZhi^\VYd h edYZ hZg [Z^iV YZ jbV bVcZ^gV bV^h XdchZfjZciZ | bZY^YV fjZ hZ_V Zk^YZcX^VYd d [Vid YZ hZ ^chZg^g Zb jbV hdX^ZYVYZ XdbeaZmV! [VoZcYd eVgiZ Z gZaVX^dcVcYd" hZ Xdb djigdh \gjedh Z hZidgZh YV hdX^ZYVYZ# Ed^h ^bedhh kZa VcVa^hVg V XjaijgV edg h^ bZhbV! _{ fjZ ZaV jbV Xdchigj d
6 GZYZ HdaVg iZb edg eg^cX^eVa XVgVXiZg hi^XV jb c XZcigVa! gZaVi^kVbZciZ bV^h [dgiZ! Xdbd edcid XdckZg\ZciZ YZ k^Vh Z [ajmdh ^ciZga^\VYdh V c h bZcdgZh! c d gZaVX^dcVYdh ZcigZ h^# ?{ V GZYZ 9ZcYg i^XV XVgVXiZg^oV"hZ edg iZg hZj XZcigd cdYVa k^Vh Z [ajmdh Y^hig^Wj Ydh hZ\jcYd jb eVYg d XdbeVg{kZa V jbV gZYZ [ajk^Va# IZb ]^ZgVgfj^Vh bV^h YZhZckdak^YVh ZcigZ dh XZcigdh! eZgXZWZcYd"hZ fjZ! fjVcid bV^h Y^hiVciZh [dgZb dh XZcigdh eZg^[ g^Xdh Yd XZcigd cdYVa! bZcdg hZj c kZa ]^Zg{gfj^Xd# 6hh^b Xdbd V GZYZ HdaVg! hZjh XZcigdh c d bVci b a^\V Zh aViZgV^h# 6 8]g^hiVaaZg^VcV jbV gZYZ Zb fjZ d XZcigd cdYVa! YZ bV^dg ]^ZgVgfj^V! hZ adXVa^oV cd XZcigd YV gZYZ! iZcYd! Zb hZj Zcidgcd XZcigdh YZ bZcdgZh c kZ^h ]^Zg{gfj^Xdh! h^hiZbVi^XVbZciZ Y^hedhidh# IV^h XZcigdh XdcigdaVb! XVYV jb! XZcigdh YZ ]^ZgVgfj^V V^cYV bZcdg! fjZ bVci b bj^id edjXV dj cZc]jbV gZaV d ZcigZ h^# 6 GZYZ 8]g^hiVaaZg^VcV V _jc d YVh gZYZh HdaVgZh Z 9ZcYg i^XV! edg b Xdb bV^dg XdbeaZm^YVYZ# 6 GZYZ 6m^Va iZb edg XVgVXiZg hi^XV V [dgbV a^cZVg dcYZ! cdgbVabZciZ! iZb hZjh c h ^ciZga^\VYdh edg jbV c^XV k^V YZ ig{[Z\d# EdYZ"
hZ dWhZgkVg fjZ dh XZcigdh cdYV^h VegZhZciVb ]^ZgVgfj^Vh Y^[ZgZcX^VYVh V eVgi^g YV gZaV d YZ ^ciZgV Zh Z[Zi^kVYVh Zb YjVh Y^gZ Zh# CZhiV gZYZ! Vh ^ciZgV Zh eZgeZcY^XjaVgZh! bZhbd Zm^hiZciZh! h d ^ch^\c^[^XVciZh! edg b iVbW b hZ dWhZgkV fjZ YZiZgb^cVYdh [ajmdh jaigVeVhhVb XZcigdh bZcdgZh! ^ciZga^\VcYd XZcigdh ]^ZgVgfj^XVbZciZ hjeZg^dgZh# 6 GZYZ 6m^Va iZcYZ V VegZhZciVg jb bV^dg c bZgd YZ XZcigdh fjZ V djigVh gZYZh# 6 GZYZ 8^gXjaVg XVgVXiZg^oVYV edg jb c^Xd X^gXj^id V ^ciZga^\Vg dh c h# CZaV c d hZ dWhZgkV \gVcYZ Y^[ZgZc V ]^Zg{gfj^XV ZcigZ dh XZcigdh cdYV^h fjZ V Xdbe Zb# Dh [ajmdh hZ dWhZgkVb cdh Yd^h hZci^Ydh# BV^h ^cig^cXVYV V GZYZ YZ B ai^eadh 8^gXj^idh Y^[ZgZ"hZ YVh YZbV^h gZYZh edg d[ZgZXZg k{g^Vh a^\V Zh ZcigZ jb bZhbd eVg YZ c h# w jbV gZYZ bV^h XdbeaZmV! Zb fjZ Vh a^\V Zh edYZb VegZhZciVg XgjoVbZcidh hZb V ^ciZgbZY^V d YZ jb c # CZaV dh XZcigdh iVcid edYZb VegZhZciVg XdbeaZbZciVg^YVYZ Xdbd Y^[ZgZciZh \gVjh YZ ]^ZgVgfj^Vh ZcigZ h^# ;^XV V fjZhi d/ fjVa d bdYZad YZ iZ^V fjZ Zhi{ hZ [dgbVcYd4 Dh ^ciZ\gVciZh a^\VYdh Y^gZiVbZciZ Vd B^c8 [dgbVb jbV gZYZ hdX^Va eVgVaZaV Z YZ c h bV^h h a^Ydh Yd fjZ VfjZaZh a^\VYdh Vdh g\ dh ZhiVYjV^h4 8dbd \VgVci^g V ]dg^odciVa^YVYZ YZhZ_VYV4 BVh d [Vid fjZ ZhiVh Z iVciVh djigVh fjZhi Zh VeZcVh h d edhh kZ^h cdh Y^Vh VijV^h! iZbedh Zb fjZ iZb kdo V XjaijgV igVY^X^dcVa Z edejaVg! V XjaijgV egd[jcYV! fjZ hZ cjigZ Ydh ]dbZch! cd Y^oZg YZ B^aidc HVcidh#
CASTELLS, Manuel. A sociedade em rede, 1999, p. 67-120.
1
DAVID, Solange. Cultura e religião, 2001, p. 233.
2
CORRÊA, Roberto. Interações espaciais, In CASTRO, GOMES e CORRÊA (Orgs.). Explorações geográficas, 2006, p. 306-313.
3
31
32
D FJ: K:B EG>B:>GD4 9:7DG6= G:7:AAD JC>K:GH>969: ;:9:G6A ;AJB>C:CH: 6jidcdb^V"EgdiV\dc^hbd" :bedYZgVbZcid"<Zhi d Zb GZYZ4 Dj hZg^V4 EgdiV\dc^hbd":bedYZgVbZcid" <Zhi d Zb GZYZ"6jidcdb^V EdYZ"hZ eZchVg Zb### :bedYZgVbZcid"<Zhi d Zb gZYZ" 6jidcdb^V"EgdiV\dc^hbd FjZb hVWZ4 <Zhi d Zb gZYZ"6jidcdb^V" EgdiV\dc^hbd":bedYZgVbZcid :hiVh fjVigd eVaVkgVh"X]VkZ h d XdcXZ^idh [jcYVbZciV^h eVgV V XdbegZZch d Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# BVh Xdbd ^YZci^ÒXVg hjV dgYZb4 >bedgi}cX^V4 8dbd YZhiVXVg jbV cd d YV djigV Z V^cYV h^b iZg jbV Y^bZch d hVi^h[Vi g^V YV V d4 D 8jaijgV K^kV XZcigVYd cV gZYZhXdWZgiV Yd 7gVh^a! cd bVgVk^a]VbZcid Yd :hiVYd Xdb iVbVc]V Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVa fjZ hZj edkd VegZhZciV! Y^hig^Wj^! ZcXVciV### Xdbd idYdh hVWZbdh # 8dcijYd! V egdWaZbVi^oV d YZ ^Y ^Vh fjZ edYZb eVgZXZg i d dWk^Vh cZhiV V d jb ZmZgX X^d VjYVX^dhd# Ad\^XVbZciZ! d ZciZcY^bZcid YZhhZh XdcXZ^idh Z V gZÓZm d hdWgZ ZaZh jbV fjZhi d [jcYVbZciVa eVgV V eZgXZe d YZ jbV cdkV XdcXZe d eda i^XV! jb gZYZhXdWg^bZcid Yd hZci^Yd YZ YZbdXgVX^V! jb ZmZgX X^d YZ VjhXjaiV Yd :hiVYd! jbV kVadg^oV d Yd hVWZg Ydh X^YVY dh# 6ÒcVa! V k^YV c d Zhi{ cd g\ d! cd \dkZgcd! cd edYZg# :hi{ Zb fjZb eVgi^X^eV YZaZh! Zb fjZb Xdchig ^ Vh WVhZh YZ jbV hdX^ZYVYZ _jhiV! eajgVa! fjZ Xdck^kV
Xdb hjV Y^kZgh^YVYZ! hZb iZciVi^kV YZ _ja\VbZcidh Z Vc^fj^aV Zh# 9V bZhbV [dgbV! eVgZXZ fjVhZ ^bedhh kZa iZciVg gZÓZi^g ^hdaVYVbZciZ hdWgZ XVYV jb YZaZh# Ed^h! Vd [Vo "ad! eZgYZ" hZ V eZgXZe d YV ZhigjijgV Yd egd\gVbV# C d bZ eVgZXZ edhh kZa hZeVgVg jb ^iZb bV^h ^bedgiVciZ! dj V^cYV ZhiVWZaZXZg jbV dgYZb YZ VXdciZX^bZcidh YZcigd Yd [VoZg Yd egd\gVbV# D 8jaijgV K^kV bV^h k^kd Z ejahVciZ Yd fjZ jbV YZÒc^ d XVgiZh^VcV YZ dgYZb Z Vhh^b^aV d# ÆD idYd bV^dg Yd fjZ Vh eVgiZh Ç 6 Vegdeg^V d Xg i^XV Z Xg^Vi^kV YZhhVh ^Y ^Vh! bV^h d ediZcX^Va YZ gZ^ckZc d YVh bZhbVh jbV YVh \gVcYZh g^fjZoVh YZhiV edi cX^V# IVakZo jbV YVh WVhZh YZhhZh XdcXZ^idh Z Yd ZcdgbZ hjXZhhd Yd egd\gVbV hZ_V ZmViVbZciZ d [Vid YZ hZg jbV V d fjZ ]{ bj^id ZgV ÆZheZgVYVÇ edg idYV V edejaV d# 8dbd hZ idYdh dh edcidh Zhi^kZhhZb ^hdaVYdh cV ^bZchV Y^bZch d iZgg^idg^Va WgVh^aZ^gV Z V edhh^W^a^YVYZ YZ hZ cdbZVg Edcid YZ 8jaijgV VWg^j jbV cdkV edgiV eVgV d Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ hZjh Æ^gb dhÇ# BZhbd fjZ hZ_V ^bedhh kZa Xdc]ZXZg idYdh dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV YZhiV ZcdgbZ cV d! d Xdc[dgid YZ hVWZg fjZ idYdh eVgi^a]Vb YZ jb bZhbd hZci^bZcid! YZ jb bZhbd dW_Zi^kd YZ kVadg^oV d Yd fjZ YZ bZa]dg iZb ZhiZ eV h/ d hZj edkd0 idgcV V^cYV bV^h ej_VciZ Z ^cZh\di{kZa V g^fjZoV YZhhV V d# Edg XdciV Y^hhd! ZciZcYZ"hZ fjZ d [Zc bZcd 8jaijgV K^kV _{ edYZg^V hZg ÆeZgXZW^YdÇ Zb bj^idh djigdh VjidgZh# 6ÒcVa! hZj cdgiZ XdcXZ^ijVa edYZ hZg k^hid Xdbd V Vbea^V d YV 8VhV YZ GdWZgid
YV BViiV# w V \gVcYZ 8VhV YZ 8jaijgV Yd edkd WgVh^aZ^gd EdYZ hZg k^hid iVbW b Xdbd jb cdkd aj\Vg! d aj\Vg Vcigdeda \^Xd YZ BVgX 6j\ # 9V bZhbV [dgbV fjZ edYZg^V hZg a^Yd Xdbd jbV Y^hi^ciV Xdchigj d YZ de^c^ d e Wa^XV Vdh da]dh YZ =VWZgbVh# 8db idYVh Vh hjVh VYVeiV Zh! gZaZ^ijgVh! d fjZ d egd\gVbV YZbdchigV Vi ZhiZ bdbZcid V hjV hZch^W^a^YVYZ cd iZch^dcVbZcid ZcigZ XjaijgV Z eg{i^XV \dkZgcVbZciVa# :cigZ d :hiVYd Z d hZj edkd# EVgV Va b YZ jbV V d \dkZgcVbZciVa! egZX^hVbdh eZgXZW "ad Xdbd jbV cdkV [dgbV YZ gZaVX^dcVbZcid Xdb V eda i^XV# 6ÒcVa! V XjaijgV [jcX^dcV hdW djigV a \^XV! c d eZaV ZhigjijgV! eZad Zc\ZhhVbZcid \dkZgcVbZciVa! eZad egdXZhhjVa WjgdXg{i^Xd YZ jbV eVhiV# GZVa^YVYZh Y^hi^ciVh cZXZhh^iVb YZ [dgbVh YZ \dkZgcdh iVbW b VYVeiVYVh# K^kZbdh V\dgV jb cdkd Xdcidgcd cd gZaVX^dcVbZcid ZcigZ XjaijgV Z eda i^XV! ZcigZ \Zhi d Z XjaijgV# :aZcXV"hZ jbV cdkV fjZhi d e Wa^XV# E Wa^XV Zb hZj hZci^Yd Ze^hiZbda \^Xd! Zb hjV gV^o! cd WZb Xdbjb! [dgV YV Wg^\V YZ eVgi^XjaVg^hbdh# 6a\d bj^id bV^dg Yd fjZ V gZjc^ d YZ Va\jbVh h^c\jaVg^YVYZh# CZhiZ hZci^Yd! 6jidcdb^V Ä EgdiV\dc^hbd Ä :bedYZgVbZcid Ä <Zhi d Zb GZYZ iVbW b edYZb hZg eZgXZW^Ydh Xdbd/ V kVadg^oV d YV XdckZghV Z igdXV ZcigZ dh Y^kZghdh V\ZciZh0 d gZXdc]ZX^bZcid YZ h^ cd ^cY^k Yjd fjZ hZ VegZhZciV0 V eZgXZe d YZ hjV XZcigVa^YVYZ cd egdXZhhd YZ Xdchigj d Yd Egd\gVbV0 d hjg\^bZcid YZ jbV hda^YVg^ZYVYZ ^bV\^c{g^V ZcigZ Ò\jgVh Y^hi^ciVh dj V edhh^W^a^YVYZ YZ WVaVcXZVbZcid YZ ZcZg\^Vh! V igdXV YZ hVWZgZh# CZc]jb YZaZh hjg\Z Xdbd jb
[Vidg YVYd! jb dW_Zi^kd YV eda i^XV! dj jbV \ZgV d Zhedci}cZV# H d ÆgZhjaiVYdhÇ fjZ ZhiVkVb aViZciZh! XVgVXiZg hi^XVh fjZ ejYZgVb Z edYZb hZg eZgXZW^YVh eZaV kVadg^oV d Yd VegZcY^oVYd Xdc_jcid# :hhZh XdcXZ^idh h d ^chigjbZcidh ^bedgiVciZh fjZ XdggdWdgVb Xdb ZhiV gZ"VggjbV d YVh iZhh^ijgVh hdX^V^h# EgdXZhhd fjZ kZb YZ WV^md eVgV X^bV! Xdbd [dgbV YZ \VgVci^g dh Va^XZgXZh YZ jb ZY^[ X^d \gVcYZ Z ^bedcZciZ# w V gZXdbW^cV d YZ hjW_Zi^k^YVYZh! YZ gZaV Zh hdX^V^h! V Xdchigj d YZ jbV cdkV iZ^V YZ h^\c^ÒXV Zh# D 8jaijgV K^kV edYZ hZg XdbegZZcY^Yd Xdbd jb dg\Vc^hbd fjZ hjg\Z Yd bjcYd YV k^YV! idbV Xdged! [dgbV! cdbZ# Jb Egd\gVbV fjZ c d edhhj^ d a^b^iZ YZ jbV EVhiV B^c^hiZg^Va! dj bZhbd YZ [gdciZ^gVh cVX^dcV^h# 8dbd jb edcid YZ VigV d Z ^ggVY^V d! d ÓdgZhX^bZcid Yd ediZcX^Va YZ igdXV YZ jb hZb c bZgd YZ edhh^W^a^YVYZh Z XdbW^cV Zh fjZ V ^ciZgV d =dbZb"=dbZb edYZ igVoZg# CZhhZ hZci^Yd! ZhiZh fjVigd XdcXZ^idh h d kVg^{kZ^h YZ jbV bZhbV ZfjV d Zb fjZ c d ^bedgiV bj^id V hZfj cX^V YZ egdWaZbVi^oV d! bVh d gZhjaiVYd egdedgX^dcVYd eZaVh bZhbVh# Ed^h hjV bZa]dg ^bea^XV d edYZ hZg d ^cXZci^kd | [dg V YV hda^YVg^ZYVYZ Xg^VYV cZhiV ^bZchV cV d Ä V CV d 8jaijgV K^kV Ä fjZ ^ggVY^V XVadg Z [gjidh edg dcYZ eVhhV#
33
34
6 ;JC96B:CI6v³D I:ÓG>86 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 ² AJO 9: JB6 E:HFJ>H6 :B 8DBJC>86v³D :HI:G B6Gv6A ;wG ;68JA969: 8ÛHE:G AÞ7:GD 8dch^YZgVYd jb Ydh bV^dgZh ^ciZaZXijV^h WgVh^aZ^gdh! Vjidg YZ jbV ZmiZchV dWgV gZXdc]ZX^YV ^ciZgcVX^dcVabZciZ! EVjad ;gZ^gZ Xdchigj^j jb cdkd eVgVY^\bV eVgV V ZYjXV d aVi^cd"VbZg^XVcV Vd YZhZckdakZg jb eZchVbZcid Xg i^Xd"Y^Va i^Xd! V eVgi^g YZ jbV k^h d ]jbVc^hiV Z a^WZgiVYdgV! Va^VYV V jbV XaVgV edhijgV eda i^XV Zb [Vkdg Ydh deg^b^Ydh# HjV dWgV c d hZ gZhig^c\Z | {gZV YV ZYjXV d! ed^h hZjh XdcXZ^idh VkVc Vb! Xdchigj^cYd edciZh ZcigZ dh hVWZgZh! ^cXajh^kZ Xdb V Xdbjc^XV d! Xdbd WZb dWhZgkV KZc X^d YZ A^bV Zb hjV Vc{a^hZ hdWgZ V VijVa^YVYZ Yd XdcXZ^id YZ Xdbjc^XV d Zb EVjad ;gZ^gZ A>B6! '%%) # Edg bZ^d YZ jbV YZÒc^ d Yd hZg ]jbVcd Xdbd jb hZg ^cXdcXajhd Z YV hjV kdXV d dcida \^XV Zb hZg bV^h! dj hZ_V! d ZhiVYd VigVk h Yd fjVa d hZg ]jbVcd Zhi{ Zb eZgbVcZciZ egdXjgV! VkZcijgVcYd"hZ Xjg^dhVbZciZ cd Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ h^ bZhbd Z Yd bjcYd HIG:8@! '%%-/ (-% ! ;gZ^gZ ZciZcYZ V h^ijV d YZ degZhh d
Xdbd jbV Y^hidg d YZhhV kdXV d cVijgVa Yd hZg ]jbVcd ;G:>G:! &..(/ (% # CZhhZ hZci^Yd! hjV dWgV ^bejah^dcV V Xdchigj d YZ jbV XjaijgV YV a^WZgiV d! cV fjVa edhh kZa Vd deg^b^Yd! V eVgi^g Yd Y^{ad\d Xg i^Xd Z egdWaZbVi^oVYdg! Xdchigj^g XVb^c]dh XdcXgZidh eVgV V gZVa^oV d Yd hZj hZg bV^h# Edg hZg jb ZYjXVYdg! ;gZ^gZ dWhZgkV V Zm^hi cX^V YZ jbV XjaijgV YV Ydb^cV d fjZ hZ gZegdYjo Zb jbV eZYV\d\^V eaVcZ_VYV eZadh degZhhdgZh! bVh fjZ iVbW b hZ ZcXdcigV Z[Zi^kVbZciZ egZhZciZ cdh egdXZhhdh eda i^Xdh XjaijgV^h# D YZhVÒd Vdh deg^b^Ydh Z Vdh fjZ Xdb ZaZh hZ hda^YVg^oVb Z ajiVb eZaV a^WZgiV d V VÒgbV d YZ jbV cdkV XjaijgV! fjZ c d gZegdYjoV _VbV^h V degZhh d# CZhiZ hZci^Yd! d eZchVbZcid [gZ^gZVcd YZ Xdchigj d YZ jbV XjaijgV a^WZgiVYdgV ZcXdcigV ZheV d cd Y^hXjghd YZ VegZhZciV d YV egdedhiV eda i^Xd"XjaijgVa ZaVWdgVYV edg <^aWZgid <^a/ ÆFjZ VXdciZXZ fjVcYd hZ hdaiV jbV bdaV Xdbeg^b^YV! fjVcYd hZ a^WZgiV jb e{hhVgd! fjVcYd hZ VWgZb Vh XdbedgiVh YZ jbV gZegZhV4 KZgZbdh###Ç) 9ZhiV Vegdm^bV d Yd eZchVbZcid a^WZgiVYdg YZ EVjad
;gZ^gZ Xdb V egdedhiV eda i^Xd" XjaijgVa YZ <^aWZgid <^a! d egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV hZ Zhigjijgdj V eVgi^g Ydh XdcXZ^idh YZ egdiV\dc^hbd hdX^Va! ZbedYZgVbZcid Z Vjidcdb^V# D XdcXZ^id YZ egdiV\dc^hbd hdX^Va hZ VegZhZciV cV dWgV YZ ;gZ^gZ Xdbd jbV kVadg^oV d Yd hZg ]jbVcd ZcfjVcid hj_Z^id# :hiVcYd d hZg ]jbVcd hjWbZi^Yd V jbV h^ijV d YZ degZhh d Ä Xd^h^ÒXVYd! YZhZcgV^oVYd! YZhjbVc^oVYd "! ZaZ c d bV^h XVeVo YZ VaiZgVg V gZVa^YVYZ# Cd ^cij^id YZ egZhZgkVg" hZ! d hZg ]jbVcd hZ V_jhiV V gZVa^YVYZ Z eVgV ^hhd! VaiZgV"hZ V h^ eVgV VYVeiVg"hZ ;G:>G:! &.-%/ )' # IVa bdk^bZcid YZ[Zch^kd YZ VYVeiV d dj VXdbdYV d Y^VciZ Yd VeZad ejWa^X^i{g^d! YV XjaijgV YZ bVhh^ÒXV d Z Yd ZmXZhhd YZ ^c[dgbV Zh! \ZgV cd hZg ]jbVcd V eZgYV YV XVeVX^YVYZ YZ gZXdc]ZX^bZcid YZ hjV eg eg^V ^ciZ\g^YVYZ! V[d\VcYd"d cd Vcdc^bVid dj Zci d! VYdiVcYd jb Zj fjZ c d a]Z eZgiZcXZ e# )) # ?{ c d bV^h hj_Z^id! Z h^b dW_Zid# DcYZ hZ Za^b^cV d ]dbZb Xdbd hj_Z^id Yd egdXZhhd ]^hi g^Xd! eZgYZ"hZ jbV Y^bZch d fjZ XZcigVa Zb ;gZ^gZ/ V YZ fjZ V gZaV d Xdb d bjcYd hZ Xdchi^ij^ cjb bdk^bZcid! Xdchi^ij Yd ZmViVbZciZ eZaVh edhh^W^a^YVYZh Y^kZghVh ^chZg^YVh eZaV ^ciZgkZc d Z Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ Ydh hj_Z^idh# HIG:8@ Zi Va#! '%%-/ (.' # :b BZYd Z DjhVY^V ;G:>G:! &.-+ ! ZcXdcigVbdh d XdcXZ^id YZ ÆZbedYZgVbZcidÇ# EgZdXjeVYd Zb VaZgiVg eVgV edhh kZ^h Zfj kdXdh fjZ d iZgbd edhhV XdcYjo^g! ;gZ^gZ egZk^cZ V ^ciZgegZiV d YZ ZbedYZgVbZcid ZcfjVcid ÆYVg edYZg V Va\j bÇ! cV fjVa d hj_Z^id ÈgZXZWZÉ YZ djigd Va\jb gZXjghd!
35
hjV gZYZ XdcXgZiV XdbedhiV edg XZciZcVh YZ c h! Xdchi^ij Ydh eZaVh VhhdX^V Zh Xdbjc^i{g^Vh Z dg\Vc^oV Zh hdX^V^h ^ciZ\gVYVh Vd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV#
YZcigd YZ jbV eZgheZXi^kV ^cY^k^YjVa^hiV# ;gZ^gZ c d VXgZY^iV cjbV Vjid"a^WZgiV d! bVh h^b cjbV a^WZgiV d hdX^Va Z XdaZi^kV/ BZhbd fjVcYd kdX hZ hZciZ! ^cY^k^YjVabZciZ bV^h a^kgZ! hZ ZhhZ hZci^bZcid c d jb hZci^bZcid hdX^Va! hZ kdX c d XVeVo YZ jhVg hjV a^WZgYVYZ gZXZciZ eVgV V_jYVg dh djigdh V hZ a^WZgiVgZb edg bZ^d YV igVch[dgbV d YV hdX^ZYVYZ! Zci d kdX h Zhi{ ZmZgX^iVcYd jbV Vi^ijYZ ^cY^k^YjVa^hiV cd hZci^Yd Yd ZbedlZgbZci dj YV a^WZgYVYZ# ;G:>G:! &.-+/ &(* 9Zcigd YV eZgheZXi^kV [gZ^gZVcV! d ZbedYZgVbZcid VXdciZXZ cd egdXZhhd fjZ ZbZg\Z YVh ^ciZgV Zh hdX^V^h Zb fjZ dh hZgZh ]jbVcdh h d Xdchigj Ydh# GZhhVaiVbdh fjZ c d h d ^ciZgV Zh VaZVi g^Vh! bVh VfjZaVh egdkdXVYVh eZadh egdWaZbVh! dj eZaVh eZg\jciVh egdWaZbVi^oVYdgVh! fjZ h d [gjid YZ jbV ^chZg d Xg i^XV Ydh hj_Z^idh cd bjcYd! XdadXVcYd"dh Zb V d# Edg ^hhd! V \ cZhZ Yd ZbedYZgVbZcid Zhi{ egd[jcYVbZciZ a^\VYV | XdchX^Zci^oV d Ydh ^cY^k Yjdh Z Ydh XdaZi^kdh! aZkVcYd"dh V jb egdXZhhd YZ a^WZgiV d HIG:8@! '%%-/ &+* D iZgXZ^gd XdcXZ^id [gZ^gZVcd ^cXdgedgVYd | [jcYVbZciV d YV eda i^XV XjaijgVa Yd 8jaijgV K^kV V Vjidcdb^V# EVgV EVjad ;gZ^gZ! V Vjidcdb^V hZ Xdchi^ij^ V eVgi^g YZ jb eVgVYdmd/ d eVgVYdmd YV Vjidcdb^V"YZeZcY cX^V# Edg hZgbdh hZgZh YZ XjaijgV! hdbdh cZXZhhVg^VbZciZ YZeZcYZciZh# 6hh^b! hZg Vji cdbd iZg V XVeVX^YVYZ YZ Vhhjb^g ZhhV YZeZcY cX^V gVY^XVa YZg^kVYV YZ cdhhV Òc^ijYZ! edg ^hhd! eVgV ;gZ^gZ! V Vjidcdb^V egde^X^V V
36
8VhiZaah Xdci^cjV/
hda^YVg^ZYVYZ Z V gZaV d Zb Xdbjc^YVYZ# HIG:8@! '%%-/ *+ 6jidcdb^V c d hZ Y{# 6Yfj^gZ" hZ cd egdXZhhd# ÆC^c\j b Vji cdbd eg^bZ^gd eVgV YZed^h YZX^Y^g# 6 Vjidcdb^V kV^ hZ Xdchigj^cYd cV ZmeZg^ cX^V YZ k{g^Vh! ^c bZgVh YZX^h Zh! fjZ k d hZcYd idbVYVhÇ# ;G:>G:! &..+/ &'% Dh XdcXZ^idh YV XjaijgV ]VX`Zg cV gZYZ Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV IdYV eda i^XV XjaijgVa! V^cYV fjZ fjVhZ cjcXV Zmea^X^iVbZciZ! ^cXaj^ ZcigZ hZjh XdbedcZciZh W{h^Xdh jb bdYZad YZ Xdbjc^XV d 76G7:GD! '%%-! e#,) # Edg hZg YZÒc^YV ZcfjVcid jbV YV gZYZ dg\}c^XV Z ]dg^odciVa YZ Xg^V d Z \Zhi d XjaijgVa! d bdYZad YZ Xdbjc^XV d Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV hZ ZcXdcigVb Zb Xdchdc}cX^V Xdb d ZbZg\ZciZ bdYZad YZ jbV hdX^ZYVYZ Zb gZYZ 86HI:AAH! &... # D Vjidg YZÒcZ gZYZ Xdbd Æjb Xdc_jcid YZ c h ^ciZgXdcZXiVYdh# C d edcid cd fjVa jbV XjgkV hZ ZcigZXdgiV# 8dcXgZiVbZciZ! d fjZ jb c YZeZcYZ Yd i^ed YZ gZYZh XdcXgZiVh YZ fjZ [VaVbdh#Ç Cd XVhd Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! edYZbdh Y^oZg fjZ
ÆGZYZh h d ZhigjijgVh VWZgiVh XVeVoZh YZ ZmeVcY^g YZ [dgbV ^a^b^iVYV! ^ciZ\gVcYd cdkdh c h YZhYZ fjZ Xdch^\Vb Xdbjc^XVg"hZ YZcigd YV gZYZ! dj hZ_V! YZhYZ fjZ XdbeVgi^a]Zb dh bZhbd X Y^\dh YZ Xdbjc^XV d#P###R JbV ZhigjijgV hdX^Va Xdb WVhZ Zb gZYZh jb h^hiZbV VWZgid VaiVbZciZ Y^c}b^Xd hjhXZi kZa YZ ^cdkV d hZb VbZV Vh Vd hZj Zfj^a Wg^d# GZYZh h d ^chigjbZcidh Vegdeg^VYdh P###R eVgV jbV XjaijgV YZ YZhXdchigj d Z gZXdchigj d Xdci cjVh0 eVgV jbV eda i^XV YZhi^cVYV Vd egdXZhhVbZcid ^chiVci}cZd YZ cdkdh kVadgZh Z ]jbdgZh e Wa^Xdh0 Z eVgV jbV dg\Vc^oV d hdX^Va fjZ k^hZ V hjeaVciV d Yd ZheV d Z ^ckVa^YV d Yd iZbed# &.../*++ #Ç EVgV fjZ ZhhV gZYZ YZ eZhhdVh! eg{i^XVh Z egdYjidh XjaijgV^h hZ ZhiVWZaZ V Z[Zi^kVbZciZ! [d^ cZXZhh{g^d V VYd d YZ jb bdYZad YZ Xdbjc^XV d fjZ eZgb^iV V igdXV ^ciZchV Z XdchiVciZ YZ ^c[dgbV Zh Z XdciZ Ydh h^bW a^Xdh ZcigZ Vh gZYZh adXV^h Z V bVXgd"gZYZ \adWVa Z k^XZ"kZghV# 9ZhiV [dgbV! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV VWgV dj V gZYZ k^gijVa YZ XdbejiVYdgZh Xdbd bdYZad Z eaViV[dgbV ZhigjijgVciZ YV Xdbjc^XV d ÆZcgZYVYVÇ YZ Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# 8db d dW_Zi^kd YZ dg^ZciVg dh V\ZciZh XjaijgV^h Z jhj{g^dh Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV V YZbdXgVi^oVg Z [dbZciVg V ji^a^oV d YVh [ZggVbZciVh iZXcda \^XVh Y^\^iV^h YZ jbV bVcZ^gV Xg i^XV Z Xg^Vi^kV! d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV Xg^dj V V d ^ci^ijaVYV Æ8jaijgV 9^\^iVaÇ# Dh kVadgZh YZ a^WZgYVYZ!
XdaVWdgV d Z XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid Zb gZYZ ZcXdcigVYdh cV XjaijgV ]VX`Zg 86HI:AAH! '%%(! e#)* h d Zhi^bjaVYdh Z ^cXdgedgVYdh |h eg{i^XVh XjaijgV^h Z ZYjXVX^dcV^h YZhZckdak^YVh cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! YZhZcXVYZVcYd jb cdkd bdYd YZ eZchVg V iZXcdad\^V! ZckdakZcYd \ZcZgdh^YVYZ ^ciZaZXijVa Z igVWVa]d XdaVWdgVi^kd# Edg ^hhd! d hd[ilVgZ a^kgZ! VYdiVYd Xdbd de d iZXcda \^XV Z Òadh ÒXV# 6 XjaijgV ]VX`Zg! _jciVbZciZ Xdb V XjaijgV iZXcdbZg^idXg{i^XV! V XjaijgV Xdbjc^i{g^V k^gijVa Z V XjaijgV ZbegZhVg^Va! Xdbe Z d Xdc_jcid YVh XjaijgVh egdYjo^YVh YZcigd YVh gZYZh Z ^YZci^ÒXVYVh edg 8VhiZaah Xdbd [jcYVYdgVh YV XjaijgV YV >ciZgcZi# HZ\jcYd 8VhiZaah! V >ciZgcZi d Va^XZgXZ YV XjaijgV ]VX`Zg# 6 ^c[dgbVa^YVYZ Z V k^gijVa^YVYZ h d XVgVXiZg hi^XVh egZhZciZh cZhiV XjaijgV! fjZ cV bV^dg^V YVh kZoZh \adWVa Z k^gijVa! Xdb edjXdh bdbZcidh YZ ZcXdcigd [ h^Xd# ÆBVh d fjZ Xdbjb | XjaijgV ]VX`Zg! Zb idYdh dh XdciZmidh hdX^V^h! V egZb cX^V YZ gZ^ckZciVg bVcZ^gVh YZ hZ Xdbjc^XVg Xdb XdbejiVYdgZh Z edg bZ^d YZaZh! Xdchigj^cYd jb h^hiZbV h^bW^ i^Xd YZ eZhhdVh Z XdbejiVYdgZh Zb ^ciZgV d cV >ciZgcZi# 6 XjaijgV ]VX`Zg ! Zb Zhh cX^V! jbV XjaijgV YZ XdckZg\ cX^V ZcigZ hZgZh ]jbVcdh Z hjVh b{fj^cVh cjb egdXZhhd YZ ^ciZgV d a^WZgiV# w jbV XjaijgV YZ Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ ^ciZaZXijVa [jcYVYV cV a^WZgYVYZ! cV XddeZgV d! cV gZX^egdX^YVYZ Z cV ^c[dgbVa^YVYZÇ# 86HI:AAH! '%%(! e#)* KVaZcYd"hZ YZhhZh XdcXZ^idh! Z! cd ^cij^id YZ k^cXjaVg d YZhZckdak^bZcid iZXcda \^Xd YV >ciZgcZi |h edhh^W^a^YVYZh Ydh hj_Z^idh hZ ZmegZhhVgZb Z ^ciZgV\^gZb VigVk h YZhhZ hjedgiZ!
8VhiZaah VegZhZciV Xdbd edcid XgjX^Va Yd YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ hjV Vc{a^hZ V VWZgijgV Yd X Y^\d"[dciZ Yd hd[ilVgZ/Æ6 Y^hig^Wj^ d VWZgiV Ydh X Y^\dh" [dciZ eZgb^iZ V fjVafjZg eZhhdV bdY^ÒXVg d X Y^\d Z YZhZckdakZg cdkdh egd\gVbVh Z Vea^XV Zh! cjbV Zhe^gVa VhXZcYZciZ YZ ^cdkV d iZXcda \^XV! WVhZVYV cV XddeZgV d Z cV a^kgZ X^gXjaV d YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid i Xc^XdÇ# 86HI:AAH! '%%(! e#(* 6 ji^a^oV d Yd hd[ilVgZ a^kgZ Xdbd [ZggVbZciV eVgV d YZhZckdak^bZcid ZXdc b^Xd! XjaijgVa Z hdX^Va adXVa iZb jbV h g^Z YZ kVciV\Zch eVgV Vh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh# 6h YjVh eg^cX^eV^h h d V ^cZm^hi cX^V Yd eV\VbZcid YZ a^XZc Vh eZad hZj jhd! Z V ji^a^oV d Yd X Y^\d VWZgid# 6a b Yd [Vid YVh hdaj Zh c d"egdeg^Zi{g^Vh hZgZb bZcdh dcZgdhVh Vd :hiVYd! Æc d XdggZid ji^a^oVg Y^c]Z^gd e Wa^Xd eVgV [dgbVg Z Va[VWZi^oVg Y^\^iVabZciZ dh X^YVY dh Zb jbV a^c\jV\Zb egdeg^Zi{g^V YZ jb bdcde a^d eg^kVYd igVchcVX^dcVa#Ç H>AK:>G6! '%%(! e# '' ?{ d [Vid Ydh X Y^\dh hZgZb VWZgidh! ^hhd eZgb^iZ fjZ V Xg^V d YZ hdaj Zh iZXcda \^XVh eVgV YZbVcYVh YV Xdbjc^YVYZ hZ_V [Z^iV YZ [dgbV YZhXZcigVa^oVYV Z XdaVWdgVi^kV! [dgiVaZXZcYd dh aV dh ZcigZ dh ^cY^k Yjdh! cjb egdXZhhd XdaZi^kd YZ ZbedYZgVbZcid# D bdk^bZcid Yd hd[ilVgZ a^kgZ ZmegZhh d Vji ci^XV YZhhZ ediZcX^Va YV gZYZ Z d \gVcYZ bdYZad eVgV V Xdchda^YV d YZ hdaj Zh XdbeVgi^a]VYVh Y^VciZ YZ fjZhi Zh XdbeaZmVh! V eVgi^g YV ^ciZgV d bjai^" ic^XV! bjai^cVX^dcVa Z bjai^XjaijgVa# w V VÒgbV d YV edhh^W^a^YVYZ YV >ciZgcZi Xdchda^YVg"hZ iVbW b Xdbd jbV Zh[ZgV e Wa^XV eaVcZi{g^V! Zk^iVcYd V XdcY^ d ]Z\Zb c^XV YZ hjeZgbZgXVYd \adWVa# H>AK:>G6! '%%(! e# &-
hZ_V! V hjV i^XV YV gZYZ! fjZ YZÒc^YV eZadh kVadgZh YV Vi^k^YVYZ Z Yd Xj^YVg# 6i^k^YVYZ! cZhhZ XdciZmid! ZckdakZ V XdbeaZiV a^WZgYVYZ YZ ZmegZhh d Zb V d! eg^kVX^YVYZ eVgV egdiZ\Zg V Xg^V d YZ jb Zhi^ad YZ k^YV ^cY^k^YjVa! Z YZhegZod eZaV eVhh^k^YVYZ [gZciZ | egdXjgV eZaV eV^m d ^cY^k^YjVa# 8j^YVg h^\c^ÒXV Vfj^ V egZdXjeV d Xdb d eg m^bd Xdbd jb Òb Zb h^ bZhbd Z jb YZhZ_d YZ a^WZgiVg V hdX^ZYVYZ k^gijVa YV bZciVa^YVYZ YV hdWgZk^k cX^V fjZ i d [VX^abZciZ gZhjaiV YZ hjV a \^XV# e#&'+ 8dch^YZgV Zh ;^cV^h BZhbd Xdb V dg^\Zb Yd bdk^bZcid ]VX`Zg hZcYd dh ]VX`Zgh Ydh hd[ilVgZh! V eg{i^XV YV XjaijgV XdbeVgi^a]VYV \Zgdj jbV Vi^ijYZ Z jbV i^XV ]VX`Zg fjZ ZmigVedaVb d jc^kZghd YV egd\gVbV d XdbejiVX^dcVa# EgV 8a{jY^d EgVYd! ^YZVa^oVYdg YV V d 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! edhh kZa Vea^XVg dh XdcXZ^idh ]VX`Zg cV egdYj d XjaijgVa Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! ed^h V bZciVa^YVYZ ]VX`Zg c d XdcÒcVYV V XjaijgV Yd ]VX`Zg"YZ" hd[ilVgZ# ={ eZhhdVh fjZ Vea^XVb V Vi^ijYZ ]VX`Zg Zb djigVh Xd^hVh! Xdbd ZaZig c^XV! b h^XV Z cVh X^ cX^Vh ]jbVcVh# CV kZgYVYZ! kdX edYZ ZcXdcig{"aV cdh c kZ^h bV^h Vaidh YZ fjVafjZg X^ cX^V dj VgiZ# D XdcXZ^id YZ i^XV ]VX`Zg edYZ hZg ZcXdcigVYd cV dWgV Yd Òa hd[d ÒcaVcY h EZ``V =^bVcZc*/ 6 i^XV YZ igVWVa]d Ydh ]VX`Zgh Xdch^hiZ Zb XdbW^cVg eV^m d Xdb a^WZgYVYZ! Z [d^ ZhhV V eVgiZ YV i^XV Ydh ]VX`Zgh Xj_V ^cÓj cX^V [d^ hZci^YV Xdb bV^dg ^ciZch^YVYZ#P###R jb iZgXZ^gd Z XgjX^Va VheZXid YV i^XV Ydh ]VX`Zgh V Vi^ijYZ Ydh ]VX`Zgh Zb gZaV d |h gZYZh! dj
6 ^ciZ\gV d Ydh XdcXZ^idh YZ egdiV\dc^hbd hdX^Va! ZbedYZgVbZcid Z Vjidcdb^V Xdchigj Ydh edg EVjad ;gZ^gZ Xdb V i^XV YV XjaijgV ]VX`Zg edhh kZa \gV Vh Vd Xdbegdb^hhd fjZ iV^h XdcXZ^idh edhhjZb cd egdXZhhd YZ XdchX^Zci^oV d Z a^WZgiV d Ydh ^cY^k Yjd# CV XjaijgV ]VX`Zg! dh XdcXZ^idh YZ ;gZ^gZ h d ZcXdcigVYdh cV Xdbjc^XV d Zb gZYZ! cVh eg{i^XVh YV egdYj d XdaVWdgVi^kV Z cV \ZcZgdh^YVYZ ^ciZaZXijVa Zk^YZcX^VYV eZad XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid YZ ^c[dgbV Zh# EZaVh XVgVXiZg hi^XVh iZXcda \^Xd" XjaijgV^h Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Ä V ji^a^oV d YV ÒadhdÒV Yd hd[ilVgZ a^kgZ Vea^XVYVh Vdh egdXZhhdh XjaijgV^h " ! V [jcYVbZciV d iZ g^XV YV eda i^XV e Wa^XV XjaijgVa Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV ZcXdcigV jb ZheV d YZ XdcXgZi^oV d YV gZYZ dg\}c^XV YZ Xg^V d! Y^hig^Wj^ d Z [gj^ d XjaijgVa# 6 Xdbjc^XV d VjY^dk^hjVa ^ciZ\gV ZhhV gZYZ YZ Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV cVh eg{i^XVh YZ [dgbV d Z XVeVX^iV d! gZ\^higd Z egdYj d! Z Y^hig^Wj^ d Z Y^hXjhh d VjY^dk^hjVa! Xdchigj^cYd XdaVWdgVi^kVbZciZ V gZYZ! iVbW b VigVk h YV gZYZ bjcY^Va YZ XdbejiVYdgZh#
7^Wa^d\gVÒV CASTELLS, Manuel. A Sociedade em Rede. A era da informação: economia, sociedade e cultura. v . 1. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1999. A galáxia da Internet: reflexões sobre a Internet, os negócios e a sociedade. São Paulo: Jorge Zahar, 2003. FREIRE, Paulo. Educação como prática da liberdade. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1980. Pedagogia do oprimido. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1993. Pedagogia da autonomia. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1996. GIL, Gilberto. Que acontece quando se liberta um pássaro? Pronunciamento sobre o Programa Cultura Viva. Berlim, Alemanha, 2/09/2004. In: Programa Nacional de Arte, Educação, Cidadania e Economia Solidária 3ª. Edição revisada. LIMA, Venício A. de. Mídia: teoria e política. São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo, 2004. MARTÍN-BARBERO. Jesús. De las políticas de comunicación a la reimaginación de la política. Revista Nueva Sociedad 175, pág 70-84. RUBIM, Antonio Albino Canelas. Políticas culturais do Governo Lula / Gil: desafios e enfrentamentos. Intercom – Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Comunicação São Paulo, v.31, n.1, p. 183-203, jan./jun. 2008 SILVEIRA, Sérgio Amadeu. Hackers, monopólios e instituições panópticas: elementos para uma teoria da cidadania digital. Revista Líbero, no. 17, pág 73-81. São Paulo: Faculdade Cásper Líbero, 2006. Inclusão digital, software livre e globalização contra-hegemônica. In: Sérgio Amadeu da Silveira; João Cassino. (Org.). Software Livre e Inclusão Digital. 1 ed. São Paulo: Conrad Editora do Brasil, 2003. STRECK, Danilo R., REDIN Euclides, ZITKOSKI, Jaime J. (orgs.) Dicionário Paulo Freire. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica Editora, 2008.
37
:CIG: 6H ;GDCI:>G6H DC$D;; A>C: @6G>C6 8G>HI>C6 H:C6 <DB:H JC>K:GH>969: ;:9:G6A 96 76=>6 Cdh [d^ egdedhid d YZhVÒd YZ eZchVg dh XdcXZ^idh Z Y^gZig^oZh ZhigjijgVciZh Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# :bWdgV iZc]Vb h^Yd VegZhZciVYdh fjVigd XdcXZ^idh$ Y^gZig^oZh eg^cX^eV^h egdiV\dc^hbd! Vjidcdb^V! ZbedYZgVbZcid Z \Zhi d Zb gZYZ ! ZciZcYZbdh fjZ dh bZhbdh c d hZ VegZhZciVb YZ bVcZ^gV ZhiVcfjZ! hZ bViZg^Va^oVcYd bV^h egdeg^VbZciZ Xdbd Z^mdh igVchkZghV^h Z Zb bdbZcidh Y^[ZgZciZh YZ jb bZhbd egdXZhhd# C d Zm^hiZ \Zhi d YZhXZcigVa^oVYV Zb gZYZ hZ V bZhbV c d [dg XdbedhiV edg VidgZh fjZ VhhjbVb jb edh^X^dcVbZcid Vi^kd Z Vji cdbd [gZciZ V ZhhZh cdkdh ZheV dh YZ hdX^VW^a^YVYZ Z YZWViZ e Wa^Xd Z! h^bjaiVcZVbZciZ! ZhhZh ZheV dh! VbW^ZciZh Z [dgbVh eg eg^Vh YZ XdaVWdgV d Zb gZYZ h d XdcY^ d gZaZkVciZ cV VijVa^YVYZ eVgV fjZ ZhhZ egdXZhhd YZ ZbedYZgVbZcid! YZ ZmZgX X^d Yd egdiV\dc^hbd Z YV Vjidcdb^V edhhVb hZ Z[Zi^kVg# Cdhhd egdXZhhd YZ gZÓZm d cZhhZ bdbZcid kV^ egdXjgVg hZ YZWgj Vg hdWgZ d eg^cX e^d YZ \Zhi d Zb gZYZ eVgi^cYd YV XdbegZZch d YZ fjZ d eg eg^d [dgbVid Yd Egd\gVbV! Va^VYd | bdk^bZciV d egd\gZhh^kV fjZ d bZhbd kZb ZbegZZcYZcYd cd hZci^Yd YZ YZhXZcigVa^oVg iVa eda i^XV XjaijgVa! cdh eZgb^iZ gZÓZi^g hdWgZ d Zhi{\^d VijVa YZ Vgi^XjaV d ZcigZ dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# 6hhjb^bdh fjZ cdhhd da]Vg hdWgZ d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! Z Yd fjZ gZegZhZciV ZhhV gZYZ ZbZg\ZciZ YZ Edcidh YZ 8jaijgVh ZheVa]VYdh edg idYd iZgg^i g^d cVX^dcVa! iVbW b YZXdggZciZ YZ jb Zck^ZhVbZcid! fjVhZ fjZ ÆcVijgVaÇ! egdkZc^ZciZ
38
Yd i^ed YZ VWdgYV\Zb fjZ ZhiVbdh YZhZckdakZcYd Vd adc\d YZ cdhhV XjgiV igV_Zi g^V YZ eZhfj^hV Z fjZ iZb Xdbd [dXd ZciZcYZg d ZcigZaV VbZcid ZcigZ Vh XjaijgVh Y^\^iV^h iVbW b Xdc]ZX^YVh hdW djigVh bZi{[dgVh$XdcXZ^idh Xdbd d YZ XjaijgV YVh gZYZh! ]VX`Zg! YV X^WZgXjaijgV! YV ^c[dgbV d Z ZiX# Z Vh XjaijgVh adXV^h Z edejaVgZh# BVh ZciZcYZbdh iVbW b fjZ ZhhZ da]Vg iVakZo edhhV Xdcig^Wj^g! bZhbd fjZ bdYZhiVbZciZ! eVgV egdedgbdh Va\jch VedciVbZcidh fjZ Y^oZb gZheZ^id Vd egdXZhhd YZ Xdchigj d YZhiV \Zhi d Zb gZYZ XdbeVgi^a]VYV V fjVa d Egd\gVbV kZb egdedcYd _jcid Vdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# 9Zcigd YZ cdhhV eZgheZXi^kV! eZchVg cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV eZchVg Zb gZYZh! Zb jb i^ed YZ \Zhi d h X^d"i Xc^XV Y^[ZgZcX^VYV Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z Ydh WZch XjaijgV^h Z Zb bdYdh bZcdgZh Z Y^kZghdh YZ XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid! YZ igdXV! YZ X^gXjaV d! YZ djigVh a \^XVh Z YZk^gZh fjZ h d \ZhiVYdh YZcigd$VigVk h$edg bZ^d YVh gZYZh ^c[dgbVX^dcV^h# EdYZbdh hZ\jgVbZciZ VÒgbVg fjZ ÆVh gZYZhÇ! idbVYVh Vfj^ YZ bVcZ^gV bV^h VbeaV Ä Xdbd bZi{[dgV XdcXZ^ijVa VYZfjVYV eVgV YZhXgZkZg jb bdYd YZhXZcigVa^oVYd YZ dg\Vc^oV d Z YZ Y^hig^Wj^ d YZ WZch! YZ V_jYV! YZ dedgijc^YVYZh! YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid ZcigZ ^cY^k Yjdh eZgiZcXZciZh V \gjedh hdX^V^h Y^kZghdh Ä egZZm^hi^gVb Vd YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ iZXcdad\^Vh YZ XdbjiV d edg eVXdiZh# HZ_Vb a{ fjV^h [dgZb dh hjedgiZh VYdiVYdh edg XVYV \gjed eVgi^XjaVg YZcigd YZ hZjh XdciZmidh Z YZbVcYVh ZheZX ÒXVh! iVa bdYd ]dg^odciVa Z YZhXZcigVa^oVYd YZ dg\Vc^oV d _{ ZhiVkV ZcigZaV VYd! bZhbd fjZ YZ bVcZ^gV h^aZcX^dhV! Vd iZX^Yd
egd\gZhh^kV YV ZhXg^iV! V c[VhZ cV Zkdaj d Z cV VijVa^oV d YV ^c[dgbV d! i e^XVh YVh ÆhdX^ZYVYZh ^c[dgb{i^XVhÇ! XdadXV Zb eVjiV V [jcX^dcVa^YVYZ! V YZhiZgg^idg^Va^oV d YZ h^\cdh Z WZch XjaijgV^h Z V kZadX^YVYZ YV X^gXjaV d Yd hVWZg Xdbd eg^cX e^dh gZ\jaVYdgZh YZ idYd ZhhZ egdXZhhd#
hdX^Va# :cigZiVcid! ZhhV iZcY cX^V dg\Vc^oVX^dcVa egZZm^hiZciZ Zb cdhhVh hdX^ZYVYZh! Vd ZcXdcigVg Vh gZYZh Y^\^iV^h egdkZc^ZciZh YV V^cYV gZXZciZ gZkdaj d YVh iZXcdad\^Vh YZ ^c[dgbV d Z Xdbjc^XV d! hZ YZeVgV Xdb jbV h g^Z YZ YZhVÒdh Z ediZcX^Va^YVYZh V hZgZb Vegdeg^VYVh Z! edgfjZ c d! iVbW b igVch[dgbVYVh# >hhd edgfjZ Vd bZhbd iZbed Zb fjZ iV^h iZXcdad\^Vh Y^\^iV^h k b eVgV gZhh^\c^ÒXVg jbV h g^Z YZ eg{i^XVh Z XdciZmidh XjaijgV^h! Vh bZhbVh! Vd hZgZb ^chZg^YVh cZhhVh Y^kZgh^YVYZh YZ XdciZmidh! k d hZcYd egd\gZhh^kVbZciZ gZYZÒc^YVh Z igVch[dgbVYVh# :ciZcYZbdh fjZ V [dgbV d YZ iV^h gZYZh jb bdk^bZcid YZ b d YjeaV fjZ kV^ igVch[dgbVcYd h^bjaiVcZVbZciZ idYdh dh VidgZh Zckdak^Ydh Zb iV^h egdXZhhdh YZ Vgi^XjaV d Z YZ XdckZghV d# BVh ZcÒb! d fjZ bVgXV Ä dj Xdbd hZ XVgVXiZg^oVg^V Ä ZhhZ gZ\^bZ YZ X^gXjaV d eVgi^XjaVg fjZ Vh gZYZh Y^\^iV^h k b igVoZcYd bV^h Zmea^X^iVbZciZ V idcV cV XdciZbedgVcZ^YVYZ! Z fjZ ZckdakZ V idYdh c h YZ bVcZ^gV i d [jcYVbZciVa4 : Zb fjZ bZY^YV
ZhhZh cdkdh eVgVY^\bVh Y^oZb gZheZ^id |h XjaijgVh adXV^h Z bV^h ZheZX^ÒXVbZciZ Vdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV4 E^ZggZ AZkn! Zb hjV dWgV IZXcdad\^Vh YV >ciZa^\ cX^V &..( ! YZÒcZ dh Y^[ZgZciZh gZ\^bZh YZ X^gXjaV d YZ hVWZgZh V dgVa^YVYZ! V ZhXg^iV Z V ^c[dgb{i^XV ZcXVgVcYd"dh Xdbd V\ZcX^VbZcidh XdbeaZmdh YdiVYdh YZ bdYdh eVgi^XjaVgZh YZ \Zhi d hdX^Va Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid# D Vjidg ji^a^oV V cd d YZ h^bjaV d eVgV XVgVXiZg^oVg V iZcY cX^V dg\Vc^oVX^dcVa egZYdb^cVciZ cVh hdX^ZYVYZh fjZ hZgk^gVb YZ XdciZmid YZ ZbZg\ cX^V eVgV Vh gZYZh Y^\^iV^h Z eVgV V ^c[dgb{i^XV# 6 c[VhZ cd igViVbZcid Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z YV egdYj d XjaijgVa V eVgi^g Yd eVgVY^\bV YV h^bjaV d kZb egd\gZhh^kVbZciZ bdY^ÒXVcYd iV^h ZaZbZcidh Xdchi^ij^ciZh Z [jcYVYdgZh YZ cdhhV XjaijgV Z! XdchZfjZciZbZciZ! YVh [dgbVh YZ cdh gZaVX^dcVgbdh h X^d" XjaijgVabZciZ YZ bVcZ^gV bj^id eVgi^XjaVg# 9^[ZgZciZbZciZ Yd iZbed X^gXjaVg egdkZc^ZciZ YV dgVa^YVYZ Z YV VXjbjaV d
Cd }bW^id YV egdYj d YZ WZch XjaijgV^h! fjZ Vfj^ cdh ^ciZgZhhV eVgi^XjaVgbZciZ! ZhhVh iZXcdad\^Vh YZ ^c[dgbV d Z Xdbjc^XV d [dgVb XVeVoZh YZ VegZhZciVg cdkdh eVgVY^\bVh cd fjZ hZ gZ[ZgZ | eZgXZe d YZ Vjidg^V! YZ dg^\^cVa^YVYZ Z Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ! cd hiVijh YV dWgV YZ VgiZ Xdbd kVadg YZ Xjaid! cdh kVadgZh fjZ h d Vig^Wj Ydh dgV V XjaijgV ZgjY^iV dgV V XjaijgV edejaVg! cVh [dgbVh eZaVh fjV^h dh bZ^dh YZ Xdbjc^XV d ^cÓjZb cV egdYj d YZ gZaV Zh YZ hdX^Va^YVYZ! ZiX# BVh d fjZ bV^h VX]Vbdh ^ciZgZhhVciZ cV eZgheZXi^kV YZ[ZcY^YV edg AZkn d [Vid YZ fjZ ZhhZh Y^[ZgZciZh V\ZcX^VbZcidh hdX^di Xc^Xdh! VciZh YZ hZ bViZg^Va^oVgZb Xdbd ZiVeVh hjXZhh^kVh Z edg hjWhi^ij^ d! h d deZgVYdh edg bZ^d YV ]^Wg^Y^oV d Z YV gZXdbW^cV d! gZhjaiVcYd Zb jb egdXZhhd Xdci^cjd Z ^begZk^h kZa YZ XdbeaZm^ÒXV d YZ XdciZ Ydh! [dgbVh Z hj_Z^idh ^bWg^XVYdh Z iV^h egdXZhhdh# :hhV eZgheZXi^kV eZgb^iZ h^bjaiVcZVbZciZ cdh Y^hiVcX^Vgbdh YZ jb da]Vg ^c\ cjd fjZ YZ[ZcYZ jbV ^ciZgegZiV d YZ fjZ iV^h VeVgVidh Z iZXcdad\^Vh hZg^Vb bZ^dh hjedhiVbZciZ cZjigdh Ä VegZhZciVcYd ^bedgiVciZh fjZhi Zh eda i^XVh Z XjaijgV^h V hZgZb aZkVYVh Zb XdciV Ä bVh iVbW b cdh egZkZc^cYd YZ jb
YZiZgb^c^hbd iZXcda \^Xd gVhd Z hjeZgÒX^Va fjZ aZkVg^V V jb ^YZVa YZ Zkdaj d Z egd\gZhhd hZ ^bedcYd YZ bVcZ^gV ]dbd\ cZV Z jc^aViZgVa hdWgZ idYV V hdX^ZYVYZ# CZhhZ hZci^Yd! d egdXZhhd YZ ZcXdcigd ZcigZ Y^kZghdh \gjedh Z VidgZh eVgi^X^eVciZh YZ XVYV Edcid YZ 8jaijgV Z ZhhZ cdkd eVgVY^\bV YZ egdYj d XdaVWdgVi^kV Zb gZYZ hZ deZgV! YZcigd YZ cdhhV eZgheZXi^kV! bV^h edg bZ^d YZ b ai^eadh edcidh YZ iZch^dcVbZcid Z YZ cZ\dX^V d Yd fjZ edg jbV Vhh^b^aV d eVhh^kV Ydh Edcidh edg eVgiZ Yd Egd\gVbV# >hhd edgfjZ! Vd bZhbd iZbed Zb fjZ iVa c[VhZ cV kZadX^YVYZ Z Zkdaj d YV ^c[dgbV d kZb VegZhZciVg jbV h g^Z YZ fjZhi Zh X]VkZ eVgV V \Zhi d Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid XdaZi^kd cV VijVa^YVYZ Ä XdadXVcYd Zb eVjiV V a^WZgV d Ydh e adh YZ egdYj d Z Zb^hh d YZ ^c[dgbV d! V egdYj d XdaVWdgVi^kV Z V XjaijgV Yd gZb^m Z V gZk^h d Ydh gZ\^bZh YZ egdiZ d Ydh Y^gZ^idh VjidgV^h! YZcigZ djigdh Ä ZhhZh cdkdh eVgVY^\bVh VWVaVb Xdch^\d c d hdbZciZ gZ\^bZh YZ egdYj d Z X^gXjaV d YZ ^c[dgbV d VciZg^dgZh! bVh iVbW b Vh gZaV Zh hdX^V^h fjZ dh eZgeVhhVkVb Z dh hjhiZciVkVb# IV^h VbW^ZciZh Z VeVgVidh Xdbjc^XVX^dcV^h YZhadXVb Z VegZhZciVb cdkVh XdcÒ\jgV Zh eVgV Vh gZaV Zh hdX^V^h YZ \ cZgd! YZ eZgiZc V! YZ \ZgV d! YZ iZgg^idg^Va^YVYZ0 WdggVcYd Z Zb Va\jch XVhdh VXZcijVcYd Y^hi^c Zh ZcigZ d Xdc]ZX^bZcid X^Zci ÒXd Z V hVWZYdg^V edejaVg! ZcigZ V bdYZgc^YVYZ Z V igVY^ d! d adXVa Z d \adWVa! e Wa^Xd Z eg^kVYd Z ZiX# D Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV iZkZ Xdbd b g^id igVoZg idYdh ZhiZh edcidh \Zd\gVÒXVbZciZ Y^heZghdh
39
eVgV jb ZheV d Xdbjb! Z YZ egdkZg jbV h g^Z YZ bZ^dh eVgV egdbdkZg ZhhZ ZcXdcigd ZcigZ VidgZh fjZ VijVkVb fjVhZ fjZ Vcdc^bVbZciZ cd XVbed XjaijgVa hZb jb bV^dg gZXdc]ZX^bZcid edg eVgiZ Yd :hiVYd# BVh fjV^h XVb^c]dh YZkZb hZg igV VYdh eVgV fjZ! eVhhVYV V Zj[dg^V ^c^X^Va YZ hZ gZ Xdc]ZXZg Z gZ YZhXdWg^g jch cdh djigdh! YZhhZ ZcXdcigd hZ eVhhZ Z[Zi^kVbZciZ | V d XdaVWdgVi^kV Zb gZYZ4 IZcYd Zb k^hiV fjZ! eVgV d YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ egd_Zidh XdaVWdgVi^kdh cVh gZYZh Y^\^iV^h h d cZXZhh{g^dh bV^h Yd fjZ Zfj^eVbZcidh Z egdidXdadh iZXcda \^Xdh VWZgidh! YZ fjZ bVcZ^gV edYZg Vbdh Xdchigj^g iVbW b ÆegdidXdadh hdX^V^hÇ Xdbjch V idYdh dh eVgi^X^eVciZh4 CZhhZ hZci^Yd! Vh gZYZh Y^\^iV^h hZ VegZhZciVb Xdbd cdkdh iZgg^i g^dh XdaZi^kdh YZ V d XjaijgVa Z Vgi^XjaV d eda i^XV! bVh c d Xdbd jb ZheV d YVYd Z egdcid Z h^b Xdbd VbW^ cX^Vh Zb eZgbVcZciZ egdXZhhd YZ Xdchigj d Z YZ gZbdYZaVbZcid YZbVcYVcYd jb Zh[dg d Xdci cjd YZ bVcjiZc d YZ XVcV^h YZ XdcZXi^k^YVYZ ZcigZ hZjh b^a]VgZh YZ edcidh# 6ijVg Zb gZYZ h^\c^ÒXV c d VeZcVh VYZcigVg Zb jbV Zh[ZgV bV^h VbeaV! bVh eg^cX^eVabZciZ Zb ]VW^iVg! Xdchigj^g Z VijVa^oVg eZgbVcZciZbZciZ cdkdh hZci^bZcidh YZ eZgiZc V Z k cXjadh YZ hda^YVg^ZYVYZ Zb jb iZggZcd YZhXdc]ZX^Yd# :g^X @aj^iZcWZg\ '%%* Vg\jbZciV fjZ d ZheV d Xdbjb hZ_V ZaZ k^gijVa dj [ h^Xd Xdchigj Yd Z YZÒc^Yd VigVk h Yd jhd# C d Va\d YVYd! jb egdYjid YV eg{m^h hdX^Va k^kV! Z ZckdakZ iZbed# C d hZg^V jb ZheV d eZgbVcZciZ dj ZiZgcVbZciZ Y^hedc kZa! bVh edYZ hZg bVci^Yd edg bj^iVh Z bj^iVh \ZgV Zh! YZhYZ fjZ XVYV cdkV \ZgV d hZ ^bedgiZ d hjÒX^ZciZ Xdb ZhhZ ZheV d eVgV d bVciZg Vi^kd VigVk h YV hjV eZgbVcZciZ
40
ji^a^oV d# D eg^bZ^gd ^bejahd VYk^cYd YZhhV XdchiViV d WjhXVg Vh hZbZa]Vc Vh Z Vh XdbeVi^W^a^YVYZh fjZ edgkZcijgV edhhVb Zm^hi^g Zb idYdh ZhhZh Y^[ZgZciZh V\ZcX^VbZcidh g^odb{i^Xdh! fjZ [jcX^dcVb Xdbd kZgYVYZ^gVh b{fj^cVh hdX^V^h YZ XdaVWdgV d! YZ Y^hig^Wj^ d Z egdYj d XdaZi^kV YZ WZch! gZXjghdh Z YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid# Bj^idh Ydh VidgZh! \dkZgcVbZciV^h Z c d" \dkZgcVbZciV^h! k b VegZhZciVcYd fjZhi Zh [jcYVbZciV^h eVgV V Xdchigj d YZ VbW^ZciZh Z ZheV dh XdaZi^kdh fjZ hZ_Vb XVeVoZh YZ Z[Zi^kVbZciZ VWVgXVg Z ediZcX^Va^oVg V bjai^ea^X^YVYZ YVh cdhhVh ÆgZVa^YVYZh adXV^hÇ# 6 VYd d YZ bZi{[dgVh Xdbd V Yd Bji^g d Z YV <VbW^VggV! edg ZmZbead! Zk^YZcX^Vb d YZhZ_d YZ bV^h Yd fjZ bZgVbZciZ ÆigVch[dgbVgÇ dj Æ^cXaj^gÇ V Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVa YVh ÆeZg^[Zg^VhÇ dj YVh Xdbjc^YVYZh ÆigVY^X^dcV^hÇ YZcigd YZ jb [dgbVid egdcid# EVgZXZb gZhhVaiVg d ediZcX^Va Xg^Vi^kd YZhiVh Y^kZghVh adXVa^YVYZh Z Vhh^cVaVb V jg\ cX^V YZ hZ aVc Vg jb da]Vg bV^h ViZcid Vdh bdYdh eg eg^dh YZ XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid! YZ Xg^V d YZ VbW^ZciZh Z gZYZh YZ hda^YVg^ZYVYZ fjZ [VoZb [gZciZ | ZhXVhhZo YZ gZXjghdh! WjhXVcYd Vh ediZcX^Va^YVYZh fjZ ZhhZh bdk^bZcidh igVoZb Xdch^\d YZ [dgbV V hZ Xg^Vg jb VbW^ZciZ egde X^d eVgV jbV V d XdaZi^kV Zb bV^dg ZhXVaV# C d hZ igViV YZ jb gZ\^dcVa^hbd h^bea^hiV dj jbV iZciVi^kV YZ Æ[VoZg d edkd ZciZcYZgÇ dh cdkdh eVgVY^\bVh YZ egdYj d XdaVWdgVi^kV Zb gZYZ! XdadXVYdh V eVgi^g YV ZbZg\ cX^V YZ cdkdh ZheV dh Z Zh[ZgVh ejWa^XVh YZ YZWViZ! bVh cdh eVgZXZ bV^h V bVc^[ZhiV d YZ jbV cdkV hZch^W^a^YVYZ [gZciZ |h ediZcX^Va^YVYZh dg\Vc^oVX^dcV^h!
Xg^Vi^kVh Z ^ckZci^kVh fjZ Zhi d hZcYd \ZhiVYVh Zb Y^hi^ciVh adXVa^YVYZh Y^[jhVh Zb idYd iZgg^i g^d cVX^dcVa Z YZ XdbegZZch d YV ^bedgi}cX^V YVh [dgbVh dg\Vc^oVX^dcV^h edejaVgZh Xdbd iZXcdad\^V hdX^Va V hZg VegZZcY^YV Z ^cXdgedgVYV# :g^X GVnbdcY! Vd VcVa^hVg V ZbZg\ cX^V YV XjaijgV ]VX`Zg! VedciV d ZheV d YVh gZYZh c d VeZcVh Xdbd jb [Zc bZcd iZXcda \^Xd YZhZckdak^Yd YZcigd Ydh \gVcYZh XZcigdh YZ eZhfj^hV Z YZ ZmXZa cX^V VXVY b^XV! bVh iVbW b Xdbd jb ZheV d fjZ idgcdj edhh kZa V V\adbZgV d YZ ]VX`Zgh \Zd\gVÒXVbZciZ Y^heZghdh edg idYdh dh :J6! hZ VegZhZciVcYd Xdbd jb iZggZcd [ gi^a eVgV d hjg\^bZcid jbV bVhhV Xg i^XV Vd gZi^gVg"adh YZ hZj ^hdaVbZcid ^c^X^Va Z edhh^W^a^iVg fjZ dh bZhbdh hZ ÆgZ^ckZciVhhZb Xdbd jbV ig^Wd Zb gZYZÇ# G6NBDC9! &..-! e#* EdYZg Vbdh VÒgbVg! Vi dcYZ cdhhV Vc{a^hZ hdWgZ V gZYZ ZbZg\ZciZ Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV edYZ X]Z\Vg! fjZ jbV ZiVeV YZhhZ egdXZhhd! V Y^hi}cX^V [ h^XV Z V [gV\bZciV d iZgg^idg^Va |h fjV^h ZhhZh ZheV dh ZhiVkVb hjWbZi^Ydh! _{ [d^ kZcX^YV# 9ZhiVgiZ! jb cdkd YZhVÒd kZb V\dgV hZ YZa^cZVg eVgV fjZ ZhhV gZYZ edhhV hZ Xdchda^YVg# JbV kZo igVcheVhhVYVh Vh [gdciZ^gVh Æd[["a^cZÇ! X]Z\V d bdbZcid YZ kZcXZg Vh WVggZ^gVh Ædc"a^cZÇ! YZ hZ Vegdeg^Vg Z igVch[dgbVg Vh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh Zm^hiZciZh YZ Vgi^XjaV d Zb gZYZ Xdchigj^cYd cdkVh [dgbVh Z aV dh YZ eZgiZc V ZcigZ ZhhZ Y^kZghd Z ]ZiZgd\ cZd \gjed YZ VidgZh#
7>7A>D<G6;>6/ KLUITENBERG, Eric. Constructing the Digital Commons: A venture into Hybridization (2003). Disponível em www.n5m.org/n5m4 _reader.pdf, acesso em 24/03/2005. LEVY, Pierre. As Tecnologias da Inteligência. Rio de Janeiro: Editora 34, 1993. RAYMOND, Eric (1998). The Cathedral and the bazaar. Disponível em http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/ download/texto/tl000001.pdf, acesso em
41
42
9:BD8G68>6 EG6<BÌI>86! 8GÏI>86 DJ 9: >CI:G:HH: EÖ7A>8D 16/10/2009.
6C9Gw AJ>O ;# 6C9G>:H JC>K:GH>969: 9: 7G6HÞA>6 Cd iZmid 8^YVYVc^V edg fjZ! fjVcYd! eVgV fjZ Z eVgV fjZb4 '%%. ! V egd[ZhhdgV YV J;B<! BVga^hZ BVidh! VÒgbV fjZ Vd Xdcig{g^d Yd fjZ ÒXdj ^begZ\cVYd cd hZchd"Xdbjb! X^YVYVc^V jb egdXZhhd Z c d ZhiVYd! hjWhi}cX^V dj bVi g^V# C d iZb jbV cVijgZoV eZgZcZ! eVhh kZa YZ edhhZ# IgViV"hZ YZ jb egdXZhhd Y^c}b^Xd! XdchiVciZbZciZ gZ^ÒXVYd Zb Y^[ZgZciZh eZg dYdh ]^hi g^Xdh Z X^gXjchi}cX^Vh eda i^XVh# HZcYd eda^hh b^Xd! d XdcXZ^id iVbW b Zhi{ eg m^bd Vd YZ YZbdXgVX^V! fjVcYd VhhdX^VYd | ZmXajh d dj ^cXajh d hdX^Va YZ eZhhdVh0 iVbW b Zhi{ VhhdX^VYd Vd XdcXZ^id YZ CV d fjVcYd hZ ^ckdXV jb iZgg^i g^d cd hZci^Yd YZ eZgiZcX^bZcid dj ^YZci^YVYZ cVX^dcVa# 6 cd d YZ Y^gZ^id! hZ\jcYd V VjidgV! iVbW b ZhiV [gZf ZciZbZciZ gZaVX^dcVYV | X^YVYVc^V cV egdedg d Z$dj gZaV d YZ fjVcid bV^h Vi^kVYd dh Y^gZ^idh! bV^dg V hZchV d YZ
X^YVYVc^V# I#=# BVgh]Vaa cd a^kgd 8^YVYVc^V Z XaVhhZ hdX^Va &.+, Xdchigj^j jbV ÆY^c}b^XV Zkdaji^kVÇ hdWgZ V egdXZhhd Ydh Y^gZ^idh fjZ gVe^YVbZciZ [d^ \ZcZgVa^oVYV cdh ZhijYdh hdX^V^h Z h ! bj^id gZXZciZbZciZ! eVhhdj V hZg fjZhi^dcVYV# HZ\jcYd BVgh]Vaa! dh Y^gZ^idh X^k^h hZ [dgbVgVb cd h Xjad MK>>>0 dh eda i^Xdh! cd h Xjad M>M0 Z! edg Òb! dh Y^gZ^idh hdX^V^h! cd h Xjad MM! bVh ZhhV eZg^dY^oV d! hZ\jcYd d Vjidg! c d g \^YV Z YZkZ hZg igViVYV Xdb jbV ÆgVod{kZaÇ ZaVhi^X^YVYZ# 9^o BVga^hZ/ Æ[d^ VigVk h YZ BVgh]Vaa fjZ hZ eVhhdj V YVg gZaZk}cX^V | Xdchigj d ]^hi g^XV Z eda i^XV Ydh Y^gZ^idh ZciZcY^Ydh Xdbd X^k^h! eda i^Xdh Z hdX^V^hÇ# 6 _jc d dj [jh d YZhhZh Y^gZ^idh! | bZY^YV fjZ hZ ZheZX^Va^oVkVb! [dgiVaZXZgVb Vh ^chi^ij^ Zh fjZ Va^XZg VgVb d eg^cX e^d YZ :hiVYd"CV d# HdW ZhhV eZgheZXi^kV! dh Y^gZ^idh X^k^h gZ[ZgZb"hZ |h a^WZgYVYZh ^cY^k^YjV^h! fjZ hZ Zmea^X^iVb cd Y^gZ^id YZ de^c^ d! YZ eZchVbZcid! [ ! | a^WZgYVYZ YZ ^g Z k^g! d Y^gZ^id | ^ck^daVW^a^YVYZ YV egdeg^ZYVYZ Z | _jhi^ V0 dh Y^gZ^idh eda i^Xdh h d dh fjZ \VgVciZb V ^ciZgkZc d
Yd X^YVY d cV k^YV e Wa^XV! cd gZ\^bZ eda i^Xd Vd kdiVg dj hZg kdiVYd0 edg Òb! dh Y^gZ^idh hdX^V^h! ZmZgX^Ydh fjVcYd X^YVY dh egZhh^dcVb d :hiVYd cd hZci^Yd YZ b^cdgVg Vh YZh^\jVaYVYZh Z egdbdkZg d WZb"Xdbjb# Cd XVhd Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV$Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV igViV"hZ! YZ Zc[Z^mVg cjbV h WVcYZ^gV dh Y^gZ^idh X^k^h! eda i^Xdh Z hdX^dXjaijgV^h Z gZYjo^g! cd }bW^id YZ hjVh bjai^eaVh Vi^k^YVYZh! d iZbed YZhhV ÆY^c}b^XV Zkdaji^kVÇ# 6 egdedhiV YV VjidgV Zb egdXaVbVg V X^YVYVc^V Zb hZj XVg{iZg bjaY^bZch^dcVa Z XdciZbedg}cZd ^bea^XV cd gZXdc]ZX^bZcid YZ idYdh dh Y^gZ^idh YZ jb h kZo! YZhYZ dh [jcYVbZciV^h " fjZ h d dh eda i^Xdh! dh X^k^h Z dh hdX^V^h! Xdc[dgbZ dh YZhXgZkZj BVgh]Vaa" Vi dh VijV^h fjZ eVhhVb eZad Y^gZ^idh XjaijgV^h! VbW^ZciV^h! Z bZhbdh VfjZaZh fjZ V^cYV c d [dgVb ^chi^ijX^dcVa^oVYdh! Xdbd dh Y^gZ^idh Y^[jhdh# >bea^XV iVbW b Zb gZXdc]ZXZg V Zm^hi cX^V YZ jb ÆegdXZhhd YZ bjai^ea^XV d Ydh eZgiZcX^bZcidhÇ! hZ_Vb ZaZh gVX^V^h! hZmjV^h! iZgg^idg^V^h! Zi{g^dh! [dgbVcYd ZhhZ Æ g^Xd bdhV^Xd
43
cV XdciZbedgVcZ^YVYZÇ fjZ! hZ\jcYd d iZmid YZ BVga^hZ BVidh! YZbVcYVb fjZhi Zh fjZ k d Va b YVh eda i^XVh YZ Y^hig^Wj^ d YZ gZcYV YZhYZ fjZ XdcXdb^iVciZh Xdb dh Y^gZ^idh [jcYVbZciV^h# :hhV Vjh cX^V YZ ]dbd\ZcZ^YVYZ eda i^XV Z hdX^Va! ZhhV dgYZb hdX^Va [gVijgVYV fjZ gdbeZ Z$dj jaigVeVhhV dh XdcigVidh kVoVYdh Zb Vci^\dh ^YZV^h YZ X^YVYVc^V Z ^\jVaYVYZ jc^kZghVa! c d edYZ hZg ZciZcY^YV Xdbd jbV h^ijV d YZ Xg^hZ! YZ[ZcYZ VjidgV! bj^id bZcdh hZg XVgVXiZg^oVYV Xdbd jbV Zhe X^Z Vcdb^V! cV VXZe d YZ 9jg`]Z^b! fjVcYd c d h d gZXdc]ZX^Ydh kVadgZh dj gZ\gVh cdgbVi^kVh YZ XdcYjiV! Y^ÒXjaiVcYd d ZciZcY^bZcid Yd X^YVY d VciZ ZhhVh cdkVh h^ijV Zh XdbedgiVbZciV^h# D ZmZgX X^d YV X^YVYVc^V hdX^Va c d hZ [Vo V XdcigVeZad YV YZbdXgVX^V Z YVh a^WZgYVYZh ^cY^k^YjV^h# IgViV"hZ! cV djhVYV egdedhiV YV VjidgV! YZ jbV YZbdXgVX^V YZ Xjc]d ÆXg^i^Xd" ZbVcX^eViVi g^dÇ deZgVYV edg X^YVY dh V eVg YZhhV g^fjZoV bjaY^bZch^dcVa! fjVa hZ_V! ÆjbV YZbdXgVX^V egV\b{i^XV! Xg i^XV dj YZ ^ciZgZhhZ e Wa^XdÇ! jaigVeVhhVcYd! hZb YZggVeV\Zch! dh Yd^h egd_Zidh Z bdYZadh eda i^Xdh Xdchi^ijX^dcV^h YZbdXg{i^Xdh bV^h ^bedgiVciZh Ydh ai^bdh Yd^h h Xjadh/ V YZbdXgVX^V gZegZhZciVi^kV Z V YZbdXgVX^V eVgi^X^eVi^kV# FjV^h hZg^Vb! Zci d! Vh eg^cX^eV^h XVgVXiZg hi^XVh YZhhV YZbdXgVX^V egV\b{i^XV! Xg i^XV Z YZ ^ciZgZhhZ e Wa^Xd4 6ciZh YZ VcjcX^{"aVh! kVbdh |h hjVh dg^\Zch! aZbWgVcYd! ^c^X^VabZciZ! Vh jide^Vh YV _jkZc a^V bVgm^hiV! eVgV fjZb
44
Y^gZ^idh X^k^h Y^o^Vb bV^h gZheZ^id Vdh Y^gZ^idh Wjg\jZhZh! hZcYd d :hiVYd bdYZgcd YZÒc^Yd Xdbd jb ÆXdb^i ZmZXji^kd YV Wjg\jZh^VÇ! Xdbd ZhXgZkZ 8Vgadh C ahdc 8dji^c]d '%%* # BV^h VY^VciZ! eZgXdggZcYd d bZhbd iZmid YZ 8dji^c]d! ZcXdcigVbdh <gVbhX^ Z hZj XdcXZ^id YZ hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! jbV Xjc]V fjZ ZaZ ^cigdYjo^j ZcigZ V hdX^ZYVYZ ZXdc b^XV Z V hdX^ZYVYZ eda i^XV! jbV Zh[ZgV e Wa^XV [dgV Yd :hiVYd! fjZ YZhhV [dgbV hZ Vbea^V Z \Vc]V cdkVh YZiZgb^cV Zh#
ZmXaj Ydh# 6 aZ^ijgV Yd iZmid YV egd[ZhhdgV BVga^hZ BVidh! cdh eZgb^iZ igVWVa]Vg ZhhV XdcZm d YV iZdg^V Xg i^XV Xdb V iZdg^V YZbdXg{i^XV eVgV ediZcX^Va^oVg V eVgi^X^eV d Ydh X^YVY dh cd egdXZhhd e Wa^Xd YZ YZX^h Zh hdWgZ dh gjbdh YV Xdbjc^YVYZ eda i^XV#
6 egdedhiV YZ ÆYZbdXgVX^V egV\b{i^XVÇ iZb! edg XZgid! ^che^gV d \gVbhX^c^VcV! fjVcYd ZaZ egde Z V WjhXV YZ jbV dgYZb hdX^Va^hiV c d bV^h eZad Zc[gZciVbZcid k^daZcid Z VgbVYd bVh edg ÆjbV \jZggV YZ edh^ dÇ! jb gZ[dgb^hbd gZkdajX^dc{g^d! edg bZ^d ÆYV Xdcfj^hiV eZgbVcZciZ Z XjbjaVi^kV YZ cdkdh ZheV dh cd ^ciZg^dg YV Zh[ZgV e Wa^XV! iVcid cV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a fjVcid cd eg eg^d :hiVYdÇ! jb egdXZhhd YZ gVY^XVa^oV d YV YZbdXgVX^V eVgV V gZVa^oV d eaZcV YV X^YVYVc^V# D ZcjcX^VYd YZ jbV YZbdXgVX^V Xg i^XV! egV\b{i^XV dj YZ ^ciZgZhhZ e Wa^Xd! igVo Xdbd eg " XdcY^ d! hZ\jcYd BVga^hZ BVidh! V ÆigVch\gZhh d ZbVcX^eVi g^VÇ Xdbd b idYdÇ! XdadXVcYd ÆidYVh Vh gZ\gVh Zb ZhiVYd eZgbVcZciZ YZ hjheZ^ d Z fjZhi^dcVbZcid Xdb k^hiVh | egdYj d YZ _jhi^ V Z YV ZbVcX^eV d hdX^VaÇ# :b gZhjbd! jbV gZidbVYV Yd XdcXZ^id \gVbhX^c^Vcd YZ \jZggV YZ edh^ d eZaV YZcZ\V d Yd XVg{iZg VijVa Yd :hiVYd! cV ^ciZc d YZ bjai^Y^bZch^dc{"ad eZad [dgcZX^bZcid YZ ^chigjbZcidh aZ\V^h Z ^chi^ijX^dcV^h eVgV ZbedYZgVbZcid Ydh \gjedh
FARAH, Maria Ferreira dos Santos. Cadernos de Gestão Pública e cidadania. Volume 4. São Paulo, EAESP/FGV, s/d.
7>7A>D<G6;>6 COUTINHO, Carlos Nelson. Notas sobre cidadania e modernidade. In: Revista Agora: Políticas públicas e Serviço Social. Ano 2, n.3, dezembro de 2005.
MATOS, Marlise. Cidadania Por que, quando, para quê e para quem? Desafios contemporâneos ao estado e à democracia inclusiva. UFMG, mimeo, 2009. REIS, Elisa. Cidadania: História, teoria e utopia. UFMG, mimeo, 2009. Cultura Viva, Programa Nacional de Educação, Cultura e Cidadania. Brasília: MinC, 2004.
8JAIJG6 K>K6 : 8JAIJG6 96 E6GI>8>E6v³D# EDG FJ: 6K6Cv6G C:HI: EGD8:HHD4 ?DÀD AJ>O E:G:>G6 9DB>C<J:H JC>K:GH>969: ;:9:G6A 9D G>D 9: ?6C:>GD 6 \gVcYZ fjVci^YVYZ YZ VWdgYV\Zch Z Y^[ZgZciZh VkVa^V Zh hdWgZ d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Zme Z hjV fjVa^YVYZ cdk^YVYZ^gV ZcfjVcid jbV eda i^XV e Wa^XV dg^ZciVYV eVgV Vh XaVhhZh edejaVgZh Z jbV cZXZhh^YVYZ egZhZciZ! fjVhZ ZmigZbV! YZ jbV gZdg^ZciV d Yd eg eg^d XVbed YVh eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h! hZ_V cV gZXdbedh^ d YZ jb cdkd fjVYgd ]Zjg hi^Xd dcYZ hjV Vea^XV d YZbdchigZ XVeVX^YVYZ YZ VegZZcYZg dh [Zc bZcdh Yd XVbed cjbV eZgheZXi^kV Vbea^VYV! hZ_V Zb hjV [dgbjaV d Z Vea^XV d! dcYZ hZ hjedc]V ^cXaj^g V idiVa^YVYZ YZ VidgZh hdX^V^h fjZ _jhi^ÒfjZ jbV YZ hjVh iVgZ[Vh eg^cX^eV^h/ V bViZg^Va^oV d YV Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVa# :hiV bViZg^Va^oV d XdadXV k{g^dh YZhVÒdh V hZ Zc[gZciVg eVgV V kVa^YV d YZ hZj egZhhjedhid Z hjV k^cXjaV d V jb Ydh eg^cX e^dh bV^h Z[Zi^kdh eVgV V hjeZgV d YVh YZh^\jVaYVYZh hdX^V^h0 gZÒgd" bZ! V eg^cX e^d! V jbV gZaV d iZchV VXZgXV YV aZ\^i^b^YVYZ Yd Y^hXjghd hdWgZ V _jhi^ V hdX^Va Z Yd gZXdc]ZX^bZcid eda i^Xd YVh b^cdg^Vh# JbV ZmegZhh d Yd XVbed Yd eda i^Xd fjZ kZb hZeVgVcYd YZ jb aVYd " bZhbd fjZ hdW [VahVh Vci iZhZh! cV [VaV YZ CVcXn ;gVhZg '%%, " cdgbVh YZ _jhi^ V Xdb jbV eZgheZXi^kV jc^kZghVa Z gZY^hig^Wji^kV! Z djigV eVjiVYV edg gZ^k^cY^XV Zh eZad gZXdc]ZX^bZcid YV Y^[ZgZc V! bV^h gZhig^iVh# :bWdgV c d hZ_V ZhiV ZmViVbZciZ V V\ZcYV fjZ eVjiV hjV Xg^V d! XgZ^d fjZ d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV VegZhZciV jb ediZcX^Va YZ YjeaV k^cXjaV d YZhiVh iZb{i^XVh!
edYZcYd! Vhh^b! idgcVg"hZ jbV ZmegZhh d eg{i^XV YZ hjeZgV d Zb idgcd YVh Y^hejiVh YZ YjVh dgYZch Y^[ZgZciZh " ZbWdgV c d Vci^c b^XVh! XVWZ Y^oZg " YZ ZmegZhh d YZ cdgbVi^k^YVYZ# D Vg\jbZcid deZgV hdWgZ jbV Vig^Wj^ d bj^id h^beaZh/ YZ jb aVYd! hZ igViV YZ jb egd\gVbV YZ gZY^hig^Wj^ d Ydh [jcYdh e Wa^Xdh dg^ZciVYd |h bV^h Y^kZghVh ZmegZhh Zh edejaVgZh! fjZ egdXjgV Zmedg c d VeZcVh jb XVg{iZg XdbeZchVi g^d Z ^bZY^Vid edhid fjZ Zb hjV VkVa^V d eda i^XV! d 8jaijgV K^kV iVbW b jbV gZhedhiV | XdcXZcigV d cd Z^md G^d"H d EVjad"7gVh a^V Ydh gZXjghdh ^cXZci^kVYdh! Z YV [dgbV Xdbd ZhiZh [jcYdh Zhi d Y^hedc^W^a^oVYdh! Xdb XZgiZoV c d |h XaVhhZh edejaVgZh fjZ! YZhiV [dgbV! fjZhi^dcV V Vjh cX^V YZ \gjedh ^ciZgZhhVYdh cV Vbea^V d YZ hjV eVgi^X^eV d cV k^YV XjaijgVa Yd eV h# Djigd VheZXid Y^o gZheZ^id Vd [dXd YZ hZaZ d YZ hZjh YZhi^cVi{g^dh/ h d Xdbjc^YVYZh ^cY \ZcVh! gjgV^h Z gZbVcZhXZciZh YZ fj^adbWdh0 edejaV Zh YZ WV^mV gZcYV! ]VW^iVcYd {gZVh Xdb egZX{g^V d[ZgiV YZ hZgk^ dh e Wa^Xd0 VYdaZhXZciZh Z _dkZch VYjaidh Zb h^ijV d YZ kjacZgVW^a^YVYZ hdX^Va# :b idgcd YZhiV hZaZ d! fjZ egdWaZbVi^oV Vh gZaV Zh YZ gZegZhZciVi^k^YVYZ Yd jc^kZghd YVh XaVhhZh edejaVgZh! d Egd\gVbV e YZ VedhiVg cjbV deZgV d YZ jb bdYZad YZ \Zhi d fjZ [dhhZ XVeVo YZ ^ciZ\gVg hZjh YZhi^cVi{g^dh cd egdXZhhd YZ gZ[dgbjaV d XdcXZ^ijVa Yd X^Xad eda i^Xd# >hid h^\c^ÒXV jb ZchV^d WVhiVciZ ^ciZgZhhVciZ eVgV jb djigd eg^cX e^d YZ _jhi^ V hdX^Va/ d gZXdc]ZX^bZcid YVh k{g^Vh ^YZci^YVYZh Xdbd hj_Z^idh eda i^XVh Z gZY^hig^Wj^ d c d VeZcVh Ydh [jcYdh e Wa^Xdh XdbeZchVi g^dh!
45
bVh Ydh XVcV^h YZ edYZg YZ YZÒc^ d YZ Va\jbVh YVh Y^gZig^oZh YV XdcXZe d YZhiV eda i^XV Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV# 8]VbV V ViZc d fjZ cd eaVcd eda i^Xd" eg{i^Xd Vhh^hi^bdh jb egdXZhhd YZ YZhdg\Vc^oV d YV gZegZhZciV d edejaVg cV Vfj^h^ d YZ cdkdh Y^gZ^idh! hZ_Vb ZaZh YZ XaVhhZ dj YZ cdkV cVijgZoV gZegZhZciVi^kV# CZhiZ VheZXid! d Egd\gVbV hZ VegZhZcidj " YZ ^c X^d WZb kZgYVYZ Y^oZg " Xdbegdb^hhVYd Xdb jbV gZdg^ZciV d Zb eaVcd [ZYZgVa Yd jhd eda i^Xd Ydh [jcYdh Z YZ jb cdkd YZa^cZVbZcid Yd fjZ hZ idgcdj hjV eg^cX^eVa eda i^XV# 8VWZ gZhhVaiVg d [Vid YZ fjZ jb egd\gVbV YZhiV cVijgZoV iZc]V h^Yd XdcXZW^Yd cjb \dkZgcd fjZ ZmegZhhV b^c^bVbZciZ egZiZch Zh Yd XVbed YZbdXg{i^Xd"edejaVg! bdbZcid egde X^d eVgV VkVc dh YZhiV cVijgZoV# :hiV [VXZ [d^ YZÒc^YV eZad Egd\gVbV Xdbd <Zhi d 8dbeVgi^a]VYV Z IgVch[dgbVYdgV! Z cV [VaV YZ 8 a^d Ijg^cd! ^chZgZ V ^Y ^V Yd Æ8jaijgV K^kV Xdbd jb Egd\gVbV fjZ iZb hjV YZÒc^ d XdcXZ^ijVa Z bZidYda \^XV hZcYd Xdchigj YV cd egdXZhhd! | bZY^YV fjZ Vh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh h d ^cXdgedgVYVh Z Vh bdY^ÒXV Zh [Z^iVhÇ >chi^ijid EVjad ;gZ^gZ! '%%+/ && # 6 ^Y ^V YZ \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV Zme Z jb XVg{iZg YZ jbV cdk hh^bV gZegZhZciV d YZ jbV XjaijgV eda i^XV eVgV Vh eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h! Vi Zci d " YZ[ZcYd Zj " ]^hidg^XVbZciZ ZmZXjiVYV cd 7gVh^a hdW gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ YZ ^ciZaZXijV^h cZb hZbegZ V[Z^idh |h YZbVcYVh edejaVgZh# EVgV hZg ZÒXVo! d egdXZhhd YZ eVgi^X^eV d YZkZ iZg Va\jbVh egZb^hhVh# 6 eg^bZ^gV YZaVh V cZXZhh^YVYZ YZ ZhiVWZaZXZg bjYVc Vh h^\c^ÒXVi^kVh cVh k^YVh Ydh eVgi^X^eVciZh Xdbd [dgbV YZ VYZh d cdgbVi^kV Vdh kVadgZh egdedhidh cd egdXZhhd
46
eVgi^X^eVi^kd YZ djigV [dgbV c d ]{ bdi^kd eVgV V eVgi^X^eV d # 6 hZ\jcYV fjZ c d Zm^hiZ eVgi^X^eV d hjÒX^ZciZ! eg " VXVWVYV dj hZb dWhi{Xjadh! Z fjZ c d Zm^hiZ eVgi^X^eV d hZb Xdcfj^hiV! YZ djigV [dgbV d gZhjaiVYd d ^bdW^a^hbd! Z ZhiV jbV gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ Y^gZiV Ydh eg eg^dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Zb [VoZg VkVc Vg# 6 iZgXZ^gV egZb^hhV V bV^h XdbeaZmV YZ hZ a^YVg! Z ZckdakZ Y^gZiVbZciZ dh hVWZgZh ^chi^ijX^dcVa^oVYdh Z hZjh gZhedch{kZ^h# C d ]{ Xdbd [j\^g Vd [Vid YZ fjZ jbV eda i^XV e Wa^XV eZg h^ ^bedh^i^kV! edg bV^h fjZ ZaV hZ_V eVgi^X^eVi^kV# EaVcZ_Vg h^\c^ÒXV ^bedg iZXc^XVbZciZ Va\d# C d hZ YZkZ [j\^g V ^hhd# 9ZkZ"hZ h^b! YVg a^b^iZh V ZhhZ egdXZhhd! VigVk h YZ Y^{ad\dh VWZgidh Xdb dh ^ciZgZhhVYdh# HdbZciZ edYZ hZg eVgi^X^eVi^kd! d eaVcZ_VYdg fjZ eZgXZWZ fjZ hjV iZcY cX^V PY^VbZigVabZciZR dedhiVÇ 9Zbd! &... # Cd a^b^iZ! hdWgZ d egdXZhhd Zb Xjghd! gZhiVg^V Y^oZg edjXVh Xd^hVh/ ^ V cdgbVi^k^YVYZ hj\Zg^YV ^cXaj^! Vd ^ck h YZ ZmXaj^g! dh bV^h Y^[ZgZciZh VidgZh! Xdb hjVh eg eg^Vh \gVb{i^XVh Z ^ciZgZhhZh eda i^Xdh! d fjZ Zb h^ Xdchi^ij^ jb ZcdgbZ YZhVÒd eVgV hjV deZgVX^dcVa^oV d0 ^^ igViV"hZ! YZhiV [dgbV# YZ jb egdXZhhd YZ eZYV\d\^V eda i^XV! Z d eVeZa Ydh Edcidh Z hZjh gZegZhZciVciZh YZkZ hZg XVYV kZo bV^h Vbead! gZ^k^cY^XVcYd hZj ZheV d! V Vbea^V d YZ hjV eVgi^X^eV d Z V \VgVci^V YV Xdci^cj^YVYZ Zb fjV^hfjZg XZc{g^dh fjZ hZ VegZhZciZb edhiZg^dgbZciZ0 ^^^ ZhiZ egdXZhhd c d hZ Zh\diV cV Zh[ZgV Yd eg eg^d 8jaijgV K^kV! ZaZ edYZ hZg Vbea^VYd eVgV djigVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh bjc^X^eV^h Z ZhiVYjV^h#
7>7A>D<G6;>6 DEMO, Pedro. Participação é Conquista Noções de política social participativa, São Paulo: Cortez, 1999. FRASER, Nancy. Reconhecimento sem ética? Lua Nova. São Paulo, 70: 101-138, 2007. INSTITUTO PAULO FREIRE. Programa Cultura Viva. Dossiê de Atividades - fevereiro a maio 2006. Caderno 1. São Paulo: Instituto Paulo Freire, 2006. Disponível em www.cultura. gov.br/upload/caderno1IPF_1164654689. pdf. Acesso em fevereiro de 2008.
47
6 :HI69J6A>O6v³D 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 : H:JH 9:H6;>DH Vh eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h V eVgi^g YV YZhXZcigVa^oV d YZ V Zh fjZ edhhVb hZg egZhZgkVYVh Z [dgiVaZX^YVh V b Y^d Z adc\d egVod Zb eVgXZg^Vh Xdb ^chi^ij^ Zh e Wa^XVh Z eg^kVYVh#
HDE=>6 86G9DHD GD8=6 JC>K:GH>969: ;:9:G6A 96 76=>6 :b '%%, d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV ^chi^ij^j d hZj Egd\gVbV YZ 6XZaZgVbZcid YV 8jaijgV Ä Egd\gVbV BV^h 8jaijgV " fjZ egZk bdk^bZciVg )#, W^a] Zh YZ gZV^h Vi '%&% VigVk h YZ jbV eda i^XV YZhXZcigVa^oVYdgV# D Egd\gVbV iZb edg dW_Zi^kdh/ egdbdkZg Y^kZgh^YVYZ h X^dXjaijgVa! Vjid" Zhi^bV! X^YVYVc^V! egdiV\dc^hbd Z ZbVcX^eV d hdX^Va0 Z hjVh V Zh i b Xdbd [dXd Va\jbVh {gZVh eg^dg^i{g^Vh cd iZgg^i g^d WgVh^aZ^gd# 6a b YV Y^hig^Wj^ d iZgg^idg^Va! jb djigd VheZXid ^bedgiVciZ Yd Egd\gVbV V eVgi^X^eV d YZ djigdh g\ dh e Wa^Xdh! WVcXdh dÒX^V^h! XdchZa]dh Z [ gjch YZ XjaijgV! YZcigZ djigdh eVgXZ^gdh! fjZ edhh^W^a^iVb jb ^ciZchd Y^{ad\d Z egdedhiVh YZ V Zh igVchkZghV^h# 6 ^beaZbZciV d YZhhZ Egd\gVbV VXdciZXZ VigVk h YZ VXdgYdh YZ XddeZgV Zh ZcigZ B^c^hi g^d Z djigdh g\ dh cVX^dcV^h! ZhiVYjV^h Z bjc^X^eV^h! XdcÒ\jgVcYd" hZ! edgiVcid! Xdbd jb eVhhd ^bedgiVciZ cV Xdchigj d Yd H^hiZbV CVX^dcVa YZ 8jaijgV! gZhedch{kZa edg Xdchda^YVg
48
6 fjZhi d YV YZbdXgVi^oV d ]d_Z jbV YVh eg^cX^eV^h egZXdcY^ Zh eVgV [dgbjaVg jbV Z[Zi^kV YZbdXgVi^oV d Yd :hiVYd# 9d edcid YZ k^hiV XdcXZ^ijVa! d iZgbd YZÒcZ jbV igVch[Zg cX^V dj YZaZ\V d YZ Vjidg^YVYZ aZ\Va Z eda i^XV Vdh edYZgZh adXV^h eVgV eaVcZ_Vg! idbVg YZX^h Zh Z \Zg^g [jc Zh e Wa^XVh Yd \dkZgcd XZcigVa# 9ZhXZcigVa^oV d gZaVX^dcV" hZ! ed^h! Xdb V Y^hig^Wj^ d iZgg^idg^Va Yd edYZg Z ^bea^XV YZaZ\V d YZ Vjidg^YVYZ# ?68D7>! '%%%! e#(* CV eg{i^XV! d BV^h 8jaijgV [d^ ^chi^ij Yd ^c^X^VabZciZ VigVk h YV ZhiVYjVa^oV d Yd Egd_Zid Edcid YZ 8jaijgV! V d eg^dg^i{g^V Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! fjZ [d^ VegZhZciVYd Xdbd jb Ydh eg^cX^eV^h egd_Zidh YV \Zhi d <^aWZgid <^a cd <dkZgcd AjaV# D B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV aVc V hZj egd\gVbV bV^h VWgVc\ZciZ Z egd[jcYd cd XVbed YV X^YVYVc^V XjaijgVa ### # Cdh eg^bZ^gdh Y^Vh YZ \Zhi d! YZÒc^bdh fjZ V V d Yd B^c8 hZ YVg^V V eVgi^g YZ jb XdcXZ^id Xdb ig h Y^bZch Zh Vgi^XjaVYVh/ XjaijgV Xdbd jh^cV YZ h bWdadh! XjaijgV Xdbd Y^gZ^id Z X^YVYVc^V! XjaijgV Xdbd ZXdcdb^V# :hiZ egd\gVbV hZ ^cXaj^ cV eg^bZ^gV Z cV iZgXZ^gV Y^bZch Zh! bVh Y^o gZheZ^id hdWgZijYd | hZ\jcYV# Dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV h d ^ciZgkZc Zh V\jYVh cVh egd[jcYZoVh Yd 7gVh^a jgWVcd Z gjgVa! eVgV YZheZgiVg! Zhi^bjaVg Z egd_ZiVg d fjZ ]{ YZ h^c\jaVg Z bV^h edh^i^kd cVh Xdbjc^YVYZh! cVh eZg^[Zg^Vh! cdh
fj^adbWdh! cVh VaYZ^Vh/ V XjaijgV adXVa# <>A! '%%)! e# - # D Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV kZb gZegZhZciVcYd! YZ [Vid! jb VkVc d cVh eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h Yd 7gVh^a# 6eZhVg Y^hhd! c d hZ edYZ YZhXdch^YZgVg Vh Y^ÒXjaYVYZh Z dh egdWaZbVh Zc[gZciVYdh! iVcid eZadh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Xdbd eZad eg eg^d \dkZgcd# D Egd\gVbV fjZ XgZhXZj gVe^YVbZciZ cZhhZh ai^bdh X^cXd Vcdh iZb bj^idh YZhVÒdh# 6Yb^c^higVg jb Egd\gVbV i d g^Xd YZ XdciZ Yd Z i d a^kgZ cV [dgbV YZcigd YV eZhVYV dgYZb WjgdXg{i^XV Z YV ZmXZhh^kV g^\dgdh^YVYZ [dgbVa Yd :hiVYd iVgZ[V ZmigZbVbZciZ Y^[ X^a! Z jaigVeVhhV d a^b^iZ YZ jbV \Zhi d ZÒX^ZciZ# CZhiZ hZci^Yd! V ZhiVYjVa^oV d Yd 8jaijgV K^kV gZegZhZciV! edg jb aVYd! jbV edhh^W^a^YVYZ gZVa eVgV hjV gZZhigjijgV d! Z edg djigd! bV^h YZhVÒdh eVgV dh g\ dh e Wa^Xdh ZhiVYjV^h YZ XjaijgV! Xd"gZhedch{kZ^h eZad Egd\gVbV! fjZ iZg d V^cYV fjZ Vgi^XjaVg hjV eda i^XV Xdb V YZ djigd g\ d e Wa^Xd B^c8 Z Vegdm^bVg V gZYZ YZ Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV _{ Zm^hiZciZ cVfjZaZ ZhiVYd Xdb dh cdkdh egd_Zidh XdckZc^VYdh# 6a b Y^hhd! VegZhZciV"hZ XaVgVbZciZ jbV fjZhi d bj^id bV^h XdbeaZmV/ V ^cVYZfjV d Yd h^hiZbV _jg Y^Xd WgVh^aZ^gd eVgV d YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ jbV eda i^XV e Wa^XV YZ XjaijgV# 6^cYV fjZ Vh dg\Vc^oV Zh YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a i^kZhhZb d ]{W^id YZ Y^Vad\Vg Xdb d :hiVYd Z fjZ edhhj hhZb jbV ZhigjijgV VYb^c^higVi^kV XVeVo YZ ZciZcYZg Z dWZYZXZg V idYVh Vh Zm^\ cX^Vh! Zhi{ XVYV kZo bV^h XaVgd fjZ YZiZgb^cVYVh dg^ZciV Zh aZ\V^h c d h d XdbeVi kZ^h eVgV egd_Zidh XjaijgV^h! Z d Edcid YZ 8jaijgV VijVabZciZ d bV^dg ZmZbead Y^hhd#
D :hiVYd egZX^hV h^b YZ jb bdYZad YZ \Zhi d ZÒX^ZciZ! fjZ edhhjV bZXVc^hbdh YZ XdcigdaZ Z ÒhXVa^oV d! bVh c d edYZ iZg Xdbd eg^cX e^d WVh^aVg jbV gZVa^YVYZ fjZ c d a]Z XdcY^o# >cYZeZcYZciZ YV kdciVYZ Yd Y^g^\ZciZ! YV fjVa^YVYZ Yd Xdged YZ [jcX^dc{g^dh! YV XdcYj d Ydh egdXZY^bZcidh VYb^c^higVi^kdh! cVYV Y^hhd [jcX^dcV hZ d :hiVYd c d gZXdc]ZXZ V hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a eVgV fjZb hZgk^g{# :hiV iZch d ZcigZ :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a iZb fjZ hZg Xdch^YZgVYV hZ ]djkZg d gZVa YZhZ_d YZ ^beaZbZciVg jbV eda i^XV e Wa^XV eVgV XjaijgV cd 7gVh^a# 7>7A>D<G6;>6 BRASIL. Acordo de cooperação Mais Cultura, de 29 de outubro de 2007. GIL, Gilberto. Pronunciamento sobre o Programa Cultura Viva. Berlim, Alemanha, 2 de setembro de 2004. In: Caderno Cultura Viva, 2.ª edição, 2004. JACOBI, Pedro Roberto. Políticas sociais e ampliação da cidadania. Rio de Janeiro: FGV, 2000.
49
I:GG>IÓG>D : I:GG>IDG>6A>969:H C6 G:9: 8JAIJG6 K>K6 96 G:<>³D HJA EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 $ B>C>HIwG>D 96 8JAIJG6 9D 7G6H>A
E6IGÞ8>6 9DGC:A:H JC>K:GH>969: ;:9:G6A 9D G>D <G6C9: 9D HJA D Egd_Zid IZgg^i g^dh Z IZgg^idg^Va^YVYZh cV GZYZ 8jaijgV K^kV YV GZ\^ d Hja! Zb [VhZ YZ eZhfj^hV! V dedgijc^YVYZ Z Xdci^cj^YVYZ Z Vegd[jcYVbZcid YV Y^hhZgiV d bZhigVYd 6giZ Z 8^YVYVc^V Ä 9^{ad\dh cd Egd_Zid YZ 9ZhXZcigVa^oV d YV 8jaijgV YV 6Yb^c^higV d EdejaVg YZ Edgid 6aZ\gZ# HVWZ"hZ fjZ V eVgi^g YV VWZgijgV eda i^XV cd 7gVh^a! dh egd_Zidh YZ VgiZ YZhZckdak^Ydh cVh Xdbjc^YVYZh YZ eZg^[Zg^V Yd eV h! bdW^a^oVYdh eZadh bdk^bZcidh YZ VgiZ"ZYjXVYdgZh Z YZ ZYjXVYdgZh edejaVgZh Xdcig^Wj gVb eVgV V Xdchigj d YZ jb da]Vg hdWgZ Vh [dgbVh YZ egdYj d YZ XjaijgV# CV XdcigVeVgi^YV YV XjaijgV ÆWVcX{g^VÇ! [dbZciVYV eZaV XjaijgV YZ bVhhV! ^hid V eVgi^g YV Y^hhZb^cV d YZ eVYg Zh bV^h dj bZcdh ]Z\Zb c^Xdh YZ Xdchjbd XjaijgVa dj cV bVcjiZc d YVh [dgbVh Za^i^hiVh YZ egdYj d XjaijgVa ^hid ! V
50
XdcXZcigV d YV egdYj d XjaijgVa Y^hiVcX^VYV YVh XaVhhZh edejaVgZh ! ZhiVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh VedciVb! Xdbd XVb^c]d edhh kZa! eVgV d YZhadXVbZcid Z V ZbZg\ cX^V YZ cdkdh ZheV dh YZ egdYj d XjaijgVa! V eVgi^g YZ jbV k^h d bVgXVYV eZaV kVadg^oV d YV eajgVa^YVYZ YV egdYj d YZ ^bV\^c{g^d+! Xdb XVeVX^YVYZ YZ dg\Vc^oVg cdkdh iZgg^i g^dh# :hiZh iZgg^i g^dh ZbZg\ZciZh! Zb hjVh Y^hi^ciVh [dgbVh Ä YZ dg\Vc^oV d! YZ egdYj d! YZ gZVegdeg^V d Ydh ZheV dh YV X^YVYZ Z YV eZg^[Zg^V! ZcigZ djigdh "! k b Xdchigj^cYd ZhigVi \^Vh YZ VÒgbV d Z gZh^hi cX^V! fjZ Va^bZciVYVh edg jbV i^XV YZ hda^YVg^ZYVYZ! edg jbV eda i^XV YV Vb^oVYZ! [dbZciVb ^YZci^YVYZh ^ckZci^kVh Z YZhZ_VciZh! Z h d [dgiVaZX^YVh VigVk h Ydh ^ciZgX}bW^dh YZ ZmeZg^ cX^Vh Xdb XVeVX^YVYZ YZ gZhedhiV | [dgbV d YZ gZYZh Z YZ cdkVh V Zh Z XdggZYdgZh XjaijgV^h# >YZci^ÒXVbdh d egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Ä Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Xdbd jbV eda i^XV XjaijgVa fjZ edhh^W^a^iV d hjg\^bZcid Z $ dj d
[dgiVaZX^bZcid YZ cdkdh iZgg^i g^dh YZ egdYj d! ^YZci^YVYZ Z V d XjaijgVa# :hiZh iZgg^i g^dh hjg\Zb V eVgi^g YZ jb aj\Vg Ä Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! VigVk h YV ZbZg\ cX^V YZ hZjh eg eg^dh VidgZh! YV Xg^V d YZ gZYZh ^ciZgXVbW^{kZ^h YZ egdYj d XjaijgVa! YVfj^ad fjZ k^k^Yd! cV <ZgV d 6bW^ cX^V GZ\d '%%%! e# %, YVh dÒX^cVh XjaijgV^h Z cV [dgbV d Ydh 6\ZciZh 8jaijgV K^kV# 7VhZVYdh cVh gZÓZm Zh VX^bV ^YZci^ÒXVbdh V egdedhiV Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! Xdbd jbV Æ=ZgbZc ji^XV >chiVjgVYdgVÇ GZ\d '%%(! e#',- XVeVo YZ Vbea^Vg iZgg^i g^dh Z iZgg^idg^Va^YVYZh YZ V Zh Z ^YZci^YVYZh XjaijgV^h# EVgV GZ\d! WVhZVYd cVh XdcXZe Zh YZ 9jgVcY Z 7VX]ZgaVgY! V Æ=ZgbZc ji^XV >chiVjgVYdgVÇ! hZ igVYjo Xdbd jb YZiZgb^cVYd _d\d YZ h bWdadh! Yd fjV^h c d h d Xdbd jb edcid YZ X]Z\VYV Z h^b Xdbd jb edcid YZ eVgi^YV/ ÆV ]ZgbZc ji^XV egde Z"hZ ZaV eg eg^V V jb V\ZcX^VbZcid YZ [jijgdÇ Õ# CV XdcigVeVgi^YV Vd egdXZhhd YZ \adWVa^oV d! VeVgZXZb Vh egdedhiVh YZ [dgiVaZX^bZcid Yd edYZg adXVa Z V [dgbV d YZ gZYZh hda^Y{g^Vh Ydh bV^h Y^kZghdh i^edh YZ ^ciZgX}bW^dh# EgdedhiVh iVbW b ZcXdcigVYVh cd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# B^aidc HVcidh '%%&! e# '& ! cd hZj a^kgd Edg jbV DjigV <adWVa^oV d! VedciV fjZ edYZbdh eZchVg Zb jbV \adWVa^oV d bV^h ]jbVcV# 8dbegZZcYZ fjZ ÆVh WVhZh bViZg^V^h Yd eZg dYd VijVa h d VciZh! V jc^X^YVYZ YV i Xc^XV! V XdckZg\ cX^V Ydh bdbZcidh Z d Xdc]ZX^bZcid Yd eaVcZiVÇ# :bWdgV ZhiVh Xdb VÒgbV d Vjidg! h d Vh bZhbVh WVhZh fjZ d \gVcYZ XVe^iVa hZ Ve ^V eVgV Xdchigj^g V
\adWVa^oV d eZgkZghV! hZ ji^a^oVYVh eVgV djigdh [jcYVbZcidh hdX^V^h Z eda i^Xdh! edhh kZa YZ hZ Xdchigj^g jbV djigV \adWVa^oV d# CZhiV eZgheZXi^kV! HVcidh '%%& VedciV fjZ V b^hijgV YVh ÒadhdÒVh YZk^Yd Vd V\adbZgVYd YVh eZhhdVh Zb {gZVh bZcdgZh eZgb^iZ YVg jb djigd Y^cVb^hbd { Zm^hi cX^V! VedhiVcYd cV hdX^dY^kZgh^YVYZ Z cV gZXdchigj d YV hdWgZk^k cX^V YVh gZaV Zh adXV^h! VWg^cYd V edhh^W^a^YVYZ YV ji^a^oV d Yd h^hiZbV i Xc^Xd VijVa Vd hZgk^ d Yd ]dbZb# ?jcid V ^hhd d Vjidg VedhiV fjZ V ZbZg\ cX^V Yd YZ jbV XjaijgV edejaVg! Z V egdYj d YZ jb djigd Z cdkd Y^hXjghd iZ g^Xd! fjZ \Vc]V gZaZk}cX^V V eVgi^g YZ fjZ d ]dbZb ]d_Z edYZ XdchiViVg V Zm^hi cX^V YZ jbV jc^kZghVa^YVYZ Zbe g^XV P###R ^hid V Zmea^XV d Yd VXdciZXZg edYZ hZg [Z^iV V eVgi^g YVh XViZ\dg^Vh YZ jbV ]^hi g^V XdcXgZiVÇ ! iVbW b eZgb^iZ! Xdbd Vhh^cVaV HVcidh! V Xdc]ZXZg Vh edhh^W^a^YVYZh Zm^hiZciZh Z ZhXgZkZg jbV cdkV ]^hi g^V# ^W^Y# e# '& 9ZhiV [dgbV! edYZ"hZ eZg\jciVg V eVgi^g YZ B^aidc HVcidh! YZ fjZ [dgbV cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! V ZbZg\ cX^V YV XjaijgV edejaVg Z ZhiV hdX^dY^kZgh^YVYZ fjZ ZhiVg{ hZcYd Va^bZciVYV eZaV ^cXajh d Y^\^iVa Z [dgbVcYd V GZYZ 8jaijgV K^kV! XVeVo YZ Va^bZciVg V cVggVi^kV! d djigd Y^hXjghd WVhZVYd cV jc^kZghVa^YVYZ Zbe g^XV! XdaVWdgVcYd Z eZgb^i^cYd ÆXdc]ZXZg Vh edhh^W^a^YVYZh Zm^hiZciZh Z ZhXgZkZg jbV cdkV ]^hi g^VÇ# 9Z fjZ [dgbV ZhiV cVggVi^kV! Xdchi^ij YV V eVgi^g YVh iZXcdad\^Vh hdX^V^h Xdchigj YVh edg XVYV Xdbjc^YVYZ V eVgi^g YZ hjV gZVa^YVYZ hZ Xdchi^ij Xdbd jb ^chigjbZcid YZ jbV bjYVc V hdX^Va adXVa! fjZ XVeVo YZ
^cÓjZcX^Vg Z hZg ^cÓjZcX^VYd eZad Y^{ad\d Xdb djigVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh YZhiV gZYZ4 Cd XVbed YV XjaijgV! Xdbd cdh aZbWgV 8dZa]d 8dZa]d &..,#e# &-( d egdXZhhd YZ \adWVa^oV d YV ZXdcdb^V fjZ hZ VhhdX^V Vd [Zc bZcd YV \adWVa^oV d XjaijgVa! Zhi{ Zb Xjghd eZad bZcdh YZhYZ V edXV YVh \gVcYZh k^V\Zch bVg i^bVh cd h Xjad MK>! fjZ gZhjaidj V Xdadc^oV d YV 6b g^XVh! Z [d^ ^ciZch^ÒXVYV Z ediZcX^Va^oVYV! Ve h V HZ\jcYV <jZggV BjcY^Va# 9Z bdYd bV^h ZheZX ÒXd! cVh ai^bVh Y XVYVh! V \adWVa^oV d hZ VhhdX^V Ä Zb eVgi^XjaVg Vd VeZg[Z^ dVbZcid Ydh bZ^dh YZ Xdbjc^XV d YZ bVhhV Z ^c[dgb{i^XV fjZ ^W^Y e# &-( # P###R gZkZaV"hZ VciZh YZ bV^h cVYV cV iZcY cX^V | jc^[dgb^oV d YV hZch^W^a^YVYZ! k^V X^cZbV Z iZaZk^h d! d fjZ XdchZ\j^Yd eZaV Y^hig^Wj^ d YZ egdYjidh \ZgVYdh edg jb c bZgd XVYV kZo bZcdg YZ [{Wg^XVh XjaijgV^h XdadXVYVh hdW V \^YZ ZXdc b^XV Yd \dhid Ydh eVYg Zh VbZg^XVcdh VYb^c^higVYdh edg ZbegZhVh \adWV^h# ^W^Y# &-*
6 jc^[dgb^oV d YV ^cY hig^V XjaijgVa! hZ\jcYd 8dZa]d! c d V^cYV VWhdajiV cZb ^cZk^i{kZa! dWhZgkV"hZ jb XaVgd gZhhjg\^bZcid YV Y^[ZgZc V ^YZci^Y{g^V bVc^[ZhiVcYd"hZ YZ dgV YZ bdYd k^daZcid dj egdXjgVcYd ZbZg\^g YZ jbV bVcZ^gV bV^h eVX^ÒXV hdW V VeVg cX^V Yd bjai^XjaijgVa^hbd# EVgV d Vjidg! VÒgbV d Z V Y^[ZgZc V! d [Zc bZcd YV gZXdckZgh d XjaijgVa hZ Y^[jcYZ Z Vh XjaijgVh Z d ^bV\^c{g^d cVX^dcV^h iZcYZb V YZhbdgdcVg gZaVi^kVbZciZ ! bVh c d YZhVeVgZXZg YZ idYd d adXVa^hbd Xdbd }cXdgV XjaijgVa! fjZg ^hhd h^\c^ÒfjZ jb kVadg edh^i^kd YZ VÒgbV d ^YZci^Y{g^V! fjZg cZ\Vi^kd fjVcYd gZVÒgbV YZ egdk^cX^Vc^hbd c d YZ idYd ^chiVciZ Yd gVX^hbd Z YV mZcd[dW^V ^W^Y# e# &-+ # FjVcid Vd adXVa^hbd! 8dZa]d &.., e# ')' YZh^\cV cV e h" bdYZgc^YVYZ! jbV iZcY cX^V YZ gZidgcd Vd eVgi^XjaVg! Vd eZfjZcd Z Vd Y^[ZgZciZ Zb edh^ d Vd jc^kZghVa! Vd \gVcYZ Z Vd ^\jVa dj d fjZ ]{ YZ XdchiVciZ# w V [gV\bZciV d Yd bjcYd
Imaginário é um conjunto de imagens e relações de imagens produzidas pelo homem a partir, de um lado, de formas tanto quanto possível universais e invariantes - e que derivam de sua inserção física, comportamental, no mundo - e, de outro, de formas geradas em contextos particulares historicamente determinantes. Coelho 1997, p.213.
6
51
V ZXdad\^V k^gijVa Z ZXdhdÒV! Yd fjVa VXgZY^iV ÆV\^g{ Xdbd X^ cX^V Ydh ZXdhh^hiZbVh! Xdbd dW_Zid YZ gZ\ZcZgV d eda i^XV! bVh iVbW b Xdbd Zc\V_VbZcid i^Xd! Zhi i^Xd! VcVa i^Xd! cV ^b^c cX^V YZ Xg^Vg cdkdh h^hiZbVh YZ kVadg^oV d! jb \dhid eZaV k^YV! jbV cdkV hjVk^YVYZ ZcigZ dh hZmdh! Vh [V^mVh Zi{g^Vh! Z Vh Zic^Vh P###RÇ
XdciZbedg}cZd fjZ VWgZ fjZ hZ ZmegZhhV XdcXZ^ijVabZciZ edg jb egdXZhhd YZ ]ZiZgd\^c^oV d XVb^c]VcYd Zb hZci^Yd dedhid V ]dbd\ZcZ^YVYZ egdbdk^YV eZad eZchVbZcid bdYZgcd Z fjZ i^c]V edg XdchZf cX^V V Za^b^cV d Yd eVgi^XjaVg fjZ d adXVa^hbd egdXjgV gZXjeZgVg# D adXVa jb ZheV d k^k^Yd! ZmeZg^ZcX^VabZciZ! Xdbd gZhedch{kZa eZad Z[Z^id YZ bjcYd! Z h^bWda^XVbZciZ iZVigVa^oVYd ! VigVk h YZ dWgVh YZ XjaijgV Xdbd Z[Z^id YZ Y^hXjghd 0 Zb XdcigVhiZ d c d adXVa jb ZheV d ^bV\^c{g^d! k^k^Yd YZ bdYd YjeaVbZciZ bZY^VYd/ h^bWda^XVbZciZ Z V Y^hi}cX^V# w ZhhZ aj\Vg fjZ ^ckZhi^Yd edg jbV ^bV\Zb XdaZi^kV! VYfj^gZ jbV [jc d YZ bVig^o/ Y{ dg^\Zb Z egZhZgkV jbV XjaijgV Z jbV XdaZi^k^YVYZ# C d jb bZgd iZggZcd dj Xdc_jcid YZ [gdciZ^gVh [ h^XVh! bVh jb ÆZhiVYd YZ Zhe g^idÇ# D adXVa^hbd de Z" hZ! cV VijVa^YVYZ | \adWVa^oV d! Xdb V fjVa Xdchi^ij^ jb eVg YZ ZaZbZcidh Zb iZch d V Xj_V kdaiV hZ iZXZ Ä dj hZ Zh\Vg V Ä d iZX^Yd hdX^Va dj! cV ZmegZhh d egZ[Zg^YV eZad eZchVbZcid e h"bdYZgcd! d iZX^Yd Xdbjc^i{g^d# D adXVa^hbd Zb eda i^XV XjaijgVa ZciZcY^Yd Xdbd ^cY X^d fjZ VedciV eVgV d eVeZa fjZ d V[ZijVa gZegZhZciV cVh
52
gZaV Zh ZcigZ ^cY^k Yjdh bZY^VYdh dj c d eZaVh dWgVh [dgbV^h YZ XjaijgV# 9^[ZgZciZh egd\gVbVh YZ V d XjaijgVa YZhZckdakZb" hZ cd hZci^Yd YZ d[ZgZXZg jbV edhh^W^a^YVYZ YZ a^\V d dj gZa^\V d V[ZijVa Yd ^cY^k^Yjd Z hjV X^YVYZ Z ZcigZ dh eg eg^dh ^cY^k Yjdh# ^W^Y e# ')'$')( 8dZa]d VedciV V^cYV fjZ Zb fjZhi d V \adWVa^oV d! h d dh VheZXidh XdbedgiVbZciV^h fjZ Vh eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h k b a^YVcYd cV [dgbV YZ egdWaZbVh# 6h hdaj Zh fjZ egdXjgVb YZcigd Yd }bW^id fjZ a]Z XdbeZiZ! VXVWVb dXdggZcYd cVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh Ydh XZcigdh XjaijgV^h ^cYZeZcYZciZh# Dh 8Zcigdh 8jaijgV^h >cYZeZcYZciZh hZg{ V [jc d YZ XVYV Edcid Zb hjV Xdbjc^YVYZ# dcYZ VigVk h YVh Vi^k^YVYZh XjaijgV^h edYZg d d[ZgZXZg jbV edhh^W^a^YVYZ dj gZa^\V d V[ZijVa Yd ^cY^k Yjd Z hjV Xdbjc^YVYZ! X^YVYZ Z ZcigZ dh eg eg^dh ^cY^k Yjdh# BVg^d EZYgdhV Vedhidj fjZ V eg m^bV gZkdaj d hZg^V V YV Zhi i^XV# <jViiVg^ &..(! e &&+ k^j cVh VgiZh jbV \gVcYZ Xdcig^Wj^ d eVgV
;djXVjai DgiZ\V &...! e#&,& eZg\jciV cVh hjVh gZÓZm Zh hdWgZ V i^XV Z V Vb^oVYZ Zb WjhXV YV ZmeZg^bZciV d YZ cdkVh [dgbVh YZ k^YV Z YZ Xdbjc^YVYZ/ 8dbd egdYjo^bdh jbV Zm^hi cX^V Vgi hi^XV4 9ZhiV [dgbV! WVhZVYd cV eda i^XV YV Vb^oVYZ Z YV hda^YVg^ZYVYZ VedciVYV cV ZmeZg^ cX^V YV 9ZhXZcigVa^oV d YV 8jaijgV YZ Edgid 6aZ\gZ! Yd fjVa k^bdh hZg V VgiZ Z V Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ XVeVo YZ [dbZciVg cdkdh ^ciZgX}bW^dh Z iZgg^i g^dh YZ Xg^i X^YVYZ! eVgi^X^eV d hdX^Va Z Xdchigj d YZ cdkVh gZYZh hdX^V^h YZ V d XjaijgVa eVgV V bjYVc V! Xdbd cdh VedciV ;gZ^gZ &.-% 0 Z V eVgi^g YVh gZÓZm Zh Ydh VjidgZh VX^bV! edYZ" hZ eZg\jciVg/ HZg d dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! VigVk h YZ hjVh Vi^k^YVYZh Vgi hi^XVh Z XjaijgV^h XVeVoZh YZ [dbZciVg V hda^YVg^ZYVYZ ]dg^odciVa! YZ fjZ [VaV HVcidh '%%& e#-* cdh iZgg^i g^dh YZ hjVh Xdbjc^YVYZh Z cd iZgg^i g^d Ä gZYZ4 :hiV hda^YVg^ZYVYZ YVh ]dg^odciVa^YVYZh hZg{ jb ZheV d YZ ÆkdXV d hda^Y{g^VÇ ^W^Y! e#&&& ! XVeVo YZ Xdchigj^g aV dh YZ gZh^hi cX^V Vdh VidgZh ]Z\Zb c^Xdh Yd egdXZhhd YZ \adWVa^oV d XVe^iVa^hiV! fjZ eZgb^iZ VigVk h Ydh Edcidh Z YV GZYZ 8jaijgV K^kV ÆhZg jb VedgiZ YV k^YV! jbV eVgXZaV YZ Zbd d fjZ eZgb^iZ Vdh kVadgZh gZegZhZciVg jb eVeZaÇ ^W^Y! e#&&& 4
8VWZ V^cYV djigV fjZhi d/ 6 eVgi^g YVh igdXVh YZ ZmeZg^ cX^Vh ZcigZ dh Edcidh! hZ ZhiV [dg ji^a^oVYV Xdbd jbV [dgbV h^hi b^XV Yd Xdc]ZXZg \adWVa YZ jbV [dgbV Xg i^XV Z eda i^XV! edYZg{ egdbdkZg d fjZ HVcidh HVcidh &...! e#&&+ Y^o hdWgZ V Zm^hi cX^V ÆhZg egdYjidgV YZ hjV eg eg^V eZYV\d\^V4Ç# 6hh^b! Vd ^ckZhi^\Vg Xdbd hZ YZhZckdakZg d dh Egd_Zidh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! cd ZheV d adXVa " ZheV d \Zd\g{ÒXd YZ hjV Xdbjc^YVYZ! WZb Xdbd! cd Y^{ad\d Xdb V GZYZ 8jaijgV K^kV! ^ckZhi^\VcYd Xdbd dh XdcXZ^idh YZ iZgg^i g^d Z iZgg^idg^Va^YVYZ! hZ Xdchi^ijZb V eVgi^g Yd ZheV d Æ\ZgV d VbW^ cX^VÇ egdbdk^YV cdh Edcidh V eVgi^g YZ hjV V d XjaijgVa! Z YVh edhh kZ^h Æ]ZgbZc ji^XVh ^chiVjgVYdgVhÇ fjZ hZ dg^\^cVb cZhiZh ZheV dh! kZg^ÒXVcYd iVbW b YZ fjZ [dgbV ZhiVh hZ Xdchi^ijZb Z Y^Vad\Vb Xdb V gZYZ! dg\Vc^oVb"hZ eVgV V hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ! XdbegZZcYZb V gZaV d adXVa$\adWVa! d dW_Zi^kd YZhiV eZhfj^hV XdbegZZcYZg fjV^h h d Vh h^c\jaVg^YVYZh fjZ dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV YV gZ\^ d hja! Vgi^XjaVb d egdXZhhd YZ Xdchigj d YV GZYZ 8jaijgV K^kV YV GZ\^ d Hja# : V eVgi^g YV ZmeZg^ cX^V Ydh 6\ZciZh 8jaijgV K^kV! YZ fjZ [dgbV Vh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh ZYjXVi^kVh YZ V d XjaijgVa k^k^YVh eZad egd_Zid Xdcig^WjZb eVgV V XdbegZZch d iZgg^idg^Va! Vbea^Vb d Zc\V_VbZcid adXVa! egdedgX^dcVb cdkVh V Zh XjaijgV^h Z cdkdh Y^{ad\dh Xdb V X^YVYZ# 6 eVgi^g YVh gZÓZm Zh _{ VedciVYVh VciZg^dgbZciZ cZhiZ egd_Zid! Vd ^ckZhi^\Vg d YZhZckdak^bZcid Ydh Egd_Zidh Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV cdh hZj ZheV d adXVa " ZheV d \Zd\g{ÒXd YZ hjV Xdbjc^YVYZ!
7>7A>D<G6;>6 COELHO, Teixeira. Dicionário crítico de política cultural. Cultura e imaginário. São Paulo: Iluminuras, 1997. DORNELES, Patrícia. Arte e Cidadania - Diálogos na experiência do Projeto de Descentralização da Cultura da Administração Popular em porto Alegre - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina / UFSC - 2001.PPGE [Dissertação de Mestrado] FREIRE, Paulo. Ação cultural para a liberdade e outros escritos. 4 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1979. Pedagogia do Oprimido. 8 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1980.
WZb Xdbd cd Y^{ad\d Xdb V GZYZ 8jaijgV K^kV! Vd ^ckZhi^\Vg Xdbd dh XdcXZ^idh YZ iZgg^i g^d Z iZgg^idg^Va^YVYZ hZ Xdchi^ijZb V eVgi^g Yd ZheV d Æ<ZgV d YZ 6bW^ cX^VÇ egdbdk^YV cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV V eVgi^g YZ hjV V d XjaijgVa# : Vd kZg^ÒXVg fjV^h h d Vh Æ]ZgbZc ji^XVh ^chiVjgVYdgVhÇ! fjZ Vd hZ dg\Vc^oVgZb cZhiZh ZheV dh iZgg^i g^d"adXVa Xdbjc^YVYZ Z iZgg^i g^d"gZYZ! egdbdkZb jb ÆV\ZcX^VbZcid YZ [jijgdÇ! d dW_Zi^kd \ZgVa YZhiV eZhfj^hV XdbegZZcYZg cd eZg dYd YZ ^ckZhi^\V d YV bZhbV! fjV^h h d dh ZaZbZcidh V\ZcX^VYdgZh cV igdXV Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV fjZ Xdchi^ijZb V GZYZ 8jaijgV K^kV YV GZ\^ d Hja4 8dch^YZgVcYd ZhiZh ZaZbZcidh V\ZcX^VYdgZh V hZgZb ^YZci^ÒXVYdh cV igdXV ZcigZ dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! cVh <ZgV Zh YZ 6bW^ cX^Vh! cVh =ZgbZc ji^XVh >chiVjgVYdgVh! h d ZaZh XVeVoZh YZ egdbdkZg V XdchX^ cX^V iZgg^idg^Va Zb Y^{ad\d Xdb V XdbegZZch d YV ^YZci^YVYZ4
GUATTARI, Félix. Caosmose. Um novo paradigma estético. Tradução por Ana L. de Oliveira e Lúcia C. Leão. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. 34, 1992. ORTEGA, Francisco. Amizade e estética da existência em Foucault. Rio de Janeiro: Grall, 1999. REGO, N; SUETERGARAY D; HEIDRICH A (orgs.). Geografia e Educação Geração Ambiências. Porto Alegre Ed. UFRGS 2000. PoA /RS REGO N; Aigner C;Pires C; Lindau H (orgs). Um pouco do Mundo cabe nas Mãos Geografizando em Educação o Local e o Global Ed UFRGS. 1ª ed. 2003 PoA /RS. SANTOS M. Por uma outra globalização - do pensamento único á consciência universal Ed. Record. Rio de Janeiro 2001. Da totalidade ao Lugar – Edusp.2002 – São Paulo. A Natureza do Espaço – Tempo, técnica, razão emoção. Ed. Hucitec. 3ª ed. São Paulo. 1999
53
54
6JIDCDB>6 :CFJ6CID K6ADG >C6A>:CÌK:A E6G6 JB6 CDK6 8JAIJG6 EDAÏI>86 CD 7G6H>A
6A>8: E>G:H 9: A68:G96 JC>K:GH>969: ;:9:G6A 96 76=>6 JbV gZaZkVciZ XVgVXiZg hi^XV Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! ZheZX^VabZciZ Yd Egd_Zid Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! V ^ckZgh d YV a \^XV YZ ^ckZhi^g gZXjghdh VdcYZ ]{ XVg cX^V Z eVhhVg V ^ckZhi^g VdcYZ ]{ edi cX^V Xg^Vi^kV! VedhiVcYd Zb ^c^X^Vi^kVh fjZ _{ Zm^hiZb cVh adXVa^YVYZh! ZcfjVcid dg\Vc^hbdh ejahVciZh Z kVhXjaVg^oVYdh! fjZ ^ggVY^Vb XjaijgV eZaVh kZ^Vh YVh Xdbjc^YVYZh# 6XgZY^id hZg ZhiZ jb VkVc d cd XVb^c]d YV Xdchigj d YV XjaijgV YV Vjidcdb^V cd }bW^id YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! ed^h! ^cYZeZcYZciZ Yd Xdck c^d Xdb d B^c^hi g^d! ZhhZh \gjedh hZbegZ [dgVb Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# Edg b! c d edYZbdh [ZX]Vg dh da]dh eVgV djigV XjaijgV egZhZciZ cV cdhhV ]^hi g^V eda i^XV! Xdchigj YV edg egdXZhhdh ]^hi g^Xdh fjZ bVgXVgVb V gZaV d ZcigZ :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ cd eV h edg eg{i^XVh Xdbd Vhh^hiZcX^Va^hbd Z eViZgcVa^hbd! XdcÒ\jgVcYd jbV gZaV d YZ YZeZcY cX^V ZcigZ hdX^ZYVYZ Z :hiVYd! hZcYd ZhiZ ai^bd d egdkZYdg YVh XVg cX^Vh
Yd edkd# 6a b Y^hhd! d :hiVYd YZhZbeZc]dj! Vd adc\d YV ]^hi g^V WgVh^aZ^gV! d eVeZa YZ gZeg^b^g Z ida]Zg idYd Z fjVafjZg k^ h YZ XVg{iZg Vji cdbd fjZ ZbVcVhhZ Yd iZX^Yd hdX^Va# EVgV fjZ hZ egdedc]V jbV bjYVc V cV gZaV d ZhiVWZaZX^YV ZcigZ :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ egZX^hd gZYZÒc^g Vh Vig^Wj^ Zh Z [jc Zh Yd :hiVYd! eVhhVcYd ZhhZ V hZg ZciZcY^Yd eZaV hdX^ZYVYZ ZcfjVcid ^chi}cX^V dg\Vc^oVX^dcVa dg^\^c{g^V cV eg eg^V hdX^ZYVYZ eVgV hZgk "aV! ediZcX^Va^oVcYd V hjV XVeVX^YVYZ YZ YZhZckdak^bZcid Z dg\Vc^oV d Z ZfjVa^oVcYd d VXZhhd Vdh Y^gZ^idh ]jbVcdh Z X^k^h YZ hZjh bZbWgdh# 6hh^b! d gZeVhhZ YZ gZXjghdh e Wa^Xdh eZad \dkZgcd [ZYZgVa V ^c^X^Vi^kVh YV hdX^ZYVYZ dg\Vc^oVYV c d edYZ gZegZhZciVg jbV VbZV V V Vjidcdb^V YZhhZh \gjedh! XdcÒ\jgVcYd"hZ Xdbd YZeZcY cX^V ÒcVcXZ^gV cZb hjWb^hh d eda i^XV# Dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV egZX^hVb YZhZckdakZg hZjh edh^X^dcVbZcidh Z Vhe^gV Zh eda i^XVh ^cYZeZcYZciZ YV gZaV d ZhiVWZaZX^YV Xdb d \dkZgcd! hZ_V ZaZ YZ fjV^hfjZg YVh ig h Zh[ZgVh! bZY^VciZ Xdck c^d dj c d# :hhV bjYVc V YZ eVgVY^\bV eda i^Xd eVhhV! ^cZk^iVkZabZciZ! eZad YZhVÒd YZ igVch[dgbVg eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h YZ \dkZgcd Zb eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h YZ :hiVYd! gZ[dg VcYd! YZcigZ djigVh Xd^hVh! V Vjidcdb^V Ydh \gjedh hdX^V^h Y^VciZ YVh dhX^aV Zh YZ bVcYVidh# :hhZ egdXZhhd YZ Xdchigj d YZ jbV cdkV gZaV d ZcigZ :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ gZfjZg jbV XdbegZZch d Vbea^VYV YZ eda i^XV! XdciZbeaVcYd \Zhi Zh XdbeVgi^a]VYVh V ZmZbead YVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh YZ Dg VbZcidh EVgi^X^eVi^kdh! ^cXajh^kZ#
55
BZhbd hZcYd dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV ^c^X^Vi^kVh fjZ VciZXZYZb d ZhiVWZaZX^bZcid Yd Xdck c^d Xdb d edYZg e Wa^Xd! c d edYZbdh YZhXVgiVg d [Vid YZ fjZ dh gZXjghdh VedgiVYdh cZhhZh \gjedh ediZcX^Va^oVb hjVh V Zh! eVhhVcYd V Vbea^Vg V k^h^W^a^YVYZ YVh ^c^X^Vi^kVh c d h cd XZc{g^d adXVa! bVh iVbW b cd XZc{g^d cVX^dcVa! egdedgX^dcVcYd |h Xdbjc^YVYZh dcYZ VijVb ZmeZg^ cX^Vh ^c Y^iVh dj Vi bZhbd V bVcjiZc d YZ igVY^ Zh# Edg ^hhd bZhbd! c d edYZbdh gZYjo^g d gZeVhhZ YZ gZXjghdh gZVa^oVYdh eZad B^c^hi g^d V jb [Vidg X^gXjchiVcX^Va! _{ fjZ ZhhZh gZXjghdh gZegZhZciVb! bj^iVh kZoZh! V hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ YZ bj^idh egd_Zidh Zb Xjghd# :hhVh gZÓZm Zh bZ VXdbZiZgVb ZcfjVcid ZgVb VegZhZciVYdh Va\jch YVYdh egZa^b^cVgZh YV eZhfj^hV ZbegZZcY^YV eZad >E:6 _jcid Vdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Zb idYd 7gVh^a! cV dXVh^ d Yd HZb^c{g^d gZVa^oVYd eZad B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV cV ;jcYV d 8VhV YZ Gj^ 7VgWdhV cd ai^bd b h# ;^fjZ^ bZ fjZhi^dcVcYd d fjVcid YZhhV XjaijgV hjWhZgk^ZciZ V^cYV Zhi{ ^begZ\cVYd cV hdX^ZYVYZ WgVh^aZ^gV Z Xdbd ZaV edYZ ^ciZg[Zg^g cdh
56
gZhjaiVYdh YZ eZhfj^hVh Xdbd ZhhV# 6 eZhfj^hV gZVa^oVYV eZad >E:6 YZ ^cZ\{kZa ^bedgi}cX^V eVgV d YZhZckdak^bZcid Yd eg eg^d Egd\gVbV! Va b YZ hZg jbV WVhZ VkVa^Vi^kV eVgV Vh eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h ZbegZZcY^YVh eZaV VijVa \Zhi d YZ jbV [dgbV \ZgVa# Edg b! c d edYZbdh dak^YVg YZ fjZ ZhhV eZhfj^hV [d^ hda^X^iVYV eZad bZhbd g\ d fjZ hZaZX^dcV dh egd_Zidh Z gZVa^oV d gZeVhhZ YZ gZXjghdh Vdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV hZaZX^dcVYdh! d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV# ;^Xd bZ eZg\jciVcYd hZ dh ZcigZk^hiVYdh! \ZhidgZh Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV XdckZc^VYdh Vd B^c8! Vd gZhedcYZgZb Vh fjZhi Zh XdadXVYdh eZaV eZhfj^hV! c d hZ eZg\jciVgVb Vhh^b Xdbd Zj hZ hjVh gZhedhiVh ^cÓjZcX^Vg^Vb cV idbVYV YZ YZX^h Zh fjVcid V Xdci^cj^YVYZ Ydh gZeVhhZh YZ gZXjghdh edg eVgiZ Yd edYZg e Wa^Xd# 6 [dgbV Xdbd V VijVa \Zhi d kZb XdcYjo^cYd d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV VedciV eVgV jbV egdk{kZa cZ\V d YZhhZ fjZhi^dcVbZcid! bVh hZ eZchVgbdh fjZ ZhhZh YVYdh hZgk^g d YZ gZ[Zg cX^V eVgV \Zhi Zh k^cYdjgVh! iVakZo V XVjiZaV hZ_V cZXZhh{g^V#
Bj^iVh YVh fjZhi Zh XdadXVYVh V ZhhZh \ZhidgZh eZaV eZhfj^hV Yd >E:6 i^kZgVb Xdbd dW_Zi^kd hdcYVg d c kZa YZ Vegdeg^V d! edg eVgiZ Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! Ydh kVadgZh fjZ cdgiZ^Vb Z WVhZ^Vb d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV/ Vjidcdb^V! ZbedYZgVbZcid! egdiV\dc^hbd Z \Zhi d Zb gZYZ# EdYZbdh hjedg fjZ bj^iVh YVh gZhedhiVh hjeZgkVadg^oVgVb dh egdXZhhdh YZ ^cXdgedgV d YZhhZh kVadgZh! hZ_V eZad Zcijh^Vhbd ^cY^k^YjVa Yd \Zhidg! dj Vi bZhbd eZaV ^ci^b^YV d XVjhVYV eZaV eZhfj^hV Z hjV edhh kZa k^cXjaV d V [jijgVh hZaZ Zh YZ gZcdkV Zh YZ Xdck c^dh Xdb d B^c^hi g^d! eg{i^XV Xdbjb ]V_V k^hiV V ZhigZ^iZoV Ydh gZXjghdh YV eVhiV# :ciZcYd fjZ eVgV XdbegZZcYZg Vh igVch[dgbV Zh ZhigjijgVciZh fjZ ZhhZh kVadgZh deZgVb cd iZX^Yd hdX^Va egZX^hd! VciZh YZ ijYd! [dbZciVg! [dgiVaZXZg Z Y^[jcY^g V Vjidcdb^V ZcfjVcid XdcY^ d h^cZ fjV cdc## HZb Vjidcdb^V! Vh cd Zh YZ ZbedYZgVbZcid! egdiV\dc^hbd Z \Zhi d Zb gZYZ idgcVb"hZ [dgV egde h^id Zb fjVafjZg egd_Zid eda i^Xd fjZ hZ egdedc]V ZbVcX^eVi g^d#
57
EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6! 6 6v³D 8JAIJG6 9><>I6A : D 9:H6;>D 96 <:HI³D :B G:9:
=6C6N6C6 7G6C9ÀD <# ;DCI:H A>B6 JC>K:GH>969: ;:9:G6A 96 76=>6 D Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! hjg\Z Xdbd jbV eda i^XV YZ \dkZgcd fjZ dW_Zi^kV [dbZciVg V XjaijgV! Zb hjVh bV^h Y^kZghVh [dgbVh! dg^\Zch Z bVc^[ZhiV Zh! egdbdkZcYd V [dgbV d Vgi hi^Xd"XjaijgVa Ydh WgVh^aZ^gdh! VigVk h Yd Ved^d Vdh c XaZdh XjaijgV^h! adXVa^oVYdh! eg^cX^eVabZciZ! Zb Xdbjc^YVYZh edejaVgZh! cd YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ jbV k^YV XjaijgVa ^ciZchV! XdbeVgi^a]VYV Z Y^kZgh^ÒXVYV# >chi^ij Yd Zb _ja]d YZ '%%)! d Egd\gVbV CVX^dcVa YZ 8jaijgV! :YjXV d Z 8^YVYVc^V! d 8jaijgV K^kV! iZb Xdbd dW_Zi^kd egdbdkZg d VXZhhd Vdh bZ^dh YZ [gj^ d! egdYj d Z Y^[jh d XjaijgVa! Vhh^b Xdbd YZ ediZcX^Va^oVg ZcZg\^Vh hdX^V^h Z XjaijgV^h! k^hVcYd | Xdchigj d YZ cdkdh kVadgZh YZ XddeZgV d Z hda^YVg^ZYVYZ# EgdbdkZg V XjaijgV ZcfjVcid ZmegZhh d Z gZegZhZciV d h^bW a^XV! \VgVci^g d Y^gZ^id V XjaijgV Vdh X^YVY dh WgVh^aZ^gdh Z [VoZg YV XjaijgV jbV ZXdcdb^V Vi^kV Z XVeVo h d Va\jbVh
58
YVh Y^gZig^oZh fjZ cdgiZ^Vb d Egd\gVbV# 8dbd d eg eg^d B^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a YZXaVgdj Zb hZj Y^hXjghd YZ edhhZ Æ###hZ d edkd hVWZ d fjZ fjZg! ZaZ iVbW b fjZg d fjZ c d hVWZÇ B>C8! '%%*! e#)% ! edgiVcid! d egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV VciZh YZ ijYd jb egd_Zid YZ ZbedYZgVbZcid Yd edkd VigVk h Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid YZ hjVh ediZcX^Va^YVYZh! YV igdXV YZ ZmeZg^ cX^Vh XjaijgV^h! YV YZhXdWZgiV Yd cdkd Z YV XdchV\gV d YV igVY^ d# 6h egdedhiVh Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV hZ bViZg^Va^oVb VigVk h YVh hjVh V Zh! hZcYd V V d eg^dg^i{g^V Yd Egd\gVbV d Egd_Zid Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV fjZ Vgi^XjaV idYVh Vh YZbV^h V Zh# D B^c8 XdcXZWZj d Egd_Zid Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Xdbd jb bZY^VYdg ZcigZ ZhiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ! gZ[Zg cX^V YZ jbV gZYZ ]dg^odciVa YZ Vgi^XjaV d! gZXZe d Z Y^hhZb^cV d YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh Z kdciVYZh Xg^VYdgVh# :hiZ egd_Zid Xdch^hiZ cd [dgiVaZX^bZcid YZ \gjedh Z ^c^X^Vi^kVh XjaijgV^h _{ Zm^hiZciZh cVh Xdbjc^YVYZh jgWVcVh Z gjgV^h Yd eV h! VigVk h Yd Ved^d Yd B^c8 V \gjedh Z ^c^X^Vi^kVh hdW [dgbV YZ gZeVhhZ
YZ gZXjghdh ÒcVcXZ^gdh Z i Xc^Xdh! hjedgiZ ^chi^ijX^dcVa Z [VX^a^iV d YVh V Zh YZ igdXVh YZ ^c[dgbV Zh Z ^ciZgX}bW^dh ZcigZ Vh Y^[ZgZciZh Xdbjc^YVYZh Z hjVh bVc^[ZhiV Zh# 6ijVabZciZ! Zm^hiZb bV^h YZ ' b^a edcidh YZ XjaijgV eZad 7gVh^a! ZheVa]VYdh edg idYdh dh ZhiVYdh Yd eV h! adXVa^oVYdh cVh XVe^iV^h Z cdh bjc^X e^dh Yd ^ciZg^dg# D egd_Zid XVgVXiZg^oV"hZ eZaV igVchkZghVa^YVYZ Yd iZbV YV XjaijgV Z edg jbV \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV ZcigZ edYZg e Wa^Xd Z Xdbjc^YVYZ! hZcYd Xjai^kVYdh kVadgZh Xdbd Vjidcdb^V! egdiV\dc^hbd! ZbedYZgVbZcid Z \Zhi d Zb gZYZ cZhhV gZaV d# D Egd_Zid Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! cd }bW^id Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! Xdch^YZgVYd edg Va\jch VjidgZh V hjV ÆP###R eg^cX^eVa V d! VigVk h Yd fjVa d B>C8 Ve ^V egd_Zidh XjaijgV^h egdbdk^Ydh eZaV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a hZaZX^dcVYdh edg :Y^iV^h e Wa^XdhÇ# 76G76A=D! '%%,! e# *) # EVgV GjW^b '%%. ! dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV gZegZhZciVb d ZmZgX X^d YZ YZhXZcigVa^oV d YVh Vi^k^YVYZh Yd B^c^hi g^d hZcYd [jcYVbZciVa eVgV XVe^aVg^oVg V VijV d b^c^hiZg^Va# EVgV fjZ ZhhV XVe^aVg^oV d
k^hjVa^oVYV edg GjW^b '%%. hZ_V Z[Zi^kVbZciZ Xdcfj^hiVYV! c d hZ edYZ eZgYZg YZ k^hiV Vh Y^bZch Zh iZgg^idg^V^h Yd cdhhd eV h cZb! i d edjXd! V XdbeaZmV Y^kZgh^YVYZ YZ ZmegZhh Zh! \gjedh Z bVc^[ZhiV Zh XjaijgV^h Xdb hjVh YZbVcYVh Z cZXZhh^YVYZh ZheZX ÒXVh# EVgV iVcid! d B^c8 eaVcZ_V VaXVc Vg ZhhV gdWjhiZo! XVeVo YZ YVg XdciV Ydh YZhVÒdh WgVh^aZ^gdh! iV^h Xdbd ZmiZch d iZgg^idg^Va! Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVa Z YZh^\jVaYVYZ YZ dedgijc^YVYZh! VigVk h YV 6 d 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! YZcigZ djigVh ^c^X^Vi^kVh# 6 6 d 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! Zb Xdchdc}cX^V Xdb d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Z d Egd_Zid Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! ji^a^oV"hZ! YZhYZ hjV dg^\Zb! YZ XdcXZ^idh YV XjaijgV ]VX`Zg! iV^h Xdbd/ a^WZgYVYZ! XdaVWdgV d! XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid Z \ZcZgdh^YVYZ ^ciZaZXijVa! WVhZVcYd hjV ZhigjijgV ^c[dgbVX^dcVa Zb jb bdYZad ]dg^odciVa Z bjai^aViZgVa! Xdb Y^kZghdh Zb^hhdgZh Z gZXZeidgZh! fjZWgVcYd V a \^XV Yd bdcde a^d YV Zb^hh d Ydh \gVcYZh bZ^dh YZ Xdbjc^XV d# :hhV cdkV [dgbV YZ eZgXZWZg Z ji^a^oVg Vh iZXcdad\^Vh edhh^W^a^iV! hZ\jcYd 7VcYZ^gV '%%.! e#&' ! Æd XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid YZ ^c[dgbV Zh Z V ^chiViVcZ^YVYZ cV hjV Y^[jh d! dh igVWVa]dh XdaVWdgVi^kdh! WZb Xdbd jb gZdgYZcVbZcid Ydh Ójmdh Xdbjc^XVX^dcV^hÇ! fjZ Vhh^b Æk b egdbdkZcYd jb ZcigZaV VbZcid iVcid YVh XjaijgVh fjVcid YZ hjVh [dgbVh YZ egdYj d Z dg\Vc^oV d#Ç# CVh eVaVkgVh Yd Zm"b^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a/ P###R D Y^\^iVa gZhedcYZ V jbV bjYVc V YZ eVgVY^\bVh bV^dg! V jbV bjYVc V XjaijgVa bj^id VbeaV# GZYZ! XdcZm d Z XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid h d XVgVXiZg hi^XVh YZhhZ cdkd
bdbZcid Zb k{g^Vh {gZVh! Z c d VeZcVh cV iZXcdad\^V YZ Xdbjc^XV d# <>A VejY 6abVcVfjZ 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa 8daVWdgVi^kV Z A^kgZ! h$Y Jb Ydh WgV dh ZhigVi \^Xdh YV 6 d 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa V VYd d! iVcid ^YZdad\^XVbZciZ fjVcid deZgVX^dcVabZciZ! cd }bW^id Yd egd_Zid! Ydh Hd[ilgZh A^kgZ! ZcfjVcid jbV YVh XdcY^ Zh eg^bdgY^V^h eVgV d Z[Zi^kd egdXZhhd YZ YZbdXgVi^oV d YV egdYj d! X^gXjaV d Z [gj^ d Ydh XdciZ Ydh XjaijgV^h eZaV hdX^ZYVYZ WgVh^aZ^gV# 6XdbeVc]V ZhhZ edh^X^dcVbZcid Yd B^c^hi g^d djigV edhijgV bVgXVYVbZciZ YZ XVg{iZg eVgVY^\b{i^Xd fjZ V cd d YZ Y^gZ^idh VjidgV^h ÓZm^W^a^oVYV! idbVcYd Xdbd eVg}bZigd V egdedhiV Yd 8gZVi^kZ 8dbbdch# Edg b! d edh^X^dcVbZcid [Vkdg{kZa Yd <dkZgcd Vd jhd Z ZmeVch d Ydh Hd[ilVgZh A^kgZh cd eV h! Va^VYV V cd d ÓZm^W^a^oVYV YZ Y^gZ^id VjidgVa! ZhWVggV cjbV [dgiZ dedh^ d YZ hZidgZh YV hdX^ZYVYZ fjZ gZegZhZciVb dh ^ciZgZhhZh YVh ^cY hig^Vh XjaijgV^h cVX^dcV^h Z igVchcVX^dcV^h# D XddgYZcVYdg YV 6 d 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! ?dh Bjg^ad! Zb ZcigZk^hiV XdcXZY^YV Vd 7ad\ 8jaijgV Z BZgXVYd YZXaVgdj hZg cZXZhh{g^d \VgVci^g edhh^W^a^YVYZh YZ jhdh aZ\ i^bdh YV ^ciZgcZi! ZhiVcYd di^b^hiV Xdb jbV djigV VWdgYV\Zb YV Y^hXjhh d YV gZ\jaV d YV ^ciZgcZi cd 7gVh^a fjZ c d hZ_V V Xg^b^cVa^oV d bVh edg jbV Y^hXjhh d VXZgXV YZ edhh^W^a^YVYZh YZ jhdh Z YZ Y^gZ^idh YZ jhj{g^dh YZ gZYZ! fjZ VhhZ\jgZ V gZYZ Xdbd jb VbW^ZciZ YZ XdaVWdgV d Xg^Vi^kV# DjigV Zh[ZgV ZhigVi \^XV Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! fjZ VedciV cV Y^gZ d YZ jbV Vgi^XjaV d
cVX^dcVa Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV V I:>6 Ä :cXdcigd CVX^dcVa YZ Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# 6a b YZ VXdciZXZg cd X^WZgZheV d! VigVk h YZ [ gjch YZ Y^hXjhh d! Wad\h Z edgiV^h XdbeVgi^a]VYdh Z Xdchigj Ydh XdaZi^kVbZciZ eZadh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! V I:>6 XdbegZZcYZ ZcXdcigdh egZhZcX^V^h YZhhZh Edcidh eVgV igdXV YZ ZmeZg^ cX^Vh! ^ciZgX}bW^dh XjaijgV^h Z VkVa^V Zh Xdc_jciVh YVh V Zh Yd Egd\gVbV fjZ iZb Xdbd ÒadhdÒV VWVgXVg d b{m^bd YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh XjaijgV^h cd iZgg^i g^d cVX^dcVa Zb jbV gZYZ YZ gZaVX^dcVbZcid hda^Y{g^d! igdXV YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z bdW^a^oV d hdX^Va# :bWdgV iZc]V cd B^c8 jb Ydh [VX^a^iVYdgZh Z Zc\Zc]Z^gdh YV ZhigjijgV YV GZYZ! V I:>6 jbV ZhigVi \^V YZhZckdak^YV Z ji^a^oVYV eZadh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! ed^h Xdbd WZb ZmegZhhV Ijg^cd '%%+ Æ8db ^hhd kVbdh XdbedcYd V gZYZ! dj bZa]dg! iZXZcYd V gZYZ# : YZ jbV [dgbV Y^[ZgZciZ! bjYVcYd V igVY^X^dcVa gZaV d ZcigZ :hiVYd Z HdX^ZYVYZ0 cd aj\Vg YZ XdcXZcigVg! a^WZgVg ZcZg\^Vh0 cd aj\Vg YZ ^bedg! Y^hedgÇ# 6hh^b! dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV XdchigdZb hZj eg eg^d ZheV d YZ ZmeVch d Z eZcZigV d b ijV! Vbea^VcYd d gV^d YZ VijV d Z Y^[jh d YZ hjVh egdYj Zh XjaijgV^h! WZb Xdbd d hZj VXZhhd Vdh egdXZhhdh Xg^Vi^kdh YZ hZjh eVgZh! VÒcVa ÆV XjaijgV YVh gZYZh Y^\^iV^h! edgiVcid! ediZcX^Va^oV V V d ^cY^k^YjVa Z YZhZhiVW^a^oV dh deZgVYdgZh igVY^X^dcV^h YV Y^[jh d XjaijgVa Z Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid! ZhiVWZaZXZcYd cdkdh ZmeZY^ZciZh eVgV V X^ cX^V Z iVcidh djigdh YZhVÒdh eVgV V ]jbVc^YVYZ#Ç 76C9:>G6! '%%.! e#&( Edg b c d edYZbdh cdh ZhfjZXZg YZ fjZ idYV gZYZ hdX^Va! edg bZa]dg
59
jhd YZ iZXcdad\^Vh fjZ [V V! h d eZgeVhhVYVh eZaVh bZhbVh Y^c}b^XVh fjZ eZgbZ^Vb d iZX^Yd hdX^Va! dj hZ_V! d edYZg ]Z\Zb c^Xd iVbW b edhhj^ hjVh ZhigVi \^Vh YZ ^cÒaigV d Z \ZgZcX^VbZcid Zb VbW^ZciZ YZ gZYZ! edYZcYd! ^cXajh^kZ! hZ ZhiVWZaZXZg! bV^h jbV kZo! ZcfjVcid Y^hXjghd Z eg{i^XV Ydb^cVciZh# 8ZgiVbZciZ fjZ egdWaZbVh Zm^hiZb Zb Va\jbVh ZiVeVh Yd Egd_Zid Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Z cV 6 d 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa Xdbd! edg ZmZbead! V gZhig^iV Zfj^eZ Yd B^c^hi g^d! egZXVg^ZYVYZ YZ ^c[gV"ZhigjijgV W{h^XV eVgV ^chiVaV d Ydh Zhi Y^dh bjai^b Y^Vh Z V eg eg^V gZh^hi cX^V Vd jhd YZ hd[ilVgZ a^kgZh! YZcigZ djigdh# Edg b! ZhhVh Y^ÒXjaYVYZh c d gZi^gVb d b g^id Z e^dcZ^g^hbd YV \Zhi d <^aWZgid <^a | [gZciZ Yd B^c8! XdcYjo^cYd eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h fjZ XdciZbeaVb V Y^kZgh^YVYZ YZ e Wa^Xdh Z hjVh ZmegZhh Zh XjaijgV^h! Xdchigj^cYd XVb^c]dh eVgV V YZbdXgVX^V XjaijgVa! hdW [dgbV Yd [dbZcid V egdYj d! [gj^ d Z Y^hig^Wj^ d YV XjaijgV cd eV h! egdedgX^dcVcYd V ji^a^oV d YVh [ZggVbZciVh iZXcda \^XVh Y^\^iV^h Xg^Vi^kV! bVh iVbW b Xg i^XV! Z Zhi^bjaVcYd V XdaVWdgV d Z XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid Zb gZYZ#
60
7>7A>D<G6;>6 BANDEIRA. Messias G. A Hipermídia e as Novas formas de se produzir e experimentar a cultura. www.messias.art.br BARBALHO, Alexandre. Políticas Culturais no Brasil: identidade e diversidade sem diferença. In: RUBIM, Antonio Albino Canelas e BARBALHO, Alexandre. Políticas Culturais no Brasil. Coleção CULT. Salvador. EDUFBA, 2007. p. 37-60. GIL, Gilberto. Uma nova política cultural para o Brasil. Revista Rio de Janeiro, n.15, jan.abr. 2005 Rio de Janeiro. p.103-110 p. 108. MINISTÉRIO DA CULTURA. Almanaque Cultura Digital Colaborativa e Livre. Brasília, s/d. RUBIM, Antônio Albino Canelas. Painel 13 Cooperação cultural Ibero-americana como fator de coesão social (apresentação oral). II Congresso de Cultura Iberoamericana. São Paulo, 02 de outubro de 2009. TURINO, Célio. Teia cultura promove a união em torno da arte. São Paulo. 2006.
61
62
8DCH>9:G6v´:H HD7G: DH 8DC8:>IDH 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 eaVcd adXVa fjZ hZ Y{ d egdXZhhd YZ bjYVc V Z igVch[dgbV d cV hdX^ZYVYZ bV^h VbeaV# w cd eaVcd adXVa fjZ hZ XdcXZcigVb Vh ZcZg\^Vh Z [dg Vh hdX^V^h YV Xdbjc^YVYZ Z dcYZ Vh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh dXdggZb0 cd adXVa fjZ dh ^cY^k Yjdh VYfj^gZb VjidXdcÒVc V eVgV hjeZgVg hjVh Y^ÒXjaYVYZh#
A>A>6C6 HDJH6 : H>AK6 JC>K:GH>969: 9: HÀD E6JAD 6 VijVa \Zhi d Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV gZXdc]ZXZj V eajg^Y^bZch^dcVa^YVYZ YV ZmeZg^ cX^V XjaijgVa! Xdch^YZgVcYd ig h Y^bZch Zh ^ciZgYZeZcYZciZh YV XjaijgV/ V Y^bZch d h^bW a^XV! gZaVX^dcVYV Vd ^bV\^c{g^d! |h ZmegZhh Zh Vgi hi^XVh Z eg{i^XVh XjaijgV^h0 V XjaijgV Xdbd X^YVYVc^V! Y^gZ^id VhhZ\jgVYd cV 8VgiV BV\cV! cVh 9ZXaVgV Zh jc^kZghV^h! XdcY^ d ^cY^heZch{kZa Yd YZhZckdak^bZcid ]jbVcd0 V XjaijgV Xdbd ZXdcdb^V! \ZgVYdgV YZ XgZhX^bZcid! ZbegZ\d Z gZcYV# 6 k^h d YZ fjZ V XVeVX^YVYZ igVch[dgbVYdgV YV XjaijgV YZkZ ZckdakZg bjYVc Vh h^bW a^XVh cV k^YV Xdi^Y^VcV YV edejaV d! [Zo Xdb fjZ dh egd\gVbVh Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV WjhXVhhZb Vegdm^bVg"hZ Yd Y^V"V"Y^V Ydh WgVh^aZ^gdh Z Yd fjZ dXdggZ cVh Xdbjc^YVYZh adXV^h! dj hZ_V! Zb XVbedh YZ [dgbV d YZ kVadgZh! eg{i^XVh hdX^V^h hda^Y{g^Vh Z gZYZh YZ XddeZgV d# 6 de d edg jb XdcXZ^id Vbea^VYd YZ XjaijgV kZb
XdcÒ\jgVcYd jbV eda i^XV XjaijgVa fjZ c d hZ gZhjbZ Vd [dbZcid YVh VgiZh Z Yd eVig^b c^d XjaijgVa! bVh fjZ WjhXV ZhiZcYZg"hZ Vd eaVcd Yd Xdi^Y^Vcd! Xdch^YZgVcYd fjZ Y^kZghVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh XjaijgV^h edYZb hZg kVadg^oVYVh! YZhZckdak^YVh dj XdadXVYVh Xdbd VaiZgcVi^kVh Y^hedc kZ^h Vd Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z | Vegdeg^V d YZ Y^kZghdh hZ\bZcidh hdX^V^h# CVh ai^bVh Y XVYVh! Xdb V Xdchda^YV d YZbdXg{i^XV cd eV h! iZbdh Vhh^hi^Yd V jbV kVadg^oV d XgZhXZciZ YV eVgi^X^eV d YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a cdh egdXZhhdh YZ \Zhi d YV Xd^hV e Wa^XV! d fjZ ZckdakZ gZaV Zh bV^h ]dg^odciV^h! Zhe g^id YZ gZX^egdX^YVYZ Z XddeZgV d# 6d Y^hXji^g V fjZhi d YV eVgi^X^eV d YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a cVh Zh[ZgVh e Wa^XVh! BVg^V YV <a g^V <d]c '%%) Va\jch egZhhjedhidh \ZgV^h/ JbV hdX^ZYVYZ YZbdXg{i^XV h edhh kZa edg bZ^d YV eVgi^X^eV d Ydh ^cY^k Yjdh Z \gjedh hdX^V^h dg\Vc^oVYdh# 6h bjYVc Vh hdX^V^h c d dXdggZb VeZcVh edg bZ^d YV eVgi^X^eV d cd eaVcd adXVa0 bVh V eVgi^g Yd
w cd iZgg^i g^d adXVa fjZ hZ adXVa^oVb ^chi^ij^ Zh ^bedgiVciZh cd Xdi^Y^Vcd YZ k^YV YV edejaV d# BVh ZhhZ edYZg adXVa c d Zm^hiZ V eg^dg^! iZb fjZ hZg dg\Vc^oVYd! VYZchVYd Zb [jc d YZ dW_Zi^kdh fjZ gZheZ^iZb Vh XjaijgVh Z Y^kZgh^YVYZh adXV^h# CZhiZ XdciZmid YZ kVadg^oV d YV eVgi^X^eV d YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a cV Zh[ZgV e Wa^XV! Vh cd Zh YZ Vjidcdb^V! ZbedYZgVbZcid Z egdiV\dc^hbd VhhjbZb YZhiVfjZ ZheZX^Va# HZ\jcYd <d]c! d ZbedYZgVbZcid YV Xdbjc^YVYZ gZaVX^dcV"hZ V egdXZhhdh fjZ edhhVb \ZgVg jb YZhZckdak^bZcid VjidhjhiZci{kZa! Xdb V bZY^V d YZ V\ZciZh ZmiZgcdh! fjZ h d VidgZh [jcYVbZciV^h cV dg\Vc^oV d Z cd YZhZckdak^bZcid Ydh egd_Zidh# D h^\c^ÒXVYd YZ ZbedYZgVbZcid c d iZb jb XVg{iZg c^Xd/ edYZ iVcid gZ[Zg^g" hZ Vd egdXZhhd YZ bdW^a^oV d Z eg{i^XVh YZhi^cVYVh V egdbdkZg Z ^bejah^dcVg \gjedh Z Xdbjc^YVYZh Ä cd hZci^Yd YZ hZj XgZhX^bZcid! Vjidcdb^V! bZa]dgV egd\gZhh^kV YZ hjVh k^YVh Ä! Xdbd edYZ gZ[Zg^g"hZ V V Zh YZhi^cVYVh V egdbdkZg V ejgV ^ciZ\gV d Ydh ZmXaj Ydh Zb h^hiZbVh egZX{g^dh fjZ! YZ [Vid! c d Xdcig^WjZb eVgV dg\Vc^o{"adh# EZiZg DV`aZn Z 6cYgZl 8aVnidc ciZcYZb ZbedYZgVbZcid Xdbd ÆedYZg cVh b dh Ydh VidgZh hdX^V^hÇ! edYZcYd hZg gZaVX^dcVYd
| eVgi^X^eV d YZhZckdak^bZcid eVgi^X^eVi^kd 0 | YZbdXgVi^oV d bZ^d eVgV [dgiVaZX^bZcid YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a Z YVh dg\Vc^oV Zh Xdbjc^i{g^Vh 0 Vd YZhZckdak^bZcid YV XVeVX^YVYZ Xdbegdb^hhd Xdb d [dgiVaZX^bZcid YVh ^chi^ij^ Zh YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a eVgV cZ\dX^Vg bZa]dg Xdb djigdh hiV`Z]daYZgh 0 | bZa]dg^V YVh XdcY^ Zh ZXdc b^XVh ^cXajh d Z XdcigdaZ0 bZa]dgZh dedgijc^YVYZh YZ \ZgV d YZ ZbegZ\d Z gZcYV 0 Vd YZhZckdak^bZcid eZhhdVa Ydh ^cY^k Yjdh VjbZcid YZ hjV VjidXdcÒVc V0 ZmeVch d Ydh ]dg^odciZh eZhhdV^h # 6d VYdiVg Xdbd XdcXZ^idh ZhigjijgVciZh d ZbedYZgVbZcid! V Vjidcdb^V Z d egdiV\dc^hbd! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV egZiZcYZ Ved^Vg V Zh fjZ Xdcig^WjVb eVgV d [dgiVaZX^bZcid YZ \gjedh Z ^cY^k Yjdh fjZ VijZb cd jc^kZghd YVh VgiZh Z YV XjaijgV! d fjZ edYZ dXdggZg YZ Y^kZghVh [dgbVh# EdYZ hZg eZaV \VgVci^V Yd VXZhhd Vdh bZ^dh YZ [gj^ d! egdYj d Z Y^[jh d XjaijgVa! dj eZaV ediZcX^Va^oV d YVh XVeVX^YVYZh ZmegZhh^kV Z Xg^Vi^kV! cV eZgheZXi^kV VcdiVYV edg BdciZhfj^Zj YZ ÈVbea^V d YV Zh[ZgV YZ egZhZc V Yd hZgÉ# EdYZ eVhhVg iVbW b eZaV Vbea^V d YV XVeVX^YVYZ YZ Vegdeg^V d Xg^Vi^kV Yd eVig^b c^d XjaijgVa! VijVa^oVcYd"hZ Vh igVY^ Zh XjaijgV^h adXV^h Z VYVeiVcYd"Vh |h cZXZhh^YVYZh XdciZbedg}cZVh YV Xdbjc^YVYZ# Dj eZaVh dedgijc^YVYZh YZ hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ ÒcVcXZ^gV Z YZ YZhZckdak^bZcid i Xc^Xd Ydh \gjedh! Vd ^cXdgedgVg cdkVh gZaV Zh! Vd ^cXgZbZciVg hjV XVeVX^YVYZ YZ ZhiVWZaZXZg eVgXZg^Vh Z V\gZ\Vg Y^[ZgZciZh VidgZh hdX^V^h e Wa^Xdh dj eg^kVYdh # Dj! V^cYV! eZaVh edhh^W^a^YVYZh YZ ^YZci^ÒXV d YZ YZbVcYVh XjaijgV^h adXV^h! Vhh^b Xdbd eZaV
63
Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ Z ÓZm^W^a^YVYZ eVgV d ViZcY^bZcid YZhhVh YZbVcYVh dj V gZhdaj d YZ egdWaZbVh# IVbW b eZaV Vbea^V d Ydh XVcV^h YZ eVgi^X^eV d YV Xdbjc^YVYZ cdh egdXZhhdh hdX^V^h Z eda i^Xdh! Vhh^b Xdbd cV eVgi^X^eV d cVh YZX^h Zh hdWgZ d [VoZg XjaijgVa adXVa Z bjc^X^eVa# IVbW b eZaV eVgi^X^eV d Ydh X^YVY dh cV [dgbjaV d! bdc^idgVbZcid Z ^beaZbZciV d YVh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh# :hhZh XdcXZ^idh XdckZg\Zb eVgV jbV k^h d YZ \Zhi d fjZ edYZ hZg gZaVX^dcVYV Vd XdcXZ^id YZ V d XjaijgVa! fjZ! cV VXZe d YZ ;gVcX^h ?ZVchdc! gZbZiZ | Xg^V d dj dg\Vc^oV d YVh XdcY^ Zh cZXZhh{g^Vh eVgV fjZ Vh eZhhdVh ^ckZciZb hZjh eg eg^dh Òch Z hZ idgcZb hj_Z^idh YV XjaijgV# EVgV IZ^mZ^gV 8dZa]d '%%& ! V V d XjaijgVa jb egdXZhhd Xdb jb ^c X^d XaVgd! bVh hZb jb Òb ZheZX ÒXd! edgiVcid! hZb ZiVeVh ^ciZgbZY^{g^Vh eZaVh fjV^h YZkV cZXZhhVg^VbZciZ eVhhVg# CV V d XjaijgVa! d V\ZciZ Y{ ^c X^d V jb egdXZhhd Xj_d Òb c d egZk Z c d XdcigdaV# :b hjVh eVaVkgVh/ ÆD dW_Zi^kd YV V d XjaijgVa c d Xdchigj^g jb i^ed YZiZgb^cVYd YZ hdX^ZYVYZ! bVh egdkdXVg Vh XdchX^ cX^Vh eVgV fjZ hZ
64
VedhhZb YZ h^ bZhbVh Z Xg^Zb Vh XdcY^ Zh eVgV V idiVa^oV d! cd hZci^Yd Y^Va i^Xd Yd iZgbd! YZ jb cdkd i^ed YZ k^YV YZg^kVYd Yd Zc[gZciVbZcid VWZgid YVh iZch Zh Z XdcÓ^idh hjg\^Ydh cV eg{i^XV hdX^Va XdcXgZiVÇ# 6hh^b! V \Zhi d cd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! Va b YZ XdbeVgi^a]VYV ZcigZ \dkZgcd Z hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! ZckdakZcYd Y^kZghdh VidgZh! g\ dh Z ^chi^ij^ Zh! edYZg^V Vhhjb^g Xdbd jb Ydh eg^cX e^dh cdgiZVYdgZh V Xg^V d YZ XdcY^ Zh eVgV fjZ Vh eZhhdVh ^ckZciZb hZjh eg eg^dh Òch XjaijgV^h# 7>7A>D<G6;>6 OAKLEY, P. & CLAYTON, A. Monitoramento e avaliação do empoderamento. São Paulo: Instituto Polis, 2003. COELHO NETTO, Teixeira Coelho. O que é ação cultural. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 2001, p. 42. MONTESQUIEU, Charles L. de. Ensaio sobre o gosto. São Paulo: Iluminuras, 2005. (Tradução e posfácio de José Teixeira Coelho Netto)
>CI:G6v´:H 8DCI:BEDGÊC:6H :CIG: D EÖ7A>8D : D EG>K69D/ 6 <:HI³D 8DBE6GI>A=696 : :B G:9: C6 6v³D <G>D C68>DC6A ?JA>6C6 ADE:H ;JC96vÀD <:IåA>D K6G<6H D egZhZciZ Vgi^\d iZb edg dW_Zi^kd XdaVWdgVg eVgV V gZk^h d YV XdbegZZch d Yd XdcXZ^id YZ \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV Z \Zhi d Zb gZYZ Yd Egd\gVbV CVX^dcVa YZ 6giZ! :YjXV d! 8^YVYVc^V Z :Xdcdb^V Hda^Y{g^V Ä 8jaijgV K^kV V eVgi^g YV eZhfj^hV gZVa^oVYV cd edcid YZ XjaijgV YV 6hhdX^V d <g dh YZ Ajo Z <g^ ! adXVa^oVYV cV X^YVYZ YZ AZc ^h Ä 76! Z
hZj YZhYdWgVbZcid edg bZ^d Yd egd\gVbV cVX^dcVa 6 d <g^ YZhZckdak^Yd Zb eVgXZg^V Xdb d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV# D Xdck^iZ Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV | 6hhdX^V d <g dh YZ Ajo Z <g^ eVgV Xg^Vg Z \Zg^g jb egd\gVbV cVX^dcVa iZkZ Xdbd egZhhjedhid d ^ciZgZhhZ eZaV bZidYdad\^V hdX^Va YV EZYV\d\^V <g^ ZaVWdgVYV Z YZhZckdak^YV eZaV DC<# EdYZbdh Y^oZg fjZ V eVgi^X^eV d YZ VidgZh hdX^V^h cV [dgbjaV d
Z ^beaZbZciV d YZ eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh YZ XjaijgV VegZhZciV cdkVh Y^c}b^XVh YZ ^ciZgV Zh ZcigZ d edYZg e Wa^Xd Z V hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a# 6 bZidYdad\^V YV DC< iZg^V V\gZ\VYd cdkdh XdcXZ^idh Vd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV iV^h Xdbd V gZaV d ZhXdaV Z Xdbjc^YVYZ! V Y^hXjhh d Yd XdcXZ^id Z YZ jbV ^YZci^YVYZ \g^ ! V Xdchigj d YZ jbV eda i^XV V[Zi^kV cdh egdXZhhdh YZ ZYjXV d [dgbVa Xdb egd[ZhhdgZh Z ZhijYVciZh Z d gZXdc]ZX^bZcid Z eVgi^X^eV d YZ
\g^ h Z bZhigZh YZ igVY^ d dgVa cV ZYjXV d# D gZXdc]ZX^bZcid Z Xdck^iZ [Z^id eZad B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV | dg\Vc^oV d YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a VegZhZciV jb ^bedgiVciZ XVg{iZg YZ ^cdkV d cV [dgbjaV d Z ^beaZbZciV d YVh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh YZ XjaijgV cd 7gVh^a# Edg b! d XdcÓ^id ZcigZ :hiVYd Z iZgXZ^gd hZidg! eZgbVcZXZ iZcYd Zb k^hiV d iZbed gZhig^id YZ jb \dkZgcd eVgV V ZaVWdgV d Z
65
ZmZXj d YZ eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh Z V cZXZhh^YVYZ YV ^beaZbZciV d Z Yd ViZcY^bZcid Zb ZhXVaV cV hdX^ZYVYZ# 6 eVgXZg^V YV 6hhdX^V d Xdb d EdYZg E Wa^Xd X]VbV V ViZc d eVgV V gZaV d XdciZbedg}cZV ZcigZ :hiVYd Z iZgXZ^gd hZidg#, 6 \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV dj \Zhi d VhhdX^VYV hZg^V VfjZaV fjZ dXdggZ Zb ZheV dh YZ ZbegZZcY^bZcid Xdc_jcid ZcigZ :hiVYd Z V hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! hZcYd XdchZfj cX^V Yd egdXZhhd YZ VWZgijgV Yd :hiVYd Zb k^gijYZ YZ hjV eg eg^V Xg^hZ# :hhV Xg^hZ VXdciZXZg^V Zb Yd^h VheZXidh/ hZg^V gZhjaiVYd YV YZW^a^iV d Yd :hiVYd"CV d Y^VciZ Yd VkVc d YV \adWVa^oV d Z YVh egZhh Zh ZmiZgcVh YZ XVg{iZg"^ciZgcVX^dcVa! bVh iVbW b egdYjid YV YZggjWVYV Yd VgXVWdj d YZ egdYj d Z hZgk^ dh Yd :hiVYd Yd 7Zb" :hiVg HdX^Va C:>GDII> : ED<<>! '%%*! e# *( # 6 6 d <g^ CVX^dcVa iZb Xdbd b^hh d Æ;dgiVaZXZg V VcXZhigVa^YVYZ Z V ^YZci^YVYZ Yd edkd WgVh^aZ^gd edg bZ^d Yd gZXdc]ZX^bZcid Yd aj\Vg eda i^Xd hdX^dXjaijgVa Z ZXdc b^Xd YZ \g^ h Z bZhigZh YZ igVY^ d dgVa cV ZYjXV dÇ CV d <g^ Ä D EVgid B i^Xd YV >YZci^YVYZ Yd Edkd 7gVh^aZ^gd! '%%. # D egd\gVbV Y^k^Y^Yd cVX^dcVabZciZ Zb hZiZ gZ\^dcV^h! ^ci^ijaVYVh ÆgZYZh gZ\^dcV^h YZ igVchb^hh d dgVaÇ Vgi^XjaVYVh Z bdW^a^oVYVh edg edcidh YZ XjaijgVh Z \g^ h VegZcY^oZh gZ\^dcV^h! VhhZhhdgZh eZYV\ \^Xdh Z eVgXZ^gdh$ egdYjidgZh# D XdcXZ^id YZ \Zhi d Zb gZYZ k^kZcX^VYd edg &(% dg\Vc^oV Zh YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! +*% \g^ h Z bZhigZh YZ igVY^ d dgVa! +%% ^chi^ij^ Zh YZ
66
ZYjXV d Z XjaijgV Z &(%#%%% ZhijYVciZh edg bZ^d YZ V Zh fjZ egdedgX^dcVb d ZcXdcigd egZhZcX^Va ZcigZ hZjh V\ZciZh Zb c kZa gZ\^dcVa Z cVX^dcVa! k^hVcYd \VgVci^g V X^gXjaV d Z V igdXV YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcidh! kVadgZh Z V VkVa^V d eZgbVcZciZ Yd YZhZckdak^bZcid Yd egd_Zid# >bedgiVciZ Y^oZg fjZ idYVh Vh YZX^h Zh h d YZÒc^YVh XdaZi^kVbZciZ Zb [ gjch k^gijV^h edg bZ^d YV igdXV YZ ZbV^ah Z [dgbjaV d YZ YdXjbZcidh ZcigZ V 8db^hh d CVX^dcVa Ydh <g^ h Z BZhigZh! bdW^a^oVYdgZh gZ\^dcV^h Z V XddgYZcV d cVX^dcVa# 6ijVabZciZ ZhiV gZYZ Zc[gZciV d YZhVÒd YZ \VgVci^g bV^dg Vjidcdb^V eVgV Vh gZ\^dcV^h Ä Zb iZgbdh YZ Vjid"ÒcVcX^VbZcid Z hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ Ä Z igVWVa]V cV [dgbjaV d Z bdW^a^oV d YV AZ^ <g^ Xdb d dW_Zi^kd YZ egdYjo^g ^beVXid cV Zh[ZgV e Wa^XV Z Xdchda^YVg jbV eda i^XV kVadg^oVYdgV Ydh hVWZgZh YZ igVY^ d dgVa Zb ZheV dh [dgbV^h YZ ZYjXV d# 6 Xdchda^YV d YZ jb egd_Zid YZ ZYjXV d Z igVY^ d dgVa Zb }bW^id cVX^dcVa! [dgbjaVYd Z Vgi^XjaVYd eZaVh WVhZh
hdX^V^h! edYZ k^g V ^cVj\jgVg cdkVh eZgheZXi^kVh eVgV Vh [dgbjaV Zh VXZgXV Yd EVig^b c^d >bViZg^Va! cd fjZ iVc\Z | \VgVci^V YVh XdcY^ Zh eVgV V igVchb^hh d |h cdkVh \ZgV Zh YZ hVWZgZh Z [VoZgZh# 7>7A>D<G6;>6 PACHECO, Lílian e CAÍRES, Marcio (Org.). Nação Griô – O Parto Mítico da Identidade do Povo Brasileiro. 1. ed., Grão de Luz e Griô, Lençóis/BA, 2009. PINSKY, Jaime e Carla Pinsky. História da cidadania. São Paulo: Contexto, 2003. Revista Ação Griô Nacional 2007. Associação Grãos de Luz e Griô. Lençóis, Bahia.
8jaijgV K^kV#
IJG>HBD 8JAIJG6A : EDCIDH 9: 8JAIJG6" DC9: H: :C8DCIG6B4 HD;>6 6G6J?D 9: DA>K:>G6 JC>K:GH>969: :HI69J6A 96 76=>6 Ijg^hbd Z XjaijgV Zhi d ^cig^chZXVbZciZ a^\VYdh! ed^h hZcYd V bdi^kV d dj c d Yd ijg^hiV Xdc]ZXZg dh VheZXidh XjaijgV^h YZ jbV YZhi^cV d! ZaZ iZg{ XdciVid ^cZk^i{kZa Xdb V XjaijgV adXVa ZhiVcYd ZhiV egZhZciZ cVh ZY^ÒXV Zh! cdh ]{W^idh Ydh gZh^YZciZh! cV dg\Vc^oV d ZXdc b^XV Z hdX^Va! cd ^Y^dbV! cdh XdhijbZh! ZcÒb! Zb idYVh Vh XVgVXiZg hi^XVh Xg^VYVh eZadh ]VW^iVciZh YV adXVa^YVYZ k^h^iVYV# Edg b! ZcigZ dh Y^kZghdh i^edh YZ ijg^hbd ZcXdcigV"hZ d ijg^hbd XjaijgVa fjZ hZ Y^hi^c\jZ Ydh djigdh! hZ\jcYd <dbZh '%%,! e#& ! eZad/ ^ciZgZhhZ cV dWiZc d YZ cdkVh ^c[dgbV Zh! Xdc]ZX^bZcidh! d ZcXdcigd Xdb djigVh eZhhdVh! Xdbjc^YVYZh Z aj\VgZh! V Òb YZ hZ Xdc]ZXZgZb dh XdhijbZh! igVY^ Zh! ZcÒb! V ^YZci^YVYZ XjaijgVa Yd adXVa k^h^iVYd# P###R XdbegZZcYZ V k^k cX^V Yd Xdc_jcid YZ ZaZbZcidh h^\c^ÒXVi^kdh Yd eVig^b c^d ]^hi g^Xd Z XjaijgVa Z Ydh ZkZcidh XjaijgV^h P###R# :hiZ i^ed YZ ijg^hbd hZ Y^[ZgZcX^V
Ydh YZbV^h i^edh edg iZg Xdbd eg^cX^eVa bdi^kV d Xdc]ZXZg dh WZch XjaijgV^h hZ_Vb ZaZh bViZg^V^h dj ^bViZg^V^h Zmedhidh edg jbV YZiZgb^cVYV adXVa^YVYZ# 6h iZcY cX^Vh Yd ijg^hbd eVgV Vh eg m^bVh Y XVYVh VedciVb fjZ dh ijg^hiVh WjhXVg d edg jbV bV^dg ^ciZgVi^k^YVYZ! egdXjgVcYd hZ ZckdakZg Xdb V gZVa^YVYZ Yd aj\Vg fjZ k^h^iVb! Vhh^b ^g d egZ[Zg^g Xdc]ZXZg YZhi^cdh ijg hi^Xdh dcYZ Vh XjaijgVh adXV^h ZhiZ_Vb egZhZgkVYVh! Xdbd jbV XdggZciZ Y^[ZgZcX^VYdgV YV jc^[dgb^oV d YZ XjaijgVh XVjhVYV eZaV \adWVa^oV d 9>6H! '%%( # D ijg^hbd edYZ igVoZg WZcZ[ X^dh eVgV adXVa^YVYZh! YZcigZ dh fjV^h hZ ^cXajZb/ \ZgV d YZ ZbegZ\d Z Y^k^hVh! YZhZckdak^bZcid gZ\^dcVa! gZh\ViZ Z XdchZgkV d Yd eVig^b c^d XjaijgVa# Edg b! ZhiV Vi^k^YVYZ edYZ dXVh^dcVg iVbW b ^beVXidh cZ\Vi^kdh! Xdbd edg ZmZbead! V ZheZiVXjaVg^oV d YZ bVc^[ZhiV Zh Vgi hi^XVh dj g^ijV^h# Edg djigd aVYd! V k^h^iV d Vd XdciZmid YZ Xg^V d Ydh \gjedh hZYZh! iZggZ^gdh! Xdbjc^YVYZh! ZiX edYZ dXVh^dcVg VaiZgV Zh cd bdYd YZ k^YV Z cVh bVc^[ZhiV Zh XjaijgV^h 8DDE:G Zi Va#! '%%& #
9^VciZ YZhiV gZVa^YVYZ! kZb" hZ ZhijYVcYd [dgbVh YZ Xdbd igVch[dgbVg V XjaijgV Zb egdYjid! igVoZcYd WZcZ[ X^dh eVgV V eg eg^V Xdbjc^YVYZ# 6 ji^a^oV d YZ XjaijgVh igVY^X^dcV^h Xdbd VigVi^kdh ijg hi^Xdh! cd 7gVh^a! V^cYV dXdggZ dXVh^dcVcYd ^beVXidh cZ\Vi^kdh cVh XjaijgVh adXV^h Xdbd gZ[Zg^Yd VX^bV# >hid dXdggZ edgfjZ d ijg^hbd ! bj^iVh kZoZh! ^beaZbZciVYd cZhhVh Xdbjc^YVYZh hZb V YZk^YV eVgi^X^eV d YVh bZhbVh# 6h Xdbjc^YVYZh c d hZ idgcVb egdiV\dc^hiVh YVh V Zh ijg hi^XVh YZhZckdak^YVh! ed^h h d V Zh dcYZ c d hZ gZheZ^iVb V Y^c}b^XV eg eg^V YV Xdbjc^YVYZ Z c d V ^cXajZb cdh egdXZhhdh YZ eaVcZ_VbZcid YV Vi^k^YVYZ ijg hi^XV cd adXVa# 6 V d Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV! VijVcYd Xdb dh eg^cX e^dh YZ Vjidcdb^V! ZbedYZgVbZcid Z egdiV\dc^hbd [dgiVaZXZb \gjedh igVY^X^dcV^h fjZ iZc]Vb kdXV d ijg hi^XV# :hiZ [dgiVaZX^bZcid dXdggZ VigVk h Yd gZheZ^id | Y^c}b^XV eg eg^V Yd adXVa! YVh igVch[Zg cX^Vh YZ gZhedchVW^a^YVYZh Z YV Vi^kV eVgi^X^eV d Ydh \gjedh cd YZhZckdak^bZcid Yd egd\gVbV
D YZhZckdak^bZcid YZhiVh XVgVXiZg hi^XVh egde^X^V V hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ dcYZ Vh Xdbjc^YVYZh edYZg d deiVg edg VaiZgcVi^kVh ZXdc b^XVh fjZ eZgb^iVb V bVcjiZc d YVh hjVh [dgbVh YZ k^kZg Z YVh Vi^k^YVYZh ^bejah^dcVYVh eZaV V d Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# 9ZcigZ ZhiVh VaiZgcVi^kVh hZ ZcXdcigV d ijg^hbd fjZ! eVgV hZ YZhZckdak^Yd YZ [dgbV hjhiZci{kZa Zb Xdbjc^YVYZh Xdbd Vh gZaVX^dcVYVh Vdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! cZXZhh^iV fjZ ZhiZh \gjedh ÆhZ_Vb Ydcdh YZ h^Ç! dj hZ_V! hZ_Vb Vji cdbdh Z XdchX^ZciZh cd hZci^Yd YZ YZX^Y^g Xdbd d ijg^hbd YZkZ hZg dg\Vc^oVYd YZ [dgbV V igVoZg WZcZ[ X^dh eVgV V Xdbjc^YVYZ# 6a b Y^hid! V ^YZci^ÒXV d YZhiZh \gjedh Xdbd Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Z V \Zhi d Zb gZYZ Y^[jcY^YV eZad egd\gVbV edYZb [VX^a^iVg V ^YZci^ÒXV d YZhiVh Xdbjc^YVYZh eZadh \ZhidgZh Yd ijg^hbd Z egde^X^Vg d YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ gdiZ^gdh ijg hi^Xdh ZcigZ dh Edcidh# 6 \Zhi d Zb gZYZ egde^X^V iVbW b d ^ciZgX}bW^d YZ ^c[dgbV Zh fjZ edYZ hZg YZ \gVcYZ ^bedgi}cX^V eVgV d XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid YVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh kdaiVYVh Vd ijg^hbd Z d [dgiVaZX^bZcid YZ hjVh V Zh! edYZcYd \ZgVg gZegZhZciV Zh fjZ VijZb cd Y^{ad\d Xdb Vh eda i^XVh Yd ijg^hbd# 7>7A>D<G6;>6 COOPER, C. et al. Turismo, princípios e práticas.2.ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2001. DIAS, R. Planejamento do turismo: política e desenvolvimento do turismo no Brasil. São Paulo: Atlas, 2003. GOMES, M.E. Reflexões acerca turismo e cultura. Revista Espaço Acadêmico. Ano VII, N° 73, jun. 2007. Disponível em: http://www. espacoacademico.com.br/073/73gomes. htm Acesso em: 15 dez. 2007.
67
68
8DCIG>7J>v³D 6D H:B>CÌG>D >CI:GC68>DC6A 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 K>8IDG C:K:H 9: HDJO6 JC>K:GH>969: ;:9:G6A 9D G>D 9: ?6C:>GD JbV VkVa^V d Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! cd hZci^Yd YZ VYfj^g^g Y^bZch d ]^hi g^XdegdXZhhjVa Z jb bV^dg c kZa YZ XdcXgZi^oV d! YZkZg^V X]VbVg | ViZc d jb VheZXid fjZ ZckdakZ! ^cÓj^cYd YZX^h^kVbZciZ Zb hZj Y^gZX^dcVbZcid! V eda i^XV e Wa^XV eVgV V {gZV YV XjaijgV cdh Y^Vh YZ ]d_Z! Z c d h cd 7gVh^a# w V cd d! fjZ hZ ZheVa]V Z hZ Xdchda^YV Zb idYd d bjcYd! YZ fjZ c d h Zm^hiZ jbV ÆZXdcdb^V YV XjaijgVÇ Xdb [dgiZ ediZcX^Va bZgXVYda \^Xd Z fjZ XVgZXZ! eVgV hZ YZhZckdakZg Zb hjV eaZc^ijYZ! YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh YZ eVgXZg^V ZcigZ d Æ:hiVYd Z V hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^aÇ Ä Xdbd VegZ\dVYd! edg ZmZbead! eZaV JC:H8D Ä! Xdbd! V^cYV! YZ fjZ ZhiV bVig^o ZXdc b^XV iZb [jc d bV^h VWgVc\ZciZ# :aV! VhhdX^VYV |h djigVh Y^bZch Zh ZheZX ÒXVh YV XjaijgV! Xdch^YZgVYV jb kZidg [ZXjcYd eVgV! cdh eV hZh ÆZb YZhZckdak^bZcidÇ VhhdaVYdh edg dcYVh YZ k^da cX^V jgWVcV! eZaV YZh^\jVaYVYZ cV Y^hig^Wj^ d YZ gZcYV! eZaV edWgZoV YZ Vbeadh hZ\bZcidh YV edejaV d! eZad YZhZcXVcid Xdb V eda i^XV Z Xdb dh eda i^Xdh ! Xdchi^ij^g V[dgV V gZegZhh d eda^X^Va! XaVgd jb XdbedcZciZ cV egdbd d YV ÆXdZh d hdX^VaÇ Z! Xdb ZhiV! YV edhh^W^a^YVYZ YZ ÆYZhZckdak^bZcidÇ# D egdWaZbV fjZ ijYd ^cY^XV fjZ Vh egdedhiVh cZda^WZgV^h XdciZbedg}cZVh! hjWhZf ZciZh Vd YZhbdciZ Yd :hiVYd YZ 7Zb" :hiVg HdX^Va fjZ cd 7gVh^a hZbegZ [d^ ^cX^e^ZciZ ! XdciZbeaVb! Va b YV ÆXdZh dÇ V gZhjaiVg YV
Æhda^YVg^ZYVYZÇ! jbV XgZhXZciZ eZcVa^oV d YVh X]VbVYVh ÆXaVhhZh eZg^\dhVhÇ! XdcÒ\jgVcYd V Xdchi^ij^ d YZ kZgYVYZ^gV ]^eZgigdÒV YV Y^bZch d eZcVa Yd :hiVYd# :hiVh Y^bZch Zh YV XdZg d Z Yd XdchZchd cV bVcjiZc d Yd hiVijh fjd i b VcYVYd ^cY^hhdX^VkZabZciZ _jciVh#D ^ciZgZhhVciZ Ä iVcid bV^h ^ciZgZhhVciZ fjVcid bV^h eVgVYdmVa Ä fjZ Va\d fjZ edYZg Vbdh X]VbVg hZb [dg Vg V b d Zb YZbVh^V YZ ÆcdkV eda i^XV XjaijgVa WgVh^aZ^gVÇ! bViZg^Va^oVYV cd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Z fjZ edYZg Vbdh Xdch^YZgVg V XVjhV eg^bZ^gV Yd [dgiVaZX^bZcid Yd B^c8 cd \dkZgcd AjaV edYZ hZ Vgi^XjaVg! Z WZb! Xdb jb egdXZhhd bV^h \ZgVa YZ [dXVa^oV d Z YZhXZcigVa^oV d YZ eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh Ä hZaZi^k^YVYZ Yd e Wa^Xd" Vakd XdbW^cVYV V igVch[Zg cX^V YV \Zhi d $ VYb^c^higV d Ydh gZXjghdh e Wa^Xdh | ^c^X^Vi^kV eg^kVYV Ä Z Xdb V cdkV"kZa] hh^bV cd d YZ Æ^chi^ij^ Zh eg^kVYVh YZ ^ciZgZhhZ e Wa^XdÇ# IVa cd d eVgZXZ hZ gZaVX^dcVg V egZiZcY^YV gZ"h^\c^ÒXV d Yd iZgbd Vjidcdb^V cdh bVgXdh Yd eZchVbZcid cZda^WZgVa! fjZ V igVch[dgbV! YZ eVaVkgV YZ dgYZb Yd bdk^bZcid hdX^Va XdbWVi^kd! Zb h^beaZh igVch[Zg cX^V YZ gZhedchVW^a^YVYZh Yd :hiVYd eVgV V ÆhdX^ZYVYZ X^k^aÇ#
Vbea^V d Ydh Y^gZ^idh hdX^V^h! edYZ iZg ediZcX^Va^oVYV hjV [VXZ YZ ^ciZgZhhVci hh^bV eda i^XV e Wa^XV XVeVo YZ a^WZgVg Vh bV^h ejahVciZh ZcZg\^Vh XjaijgV^h egZhZciZh Zb cdhhV hdX^ZYVYZ# :cigZiVcid! Xdb V dg^ZciV d Yd \dkZgcd eZgbVcZXZcYd fjVa Zhi{ Ä dj hZ Vegd[jcYVg"hZ V dg^ZciV d fjZ VXZcijV dh bZXVc^hbdh XdZgX^i^kdh Yd :hiVYd [VXZ |h edhh^W^a^YVYZh YZ XdchZchd WVhZVYVh cV Vbea^V d YV YZbdXgVX^V Vbea^V d ZhiV fjZ eVhhV edg \VgVci^V Ydh Y^gZ^idh hdX^V^h! hdX^Va^oV d YV eda i^XV Z YV egdeg^ZYVYZ Ä! d bV^h egdk{kZa fjZ XdbZXZ V bVc^[ZhiVg"hZ V iZcY cX^V V jb edhh kZa Zc\ZhhVbZcid Z | ^chi^ijX^dcVa^oV d Ydh Edcidh# CZhiV h^ijV d! dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV edYZg"hZ"^Vb idgcVg jb i^ed YZ Xa^ZciZaV iZcYZcX^VabZciZ eZgbVcZciZ Yd B^c8! cjb egdXZhhd YZ Æ[dXVa^oV d XdcigV V [dXVa^oV dÇ! h^ijV d ZhiV fjZ ZbeVcVg^V Vh WZaVh edhh^W^a^YVYZh fjZ jbV ^c^X^Vi^kV Xdbd d 8jaijgV K^kV eZgb^iZ fjZ hZ YZhZckdakVb Ä Z fjZ gZegZhZciVg^V Va\d Xdbd V cZ\V d bZhbV! cV eg{i^XV! YV Vjidcdb^V Ydh Edcidh#
6 Vgi^XjaV d VajY^YV cdh [dgcZXZ jbV ]^e iZhZ V eVgi^g YV fjVa iZbdh gZÓZi^Yd! fjZ V YZ fjZ dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV \jVgYVb jbV VbW^\ ^YVYZ ^cig chZXV# 8dch^YZgVcYd V cZXZhh{g^V igVchkZghVa^YVYZ Z ^ciZg" hZidg^Va^YVYZ Vd VkVa^Vgbdh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh! eVgZXZ fjZ d bZhbd Egd\gVbV! Vgi^XjaVcYd" hZ Xdb jb Xdc_jcid YZ eda i^XVh fjZ XVb^c]Z Zb Y^gZ d V jbV
69
H:B>CÌG>D >CI:GC68>DC6A 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 :9J6G9D <DBDG 9DH H6CIDH ;JC96vÀD <:IåA>D K6G<6H 8db V <Zhi d 8jaijgVa 8dbeVgi^a]VYV Z IgVch[dgbVYdgV! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV XdbedgiV" hZ Xdbd jbV gZYZ ]dg^odciVa YZ egdYj d! Vgi^XjaV d Z Y^hhZb^cV d YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh XjaijgV^h# 8dbd d d eg eg^d cdbZ ^cX^iV! igVch[dgbV"hZ cjb dg\Vc^hbd k^kd! Z hjV YZÒc^ d bZidYda \^XV Z XdcXZ^ijVa iZcYZ V hZ YZhZckdakZg cd egdXZhhd YZ hjV Vea^XV d! V eVgi^g YV dWhZgkV d Ydh [Zc bZcdh Z YV ^ciZgV d Xdb V gZVa^YVYZ# D egd\gVbV VedhiV cV ediZcX^Va^oV d Yd fjZ _{ Zm^hiZ! VegZhZciVcYd ^cXajh^kZ jbV eZgheZXi^kV YZ gZeZchVg d :hiVYd Z hjVh YZÒc^ Zh Z [jc Zh! eZgb^i^cYd fjZ edg hjVh edgiVh ZcigZb cdkdh Z igVY^X^dcV^h hj_Z^idh hdX^V^h! Y^k^Y^cYd ZheV dh Z edhh^W^a^YVYZh! eVgi^a]VcYd edYZg Z Xdc]ZX^bZcid# 6 \Zhi d Yd Egd\gVbV Vgi^XjaV"hZ cV XdcXZe d YV egdbd d YV Vjidcdb^V! Yd egdiV\dc^hbd Z Yd ZbedYZgVbZcid Ydh hj_Z^idh hdX^V^h# D ^c X^d Yd XVb^c]d _{ hZ bdhigV bV^h [Vkdg{kZa! Xdb d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV Y^oZcYd fjVcid edYZ d[ZgZXZg Z dh bdk^bZcidh hdX^V^h! cd hZci^Yd YZ iZgZb cVhX^Yd cV hdX^ZYVYZ! Y^oZb Xdbd Z Zb fjZ edYZg d ji^a^oVg iV^h gZXjghdh# 6 fjZhi d YV Vjidcdb^V jb edcid [jcYVbZciVa cV gZaV d Edcid YZ 8jaijgV Ä Xdbjc^YVYZ Z kV^ hZ [dgiVaZXZg cd egdXZhhd gZaVX^dcVa Xdb hZjh eVgZh! hZ_Vb djigdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! cV ^ciZgV d Xdb V Vjidg^YVYZ hdX^ZYVYZ":hiVYd Z cV Vfj^h^ d Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid! ^cXdgedgVYd Vd eVig^b c^d XjaijgVa# D edh^X^dcVbZcid Yd :hiVYd Xdb gZaV d | hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a iVbW b
70
hZ VaiZgV egd[jcYVbZciZ Xdb ZhhZ i^ed YZ \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV# 6 XddgYZcV d Yd Egd\gVbV egZX^hV YZÒc^g jb bdYZad YZ \Zhi d fjZ hZ_V ÓZm kZa Z bdaY{kZa! gZheZ^iVcYd V Y^c}b^XV eg eg^V Yd bdk^bZcid hdX^Va! fjZ Xdci^cjVg{ Zm^hi^cYd ^cYZeZcYZciZ YZ hZg dj c d jb Edcid YZ 8jaijgV# : cZhhV [dgbV YZ ÆhjWkZgh d ZhiViVaÇ! YZ XdbeVgi^a]Vg edYZgZh Xdb cdkdh hj_Z^idh hdX^V^h! d :hiVYd djkZ fjZb cjcXV [d^ djk^Yd! XdckZghV Xdb fjZb cjcXV XdckZghdj0 Z c d hZ Zc[gVfjZXZ fjVcYd VXdciZXZ fjVcYd YV igVch[Zg cX^V YZ Vig^Wj^ Zh eVgV d bZgXVYd ! eZad Xdcig{g^d! hZ [dgiVaZXZ! hZ Zc\gVcYZXZ Vd eZgb^i^g fjZ V hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a eZcZigZ Zb hZj VeVgVid 7G6H>A! '%%)0 e# (( # 9^[ZgZciZbZciZ Ydh bVgXdh Yd a^WZgVa^hbd! fjZ ZciZcYZ ÆXjaijgV Xdbd Wdb cZ\ X^dÇ! Z Yd ^ajb^c^hbd! Zb fjZ hZ YZkZ ÆaZkVg ajoZh | ^cXjaiV bVhhVÇ! d egd\gVbV WjhXV d egdiV\dc^hbd YVh dg\Vc^oV Zh hdX^V^h! cV bZY^YV Zb fjZ ZhhVh h d gZXdc]ZX^YVh Xdbd hj_Z^idh YZ hjVh eg{i^XVh! ^ciZgkZcidgVh YZ hjVh gZVa^YVYZh hdX^V^h Z fjZ YZkZb ^cÓjZcX^Vg Vh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh# Edg djigd aVYd! d egdiV\dc^hbd VWV[VYd fjVcYd Vh eda i^XVh c d gZXdc]ZXZb V Xg^V d XjaijgVa YV eVcZaZ^gV YZ <d^VWZ^gV Yd :he g^id HVcid dj Yd bZhigZ Ydh Wg^cfjZYdh Yd KVaZ Yd ?Zfj^i^c]dc]V! ZmXaj^cYd"dh YZ egdcid YZ hZjh dW_Zi^kdh dj! cd b{m^bd! igViVcYd"dh Xdbd [daXadgZ dj Xdbd ZmegZhh Zh Æh^beaZhÇ YV XjaijgV# CZhhV i^XV! fjZ iZb V bVig^o YV XjaijgV k^cXjaVYV Vd XdcXZ^id YZ X^k^a^oV d! V XjaijgV eVhhV V hZg eZchVYV Xdbd d bZ^d eZad fjVa hZ bZYZ d ÆYZhZckdak^bZcidÇ Z d Æegd\gZhhdÇ! Xdb eVg}bZigdh YZ
71
72
gZXdc]ZX^bZcid Z kVa^YVYZ eVgV Va\jbVh bVc^[ZhiV Zh XjaijgV^h Z c d eVgV djigVh! YZ^mVcYd ^cXdbeaZid d eVig^b c^d XjaijgVa YV hdX^ZYVYZ# 9ZhhV [dgbV! fjVcYd VeZcVh jbV eZfjZcV Za^iZ VegZhZciVYV Xdbd c^XV YZiZcidgV YZ jb eVYg d Zhi i^Xd gZheZ^i{kZa! Vh Xdbjc^YVYZh VXVWVb hjXjbW^cYd Vd edYZg YZhhVh Za^iZh! hZcYd fjZ d egdXZhhd hZ idgcV jbV [dgbV YZ VhhZ\jgVg V hdWgZk^k cX^V YZ gZ\^bZh hdX^V^h Z [dgbVh YZ Ydb^cV d! YZ aZ\^i^bV d YZ XaVhhZh 7G6H>A! '%%)0 e# (* # D ZbedYZgVbZcid hdX^Va ZciZcY^Yd Xdbd jb egdXZhhd Z YZkZ eZgbZVg idYVh Vh V Zh Yd Egd\gVbV! hZcYd ZciZcY^Yd Xdbd d ^chigjbZcid eZad fjVa hZ edYZg d hZ bdY^ÒXVg Vh gZaV Zh ZXdc b^XVh Z YZ edYZg# 6d gZheZ^iVg Z [dbZciVg ^c^X^Vi^kVh XjaijgV^h fjZ _{ Zm^hiZb! YZ hZ\bZcidh hdX^V^h Zb \ZgVa bVg\^cVa^oVYdh YV hdX^ZYVYZ Z YVh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh! Xg^V"hZ XdcY^ Zh YZ YZhZckdak^bZcid ZXdc b^Xd VaiZgcVi^kd Z Vji cdbd eVgV V hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ YV Xdbjc^YVYZ# 6hh^b! egdbdkZg d ZbedYZgVbZcid YZhhZh VidgZh hdX^V^h jbV YVh bV^h ^bedgiVciZh bdi^kV Zh Yd Egd\gVbV# 6jidcdb^V! egdiV\dc^hbd Z ZbedYZgVbZcid c d edYZb hZg ZciZcY^Ydh hZeVgVYVbZciZ! YZ bVcZ^gV Zhi{i^XV dj Xdbd bdYZadh egdcidh V hZgZb hZ\j^Ydh# Cd hZj ^ciZg"gZaVX^dcVbZcid Z cd gZaVX^dcVbZcid Xdb Vh Xdbjc^YVYZh fjZ hZ hjeZgV d eVgVY^\bV YV eVgi^X^eV d Z YV X^YVYVc^V Z hZ egdbdkZ V \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV Z igVch[dgbVYdgV Yd egd\gVbV# 6 fjZWgV YZhhZ eVgVY^\bV hZ Y{ cd ^c X^d YZ jb cdkd egdXZhhd! ZmegZhhd cV gZaV d Y^Va i^XV egZhhjedhiV ZcigZ igVY^ d! bZb g^V Z gjeijgV# :cfjVcid egdXZhhdh Zb Xdchigj d
cVh gZaV Zh dXdgg^YVh cd }bW^id Yd egd\gVbV! Vjidcdb^V! egdiV\dc^hbd Z ZbedYZgVbZcid YZkZb iZg Xdbd Z^md dg^ZciVYdg iVa gZaV d Y^Va i^XV ZcigZ igVY^ d ZcfjVcid edcid YZ eVgi^YV! bZb g^V Xdbd gZ"^ciZgegZiV d Yd eVhhVYd Z gjeijgV ZcfjVcid ^ckZc d Yd [jijgd# Jb Ydh dW_Zi^kdh eg^cX^eV^h Yd Egd\gVbV [dbZciVg jbV gZYZ ]dg^odciVa YZ ÆigVch[dgbV d! YZ ^ckZc d! YZ [VoZg Z gZ[VoZg! cd hZci^Yd YV \ZgV d YZ jbV iZ^V YZ h^\c^ÒXV Zh fjZ cdh ZckdakZ V idYdhÇ# CZhhZ XVhd V V d ZhiViVa WjhXV V [dgbV d YZ jbV h ciZhZ XjaijgVa! Zb fjZ VidgZh XdaZi^kdh bVg\^cVa^oVYdh! V eVgi^g YZ hjVh eg eg^Vh XdcXZe Zh Z bdYdh YZ k^YV! eVgi^X^eVb Z h d Zckdak^Ydh Zb ÆZh[ZgVh e Wa^XVhÇ bV^h VbeaVh! Vgi^XjaVYVh Xdb WVhZ Zb kVadgZh i^Xd"eda i^Xdh Z Y^hh^eVcYd eg{i^XVh hda^Y{g^Vh fjZ edhhVb XdggdWdgVg eVgV V ZbVcX^eV d Ydh ^cY^k Yjdh# 6 eVgi^g YV V d Yd :hiVYd! Zhi^bjaVYV V jc^ d YZ ZcZg\^Vh Y^hh^eVYVh eZadh VidgZh XjaijgV^h! jbV [dgbV YZ Æeda i^XV e Wa^XV hjWkZgh^kVÇ Ä cV kZgYVYZ XdcigVedcidh cZXZhh{g^dh Vd bdbZcid ]^hi g^Xd YV ÆXjaijgVÇ! \adWVa^oVYV Z bZgXVci^a^oVYV Zb fjVhZ idYdh dh hZjh VheZXidh! YV egdYj d | Y^[jh d! YV Xg^V d | [gj^ d# CZhhZ hZci^Yd! fjVafjZg eda i^XV XjaijgVa fjZ hZ YZhZ_Z egd\gZhh^hiV YZkZ cZXZhhVg^VbZciZ V\^g Xdbd jb bZY^Vi^oVYdg YZ [dg Vh! VijVcYd Xdb k^hiVh V igViVg YZh^\jV^h Xdbd YZh^\jV^h cV bZY^YV YZ hjVh YZh^\jVaYVYZh! \VgVci^cYd Y^gZ^idh | egdYj d! Y^[jh d$X^gXjaV d Z [gj^ d V idYdh Vh h^cXg i^XVh bVc^[ZhiV Zh XjaijgV^h YZ cdhhV hdX^ZYVYZ#
YVh hjW_Zi^k^YVYZh! gZheZ^iVcYd hjVh Y^bZch Zh h^bW a^XVh! YZ X^YVYVc^V Z YZ kVadg ZXdc b^Xd V\gZ\VYd! d egd\gVbV eVhhdj V gZXdc]ZXZg Z[Zi^kVbZciZ Vfj^ad fjZ _{ egdYjo^Yd ZmViVbZciZ edg e Wa^Xdh fjZ VijVb | bVg\Zb YV ^cY hig^V XjaijgVa# GZcZ\VYdh eZaV bjcY^Va^oV d! ZhhZh bdk^bZcidh h d ^ciZgadXjidgZh ^cÒc^iVbZciZ bV^h aZ\ i^bdh cV WjhXV YZ jbV hdaj d egd\gZhh^hiV eVgV dh egdWaZbVh hdX^V^h WgVh^aZ^gdh Yd fjZ jbV [jcYV d dj ^chi^ijid ZbegZhVg^Va a^\VYd V jb \gVcYZ Xdc\adbZgVYd ÒcVcXZ^gd# 8ZgiVbZciZ dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV iVbW b edYZg^Vb hZg X]VbVYdh YZ ÆEdcidh YZ 8ViVghZÇ! Zb WjhXV YV [dgbV d YZ cdkdh ÆVeVgZa]dh e Wa^Xdh YZ ]Z\Zbdc^VÇ V eVgi^g YV eg{m^h Ydh hj_Z^idh ]^hi g^Xdh Zckdak^Ydh Xdb d Egd\gVbV# Cd XVhd YV XjaijgV! V eda i^XV e Wa^XV k^hV VXZgiVYVbZciZ egdedgX^dcVg V Vgi^XjaV d Ydh bdk^bZcidh bVg\^cVa^oVYdh Z d YZk^Yd Z XgZhXZciZ V[VhiVbZcid Yd bZgXVYd! ediZcX^Va^oVcYd V [dgbV d YZ jb kZgYVYZ^gd :hiVYd gZ\jaVYd eZaV eg eg^V hdX^ZYVYZ ]jbVcV! eda^i^oVYV! hdX^Va^oVYV! Xdbjc^oVYV# 7>7A>D<G6;>6 BRASIL. Ministério da Cultura. Cartilha do Programa Cultura Viva. 2004. Disponível em http://www.cultura.gov.br/cultura_viva/ catalogo/ . Acessado em 20/08/2006 GOMOR DOS SANTOS, Eduardo. Formulação de políticas culturais: leis de incentivo e as inovações do Programa Cultura Viva. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Mestrado em Administração Pública e Governo da EAESP/FGV. São Paulo, 2008.
6d Vgi^XjaVg YZ [dgbV ^cdkVYdgV V XjaijgV! hZb Y^g^\^hbdh dj a^WZgVa^hbdh YZbVh^VYdh! Xdbd jbV cdkV [dgbV YZ bVc^[ZhiV d
73
6K6A>6v³D EG:A>B>C6G 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 9D B>C>HIwG>D 96 8JAIJG6 )#
B6G>6 AJ8>6 BDCI:H
D 9>H8JGHD 9: EDHH: 9D B>C>HIGD <>A7:GID <>A / D ¹9D">C 6CIGDEDAÓ<>8Dº :b fjVafjZg {gZV YZ \dkZgcd! Z Zb ZheZX^Va cd <dkZgcd ;ZYZgVa! egd\gVbVh YZhZckdak^Ydh edg hZjh g\ dh VYb^c^higVi^kdh WjhXVb igVYjo^g! cjbV {gZV ZheZX ÒXV! eg^cX e^dh! XdcXZ^idh Z kVadgZh fjZ YZhZc]VgVb V egdedhiV eda i^XV Z
74
YZ \dkZgcd Yd bVcYVi{g^d ZaZ^id Z fjZ hZ ZmegZhhVb Zb egd_Zidh bV^h dj bZcdh VWgVc\ZciZh# IV^h egd_Zidh Z egd\gVbVh! edg djigd aVYd! bj^iVh kZoZh \jVgYVb V bVgXV Yd dXjeVciZ Yd XVg\d cd g\ d ^cXjbW^Yd YZ hjV ^beaZbZciV d! ^YZci^ÒXVcYd"hZ Zb bV^dg dj bZcdg \gVj Xdb V hjV \Zhi d# Cd XVhd Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV! fjVhZ ^bedhh kZa c d VhhdX^{"ad | Ò\jgV Yd ZmigVdgY^c{g^d Vgi^hiV <^aWZgid <^a! V fjZb [d^ ZcigZ\jZ V eVhiV edg dXVh^ d YV
ZaZ^ d Yd EgZh^YZciZ Aj^h >c{X^d AjaV YV H^akV# HZj Y^hXjghd YZ edhhZ! V ' YZ _VcZ^gd YZ '%%(! Xdchi^ij^ jbV eZ V bZbdg{kZa Z fjZ _{ igVo ^chXg^iV V ^Y ^V Yd fjZ hZg^Vb dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV fjZ eVhhVg^Vb V [jcX^dcVg Xdbd dh ZaZbZcidh YZ Vgi^XjaV d Yd [jijgd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# HZ\jcYd d cdkd B^c^higd! V ZaZ^ d egZh^YZcX^Va ]Vk^V h^Yd ÆV bV^h Zadf ZciZ bVc^[ZhiV d YV cV d WgVh^aZ^gV eZaV cZXZhh^YVYZ Z eZaV
jg\ cX^V YV bjYVc VÇ# : d XZgcZ YZ jbV bjYVc V ÆZhhZcX^Va Z ZhigVi \^XVÇ cV eda i^XV YZ XjaijgV Yd eV h! fjZ d B^c^higd Vhhjb^V Xdbd hjV iVgZ[V ^beaZbZciVg! Xdch^hi^V Zb edg Zb eg{i^XV jb i^ed YZ V d fjZ VXVWdj hZcYd edg ZaZ YZÒc^YV edg jb XdcXZ^id | eg^bZ^gV k^hiV ZhigVc]d/ jb ÆYd"^c Vcigdeda \^XdÇ# D iZgbd c d YZ^mdj YZ XVjhVg hjgegZhV! kVaZcYd Vd B^c^higd! ^cXajh^kZ! Va\jch XdbZci{g^dh bVaYdhdh YV ^begZchV! Y^VciZ YV bZi{[dgV ^cjh^iVYV! fjVcYd c d
75
^cXdbegZZch kZa### Cd ZciVcid! cVYV edYZg^V hZg bZa]dg [jcYVbZciVYd! cd hZj Y^hXjghd! Yd fjZ ZhhZ XdcXZ^id! fjZ eVgZX^V VedciVg eVgV Va\d Zc^\b{i^Xd### :c^\b{i^Xd Z ^cXdbegZZch kZa ZgV! cV kZgYVYZ! d cdkd da]Vg fjZ B^c^higd aVc VkV hdWgZ d jc^kZghd YV ÇXjaijgVÇ! iVa Xdbd d iZgbd [d^ hZbegZ ÆcVijgVabZciZÇ ZciZcY^Yd cdh X gXjadh dÒX^V^h Z YZ Za^iZ! gZhjb^Yd Vd X^gXj^id ZhigZ^id YVh ÆVgiZhÇ! Z fjZ gZhZgkVkV eVgV d jc^kZghd YV Xg^V d edejaVg VeZcVh d cdbZ YZ Æ[daXadgZÇ/ ZcfjVcid Æc hÇ [VoZbdh VgiZ Z XjaijgV! ÆZaZhÇ [VoZb [daXadgZ Z VgiZhVcVid! bZgdh gZeZi^YdgZh Z Xde^hiVh Ydh kZgYVYZ^gdh egdXZhhdh YZ Xg^V d fjZ hZ ZcXdcigVb### cV ÆVaiVÇ XjaijgV! V XjaijgV ÆZgjY^iVÇ :b fjZ eZhZb Vh VeVg cX^Vh! V Y^[ZgZc V cjcXV [d^ iVcid gZaVi^kV V egdXZhhdh YZ Xg^V d Z fjVa^YVYZ Zhi i^XV dj Vgi hi^XV fjVcid | dg^\Zb hdX^Va Ydh Xg^VYdgZh# Ed^h c d kZgYVYZ fjZ V Xg^V d Yd edkd! eVgV iZg Y^gZ^id YZ X^YVYVc^V Zb jb bjhZj! egZX^hV YZ VY_Zi^kd fjZ V fjVa^ÒfjZ " dj VciZh! YZhfjVa^ÒfjZ### Ä Xdbd ÆVgiZ edejaVgÇ4 :hiZ [d^ d edcid XZcigVa fjZ d B^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a XdadXdj Zb fjZhi d# 6Yb^i^cYd fjZ V ZhXda]V Yd EgZh^YZciZ YV GZe Wa^XV h^\c^ÒXVgV V ÆXdchV\gV d edejaVg Yd cdbZ YZ jb igVWVa]VYdg! Yd cdbZ YZ jb WgVh^aZ^gd egd[jcYd! h^beaZh Z Y^gZid! YZ jb WgVh^aZ^gd ^YZci^ÒXVYd edg XVYV jb YZ c h Xdbd jb hZj ^\jVa! Xdbd jb XdbeVc]Z^gdÇ! <^a ZcXVgVkV hjV cdbZV d Xdbd jb \Zhid h^bW a^Xd! Xdbd V ZhXda]V YZ jb ]dbZb Yd edkd Xdbd Pd EgZh^YZciZR# 9Z jb ]dbZb fjZ hZ Zc\V_dj cjb hdc]d \ZgVX^dcVa YZ igVch[dgbV d Yd eV h! YZ jb cZ\gdbZhi^ d ZbeZc]VYd cVh bdk^bZciV Zh YZ hjV \ZciZ! YZ
76
jb Vgi^hiV fjZ cVhXZj Ydh hdadh bV^h \ZcZgdhdh YZ cdhhV XjaijgV edejaVg Ä Z fjZ! Xdbd d hZj edkd! _VbV^h VWg^j b d YV VkZcijgV! Yd [VhX c^d Z Yd YZhVÒd Yd cdkd# Edg ZhiV gVo d! d B^c^higd Vhhjb^V Xdbd jbV YZ hjVh iVgZ[Vh eg^cX^eV^h Æi^gVg d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV YV Y^hi}cX^V Zb fjZ ZaZ hZ ZcXdcigV! ]d_Z! Yd Y^V"V"Y^V Ydh WgVh^aZ^gdhÇ! YZ bdYd V idgc{"ad ÆegZhZciZ Zb idYdh dh XVcidh Z gZXVcidh YZ cdhhd EV hÇ! Xdbd ÆV XVhV YZ idYdh dh fjZ eZchVb Z [VoZb d 7gVh^a! ### V XVhV YV XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gVÇ# :gV Zb k^hiV YZhhZ egde h^id fjZ hZ idgcVkV cZXZhh{g^d YZhXdchigj^g V k^h d igVY^X^dcVa hdWgZ d h^\c^ÒXVYd Yd iZgbd ÆXjaijgV edejaVgÇ! Vbea^VcYd d XdcXZ^id YZ ÆXjaijgVÇ |h hjVh Y^bZch Zh kZgYVYZ^gVbZciZ Vcigdeda \^XVh# 8dck b X^iVg d eg eg^d B^c^higd/ : d fjZ ZciZcYd edg XjaijgV kV^ bj^id Va b Yd }bW^id gZhig^id Z gZhig^i^kd YVh XdcXZe Zh VXVY b^XVh! dj Ydh g^idh Z YV a^ijg\^V YZ jbV hjedhiV ÆXaVhhZ Vgi hi^XV Z ^ciZaZXijVaÇ# 8jaijgV! Xdbd Va\j b _{ Y^hhZ! c d VeZcVh ÆjbV Zhe X^Z YZ ^\cdg}cX^V fjZ Y^hi^c\jZ dh ZhijY^dhdhÇ# CZb hdbZciZ d fjZ hZ egdYjo cd }bW^id YVh [dgbVh XVcdc^oVYVh eZadh X Y^\dh dX^YZciV^h! Xdb Vh hjVh ]^ZgVgfj^Vh hjheZ^iVh# 9d bZhbd bdYd! c^c\j b Vfj^ kV^ bZ djk^g egdcjcX^Vg V eVaVkgV Æ[daXadgZÇ# Dh k cXjadh ZcigZ d XdcXZ^id ZgjY^id YZ Æ[daXadgZÇ Z V Y^hXg^b^cV d XjaijgVa h d bV^h Yd fjZ ZhigZ^idh# H d ci^bdh# Æ;daXadgZÇ ijYd Vfj^ad fjZ Ä c d hZ ZcfjVYgVcYd! edg hjV Vci^\ ^YVYZ! cd eVcdgVbV YV XjaijgV YZ bVhhV Ä egdYjo^Yd edg \ZciZ ^cXjaiV! edg Æeg^b^i^kdh XdciZbedg}cZdhÇ! Xdbd jbV Zhe X^Z YZ ZcXaVkZ h^bW a^Xd! ]^hidg^XVbZciZ VigVhVYd! cd bjcYd VijVa# Dh Zch^cVbZcidh YZ A^cV 7d 7VgY^ bZ egZkZc^gVb YZÒc^i^kVbZciZ
XdcigV ZhhV VgbVY^a]V# C d Zm^hiZ Æ[daXadgZÇ Ä d fjZ Zm^hiZ XjaijgV# 8jaijgV Xdbd ijYd Vfj^ad fjZ! cd jhd YZ fjVafjZg Xd^hV! hZ bVc^[ZhiV eVgV Va b Yd bZgd kVadg YZ jhd# 8jaijgV Xdbd Vfj^ad fjZ! Zb XVYV dW_Zid fjZ egdYjo^bdh! igVchXZcYZ d bZgVbZciZ i Xc^Xd# 8jaijgV Xdbd jh^cV YZ h bWdadh YZ jb edkd# 8jaijgV Xdbd Xdc_jcid YZ h^\cdh YZ XVYV Xdbjc^YVYZ Z YZ idYV V cV d# 8jaijgV Xdbd d hZci^Yd YZ cdhhdh Vidh! V hdbV YZ cdhhdh \Zhidh! d hZchd YZ cdhhdh _Z^idh# 9ZhiV eZgheZXi^kV! Vh V Zh Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV YZkZg d hZg ZciZcY^YVh Xdbd ZmZgX X^dh YZ Vcigdedad\^V Vea^XVYV# D B^c^hi g^d YZkZ hZg Xdbd jbV ajo fjZ gZkZaV! cd eVhhVYd Z cd egZhZciZ! Vh Xd^hVh Z dh h^\cdh fjZ ÒoZgVb Z [VoZb! Yd 7gVh^a! d 7gVh^a# 6hh^b! d hZad YV XjaijgV! d [dXd YV XjaijgV! hZg{ XdadXVYd Zb idYdh dh VheZXidh fjZ V gZkZaZb Z ZmegZhhZb! eVgV fjZ edhhVbdh iZXZg d Òd fjZ dh jcZ# :gV YZhiV eZgheZXi^kV fjZ iVbW b YZkZg^Vb hZg YZÒc^Ydh! hZ\jcYd d B^c^higd! d }bW^id Z d bdYd YZ VijV d Yd :hiVYd cV {gZV YV XjaijgV# 9ZhXVgiVcYd! edg jb aVYd! V de d eZaV Ædb^hh dÇ fjZ h^\c^ÒXVg^V YZ^mVg idYd ÒcVcX^VbZcid! Ved^d Z ^cXZci^kd | egdYj d XjaijgVa edg XdciV Yd bZgXVYd! ZaZ gZXjhVkV! edg djigd! d bdYZad fjZ YZaZ\Vg^V Vd :hiVYd V [jc d YZ Æ[VoZg XjaijgVÇ# EVgV ZaZ! Pd :hiVYdR c d YZkZ Vi^gVg [dgV YZ hZjh dbWgdh V gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ eZaV [dgbjaV d Z ZmZXj d YZ eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh! VedhiVcYd idYVh Vh hjVh ÒX]Vh Zb bZXVc^hbdh ÒhXV^h Z Vhh^b ZcigZ\VcYd V eda i^XV XjaijgVa Vdh kZcidh! Vdh hVWdgZh Z Vdh XVeg^X]dh Yd YZjh"bZgXVYd# w XaVgd fjZ Vh aZ^h Z dh bZXVc^hbdh YZ ^cXZci^kdh ÒhXV^h h d YV bV^dg
^bedgi}cX^V# BVh d bZgXVYd c d ijYd# C d hZg{ cjcXV# HVWZbdh bj^id WZb fjZ Zb bVi g^V YZ XjaijgV! Vhh^b Xdbd Zb hV YZ Z ZYjXV d! egZX^hd ZmVb^cVg Z Xdgg^\^g Y^hidg Zh ^cZgZciZh | a \^XV Yd bZgXVYd Ä fjZ hZbegZ gZ\^YV! Zb ai^bV Vc{a^hZ! eZaV aZ^ Yd bV^h [dgiZ# HVWZbdh fjZ egZX^hd! Zb bj^idh XVhdh! ^g Va b Yd ^bZY^Vi^hbd! YV k^h d YZ Xjgid VaXVcXZ! YV ZhigZ^iZoV! YVh ^chjÒX^ cX^Vh Z bZhbd YV ^\cdg}cX^V Ydh V\ZciZh bZgXVYda \^Xdh# HVWZbdh fjZ egZX^hd hjeg^g Vh cdhhVh \gVcYZh Z [jcYVbZciV^h XVg cX^Vh# D B^c^hi g^d c d edYZ! edgiVcid! hZg VeZcVh jbV XV^mV YZ gZeVhhZ YZ kZgWVh eVgV jbV Xa^ZciZaV egZ[ZgZcX^Va# Cd ZciVcid! d B^c^higd gZXdc]ZX^V iVbW b fjZ! Vd YZhXVgiVg V k^h d c d"^ciZgkZcX^dc^hiV Yd :hiVYd! hZ\jcYd V ^Y ^V cZda^WZgVa YZ jb Æ:hiVYd b c^bdÇ! iVbW b c d XVWZg^V gZXdggZg Vd kZa]d bdYZad ÆYZ ZhfjZgYVÇ fjZ ^b^hXj^ V V d ZhiViVa Ä Xdb idYV V hjV XVg\V eda i^XV Z ^YZda \^XV Ä | egdYj d YV XjaijgV YZ jb edkd Z YZ jbV cV d! Vgg^hXVcYd V k "adh V[VhiVg"hZ Ydh XVb^c]dh YV YZbdXgVX^V eZaV
V d YZ jb \dkZgcd idiVa^i{g^d dj jb :hiVYd YZhe i^Xd# 8dZgZciZ Xdb V k^h d Vcigdeda \^XV Vbea^VYV Yd XdcXZ^id YZ XjaijgV! h edYZg^V Vhh^b XdcXaj^g fjZ c d XVWZ Vd :hiVYd [VoZg XjaijgV# C d XVWZ Vd :hiVYd [VoZg XjaijgV! bVh! h^b! Xg^Vg XdcY^ Zh YZ VXZhhd jc^kZghVa Vdh WZch h^bW a^Xdh# C d XVWZ Vd :hiVYd [VoZg XjaijgV! bVh! h^b! egdedgX^dcVg XdcY^ Zh cZXZhh{g^Vh eVgV V Xg^V d Z V egdYj d YZ WZch XjaijgV^h! hZ_Vb ZaZh VgiZ[Vidh dj bZciZ[Vidh# C d XVWZ Vd :hiVYd [VoZg XjaijgV! bVh! h^b! egdbdkZg d YZhZckdak^bZcid XjaijgVa \ZgVa YV hdX^ZYVYZ# CZhhV eZgheZXi^kV! V XjaijgV k^hiV Xdbd Xg^V d YV eg eg^V hdX^ZYVYZ! Z d VXZhhd Vdh hZjh WZch Xdbd jb Y^gZ^id YZ X^YVYVc^V! XVWZcYd Vd :hiVYd ^ciZgk^g VeZcVh eVgV! edg Vhh^b Y^oZg! ÆYZhigVkVggÇ V Xg^V d XjaijgVa hZXjaVgbZciZ c d aZ\^i^bVYV Ydh \gjedh hjWVaiZgcdh! YVg"a]Z ZheV d Z k^h^W^a^YVYZ cd XZc{g^d XjaijgVa YV cV d! Xdb XdchZf cX^Vh ^chjheZ^i{kZ^h Zb iZgbdh YVh igVch[dgbV Zh hdX^V^h fjZ V ^hhd edYZg d hZ\j^g"hZ# CVh eVaVkgVh Yd eg eg^d <^a!
Pc d XVWZ Vd :hiVYd [VoZg XjaijgVR edgfjZ d VXZhhd | XjaijgV jb Y^gZ^id W{h^Xd YZ X^YVYVc^V! Vhh^b Xdbd d Y^gZ^id | ZYjXV d! | hV YZ! | k^YV cjb bZ^d VbW^ZciZ hVjY{kZa# EdgfjZ! Vd ^ckZhi^g cVh XdcY^ Zh YZ Xg^V d Z egdYj d! ZhiVgZbdh idbVcYd jbV ^c^X^Vi^kV YZ XdchZf cX^Vh ^begZk^h kZ^h! bVh XZgiVbZciZ Wg^a]VciZh Z egd[jcYVh Ä _{ fjZ V Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ edejaVg WgVh^aZ^gV! Ydh eg^bZ^gdh iZbedh Xdadc^V^h Vdh Y^Vh YZ ]d_Z! [d^ hZbegZ bj^id Va b Yd fjZ eZgb^i^Vb Vh XdcY^ Zh ZYjXVX^dcV^h! hdX^V^h Z ZXdc b^XVh YZ cdhhV Zm^hi cX^V# CV kZgYVYZ! d :hiVYd cjcXV ZhiZkZ | VaijgV Yd [VoZg YZ cdhhd edkd! cdh bV^h kVg^VYdh gVbdh YV \gVcYZ {gkdgZ YV Xg^V d h^bW a^XV WgVh^aZ^gV# w egZX^hd iZg ]jb^aYVYZ! edgiVcid# BVh! Vd bZhbd iZbed! d :hiVYd c d YZkZ YZ^mVg YZ V\^g# :hiV V d ZhiViVa hZg{! edgiVcid! Zb jb hZci^Yd WZb ZheZX ÒXd! Æ[VoZg XjaijgVÇ edgfjZ! gZÓZi^cYd V XjaijgV eda i^XV YV hdX^ZYVYZ Zb fjZ iZb aj\Vg! ZaV hZ ^ciZ\gV | hjV Y^c}b^XV! ^ciZgV\^cYd Xdb djigVh [dgbVh YZ egdYj d XjaijgVa# Cd ZciVcid! hZg{ jb i^ed YZ V d iVbW b
77
78
ZheZX ÒXV/ ZhigVi \^XV! edg b edcijVa! ^cX^Y^cYd hdWgZ ÆedcidhÇ _{ Zm^hiZciZh Ä Vh bV^h Y^kZghVh [dgbVh YZ Xg^V d XjaijgVa YZ \gjedh hdX^V^h hjWVaiZgcdh Ä bVh Vi Zci d ^ck^h kZ^h dj cZ\a^\ZcX^VYdh Ä bV^h WZb! YZhaZ\^i^bVYdh Ä ZaV a^WZgV jbV ZcZg\^V Xg^VYdgV gZegZhVYV fjZ VaiZgVg{ YZ bVcZ^gV h^\c^ÒXVi^kV V egdYj d YV XjaijgV Xdbd jb idYd Z Zb hjVh bV^h Y^[ZgZciZh {gZVh YZ Xg^V d# :hiZ d hZci^Yd Yd [Vbdhd ÆYd"^c Vcigdeda \^XdÇ egZXdc^oVYd eZad B^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a# ### c d XVWZ Vd :hiVYd [VoZg XjaijgV! V c d hZg cjb hZci^Yd bj^id ZheZX ÒXd Z ^cZk^i{kZa# Cd hZci^Yd YZ fjZ [dgbjaVg eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh eVgV V XjaijgV ! iVbW b! egdYjo^g XjaijgV# Cd hZci^Yd YZ fjZ idYV eda i^XV XjaijgVa [Vo eVgiZ YV XjaijgV eda i^XV YZ jbV hdX^ZYVYZ Z YZ jb edkd! cjb YZiZgb^cVYd bdbZcid YZ hjV Zm^hi cX^V# Cd hZci^Yd YZ fjZ idYV eda i^XV XjaijgVa c d edYZ YZ^mVg cjcXV YZ ZmegZhhVg VheZXidh ZhhZcX^V^h YV XjaijgV YZhhZ bZhbd edkd# BVh! iVbW b! cd hZci^Yd YZ fjZ egZX^hd ^ciZgk^g# C d hZ\jcYd V XVgi^a]V Yd kZa]d bdYZad ZhiVi^oVciZ! bVh eVgV XaVgZVg XVb^c]dh! VWg^g XaVgZ^gVh!
Zhi^bjaVg! VWg^\Vg# EVgV [VoZg jbV Zhe X^Z YZ ÆYd"^cÇ Vcigdeda \^Xd! bVhhV\ZVcYd edcidh k^iV^h! bVh bdbZciVcZVbZciZ YZhegZoVYdh dj VYdgbZX^Ydh! Yd Xdged XjaijgVa Yd eV h# :cÒb! eVgV Vk^kVg d kZa]d Z Vi^ Vg d cdkd# Dh ÆedcidhÇ Vcigdedad\^XVbZciZ gZaZkVciZh YZhiZ ÆXdged XjaijgVa Yd eV hÇ! Zb idYV V ZmiZch d Yd iZgg^i g^d cVX^dcVa! V hZgZb hjWbZi^Ydh V iVa egdXZhhd YZ Zhi^bjaV d eVgV fjZ! YZhWadfjZVYdh! YZ^mZb Ój^g hjV ^chjheZ^iVYV ZcZg\^V Xg^VYdgV hZg d igVch[dgbVYdh! Zb hZiZbWgd YZ '%%)! cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! Vd hZg aVc VYd d ZY^iVa eVgV V hZaZ d Ydh eg^bZ^gdh egd_Zidh YV eg^bZ^gV [VhZ Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV# 8jaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV/ jc^YVYZ Z Y^kZgh^YVYZ! ZcigZ V igVY^ d Z V ^ckZc d XdciZbedg}cZV JbV YVh XdchZf cX^Vh YV ^cXdgedgV d eZad B^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a YZ jbV XdbegZZch d bV^h VWgVc\ZciZ Z YZ Xjc]d Vcigdeda \^Xd Yd XdcXZ^id YZ XjaijgV Zhi{ cV YZhXdchigj d h^hiZb{i^XV YVh ^bea^XV Zh Yd
79
jhd Yd XdcXZ^id YZ [daXadgZ! hdW d fjVa Vh bVc^[ZhiV Zh XjaijgV^h edejaVgZh igVY^X^dcVabZciZ [dgVb XdbegZZcY^YVh# :ciZcY^YVh Xdbd [ hhZ^h VgXV^Xdh! iZhiZbjc]dh YZ jb eVhhVYd fjZ d VkVc d YV X^k^a^oV d YZ^mdj eVgV ig{h! ZaVh hZ k Zb YjeaVbZciZ eg^h^dcZ^gVh! XdcÒcVYVh cjb iZbed egZi g^id Z Xdc\ZaVYVh cd ^ciZg^dg YV ÆigVY^ dÇ \gV Vh | fjVa [dgVb gZeVhhVYVh YZ \ZgV d Zb \ZgV d! YZkZcYd Vhh^b bVciZg"hZ ÆÒ ^hÇ V ZaV# Edg djigd aVYd! bZhbd fjVcYd h d
80
kVadg^oVYVh edg jbV XdcXZe d YZ dg^\Zb gdb}ci^XV hZ\jcYd V fjVa! hZY^bZciVYVh Vd adc\d YV ]^hi g^V! Vh bVc^[ZhiV Zh XjaijgV^h edejaVgZh XdcYZchVb V ÆZhh cX^VÇ YV XjaijgV YZ jb edkd Z! edgiVcid! YZ hjV Æ^YZci^YVYZ cVX^dcVaÇ! iV^h ZmegZhh Zh edejaVgZh h d bVci^YVh VeVgiVYVh YV XjaijgV ZgjY^iV YZ Za^iZ! fjZ Vh ÆXdciVb^cVg^VÇ Xdb kVadgZh ZmiZgcdh | ÆigVY^ dÇ# Cd ZciVcid! V k^h d Vcigdeda \^XV ^cXVeVo YZ Xdc[Zg^g fjVafjZg hZci^Yd
| eVaVkgV XjaijgV hZb eZchVg Zb hZj XdggZaVid ZhhZcX^Va! V Y^c}b^XV XjaijgVa ! \gV Vh | fjVa bZhbd Vh bV^h VggV^\VYVh ÆigVY^ ZhÇ eZgbVcZXZb k^kVh egZX^hVbZciZ Zb gVo d YZ hjVh igVch[dgbV Zh! fjZ Vh e Zb Zb Y^{ad\d XdchiVciZ Xdb d iZbed egZhZciZ eVgV fjZ edhhVb bVciZg"hZ Xdbd gZ[Zg cX^Vh fjZ Y d hZci^Yd | ZmeZg^ cX^V ]jbVcV cd bjcYd# 9ZhiZ bdYd! c d ]{ igVY^ d hZb ^ckZc d Z gZhh^\c^ÒXV d XdchiVciZh! Vhh^b Xdbd c d ]{ jc^YVYZ YZ jbV XjaijgV! fjZ igV\V Zb h^ hjV ÆZhh cX^VÇ! hZb V Y^kZgh^YVYZ Ydh ZaZbZcidh fjZ V ^ciZ\gVb! Zb XdchiVciZ bdk^bZcid! eZaV Y^c}b^XV fjZ XdbVcYV hjV ^ciZgV d! idgcVcYd"hZ! cd XVhd Yd 7gVh^a! V^cYV bV^h XdbeaZmV edg ^cXdgedgVg igVY^ Zh YZ edkdh Y^hi^cidh fjZ Zhi d cV gV^o YV cdhhV [dgbV d XjaijgVa# H d ZhhZh egdXZhhdh fjZ hjhiZciVb d gVX^dX c^d Yd B^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a fjVcYd! V^cYV Zb hZj Y^hXjghd YZ edhhZ! ZaZ VÒgbV/ 6 bjai^ea^X^YVYZ XjaijgVa WgVh^aZ^gV jb [Vid# EVgVYdmVabZciZ! V cdhhV jc^YVYZ YZ XjaijgV Ä jc^YVYZ W{h^XV! VWgVc\ZciZ Z egd[jcYV Ä iVbW b# :b kZgYVYZ! edYZbdh bZhbd Y^oZg
fjZ V Y^kZgh^YVYZ ^ciZgcV ! ]d_Z! jb Ydh cdhhdh igV dh ^YZci^i{g^dh bV^h c i^Ydh# w d fjZ [Vo Xdb fjZ jb ]VW^iVciZ YV [VkZaV XVg^dXV! k^cXjaVYd Vd hVbWV Z | bVXjbWV! Z jb XVWdXad VbVo c^Xd! Xjai^kVcYd XVg^bW h Z ZcXVciVYdh! h^ciVb" hZ Ä Z! YZ [Vid! hZ_Vb Ä ^\jVabZciZ WgVh^aZ^gdh# 8dbd WZb Y^hhZ 6\dhi^c]d YV H^akV! d 7gVh^a c d d eV h Yd ^hid dj Vfj^ad! bVh d eV h Yd ^hid Z Vfj^ad# Hdbdh jb edkd bZhi^ d fjZ kZb Xg^VcYd! Vd adc\d Ydh h Xjadh! jbV XjaijgV ZhhZcX^VabZciZ h^cXg i^XV# JbV XjaijgV Y^kZgh^ÒXVYV! eajgVa Ä bVh fjZ Xdbd jb kZgWd Xdc_j\VYd edg eZhhdVh Y^kZghVh! Zb iZbedh Z bdYdh Y^hi^cidh# EdgfjZ! Vd bZhbd iZbed! ZhhV XjaijgV jcV/ XjaijgV igde^XVa h^cXg i^XV iZX^YV Vd VWg^\d Z | ajo YV a c\jV edgij\jZhV# Cd ZciVcid! | ajo YV Y^c}b^XV YV XjaijgV! c d ]{ iVbW b Xdbd eZchVg Zb jc^YVYZ XjaijgVa fjZ c d hZ_V XdcÓ^i^kV Z bj^iVh kZoZh XdcigVY^i g^V! edgfjZ dh Y^[ZgZciZh jc^kZghdh h^bW a^Xdh Z YZ h^\c^ÒXV d fjZ Vhh^b h d VbVa\VbVYdh hZ hjhiZciVb Zb WVhZh hdX^V^h Z YZ edYZg YZh^\jV^h# Cd XVhd Yd 7gVh^a! fjZhi Zh ic^XVh Z gVX^V^h hZ hdWgZe Zb |h
81
YZh^\jVaYVYZh YZ g^fjZoV! egZhi \^d Z edYZg Zm^hiZciZh YZ bdYd ÓV\gVciZ cV hdX^ZYVYZ! Xdbd jb ZaZbZcid ZhhZcX^Va V hZg aZkVYd Zb XdciV cV Y^c}b^XV XjaijgVa fjZ! YZhYZ d ^c X^d! bVgXdj V Xdchi^ij^ d YZ jbV XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV eZaV ^cXdgedgV d YV ÆXdcig^Wj^ dÇ YVh Æig h gV Vh [dgbVYdgVhÇ# Edg ^hhd d B^c^higd! iZcYd V ajX^YZo YZ gZ^iZgVg cV Y^c}b^XV XjaijgVa Zm^hiZciZ cV hdX^ZYVYZ WgVh^aZ^gV XdciZbedg}cZV V _jhiVedh^ d Z d Xdck k^d YZ igVY^ Zh YZ b^a c^dh Z YVh bV^h VkVc VYVh iZXcdad\^Vh YZ Xdbjc^XV d! Vhh^cVaV iVbW b hjV kVadgV d Z hjV Y^hig^Wj^ d YZh^\jVa cV hdX^ZYVYZ! ZcXVgVcYd V iVgZ[V Yd B^c^hi g^d Xdbd V YZ XdggZ d YZhhV Y^hidg d# ### V XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV c d edYZ hZg eZchVYV [dgV YZhhZ _d\d! YZhhV Y^Va i^XV eZgbVcZciZ ZcigZ V igVY^ d Z V ^ckZc d! cjbV ZcXgjo^a]VYV YZ bVig^oZh b^aZcVgZh Z ^c[dgbV Zh Z iZXcdad\^Vh YZ edciV# Ad\d! c d hZ igViV hdbZciZ YZ ZmegZhhVg! gZÓZi^g! ZheZa]Vg# 6h eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh eVgV V XjaijgV YZkZb hZg ZcXVgVYVh! iVbW b! Xdbd ^ciZgkZc Zh! Xdbd ZhigVYVh gZV^h Z k^X^cV^h! Xdbd XVb^c]dh cZXZhh{g^dh! Xdbd ViVa]dh jg\ZciZh# :b hjbV! Xdbd ^ciZgkZc Zh Xg^Vi^kVh cd XVbed Yd gZVa ]^hi g^Xd Z hdX^Va# C d edg VXVhd! edgiVcid! d Y^hXjghd Yd B^c^higd ^g{ Zb hZ\j^YV gZXdggZg Vd XdcXZ^id \gVbhX^Vcd YZ ]Z\Zbdc^V! YZÒc^Yd Xdbd jbV cdkV Y^gZ d bdgVa Z ^ciZaZXijVa YV hdX^ZYVYZ fjZ hZg{ egZX^hd Xdchigj^g! eVgV gZhi^ij^g Vdh hjWVaiZgcdh V aZ\^i^b^YVYZ YZ hjVh Xg^V Zh XjaijgV^h [jcYVYVh Zb igVY^ Zh b^aZcVgZh Z! Vd bZhbd iZbed! \VgVci^g"a]Zh d VXZhhd Vdh WZcZ[ X^dh hdX^V^h YV bdYZgc^YVYZ Yd fjVa [dgVb ZmXaj Ydh edg egdXZhhdh ^\jVabZciZ b^aZcVgZh
82
YZ bVg\^cVa^oV d hdX^Va# :hiZ jb egdXZhhd XjaijgVa fjZ Zm^\^g{ jbV bjYVc V YZ bZciVa^YVYZ Z ZaV hZ [Vo bZY^VciZ V egdbd d YZ cdkdh kVadgZh Z YZ V d hdX^Va YZiZgb^cVYV# Edg ^hhd! XdcXaj^ d B^c^higd! 9V fjZ V eda i^XV XjaijgVa YZhiZ B^c^hi g^d! V eda i^XV XjaijgVa Yd <dkZgcd AjaV! V eVgi^g YZhiZ bdbZcid! YZhiZ ^chiVciZ! eVhhV V hZg k^hiV Xdbd eVgiZ Yd egd_Zid \ZgVa YZ Xdchigj d YZ jbV cdkV ]Z\Zbdc^V Zb cdhhd EV h# 8dbd eVgiZ Yd egd_Zid \ZgVa YZ Xdchigj d YZ jbV cV d gZVabZciZ YZbdXg{i^XV! eajgVa Z idaZgVciZ# 8dbd eVgiZ Z Zhh cX^V YZ jb egd_Zid Xdch^hiZciZ Z Xg^Vi^kd YZ gVY^XVa^YVYZ hdX^Va# 8dbd eVgiZ Z Zhh cX^V YV Xdchigj d YZ jb 7gVh^a YZ idYdh# D eVeZa Vi^kd YVh eda i^XVh XjaijgV^h cd egdXZhhd YZ igVch[dgbV d hdX^Va fjZ V hdX^ZYVYZ WgVh^aZ^gV ^be Z! Zb k^hiV YV XdggZ d YV ^c^f ^YVYZ YZ hjVh YZh^\jVaYVYZh hdX^V^h! Zc[Vi^XVbZciZ hVa^ZciVYd eZad B^c^higd! fjZ k c^hhd jbV Y^gZig^o Yd \dkZgcd Vd fjVa hZgkZ! XdchdVciZ Xdb Vh egdedhiVh Yd EgZh^YZciZ gZX b ZhXda]^Yd eZaV kdciVYZ edejaVg# Cjb bdbZcid Zb fjZ V ^bV\Zb Yd 7gVh^a cd ZmiZg^dg ZgV V^cYV bVgXVYV eZad cdi^X^{g^d YZ eg{i^XVh YZ k^da cX^V ^cVYb^hh kZa YZ fjZ ZgVb k i^bVh dh bZbWgdh bV^h ^cYZ[Zhdh YV hdX^ZYVYZ WgVh^aZ^gV! Vhh^b Xdbd YV ^bejc^YVYZ YZ hZjh eZgeZigVYdgZh Ä Xdbd cd XVhd Ydh YZiZcidh YV eg^h d Yd 8VgVcY^gj! igVoZcYd | bZb g^V d ZXd YZ Ze^h Y^dh VciZg^dgZh Xdbd d ZmiZgb c^d YZ bZc^cdh YZ gjV cV 8VcYZa{g^V Z d VhhVhh^cVid Yd cY^d <VaY^cd Ä ZhiZ ZgV jb iZbV fjZ c d edYZg^V YZ^mVg YZ ZhiVg egZhZciZ cd ]dg^odciZ YVh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh YZ jb \dkZgcd ZaZ^id hdW V WVcYZ^gV YV
ZheZgVc V YV gZcdkV d# D B^c^higd YV 8jaijgV VhhjbZ cZhhV ZbegZ^iVYV d eVeZa fjZ a]Z YZaZ\VYd eZad edhid fjZ dXjeV! Vd VÒgbVg/ EZchd! Va^{h! fjZ d egZh^YZciZ AjaV Zhi{ XZgid fjVcYd Y^o fjZ V dcYV VijVa YZ k^da cX^V! fjZ VbZV V YZhigj^g kVadgZh ZhhZcX^V^h YV [dgbV d YZ cdhhd edkd! c d YZkZ hZg XgZY^iVYV VjidbVi^XVbZciZ cV XdciV YV edWgZoV# HZbegZ i^kZbdh edWgZoV cd 7gVh^a! bVh cjcXV V k^da cX^V [d^ iVciV Xdbd ]d_Z# : ZhiV k^da cX^V kZb YVh YZh^\jVaYVYZh hdX^V^h# BZhbd edgfjZ hVWZbdh fjZ d fjZ VjbZcidj cd 7gVh^a! cZhhVh ai^bVh Y XVYVh! c d [d^ ZmViVbZciZ V edWgZoV dj V b^h g^V# 6 edWgZoV Vi fjZ Y^b^cj^j jb edjXd! Xdbd Vh ZhiVi hi^XVh bdhigVb# BVh! Vd bZhbd iZbed! d 7gVh^a hZ idgcdj jb Ydh eV hZh bV^h YZh^\jV^h Yd bjcYd# Jb eV h fjZ edhhj^ iVakZo V e^dg Y^hig^Wj^ d YZ gZcYV YZ idYd d eaVcZiV# : ZhhZ ZhX}cYVad hdX^Va fjZ Zmea^XV! WVh^XVbZciZ! d XVg{iZg fjZ V k^da cX^V jgWVcV Vhhjb^j gZXZciZbZciZ ZcigZ c h! hjWkZgiZcYd! ^cXajh^kZ! dh Vci^\dh kVadgZh YV WVcY^YV\Zb WgVh^aZ^gV# Dj d 7gVh^a VXVWV Xdb V k^da cX^V! dj V k^da cX^V VXVWV Xdb d 7gVh^a#
:hiV ! hZ\jcYd d B^c^higd! jbV eVgiZ ZhhZcX^Va YV iVgZ[V YZ Xdchigj d YZ jbV cdkV ]Z\Zbdc^V! jbV bjYVc V YZ bZciVa^YVYZ cV hdX^ZYVYZ WgVh^aZ^gV fjZ hZ_V XVeVo YZ gZXdchigj^g V ^bV\Zb fjZ ZaV iZb YZ h^ bZhbV Z eZaV fjVa gZXdc]ZX^YV eZadh djigdh# 9^hhd YZeZcYZ V XdggZ d YZ gjbdh fjZ YZkZg{ hZg XVeVo YZ egZhZgkVg dh kVadgZh igVY^X^dcV^h bV^h VggV^\VYVbZciZ k^hidh Xdbd XVgVXiZg hi^Xdh Yd edkd WgVh^aZ^gd! YZcigd Z [dgV Yd eV h# Edg ^hhd ZhiV jbV iVgZ[V fjZ d B^c^higd k Xdbd V bV^h VaiV ZmegZhh d YV V d eda i^XV! cd igVWVa]d YZ XdcXaj^g V Xdchigj d YZ jbV CV d# D 7gVh^a c d edYZ Xdci^cjVg hZcYd h^c c^bd YZ jbV VkZcijgV \ZcZgdhV! bVh hZbegZ ^ciZggdbe^YV# Dj YZ jbV VkZcijgV h cdb^cVabZciZ hda^Y{g^V# C d edYZ Xdci^cjVg hZcYd! Xdbd Y^o^V DhlVaY YZ 6cYgVYZ! jb eV h YZ ZhXgVkdh fjZ iZ^bVb Zb hZg ]dbZch a^kgZh# IZbdh YZ XdbeaZiVg V Xdchigj d YV cV d# 9Z ^cXdgedgVg dh hZ\bZcidh ZmXaj Ydh# 9Z gZYjo^g Vh YZh^\jVaYVYZh fjZ cdh VidgbZciVb# Dj c d iZgZbdh Xdbd gZXjeZgVg V cdhhV Y^\c^YVYZ ^ciZgcV! cZb Xdbd
83
cdh VÒgbVg eaZcVbZciZ cd bjcYd# 8dbd hjhiZciVg V bZchV\Zb fjZ iZbdh V YVg Vd eaVcZiV! ZcfjVcid cV d fjZ hZ egdbZiZj d ^YZVa bV^h Vaid fjZ jbV XdaZi^k^YVYZ edYZ egdedg V h^ bZhbV/ d ^YZVa YV Xdck^k cX^V Z YV idaZg}cX^V! YV XdZm^hi cX^V YZ hZgZh Z a^c\jV\Zch b ai^eadh Z Y^kZghdh! Yd Xdck k^d Xdb V Y^[ZgZc V Z bZhbd Xdb d XdcigVY^i g^d# : d eVeZa YV XjaijgV! cZhhZ egdXZhhd! c d VeZcVh i{i^Xd dj ZhigVi \^Xd Ä XZcigVa/ d eVeZa YZ Xdcig^Wj^g dW_Zi^kVbZciZ eVgV V hjeZgV d Ydh YZhc kZ^h hdX^V^h! bVh VedhiVcYd hZbegZ cV gZVa^oV d eaZcV Yd ]jbVcd# CdiZ"hZ fjZ! Xdbd cZ\gd! d B^c^higd c d edYZ ^\cdgVg dh Z[Z^idh eZgc^X^dhdh fjZ d gVX^hbd Z V Y^hXg^b^cV d gVX^Va i^kZgVb Z Xdci^cjVb V iZg cV k^YV hdX^Va Yd eV h! Xdcig^Wj^cYd eVgV Vegd[jcYVg V^cYV bV^h hjVh YZh^\jVaYVYZh hdX^V^h! d fjZ aZkdj V b^a^i}cX^V Ydh bdk^bZcidh cZ\gdh V YZcjcX^Vg d Æb^id YV YZbdXgVX^V gVX^VaÇ hjedhiVbZciZ Xg^VYd edg <^aWZgid ;gZngZ# Cd ZciVcid! <^aWZgid <^a iZb V \gVcYZoV YZ eZchVg ZhiV fjZhi d eVgV Va b Yd ]dg^odciZ ^bZY^Vid YV ajiV eda i^XV Z YVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh Xdi^Y^VcVh fjZ idgcVb eVae{kZa V egZhZc V Yd gVX^hbd cV hdX^ZYVYZ WgVh^aZ^gV# 6d Xdcig{g^d! WjhXV kZg cd ÆgVX^hbd | WgVh^aZ^gVÇ Ä d ÆgVX^hbd ZckZg\dc]VYdÇ! fjZ hZ igVYjo cd gZXdc]ZX^bZcid YV Zm^hi cX^V Yd [Zc bZcd hdX^Va edg XVYV WgVh^aZ^gd fjZ hZ_V ZcigZk^hiVYd Zb jbV eZhfj^hV! d fjVa! cd ZciVcid! cZ\V fjZ ZaZ eg eg^d hZ_V gVX^hiV dj VegdkZ eg{i^XVh YZhhV cVijgZoV Ä V ZmegZhh d YZ jb kVadg YV hdX^ZYVYZ WgVh^aZ^gV! Xdbd ^YZVa \ZcZgdhd fjZ YZkZ hZg Zc[Vi^oVYd Z egZhZgkVYd# 6i edgfjZ ZaZ iVbW b gZVa^YVYZ XdcXgZiV cV ZmeZg^ cX^V YZ k^YV YZ b^a]VgZh YZ hjWVaiZgcdh! WgVcXdh! cY^dh! cZ\gdbZhi^ dh! bVbZajXdh
84
Z XVWdXadh! ^\jVaVYdh eZaV edWgZoV Z ^gbVcVYdh cV hda^YVg^ZYVYZ edg fjVhZ idYdh dh g^cX Zh bV^h gZbdidh Yd eV h dj cV eZg^[Zg^V YVh \gVcYZh bZig edaZh! Vfj b dj Va b YVh Y^[ZgZc Vh fjZ dh hZeVgVb Zb iZgbdh YZ ^YZci^ÒXV d ic^XV Z gVX^Va# 9V V ^Y ^V ^\jVabZciZ \ZcZgdhV YV ÆVedhiV cV gZVa^oV d eaZcV Yd ]jbVcdÇ ZmiZgcVYV eZad B^c^higd# 6fj^ iVbW b ]{ jbV Zhe X^Z YZ \gVcYZoV! Va^VYV V jbV hZch^W^a^YVYZ hji^a! YZ fjZb c d hZeVgV V kVadg^oV d YVh Xdcfj^hiVh bViZg^V^h YVh iZXcdad\^Vh bdYZgcVh Yd kVadg ^cig chZXd YV ZmeZg^ cX^V hjW_Zi^kV! YV bZb g^V Z YV igVY^ d Xdb V fjVa hZ Xdchig ^ V ^bV\Zb YZ h^ bZhbd dj hZ gZXdchigdZb V Vjid"^bV\Zb Z V Vjid"Zhi^bV [gZciZ V h^ijV Zh YZ YZiZg^dgV d YV eg eg^V ^YZci^YVYZ# >hid hZ idgcV eViZciZ Xdbd ÒadhdÒV YZ V d Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV fjVcYd! Zb djigd XdciZmid! V egde h^id YZ eda i^XVh YZ egZhZgkV d YZ eVig^b c^d! d B^c^higd igViV dh bjhZjh Ä k^hidh igVY^X^dcVabZciZ eZad hZchd Xdbjb Xdbd YZe h^id YZ ÆkZa]Vg^VhÇ Ä Xdbd gZedh^i g^d YZ bZb g^Vh fjZ hZ ZcigZaV Vb Z cdh
bZb g^V hZ ZcXdcigV Xdb djigVh bZb g^Vh Z djigdh XVcidh# : hZ igVch[dgbV V eVgi^g Ydh ZcXdcigdh [Z^idh# Dh bjhZjh YZ eZYgV Z XVa Z dh bjhZjh k^gijV^h h d WV h VWZgidh YV bZb g^V V[Zi^kV YV hdX^ZYVYZ! YV hjW_Zi^k^YVYZ XdaZi^kV Yd eV h! YV hdbV Ydh bjhZjh eZhhdV^h#
[VaVb YZ jbV ÆhjW_Zi^k^YVYZ XdaZi^kV Yd eV hÇ fjZ YZkZ hZg ^cXdgedgVYV cV iVgZ[V YZ Xdchigj d YZ jbV cdkV ]Z\Zbdc^V# 6fj^! V kVadg^oV d Yd ^bV\^c{g^d Zb hZj VheZXid Xg^Vi^kd iVbW b [dg V eda i^XV fjZ ^bejah^dcV V ÆgZ^ckZc d Yd gZVaÇ# 6^cYV Zb '%%)! edjXd YZed^h Yd aVc VbZcid Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! jb Y^hXjghd Yd B^c^higd V egde h^id YZ jbV cdkV eda i^XV eVgV dh bjhZjh Yd >E=6C [VaV hdWgZ Æ6 ^bedgi}cX^V Ydh WV h VWZgidh YV cdhhV bZb g^V V[Zi^kVÇ# :hiZ Vhhjcid P Ydh bjhZjhR ZkdXV dh kZghdh YZ jbV kZa]V XVc d/ ÆIVciV hVjYVYZ egZhZgkVYV cjb kZa]d WV YZ egViV YZcigd YZ b^b $ 9^\d cjb kZa]d WV YZ egViV edgfjZ egViV V ajo Yd ajVgÇ# :aV [VaV YZ jb iZbed YZ gZidgcd Vd 7gVh^a Z YZ jb iZbed YZ Zm a^d! Z YV bZb g^V V[Zi^kV egZhZgkVYV cjb kZa]d WV YZ egViV# :hiZ WV Xdbd jb bjhZj eZhhdVa! d bjhZj fjZ idYdh iZbdh! [Z^id YZ aZbWgVc Vh! fj^cfj^a]Vg^Vh Z gZb^c^hX cX^Vh fjZ Va^bZciVb d cdhhd egZhZciZ# 8dbd idYdh dh bjhZjh eZhhdV^h! d YV XVc d iZb ÆfjVafjZg Xd^hVÇ fjZ kV^ Va b Yd ÆZjÇ# ={ jb bdbZcid Z jb iZgg^i g^d Zb fjZ d XVcid YV
EZchd cd kZa]d WV YZ egViV! eZchd cd bVija d! eZchd cjb egd_Zid YZ k^V\Zb Xdb bVaV Z Xj^V! eZchd cVh VgXVh YZ Va^Vc Vh Z X]Z\d Vdh gZa^X{g^dh! Vdh gZVaZ_dh Z hZjh YZhZ_dh YZ gZ^ckZc d Yd gZVa! Z iVbW b cV VgiZ XdciZbedg}cZV! cd [jiZWda! cV iZXcdad\^V# Edg ZhiZ hZgi d YZ bZb g^Vh Z hjVh kZgZYVh! X]Z\d Vdh \gVcYZh bjhZjh YVh XVe^iV^h Z iVbW b Vdh eZfjZcdh bjhZjh Yd ^ciZg^dg! Z bV^h V^cYV Vdh bjhZjh edgi{iZ^h! i d XVgdh Vdh ]dbZch Z bja]ZgZh Yd edkd! Vdh Vgi^hiVh! Vdh bjhZ ad\dh! Vdh ZYjXVYdgZh! Vdh Vcigde ad\dh! Vdh X^Zci^hiVh Yd b^XgdXdhbd hdX^Va! Z V idYdh dh fjZ hZ YZY^XVb Vd eZchVbZcid Z | ZmegZhh d# ={! Xdbd hZ hVWZ! bjhZjh YZ Y^kZghdh i^edh! idYdh ^\jVabZciZ h^\c^ÒXVi^kdh# D ^bedgiVciZ fjZ ZhiZ_Vb k^kdh! fjZ ejahZb! XdchV\gVcYd d _d\d YZ igVY^ d Z ^ckZc d fjZ Y^VaZi^XVbZciZ bVgXV V Xdchigj d YV XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV# BjhZjh k^kdh! 8jaijgV K^kV# BZb g^V! hjW_Zi^k^YVYZ! gZXdchigj d YV Vjid"^bV\Zb! gZXdcfj^hiV YV Vjid"Zhi^bV! cV ZmeZg^ cX^V Ydh hjWVaiZgcdh# GZXg^V d YZ h^ bZhbdh! Xdchigj d YV CV d Z YZ jb eV h YZ idYdh# IgVY^ d Z gZ^ckZc d! cd VXZhhd |h iZXcdad\^Vh YZ edciV YV Xdbjc^XV d# >cXajh d hdX^Va! ^cXajh d Y^\^iVa# 6giZ Ä Zb idYVh Vh hjVh a^c\jV\Zch Z [dgbVh YZ ZmegZhh d Ä Z igVch[dgbV d hdX^Va# Bj^iVh YVh V Zh fjZ ^g d bViZg^Va^oVg d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV _{ Zhi d egZÒ\jgVYVh YZhYZ
85
d Y^hXjghd YZ edhhZ YZ jb cdkd B^c^higd Z cVh eg^bZ^gVh Vi^k^YVYZh Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV! fjZ eVhhVb V ^ciZ\g{"ad Xdbd eg^dg^i{g^d cVh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh kdaiVYVh eVgV V bjYVc V Yd eV h# :cigZiVcid! ZaVh hZ Zmea^X^iVb YZ [dgbV bV^h XaVgV edg ^ciZgb Y^d Yd g\ d ZcXVggZ\VYd YZ hjV ZmZXj d! cV k^h d Yd HZXgZi{g^d gZhedch{kZa eZad hZidg! Xdbd hZ kZg{ V hZ\j^g# Dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV YV HZXgZiVg^V YZ Egd_Zidh Z Egd\gVbVh 8jaijgV^h! k^hidh eZad HZXgZi{g^d 8Za^d Ijg^cd 9ZhYZ d ^c X^d YV \Zhi d Yd B^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a | [gZciZ Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV! d ]^hidg^VYdg Z VYb^c^higVYdg XjaijgVa 8 a^d Ijg^cd Ä fjZ _{ VciZh igVWVa]VgV cV HZXgZiVg^V YZ 8jaijgV YZ 8Vbe^cVh! HE! Xdb d Vcigde ad\d 6cidc^d 6j\jhid 6gVciZh! cdbZVYd Zb '%%) eVgV V egZh^Y cX^V Yd >E=6C Ä [d^ ZcXVggZ\VYd YV Y^gZ d YV HZXgZiVg^V YZ Egd_Zidh Z Egd\gVbVh 8jaijgV^h Yd B^c8! hdW Xj_V gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ [d^ YZhZckdak^Yd d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# :b hZjh iZmidh YZ VegZhZciV d Yd Egd\gVbV V jb e Wa^Xd ZmiZgcd YZa^cZ^V" hZ V [dgbV Xdbd [dgVb hZcYd igVch[dgbVYVh Zb V Zh XdcXgZiVh Vh Y^gZig^oZh Yd B^c^hi g^d! WZb Xdbd hjV Zkdaj d! ^cXajh^kZ Zb iZgbdh YZ dg\Vc^oV d ^ciZgcV YV hjV \Zhi d# 6hh^b! hjV eVaVkgV XdbeaZbZciVg Vdh egdcjcX^VbZcidh Yd B^c^higd! gZ^iZgVcYd dh bZhbdh eg^cX e^dh! bVh ZmedcYd"dh V eVgi^g YV ZmeZg^ cX^V XdcXgZiV YZ Xdck k^d Xdb dh \gjedh hdX^V^h Z Vh [dgbVh YZ Xg^V d edejaVg fjZ eVjaVi^cVbZciZ [dgVb a]Z YVcYd Xdged# HZj iZmid Edg jbV XjaijgV k^kV YZhZhXdcYZcYd d 7gVh^a egd[jcYd \jVgYV dh ZXdh YZhhV ZmeZg^ cX^V Vd VegZhZciVg d Egd\gVbV hdW hjV Y^gZ d# EgZX^hVbdh YZhXdWg^g d 7gVh^a EgZX^hVbdh YZhZhXdcYZg d 7gVh^a!
86
bdhig{"ad eVgV c h bZhbdh Z eVgV d bjcYd# EgZX^hVbdh ZciZcYZg d 7gVh^a/ Zb aj\Vg YZ XdcXZ^idh g \^Ydh! cd Zh a fj^YVh0 Zb aj\Vg YV gZiV! V XjgkV# EgZX^hVbdh [jcY^g"cdh Xdb d 7gVh^a! idbVg jb WVc]d Zb hjVh {\jVh! fjZ h d bj^iVh# EgZX^hVbdh Xdc]ZXZg bV^h dh [Zc bZcdh Zb ZWja^ d Z Xdchigj^g XdcXZ^idh fjZ hZ bdYZaZb Zb XdciVid Xdb V gZVa^YVYZ k^kV# EVgV XdbegZZcYZg d 7gVh^a! egZX^hVbdh cdh igVch[dgbVg Zb edZiVh# EgZX^hVbdh igVch[dgbVg d 7gVh^a IVa Xdbd d B^c^higd! hZj HZXgZi{g^d YZcjcX^V V ^cXdc\gj cX^V ZcigZ kVadgZh Z eg{i^XVh fjZ [VoZb eVgiZ Yd jc^kZghd XjaijgVa edejaVg Z V egZXVg^ZYVYZ YVh XdcY^ Zh Zb fjZ k^kZb dh \gjedh hjWVaiZgcdh YZ dcYZ hVZb ZhhZh egdYjidgZh YZ jbV XjaijgV g^fj hh^bV! edg b edjXd kVadg^oVYV dj gZXdc]ZX^YV# 6d bZhbd iZbed Zb fjZ da]Vbdh eVgV d 7gVh^a Z ZcXdcigVbdh Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ Z hda^YVg^ZYVYZ! YZ[gdciVbd"cdh Xdb ^c^f ^YVYZ! ^c_jhi^ Vh! bVjh X]Z^gdh! bVjh igVidh½ B^a] Zh ]VW^iVcYd eZg^[Zg^Vh! [VkZaVh Z Xdgi^ dh0 djigdh iVcidh Zb bjc^X e^dh YZhVhh^hi^Ydh0 igVWVa]VYdgZh hZb ZbegZ\d0 XVbedcZhZh hZb iZggV0 [Vb a^Vh hZb iZid0 _dkZch hZb eZgheZXi^kV YZ [jijgd0 ZhijYVciZh hZb Zch^cd YZ fjVa^YVYZ0 cY^dh hZb Y^gZ^idh0 jb edkd bZhi^ d bVh hZb ^\jVaYVYZ gVX^Va0 dh ZhfjZX^Ydh0 dh YZhkVa^Ydh½ dh hZb :hiVYd# BZhbd Vhh^b! d EV h gZh^hiZ cV hda^YVg^ZYVYZ edejaVg# B Zh hZb ZbegZ\d Xj^YVb YVh Xg^Vc Vh YZ b Zh fjZ ZcXdcigVb igVWVa]d# 6dh Ydb^c\dh! Vb^\dh [VoZb bji^g d eVgV Xdchigj^g XVhVh# 6d ÒcVa YV _dgcVYV! X]jggVhXd! hVbWV Z XZgkZ_V# Dh WgVh^aZ^gdh h d ^ckZci^kdh! ZbegZZcYZYdgZh Z VaZ\gZh# ÇHZg d
dh ViZc^ZchZh YV 6b g^XV hZ c d [dgZb Xdbeg^b^Ydh Z YZhVc^bVYdh eZad YZhedi^hbdÇ ?dh 7dc^[{X^d YZ 6cYgVYV Z H^akV! EVig^VgXV YV >cYZeZcY cX^V Yd 7gVh^a # EgZX^hVbdh bdaYVg d :hiVYd WgVh^aZ^gd | ^bV\Zb YZ hZj edkd# BdaYVg d :hiVYd | ^bV\Zb Yd edkd h^\c^ÒXV Xg^Vg eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh! egd\gVbVh YZ \dkZgcd Z [dgbVh YZ \Zhi d fjZ ZhiZ_Vb bV^h eg m^bVh YV ZmeZg^ cX^V Xdi^Y^VcV YZ k^YV YVfjZaZh Vdh fjV^h hZ YZhi^cVb ZhhVh V Zh# : d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV iZb ZhhV VbW^ d# H^ijVcYd"d Zb jb XdciZmid YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh Vji cdbVh fjZ _{ k^c]Vb iZcYd Xjghd cV hdX^ZYVYZ WgVh^aZ^gV! Vhh^b d YZhXgZkZ d HZXgZi{g^d ZcXVggZ\VYd YZ hjV ZmZXj d/ w jb egd\gVbV YZ VXZhhd Vdh bZ^dh YZ [dgbV d! Xg^V d! Y^[jh d Z [gj^ d XjaijgVa! Xj_dh eVgXZ^gdh ^bZY^Vidh h d V\ZciZh XjaijgV^h! Vgi^hiVh! egd[ZhhdgZh Z b^a^iVciZh hdX^V^h fjZ eZgXZWZb V XjaijgV c d hdbZciZ Xdbd a^c\jV\Zch Vgi hi^XVh! bVh iVbW b Xdbd Y^gZ^idh! XdbedgiVbZcid Z ZXdcdb^V# ={ bj^iVh V Zh YZ XdbWViZ | ZmXajh d hdX^Va! XjaijgVa Z Y^\^iVa _{ VXdciZXZcYd# ;VaV"hZ YV Xg^b^cVa^YVYZ Z Yd ig{ÒXd YZ Ygd\Vh cVh [VkZaVh Yd G^d YZ ?VcZ^gd Z Zb idYVh Vh djigVh \gVcYZh X^YVYZh ! bVh Vh eZhhdVh Zckdak^YVh Xdb ^hhd h d b^cdg^V# Bj^id bV^h \ZciZ hZ bdW^a^oV eVgV gZXjeZgVg dh bdggdh! YZhZckdakZg b h^XV! YVc V! iZVigd½ : Xdb Zhi i^XV ^cdkVYdgV FjZb Vhh^hi^j Vd ÒabZ 8^YVYZ YZ 9Zjh hZ ^begZhh^dcV Xdb V cVggVi^kV {\^a Z dh VidgZh k^WgVciZh# <ZciZ YVh [VkZaVh# CV bV^dg [VkZaV YZ H d EVjad! =Za^ eda^h! Vh XVhVh Zhi d hZcYd e^ciVYVh Xdb XdgZh k^kVh! jc^cYd V Xdbjc^YVYZ! jb XdcXZ^ijVYd Vgfj^iZid Z ZbegZhVh# Cd bdggd YV BVc\jZ^gV! d hVbWV [Vidg YZ
87
^cXajh d! bVh kZb _jcid Xdb jbV dgfjZhigV YZ k^da^cdh! Zb^hhdgVh YZ g{Y^d Z IK Xdbjc^i{g^Vh Z \gVÒiV\Zb Xdadg^cYd eVgZYZh Z bjgdh# Cd XVbed! igVWVa]VYdgZh hZb iZggV Xg^Vb hjVh eg eg^Vh ZhXdaVh ZYjXVcYd bV^h YZ &'%#%%% Xg^Vc Vh! Va b YZ Va[VWZi^oVg _dkZch! VYjaidh Z ^Ydhdh# :b jb a^m d YZ BVXZ^ ]{ jb X^gXd"ZhXdaV Z kVaZciZh \jZggZ^gVh ajiVcYd XdcigV V ZmXajh d hdX^Va# JbV cdkV edhijgV kZb hZcYd Xdchigj YV Zb jb 7gVh^a ZhXdcY^Yd# 6hh^b! ^cYZeZcYZciZbZciZ YV V d ZhiViVa! dh bV^h Y^kZghdh V\ZciZh YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! edg jb Xdc_jcid kVg^VYd YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh YZ DC<h Z djigVh Zci^YVYZh Ä ^bejah^dcVYVh Zb eVgiZ eZaV kd\V fjZ Zci d Xdc]ZX^V d X]VbVYd ÆiZgXZ^gd hZidgÇ Zb ZmeVch d! Xdb V kVadg^oV d Yd kdajciVg^VYd! Z jbV XgZhXZciZ XdchX^ cX^V YZ gZhedchVW^a^YVYZ hdX^Va edg eVgiZ YVh ZbegZhVh Ä k^c]Vb _{ YZ^mVcYd XaVgd d k cXjad ZcigZ ^cXajh d Z igVch[dgbV d hdX^Va! iZcYd Xdbd bZY^V d Vi^k^YVYZh XjaijgV^h Z Vgi hi^XVh# 8dbd Vegd[jcYVg ZhhZh egdXZhhdh Zb c kZa YZ eda i^XV ejWa^XV Z V d YZ \dkZgcd4 :b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg! eVgi^cYd YVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh XdcXgZiVh _{ Zm^hiZciZh ZcigZ dh eg eg^dh Xg^VYdgZh edejaVgZh YZ XjaijgV0 Z! Zb hZ\j^YV! egdXjgVcYd ZcXdcigVg jb bdYZad YZ \Zhi d Ä eVgV Va b Yd aV^hhZo [V^gZ a^WZgVa dj YZ jbV edhijgV ZhiVi^oVciZ YZ i^ed ^ajb^c^hiV fjZ VXgZY^iVhhZ hVWZg d fjZ bZa]dg eVgV d edkd Ä Zb fjZ ZaZh ejYZhhZb hZg ^ciZ\gVYdh Zb Va\jb i^ed YZ eVgXZg^V cV eg eg^V V d Yd :hiVYd# 8dbd VÒgbV d HZXgZi{g^d 8Za^d Ijg^cd/ Edg ^hhd ediZcX^Vg d fjZ _{ Zm^hiZ# 6XgZY^iVg cd edkd! ÒgbVg eVXidh Z eVgXZg^Vh Xdb d fjZ d 7gVh^a iZb YZ bZa]dg/ d WgVh^aZ^gd# ÆD bZa]dg Yd 7gVh^a d WgVh^aZ^gdÇ 8}bVgV
88
8VhXjYd! [daXadg^hiV # BVh ^hhd c d h^\c^ÒXV jb h^beaZh ÆYZ^mVg [VoZgÇ ! edgfjZ! cZhiZ XVhd! dh \dhidh Z ^bedh^ Zh YV ^cY hig^V XjaijgVa VXVWVg^Vb edg egZkVaZXZg# 9V bZhbV [dgbV! fjZgZg aZkVg ÆajoZhÇ! hZaZX^dcVg Xjghdh Z ZheZi{Xjadh fjZ _ja\Vbdh bV^h VYZfjVYdh Z hdÒhi^XVYdh! iVbW b Xdci^cjVg^V gZegdYjo^cYd V bZhbV gZaV d YZ YZeZcY cX^V Z hjWdgY^cV d Z VeZcVh igdXVg Vbdh d Y^g^\^hbd YZ bZgXVYd eZad YZ :hiVYd# GZhjaiV YV jbV egdedhiV ^cdkVYdgV! Zb fjZ V kZgi^XVa^YVYZ cVh gZaV Zh ZcigZ :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a hjWhi^ij YV eZaV ]dg^odciVa^YVYZ YZ jbV gZaV d ^ciZg eVgZh! dh eg eg^dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# 8 a^d Ijg^cd Xdch^YZgV ZhiZ egd_Zid fjVhZ YZ jbV bVcZ^gV ZmeZg^bZciVa Ä iVakZo edg hZj ^cZY^i^hbd Ä aZkVcYd Zb XdciV fjZ dh egdXZhhdh Vhh^b YZhZcXVYZVYdh c d h d hjhXZi kZ^h YZ jb XdcigdaZ VciZX^eVYd! _{ fjZ hZ igViV YZ [dbZciVg V Xg^V d YZ jbV gZYZ YZ gZaV Zh VWZgiVh Z fjZ! edg ^hhd bZhbd! ZhiVg d hZbegZ iZcYd Xdbd gZhjaiVYd Va\d cdkd/ cd ^ciZgX}bW^d fjZ Vhh^b hZ edYZg{ egdYjo^g ZcigZ dh bV^h Y^[ZgZciZh \gjedh Z hjVh a^c\jV\Zch Vgi hi^XVh Z ZmegZhh Zh XjaijgV^h! YZ [Vid c d ]{ Xdbd VciZX^eVg V Y^gZ d Zb fjZ ZaZh hZg d YZhZckdak^Ydh Z cZb hZjh gZhjaiVYdh eg{i^Xdh ^bZY^Vidh# :^h d fjZ Zm^\Z jbV gZk^h d YV eg eg^V XdcXZe d YZ dg\Vc^oV d Z \Zhi d YZ jb Egd\gVbV YZ eda i^XV e Wa^XV# 8db d 8jaijgV K^kV kVbdh ZmeZg^bZciVg jbV djigV VaiZgcVi^kV! d YZhZckdak^bZcid edg Vegdm^bV d ZcigZ dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# CdhhV ^Y ^V V YZ fjZ V igdXV! V ^chi^\V d Z d fjZhi^dcVbZcid! ZaZbZcidh ZhhZcX^V^h eVgV d YZhZckdak^bZcid YV XjaijgV! VXdciZ Vb cjb XdciVid ]dg^odciVa ZcigZ dh Edcidh! hZb gZaV d YZ ]^ZgVgfj^V dj hjeZg^dg^YVYZ ZcigZ XjaijgVh# Jb
Edcid Vjm^a^VcYd djigd Edcid# 6a\jch d[ZgZXZb jbV ZmeZg^ cX^V bV^h VkVc VYV Zb iZVigd! djigdh Zb YVc V0 V Zh h X^d"ZYjXVi^kVh VegZcYZb Xdb V kVc\jVgYV Zhi i^XV fjZ hZ ZcXdcigV Xdb V igVY^ d Z V_jYVb V Xdchigj^g d cdkd# JbV igdXV ZcigZ ^\jV^h fjZ VegZcYZb ZcigZ h^ Z hZ gZheZ^iVb cV Y^[ZgZc V# CV eVgi^YV! Zk^iVbdh jb ZhigjijgV [dgiZbZciZ ^chi^ijX^dcVa^oVYV Z ]^ZgVgfj^oVYV! eZhVYV cV [dgbV YZ \Zhi d Z XdcigdaZ! bj^id Xdbjb cV WjgdXgVX^V e Wa^XV# BZcdh XdchZchdh [VWg^XVYdh Z hdc]dh gdjWVYdh Z bV^h XdcZm Zh YZ igVWVa]d fjZ gZheZ^iZb V Y^kZgh^YVYZ Z V WjhXV YZ b^Xgdhdaj Zh eVgV d [dgiVaZX^bZcid YZ gZYZh hdX^V^h# EVgV hZY^bZciVg V gZYZ! dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# 9V edgfjZ Xdch^YZgVg ZhhZ igVWVa]d Xdbd jbV Zhe X^Z YZ bdc^idgVbZcid YZ jb dg\Vc^hbd k^kd Ä hjWZciZcY^Yd cV bZi{[dgV Yd ÆYd"^c Vcigdeda \^XdÇ Ä fjZ edYZ hZg Zhi^bjaVYd Z ZkZcijVabZciZ Y^gZX^dcVYd eVgV V hdaj d YZ YZiZgb^cVYVh XdcigVY^ Zh! bVh fjZ hZbegZ! Zb hZj Xdc_jcid! [jcX^dcVg{ hZ\jcYd jb Y^cVb^hbd
fjZ a]Z eg eg^d# ÆFjVcYd ]{ k^YV! ]{ ^cVXVWVbZcidÇ EVjad ;gZ^gZ! ZYjXVYdg ! bV^h egdXZhhd Z bZcdh ZhigjijgVh eg "YZÒc^YVh! bZcdh [dhh^a^oV d Z bV^h k^YVÇ! VÒgbV d HZXgZi{g^d# D gZhjaiVYd jbV egdedhiV ^c Y^iV YZ \Zhi d YZ eda i^XV e Wa^XV Z YZ V d Yd :hiVYd! kdaiVYV bV^h eVgV dh egdXZhhdh fjZ e Z Zb bdk^bZcid Yd fjZ eVgV dh egdYjidh fjZ YZkZ edYZg VciZX^eVg! YVYd d YZhZckdak^bZcid dg\}c^Xd YZ jbV gZYZ Xj_V ZmeVch d Z Xdchda^YV d YZkZg^Vb! eVgVYdmVabZciZ! aZkVg | Y^hhdaj d Yd k^cXjaV Xdb Vh ZhigjijgVh Zb fjZ hZ Ved^dj V hjV [dgbV d# C d edg VXVhd dh XdcXZ^idh YZ egdiV\dc^hbd! ZbedYZgVbZcid Z Vjidcdb^V Zhi d cd XZgcZ YZhhV egdedhiV# 6 gZYZ 8jaijgV K^kV YZkZ hZg bVaZ{kZa! bZcdh ^bedh^i^kV cV hjV [dgbV YZ ^ciZgV\^g Xdb V gZVa^YVYZ! Z edg ^hhd! {\^a Z idaZgVciZ Xdbd jb dg\Vc^hbd k^kd# D dW_Zi^kd [VoZg jbV ^ciZ\gV d Ydh Edcidh Zb jbV gZYZ \adWVa fjZ VXdciZ V V eVgi^g YVh cZXZhh^YVYZh Z V Zh adXV^h# 6 ^ciZgV d ZcigZ d \adWVa Z d adXVa YZkZ gZheZ^iVg d XgZhX^bZcid YVh V Zh YZhZckdak^YVh Zb XVYV Edcid YZ 8jaijgV! YZ bdYd fjZ ZaZh \Vc]Zb bjhXjaVijgV Z ZhigjijgV hhZV Z Xdcfj^hiZb hjV hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ Z ZbVcX^eV d# IVa bdYd YZ eVXijVg Xdb V hdX^ZYVYZ [d^ YZÒc^Yd Xdbd <Zhi d 8dbeVgi^a]VYV Z IgVch[dgbVYdgV Z ZckdakZ dh XdcXZ^idh YZ ZbedYZgVbZcid! Vjidcdb^V Z egdiV\dc^hbd hdX^Va# :cfjVcid cdh V[VhiVbdh YVh kZa]Vh ÆcZdÇ XVgi^a]Vh! XaVgZVbdh dh XdcXZ^idh! | bZY^YV fjZ V ZmeZg^ cX^V hdX^Va VkVc V Z dh [Zc bZcdh idgcVb"hZ Zmea^X^iVYdh# BZcdh gZXZ^iVYdgZh Z bV^h ZYjXVYdgZh! ZhiZ eVgZXZ hZg jb Wdb XVb^c]d#
K "hZ! edgiVcid! fjZ c d XVhjVa d [Vid YZ V egdedhiV VbW^X^dhV Yd B^c8 iZg h^Yd YZhYZ d ^c X^d X]VbVYV YZ Egd\gVbV CVX^dcVa YZ 8jaijgV! :YjXV d Z 8^YVYVc^V Ä 8jaijgV K^kV# CZaZ! YZkZg^V XVWZg Vd :hiVYd ZhhZcX^VabZciZ jbV [jc d ZYjXVi^kV YZ dg^ZciV d Z XddgYZcV d! ed^h! Xdbd VÒgbV d HZXgZi{g^d! D eVeZa YV XddgYZcV d Yd egd\gVbV d YZ adXVa^oVg Z [dgbVg bZY^VYdgZh cV gZaV d ZcigZ :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ! Vegdm^bVcYd Vh Y^[ZgZciZh [dgbVh YZ ZmegZhh d Z gZegZhZciV d Vgi hi^XV! WZb Xdbd Y^[ZgZciZh k^h Zh Yd bjcYd# D egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV V^cYV c d iZb jbV gZhedhiV VXVWVYV V idYd ZhhZ egdXZhhd fjZ VeZcVh hZ ^c^X^V! bVh! iZciV ^YZci^ÒXVg XVb^c]dh# Dj! eZad bZcdh! ^YZci^ÒXVg VfjZaZh XVb^c]dh fjZ c d YZkZb hZg ig^a]VYdh# HZ\jgVbZciZ! dh XVb^c]dh V c d hZgZb ig^a]VYdh h d VfjZaZh fjZ YZ^mVg^Vb Vh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh cV {gZV YV XjaijgV hdW XdcigdaZ YV ^c^X^Vi^kV Yd bZgXVYd dj Yd eg eg^d :hiVYd! edYZgZh ZmiZgcdh Vd jc^kZghd YV Xg^V d XjaijgVa
edejaVg! Z Xj_d XdcigVhiZ hZ gZYjo^g^V V jb _d\d YZ XVgV dj XdgdV! Xdbd Vh YjVh [VXZh YZ jbV bZhbV bdZYV# :b hjV XdcXZe d VbW^X^dhV! d 8jaijgV K^kV! jb egd\gVbV YZ \dkZgcd V XVg\d Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV! gZfjZg! eVgV V hjV Xdchda^YV d! fjZ edhhV hZg igViVYd Xdbd Æeda i^XV YZ :hiVYd! YZhZckdakZcYd V Zh igVchkZghV^h ZcigZ dh B^c^hi g^dh! :hiVYdh Z Bjc^X e^dhÇ# 9ZhYZ d ^c X^d Yd Egd\gVbV! iV^h V Zh Xdc_jciVh hZ bjai^ea^XVgVb! Zb eVgXZg^Vh fjZ k^hVkVb dgV ViZcYZg V cZXZhh^YVYZh YZ ^c[gV"ZhigjijgV YZ jb egd_Zid XjaijgVa hdW V X]VcXZaV Yd B^c8! dgV V jbV YZbVcYV YZ ^cXajh d hdX^Va eVgV V fjVa V XjaijgV ejYZhhZ igVoZg jbV Xdcig^Wj^ d h^\c^ÒXVi^kV! XdbeaZbZciVcYd"hZ bjijVbZciZ cd dW_Zi^kd Xdbjb YZ egdbd d YV X^YVYVc^V# D HZXgZi{g^d 8 a^d Ijg^cd [Vo jb ]^hi g^Xd YZhhVh gZaV Zh igVchkZghV^h fjZ XdcÒ\jgVb jbV kZgYVYZ^gV eda i^XV YZ :hiVYd! bdhigVcYd V VWgVc\ cX^V YZhiV egdedhiV fjZ ^ciZ\gV V XjaijgV V jb \gVcYZ egd_Zid YZ igVch[dgbV d hdX^Va Yd eV h/ 6 eg^bZ^gV V d [d^ Vhh^cVYV Xdb d B^c^hi g^d Yd IgVWVa]d Z :begZ\d
89
90
Z kV^ \VgVci^g *%#%%% WdahVh VcjV^h eVgV _dkZch Yd Eg^bZ^gd :begZ\d# CV hZf cX^V! eVgXZg^Vh Xdb dh B^c^hi g^dh YVh 8dbjc^XV Zh Z V :begZhV 7gVh^aZ^gV YZ 8dggZ^dh Z IZa \gV[dh/ a^\V d edg ^ciZgcZi Zb WVcYV aVg\V eZad <dkZgcd :aZig c^Xd " HZgk^ d YZ ViZcY^bZcid Vd 8^YVY d <ZhVX Z Y^hig^Wj^ d YZ egdYjidh XjaijgV^h egdYjo^Ydh eZaVh Xdbjc^YVYZh0 B^c^hi g^d Yd BZ^d 6bW^ZciZ HVaVh KZgYZh 0 B^c^hi g^d YV :YjXV d :hXdaV K^kV 0 B^c^hi g^d Yd 9ZhZckdak^bZcid HdX^Va ZggVY^XV d Yd igVWVa]d ^c[Vci^a Z d ;dbZ OZgd 0 B^c^hi g^d YV 8^ cX^V Z IZXcdad\^V 8VhV 7gVh^a Z IZaZXZcigdh Z idYdh dh djigdh egd\gVbVh Z V Zh dcYZ V XjaijgV XdjWZg Z V XjaijgV XVWZ Zb idYd aj\Vg # w ^ciZgZhhVciZ cdiVg fjZ V a^hiV\Zb YVh eVgXZg^Vh XdchiVciZh cZhiZ iZmid YZ 8 a^d Ijg^cd! ejWa^XVYd Zb '%%* GZk^hiV G^d YZ ?VcZ^gd! c# &*! _Vc#" VWg# '%%* ! c d bV^h hZ gZegdYjo^g{ Zb iZmidh edhiZg^dgZh hdWgZ d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Y^kja\VYdh eZad h^iZ Yd B^c8! bdhigVcYd d Y^cVb^hbd YZ V Zh Xdc_jciVh fjZ k d hZ VaiZgVcYd hZ\jcYd Vh X^gXjchi}cX^Vh Yd bdbZcid! hZcYd hjWhi^ij YVh edg djigVh YZ ^\jVa gZaZk}cX^V YV eZgheZXi^kV YV egdbd d YV X^YVYVc^V Z YV igVch[dgbV d hdX^Va# D eZgbVcZciZ ^cVXVWVbZcid YZ hjVh V Zh Vhh^b ^cZgZciZ Vd eg eg^d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! Z edg jbV fjZhi d
YZ eg^cX e^d/ bV^h Yd fjZ jb egd\gVbV Yd B^c8 fjZ Xdgedg^ÒXV jbV eda i^XV e Wa^XV YZ \dkZgcd! dj bV^h Yd fjZ jbV eda i^XV YZ :hiVYd! cd a^b^iZ ZaZ VbW^X^dcVg^V kZg YZhVeVgZXZg V bVgXV YZ hjV gZaV d Xdb d :hiVYd Vd hZg VWhdgk^Yd eZaV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a Z d eg eg^d edkd WgVh^aZ^gd# 8dbd YZXaVgV d HZXgZi{g^d/ EVgV igVch[dgbVg d 7gVh^a egZX^hd ^g Va b YZ jbV eda i^XV YZ :hiVYd! VÒcVa! d :hiVYd V^cYV YZ i d edjXdh# w egZX^hd igVch[dgbVg d 8jaijgV K^kV Zb eda i^XV e Wa^XV Z[Zi^kVbZciZ Vegdeg^VYV edg hZj edkd# Æ6 hdX^ZYVYZ egdYjo^YV edg cdhhVh cZXZhh^YVYZh! d \dkZgcd edg cdhhV eZgkZgh^YVYZÇ I]dbVh EV^cZ! D 7db HZchd # BV^h fjZ d[ZgZXZg hZgk^ dh e Wa^Xdh ÆeVgVÇ d edkd! egZX^hd XdbeVgi^a]Vg! jc^g V[Z^ Zh! egdbdkZg [Za^X^YVYZ# Edg XZgid! edYZg{ eVgZXZg ZmXZhh^kV V ^c_jc d Vfj^ edhiV Vd :hiVYd YZ ÇegdbdkZg [Za^X^YVYZÇ! V^cYV bV^h fjVcYd VXdbeVc]VYV YZ jbV X^iV d fjZ V gZ[dg V Zc[Vi^XVbZciZ Ä Æ6 VaZ\g^V V egdkV Ydh cdkZÇ DhlVaY YZ 6cYgVYZ! BVc^[Zhid 6cigde [V\d ! fjVa^YVYZ fjZ d edkd WgVh^aZ^gd iZb YZ hdWgVÇ Ä bZhbd fjZ hZ_V eVgV YZed^h VXgZhXZciVg/ ÆEdg b! d XVb^c]d c d [{X^aÇ#### C d hZ igViV Vfj^! cV kZgYVYZ! YZ [VoZg Vd :hiVYd jbV Zm^\ cX^V YZhXVW^YV! bVh VciZh YZ hVa^ZciVg
d Zidh fjZ YZkZg{ hZg d YZ jbV XjaijgV eda i^XV fjZ fjZ^gV egdedg Vd :hiVYd Vegdm^bVg hjVh V Zh Yd ÆZhe g^idÇ Yd edkd Vd fjVa ZaVh hZ YZhi^cVb# IgViV"hZ YV Y^bZch d hjW_Zi^kV Yd ÆZcXVciVbZcidÇ! Vd fjVa d HZXgZi{g^d 8 a^d Ijg^cd ^g{ gZ[Zg^g"hZ bj^iVh kZoZh Zb hZjh egdcjcX^VbZcidh! eVgV YZh^\cVg d Zcijh^Vhbd Z V ZcZg\^V XdaZi^kV Xg^VYdh cd Xdck k^d YZ jb \gjed fjZ ZcXdcigV cd igVWVa]d Xdc_jcid d XVb^c]d eVgV gZkZg V Vjid" ^bV\Zb Z gZXdchigj^g V Vjid"Zhi^bV# :hhZ ZaZbZcid hjW_Zi^kd VXVWV edg hZ Xdchi^ij^g Vhh^b Zb [dg V YZ V\gZ\V d! YZ gZXdc]ZX^bZcid YZ jb hZci^Yd YZ eZgiZcX^bZcid Z YZ VÒgbV d YZ ^YZci^YVYZ! Vd bZhbd iZbed Zb fjZ hZgkZ iVbW b YZ ^cXZci^kd eVgV Zhi^bjaVg XVYV kZo bV^h V eVgi^X^eV d! d egdiV\dc^hbd Z V Vegdeg^V d! edg bZ^d YZ jbV ZmeZg^ cX^V XdcXgZiV! Yd h^\c^ÒXVYd YV eVaVkgV X^YVYVc^V dj! Zb djigVh eVaVkgVh! d ZbedYZgVbZcid fjZ ^g{ gZ[dg Vg hjV Vjidcdb^V# 8dcXaj^cYd hZj iZmid Vfj^ VcVa^hVYd! d HZXgZi{g^d 8 a^d Ijg^cd ZhWd V WgZkZbZciZ! Zb a^c]Vh \ZgV^h! dh ZaZbZcidh fjZ ZhigjijgVb d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! gZ[Zg^cYd" hZ V ÆVa\jbVh ^Y ^Vh! XdcXZ^idh Z V Zh fjZ cdh eZgb^i^gVb ^c^X^Vg V XVb^c]VYV! VegZhZciVYdh V hZ\j^g/ d Edcid YZ 8jaijgV Xdbd ZheV d YZ hZY^bZciV d YV bVXgd gZYZ 8jaijgV K^kV Ä YZ dg\Vc^oV d YV XjaijgV Zb c kZa adXVa Z YZ bZY^V d cV gZaV d ZcigZ ZhiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ Z ZcigZ djigdh Edcidh! Xdchi^ij^cYd gZYZh edg VÒc^YVYZ0 V 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa Xdbd jb ^chigjbZcid YZ Vegdm^bV d ZcigZ dh Edcidh! fjZ YZhZcXVYZ^V jb cdkd bdYd YZ eZchVg V iZXcdad\^V! ZckdakZcYd \ZcZgdh^YVYZ ^ciZaZXijVa Z igVWVa]d XdaVWdgVi^kd edg ^hhd! d hd[ilVgZ a^kgZ! VYdiVYd Xdbd de d iZXcda \^XV Z Òadh ÒXV 0 dh 6\ZciZh
8jaijgV K^kV Xdbd egdiV\dc^hiVh YZ jb egdXZhhd fjZ ^ciZ\gV ^cXajh d hdX^Va! ZXdc b^XV! XjaijgVa! Y^\^iVa Z eda i^XV cV Xdchigj d YZ jbV X^YVYVc^V ZbVcX^eVi g^V0 V :hXdaV K^kV Xdbd jbV V d fjZ ^ciZ\gV d Edcid YZ 8jaijgV | ZhXdaV! VedciVcYd eVgV jb djigd bdYZad YZ Zckdak^bZcid hdX^Va Xdb V ZYjXV d! fjZ kV^ Va b Ydh bjgdh ZhXdaVgZh Z \Vc]V V X^YVYZ# 9ZÒc^YVh ZhiVh fjVigd V Zh Edcid YZ 8jaijgV! 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! 6\ZciZh 8jaijgV K^kV Z :hXdaV K^kV dWhZgkVbdh fjZ [VaiVkV jbV ^ciZ\gV d Y^Va i^XV ZcigZ igVY^ d! bZb g^V Z gjeijgV# IgVY^ d ZcfjVcid edcid YZ eVgi^YV! bZb g^V ZcfjVcid gZ^ciZgegZiV d Yd eVhhVYd Z gjeijgV ZcfjVcid ^ckZc d Yd [jijgd# 6hh^b! ^cXaj bdh jbV fj^ciV V d! d <g^ ! fjZ hZg{ aVc VYV Vi d ÒcVa YZ '%%* Z d[ZgZXZg{ WdahVh eVgV dh kZa]dh bZhigZh Yd hVWZg edejaVg/ dh dg\Vc^oVYdgZh YZ fjVYg^a]Vh! YZ [da^Vh YZ gZ^h! Xdc\VYZ^gdh! VgiZh dh! eVcZaZ^gVh! gZcYZ^gVh! gZeZci^hiVh! gVWZfjZ^gdh! XdciVYdgZh YZ ]^hi g^Vh! XdchigjidgZh YZ Wg^cfjZYdh! WV^VcVh Yd VXVgV_ ! bZhigZh YZ XVedZ^gV½ kZa]dh WgVh^aZ^gdh fjZ iVciV hVWZYdg^V i b V cdh d[ZgZXZg# 8VYV jb gZXZWZg{ jb hVa{g^d b c^bd edg b h eVgV [dgbVg _dkZch VegZcY^oZh Z Xdci^cjVg [VoZcYd ZmViVbZciZ d fjZ _{ [VoZb# <g^ [d^ V [dgbV VWgVh^aZ^gVYV fjZ ZcXdcigVbdh eVgV V ZmegZhh d Zb [gVcX h <g^di! fjZ YZh^\cV Vgi^hiVh Z cVggVYdgZh YZ ]^hi g^V YV Û[g^XV DX^YZciVa! ]dbZch fjZ XVb^c]VkVb Z XVb^c]Vb YZ VaYZ^V Zb VaYZ^V gZeVhhVcYd V ]^hi g^V YZ hZj edkd# 6d igVch[dgbVgbdh d <g^ Zb jbV V d Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! egZiZcYZbdh cdh Vegdm^bVg V^cYV bV^h Yd hVWZg edejaVg Z cdh ZcXdcigVg Xdb V Û[g^XV# Jc^cYd d Xdc_jcid YZ V Zh! jb egd\gVbV cV iZaZk^h d! jbV gZk^hiV! XVgiVoZh bjgV^h Z edgiVa eZaV
91
92
^ciZgcZi! Z[Zi^kVcYd V ^ciZ\gV d Zb gZYZ Z d egdiV\dc^hbd Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! Vhh^b! bZg\ja]Vbdh Zb jb 7gVh^a egd[jcYd! ZhXdcY^Yd# ÆJb djigd bjcYd edhh kZaÇ ; gjb HdX^Va BjcY^Va # :hhZ d XVb^c]d fjZ ZhXda]Zbdh Z eVgV d fjVa Xdck^YVbdh idYdh VfjZaZh! WgVh^aZ^gdh dj c d! V XVb^c]Vg XdcdhXd! edg jbV 8jaijgV K^kV# 6a\jch XdcXZ^idh eVgV V YZÒc^ d Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV :hWd VYdh! Xdbd k^bdh! cd iZmid Yd HZXgZi{g^d 8 a^d Ijg^cd! Va\jch XdcXZ^idh WVh^aVgZh Zb fjZ hZ Ve ^V d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! ZgV ^cZk^i{kZa fjZ ZaZh [dhhZb gZZcXdcigVYdh YZed^h! Xdb bV^dg dj bZcdg \gVj YZ Vegd[jcYVbZcid! cd h^iZ Yd eg eg^d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV# D fjZ ^ciZgZhhVciZ cdiVg fjZ! Zb hjVh Y^[ZgZciZh kZgh Zh! ZaZh igVoZb bjYVc Vh Z VijVa^oV Zh fjZ Zk^YZcX^Vb d Y^cVb^hbd Yd eg eg^d Egd\gVbV! dgV gZ[dgbjaVcYd Vh eVgXZg^Vh Xdb B^c^hi g^dh fjZ k^VW^a^oZb jbV cdkV V d egdedhiV! dgV VXgZhXZciVcYd egZX^h Zh fjVcid | ZhigjijgV dg\Vc^oVX^dcVa Z YZ \Zhi d Yd Egd\gVbV! YVYdh Z c bZgdh gZaVi^kdh |h Y^[ZgZciZh ZiVeVh YZ hjV ^beaVciV d Z
Xdchda^YV d ZiX# EVgV ^ajhigVg ZhhZ egdXZY^bZcid! VegZhZciVbdh V hZ\j^g YjVh YZhhVh kZgh Zh# 6 eg^bZ^gV jb iZmid YZ Vjidg^V YZ @VgZc H^akV eVgV d h^iZ Yd B^c8! egdYjo^Yd Zb '%$%*$'%%+ Z bdY^ÒXVYd eZaV ai^bV kZo Zb (%$%+$'%%+# D hZ\jcYd iZmid! fjZ iVbW b gZXdggZ Vdh YVYdh ZcXdcigVYdh cd h^iZ Yd B^c8 Zb '%%.! ! cd ZciVcid! egdYjid YZ jbV ÆXdaV\ZbÇ Z YZ jbV VYVeiV d! [Z^iV V eVgi^g YV \Vg^beV\Zb YZ XdcXZ^idh"X]VkZh ZcXdcigVYdh Zb Y^[ZgZciZh a^c`h Yd h^iZ Z gZjc^Ydh Zb k^hiV YV VegZhZciV d! cdh iZgbdh Yd eg eg^d B^c^hi g^d! YV ZhigjijgV YZ dg\Vc^oV d Z \Zhi d Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV#
hZci^Yd Yd Æ^cVXVWVbZcidÇ fjZ d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV gZ^k^cY^XV Xdbd hjV XVgVXiZg hi^XV eg eg^V! ZhhVh bjYVc Vh gZkZaVb iVbW b V VWgVc\ cX^V Yd Egd\gVbV Z d egdXZhhd egd\gZhh^kd YZ hjV igVch[dgbV d! YZ egd\gVbV YZ <dkZgcd Zb eda i^XV YZ :hiVYd! eZad XVg{iZg igVchkZghVa! YZ }bW^id ^ciZg" b^c^hiZg^Va! YZ hjVh V Zh# 6 cdiVg ^\jVabZciZ dh c bZgdh gZaVi^kdh Vdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV _{ ^beaVciVYdh dj Zb [VhZ YZ ^beaVciV d gZ\^higVYdh cdh Yd^h iZmidh! fjZ bdhigVb V egd\gZhh^kV ZmeVch d Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# 6 hZ\j^g! Vh YjVh kZgh Zh ZcXdcigVYVh Zb Y^[ZgZciZh bdbZcidh cd h^iZ Yd B^c8 hdWgZ d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! Vfj^ VegZhZciVYVh Zb XdgZh Y^hi^ciVh! eVgV bZa]dg Y^[ZgZcX^{"adh#
6 cdiVg! hdWgZijYd! ZcigZ jbV Z djigV kZgh d! V hjWhi^ij^ d YZ jbV V d Yd Egd\gVbV Ä 6\ZciZ 8jaijgV K^kV Ä edg jbV cdkV V d V^cYV Zb [VhZ YZ ^beaVciV d Ä 8jaijgV Z HV YZ Ä ^cY^XVcYd! edgiVcid! d ZcXZggVbZcid YZ jb Xdck c^d Xdb d B^c^hi g^d Yd IgVWVa]d Z hjV hjWhi^ij^ d edg djigd! gZX b ÒgbVYd Xdb d B^c^hi g^d YV HV YZ# 6a b YZ Zmea^X^iVg d
93
8DC=:v6 6H 9>G:IG>O:H 9D EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6
8dbegZZcYZcYd V ^bedgi}cX^V YZ XVYV jbV YVh k{g^Vh bVc^[ZhiV Zh YV XjaijgV edejaVg WgVh^aZ^gV! Z! Vd bZhbd iZbed! X^ZciZ Ydh g^hXdh dg^jcYdh YV eVYgdc^oV d Ydh ]{W^idh Z XdhijbZh! [gjidh YV XjaijgV YZ bVhhV! d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV! edg bZ^d YV HZXgZiVg^V YZ Egd\gVbVh Z Egd_Zidh 8jaijgV^h HEE8 ! YZhZckdakZj! Zb '%%)! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV/ egd_Zid XdcXZW^Yd eVgV gZh\ViVg! ^cXZci^kVg Z egZhZgkVg V XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV# :b '%%*! V HEE8 Xdchda^Ydj V eg^bZ^gV ZiVeV YZ igVWVa]d! cV fjVa Zhigjijgdj Vh WVhZh Z dW_Zi^kdh Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Z Ògbdj Xdck c^d Xdb ))* Zci^YVYZh YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a eVgV ^beaVciV d Z dg\Vc^oV d Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Zb idYdh dh :hiVYdh Yd eV h! bV^h d 9^hig^id ;ZYZgVa! Z Zb ig h eV hZh ig h Edcidh cdh :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh! jb cV ;gVc V Z jb cV
94
6aZbVc]V # 6a b Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV XdciV Xdb djigVh fjVigd V Zh! idYVh ZbeZc]VYVh Zb ZhiVWZaZXZg ZhhZ igVWVa]d Zb egda YV XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV/ 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! 6\ZciZ 8jaijgV K^kV! :hXdaV K^kV Z <g^ # 6 ^beaVciV d Yd Egd\gVbV egZk jb egdXZhhd Xdci cjd Z Y^c}b^Xd! Z hZj YZhZckdak^bZcid hZbZa]VciZ Vd YZ jb dg\Vc^hbd k^kd! fjZ hZ Vgi^XjaV Xdb dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV eg "Zm^hiZciZh# :b aj\Vg YZ YZiZgb^cVg dj ^bedg V Zh Z XdcYjiVh adXV^h! d egd\gVbV Zhi^bjaV V Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ! ediZcX^Va^oVcYd YZhZ_dh Z Xg^VcYd jb VbW^ZciZ egde X^d Vd gZh\ViZ YV X^YVYVc^V eZad gZXdc]ZX^bZcid YV ^bedgi}cX^V YV XjaijgV egdYjo^YV Zb XVYV adXVa^YVYZ# D Z[Z^id YZhZ_VYd d Zckdak^bZcid ^ciZaZXijVa Z V[Zi^kd YV Xdbjc^YVYZ! Xg^VcYd
jbV b{\^XV bdi^kVYdgV cV fjVa dh X^YVY dh hZciZb"hZ! XVYV kZo bV^h! Zhi^bjaVYdh V Xg^Vg Z eVgi^X^eVg# CZhhZ XdciZmid! d eVeZa YV XddgYZcV d Yd egd\gVbV d YZ [dbZciVg d egdXZhhd YZ gZ^ciZgegZiV d XjaijgVa! Zhi^bjaVcYd V Vegdm^bV d ZcigZ Y^[ZgZciZh [dgbVh YZ gZegZhZciV d Vgi hi^XV Z k^h Zh YZ bjcYd# Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Edg bZ^d YV Xg^V d Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Ä Xdck c^d [dgbVa Yd B^c8 Xdb dg\Vc^oV Zh YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! fjZ XdciZbeaV gZeVhhZ YZ jbV kZgWV cd kVadg YZ G &-*#%%%!%% Y^k^Y^Ydh Zb hZ^h eVgXZaVh hZbZhigV^h ! Zfj^eVbZcidh YZ gZ\^higd VjY^dk^hjVa Z YZ ^c[dgb{i^XV eVgV Xdbjc^XV d! VXdbeVc]VbZcid Z ^ciZgadXj d k^V lZW! d 8jaijgV K^kV Ve ^V egd_Zidh fjZ gZ\^higZb! gZh\ViZb dj egZhZgkZb bVc^[ZhiV Zh YV XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV# D dW_Zi^kd
fjZ dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV hZ Xdchi^ijVb cjbV gZYZ dg\}c^XV! Xj_V ^ciZc d Xg^Vg jb ZheV d YZ hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ! fjZ eZgb^iV V [dgbV d YZ jb eVcdgVbV Vbead! YZbdXg{i^Xd Z XdchiVciZbZciZ VijVa^oVYd YV XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV! V idYdh dh ^ciZgZhhVYdh# 6 d eg^dg^i{g^V Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Vgi^XjaVb idYVh Vh hjVh YZbV^h V Zh! [dgbVcYd jbV gZYZ ]dg^odciVa YZ Vgi^XjaV d! gZXZe d Z Y^hhZb^cV d YZ ^c^X^Vi^kVh Z kdciVYZh Xg^VYdgVh! [dgbVYVh Zb Y^kZghdh bjc^X e^dh Yd 7gVh^a# ;jcX^dcV Xdbd jb bZY^VYdg cV gZaV d ZcigZ :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ! Z YZcigd YV gZYZ! dh Edcidh V\gZ\Vb V\ZciZh XjaijgV^h fjZ Vgi^XjaVb Z ^bejah^dcVb jb Xdc_jcid YZ V Zh Zb hjVh Xdbjc^YVYZh# D gZXjghd Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV jhVYd eVgV ediZcX^Va^oVg hjV V d! cV
95
XdbegV YZ ^chigjbZcidh! Ò\jg^cdh! bVi g^Vh"eg^bVh! ZcÒb! Yd bViZg^Va cZXZhh{g^d eVgV Vh Vi^k^YVYZh Zb fjZhi d! cV gZVa^oV d YZ egdYj Zh VjY^dk^hjV^h! cV bdciV\Zb YZ ZheZi{Xjadh Z djigVh Vi^k^YVYZh# 6i bV^d YZ '%%+! ))( Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV [dgVb XdckZc^VYdh eZad Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! Z bV^h '%( [dgVb hZaZX^dcVYdh Z V\jVgYVb Xdck c^d! edg bZ^d YZ ZY^iV^h Ä [dgVb aVc VYdh fjVigd YZhYZ _ja]d YZ '%%)# D B^c8 Xdch^YZgV XVeVoZh YZ hZ igVch[dgbVgZb Zb Edcid YZ 8jaijgV Vh Zci^YVYZh fjZ gZegZhZciVb Vh bVc^[ZhiV Zh XjaijgV^h Z hdX^V^h fjZ gZ\^higVb V ]^hi g^V YZ jbV Xdbjc^YVYZ/ XVedZ^gV! bVgVXVij! XdciVYdgZh YZ ]^hi g^Vh! bja]ZgZh gZcYZ^gVh! bja]ZgZh YdXZ^gVh! cY^dh fjZ [VoZb k YZdh! idXVYdgZh YZ iVbWdg! XjaijgV Y^\^iVa! iZVigd! YVc V! g{Y^dh Xdbjc^i{g^Vh! WdcZXdh! bVbjaZc\dh! egd_Zidh Zb W^Wa^diZXVh! bjhZjh! VgiZ Xdb \gVÒiZ! XdgYZa# D egd\gVbV edhhj^ jbV Y^kZgh^YVYZ fjZ c d XVWZ Zb fjVafjZg bdaYZ# 9V bZhbV bVcZ^gV! Vh Xdbjc^YVYZh Zckdak^YVh cZhhVh V Zh h d
96
eajgV^h/ gjgV^h! fj^adbWdaVh! g^WZ^g^c]Vh! ^cY \ZcVh! YV eZg^[Zg^V! ^ciZg^dgVcVh! jgWVcVh# D Edcid YZ 8jaijgV YZkZ hZg Vji cdbd! ZbedYZgVYdg Z egdiV\dc^hiV YV hjV gZVa^YVYZ# 9ZkZ hZg VijVciZ Z V\aji^cVYdg# 6h Zci^YVYZh XdckZc^VYVh Xdbe Zb jbV gZYZ fjZ egZhZgkV ZhhVh XVgVXiZg hi^XVh Z ZaZkV V XjaijgV edejaVg Vd ZheV d fjZ a]Z YZ Y^gZ^id0 YZhZhXdcYZ d 7gVh^a0 VWgZ Vh XdbedgiVh YV gZegZhV fjZ iZciV XdciZg cdhhV Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVa# :hhV V d \dkZgcVbZciVa c d egZiZcYZ Zch^cVg! [dgbViVg Z cZb gZ[VoZg/ h^beaZhbZciZ XdciZbeaV ^c^X^Vi^kVh XjaijgV^h fjZ i b V XVeVX^YVYZ YZ V\gZ\Vg djigdh VidgZh hdX^V^h! ZckdakZg hjV Xdbjc^YVYZ! Y^k^Y^g idYV V ZmeZg^ cX^V Z d Xdc]ZX^bZcid VXjbjaVYd#
8JAIJG6 9><>I6A 6 V d 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa d ^chigjbZcid fjZ eZgb^i^g{ V VegZZch d Yd fjZ Zm^hiZ YZ bV^h ÆeVae{kZa cV XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV! d cdhhd eVig^b c^d ^bViZg^VaÇ Y^hXjghd Yd b^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a! cd Vid YZ ZcigZ\V Yd Eg b^d
B g^id 8jaijgVa ! YVcYd k^h^W^a^YVYZ Z X^gXjaV d | egdYj d Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV/ dh iVbWdgZh Yd IdXVci^ch! d hVbWV Yd GZX cXVkd! V X^gVcYV YZ EZgcVbWjXd! V k^daV Yd 7gVh^a 8ZcigVa# 8db V 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! Vh Xdbjc^YVYZh edYZb \gVkVg hjV eg eg^V ^bV\Zb! Xdbd VXdciZXZ Xdb d Edcid YZ 8jaijgV K YZd cVh 6aYZ^Vh! Xdb dh cY^dh 6h]Vc^c`V Z @Vm^cVl{! cd ZhiVYd Yd 6XgZ! Zb fjZ ]{ jbV ^ckZgh d cd igVY^X^dcVa egdXZhhd YZ gZ\^higd YV ^bV\Zb VjY^dk^hjVa YVh bVc^[ZhiV Zh edejaVgZh# 6d ^ck h YZ hZgZb ÒabVYdh edg jb da]Vg ZmiZgcd! dh cY^dh h d XVeVX^iVYdh eVgV ji^a^oVg jbV X}bZgV YZ ÒabV\Zb! [VoZg gdiZ^gdh Z ZY^ d Z! Vhh^b! hZ VegZhZciVb edg ZaZh bZhbdh# Djigd Edcid YZ 8jaijgV! I]nYZl{ Ä cY^dh dc a^cZ! VegZhZciV jb egdXZhhd hZbZa]VciZ ^ciZga^\VcYd Zb gZYZ dh cY^dh Yd CdgYZhiZ WgVh^aZ^gd! eg^cX^eVabZciZ cdh :hiVYdh YV 7V]^V Z YZ 6aV\dVh0 ZhhVh Xdbjc^YVYZh Zhi d hZcYd XVeVX^iVYVh eVgV egdYjo^g V hjV e{\^cV cV ^ciZgcZi! Xg^VcYd jb h^hiZbV YZ Xdbjc^XV d eg eg^d! [dgiVaZXZcYd d hZj egdiV\dc^hbd# CV 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! XVYV Edcid YZ 8jaijgV gZXZWZ jb Zhi Y^d bjai^b Y^V# Jb Zfj^eVbZcid cVYV hdÒhi^XVYd! fjVhZ XVhZ^gd bZhV Zb Yd^h XVcV^h YZ {jY^d! ÒabVYdgV! \gVkVYdg Y^\^iVa Z Yd^h XdbejiVYdgZh fjZ [jcX^dcVb Xdbd ^a]V YZ ZY^ d ! bVh eZgb^iZ \gVkVg jb 89! egdYjo^g jb k YZd! XdadXVg jbV g{Y^d cd Vg Z jbV e{\^cV cV ^ciZgcZi! ijYd Xdb egd\gVbVh Zb hd[ilVgZh a^kgZh# D Zfj^eVbZcid Y^\^iVa YZ^mV YZ hZg VeZcVh jb bZ^d! jbV [ZggVbZciV! Z eVhhV V hZg ZciZcY^Yd Zb hjV Y^bZch d Òadh ÒXV! edg ^hhd d igViVbdh Xdbd XjaijgV# 9ZhiV [dgbV! XVYV Xdbjc^YVYZ edYZ
\gVkVg hjV b h^XV! gZ\^higVg hjV ^bV\Zb Z XdadX{"aVh cd Vg! ZmZgX^iVcYd d egdXZhhd YZ igdXV XjaijgVa ZcigZ dh Edcidh# Edg bZ^d YV ^ciZgcZi edhh kZa egdYjo^g jb egd\gVbV YZ g{Y^d Xdb eZhhdVh Zb Y^kZghVh gZ\^ Zh Yd eV h Z bZhbd Zb djigdh eV hZh ! dj Zci d Xdbedg jbV b h^XV XdaZi^kVbZciZ! ZmeZg^bZciVg cdkdh hdch! g^ibdh! i^bWgZh0 _jciVg iVbWdgZh _VedcZhZh! d IVn` ! Xdb eZgXjhh d WV^VcV# 6 bVc^ejaV d YZhiVh iZXcdad\^Vh Zb hd[ilVgZh a^kgZh VhhjbZ jbV Y^bZch d ZhigVi \^XV! c d eZaV fjZhi d YZ Xjhidh Ydh egd\gVbVh! d fjZ _{ hZg^V _jhi^ÒX{kZa! bVh eZad XdcXZ^id# DeZgVg Zb hd[ilVgZ a^kgZ h^\c^ÒXV fjZ d X Y^\d [dciZ Ydh egd\gVbVh ZhiVg{ VWZgid! edYZcYd hZg bdY^ÒXVYd Z bZa]dgVYd edg idYV V Xdbjc^YVYZ fjZ d ji^a^oV# >hid Vjidcdb^V! edYZg# 6d Xdcig{g^d YZ XVeVX^iVg Vh eZhhdVh VeZcVh eVgV VegZcYZg V ÆbZmZgÇ cdh egd\gVbVh! idgcVcYd"Vh ZhXgVkVh YV b{fj^cV Z Ydh Ydcdh Ydh egd\gVbVh ! egZiZcYZbdh fjZ cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV ZaVh hZ YZhZckdakVb Xdbd hj_Z^idh YZ hjV eg eg^V igVch[dgbV d# D hd[ilVgZ a^kgZ igVo Xdch^\d XdcXZ^idh Z eg{i^XVh YZ XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid iZXcda \^Xd! \ZcZgdh^YVYZ ^ciZaZXijVa Z igVWVa]d XdaVWdgVi^kd! ZhiVWZaZXZcYd jb cdkd eViVbVg YZ k^YV hdX^Va# JbV gZYZ Y^\^iVa ^ciZga^\VcYd idYdh dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV k^VW^a^oV! Zb ZhXVaV cVX^dcVa! ZmeZg^ cX^Vh YZ XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid YV \Zhi d e Wa^XV! ^cdkVcYd cd egdXZhhd YZ XdcigdaZ Z eVgi^X^eV d Zb eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh# IgViV"hZ YZ jbV iZciVi^kV YZ VYdiVg jbV XdcXZe d Vbea^VYV YZ eda i^XV! cV fjVa V hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a YZkZ dXjeVg ZheV dh eVgi^X^eVi^kdh YZ YZa^WZgV d e Wa^XV! hZb iZg fjZ Vhhjb^g
gZhedchVW^a^YVYZh fjZ YZkZg^Vb hZg eg eg^Vh Yd :hiVYd! egZhZgkVcYd hjV Vjidcdb^V#
6<:CI: 8JAIJG6 K>K6 D 6\ZciZ 8jaijgV K^kV V V d fjZ hZ Vgi^XjaV Vdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV k^hVcYd igVch[dgbVg d _dkZb Zb bjai^ea^XVYdg Yd eg eg^d Edcid# D 6\ZciZ 8jaijgV K^kV V ediZcX^Va^oV d cV [dgbV d Yd Edcid0 [dgbV d YZ WZch XjaijgV^h fjZ d Edcid _{ i b Z fjZ d[ZgZXZ Vdh _dkZch YV Xdbjc^YVYZ! eVgV fjZ ZhiZh hZ Vegdeg^Zb YZhhZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid Z! Vd bZhbd iZbed! WjhfjZ ^hhd Xdbd \ZgV d YZ gZcYV# DcYZ [dg bVgVXVij dj ZhXdaV YZ hVbWV/ Xdc[ZX d YZ [VciVh^Vh! dÒX^cVh bjh^XV^h###0 Xdb ]^e ]de/ \gVÒiV\Zb! 9?! dg\Vc^oV d YZ ZkZcidh0 cdh Edcidh Zb fjZ ]djkZg jbV V d Xdb d VjY^dk^hjVa/ XVeVX^iV d Zb gdiZ^gd! X}bZgV### Vhh^b edg Y^VciZ# 6 XVeVX^iV d ZheZX ÒXV YZÒc^YV eZad Edcid YZ 8jaijgV Z V XddgYZcV d YV V d Xdcig^Wj^ Xdb d VXdbeVc]VbZcid Zb ZYjXV d edejaVg! ZbegZZcYZYdg^hbd XjaijgVa Z b^XgdXg Y^id# D dW_Zi^kd
97
98
[dbZciVg V \ZgV d YZ gZcYV cVh eg eg^Vh Xdbjc^YVYZh! V eVgi^g YZ jbV ZXdcdb^V hda^Y{g^V# 6 V d 6\ZciZ 8jaijgV K^kV jbV eVgXZg^V Xdb d Egd\gVbV CVX^dcVa YZ :hi bjad Vd Eg^bZ^gd :begZ\d! Yd B^c^hi g^d Yd IgVWVa]d Z :begZ\d# ?dkZch YZ &+ V ') Vcdh! Xdb gZcYV eZg XVe^iV [Vb^a^Vg bZcdg dj ^\jVa V bZ^d hVa{g^d b c^bd! gZXZWZb YjgVciZ hZ^h bZhZh jb Vjm a^d ÒcVcXZ^gd YZ G &*%!%% XZcid Z X^cf ZciV gZV^h edg b h eVgV YZhZckdakZg V Zh egZk^hiVh cd egd_Zid YZ hZj Edcid YZ 8jaijgV#
:H8DA6 K>K6 6 V d :hXdaV K^kV iZb Xdbd dW_Zi^kd ^ciZ\gVg dh Edcidh | ZhXdaV YZ bdYd V XdaVWdgVg eVgV V Xdchigj d YZ jb Xdc]ZX^bZcid gZÓZm^kd Z hZch kZa edg bZ^d YV XjaijgV# 9ZhiV [dgbV! d egd\gVbV ZhiVg{ Xdcig^Wj^cYd eVgV V ZmeVch d Yd XVe^iVa hdX^Va WgVh^aZ^gd Ä eg^bdgY^Va cd egdXZhhd YZ hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ Yd YZhZckdak^bZcid ZXdc b^Xd! cd fjVa d ÆhVWZg"[VoZgÇ Z d ÆhVWZg" hZgÇ YZ XVYV XVcid Yd eV h edhhV hZg VaVg\VYd Z Vegd[jcYVYd! bVciZcYd"hZ VWZgid | X]Z\VYV YZ cdkVh a^c\jV\Zch! \ZgVcYd XVeVX^YVYZh YZ Xg^V d! idaZg}cX^V! Vjidcdb^V Z Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ Ä ^begZhX^cY kZ^h | Xdchigj d YV X^YVYVc^V# 8db ZhiV V d edhh kZa gZh\ViVg V ^ciZgV d ZcigZ XjaijgV Z ZYjXV d! hZb fjZ ]V_V Y^hi^c d YZ kVadg Z YZ Vi^ijYZ ZcigZ Zbd Zh! hZci^bZcidh! eZchVbZcid Z Xdc]ZX^bZcid! YZ bdYd fjZ V XjaijgV hZ_V egVi^XVYV Xdbd jbV [dgbV YZ ^ciZa^\^W^a^YVYZ YV ^YZci^YVYZ cVX^dcVa! YV Zbd d# 6 XjaijgV Zb hjVh Y^kZghVh a^c\jV\Zch c d hZg{ igViVYV VeZcVh Xdbd gZegZhZciV d!
bVh iVbW b Xdbd Xdchigj d Zhi i^XV Yd hZg WgVh^aZ^gd# 6 ^ciZc d VijVg Zb YjVh [gZciZh! igVch[dgbVcYd Vh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh ^cdkVYdgVh YVh ZhXdaVh Zb Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV dj igVch[dgbVcYd d Edcid Zb jbV ZhXdaV YZ XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV! aVc VcYd ZY^iVa Xdc_jcid ZcigZ dh B^c^hi g^dh YV :YjXV d Z YV 8jaijgV eVgV ^cXZci^kVg Z Xdck^YVg ZhXdaVh fjZ _{ YZhZckdakZb egdedhiVh ^cdkVYdgVh V VegZhZciVgZb hZjh egd_Zidh eZYV\ \^Xdh! cdh fjV^h V XjaijgV hZ_V ZaZbZcid ZhigjijgVciZ# 6 djigV [gZciZ hZg{ ZhiVWZaZXZg eVgXZg^V Y^gZiV Xdb Vh ZhXdaVh# 8VYV Edcid edYZ hZ igVch[dgbVg Zb jb ÆEVgfjZ YV :hXdaVÇ! gZh\ViVcYd V egdedhiV dg^\^cVa Yd ZYjXVYdg 6c h^d IZ^mZ^gV! Zb WVhZh bV^h Xdbjc^i{g^Vh! ^cXajh^kZ! [VoZcYd jbV ^ciZ\gV d Xdb djigd egd\gVbV \dkZgcVbZciVa! d HZ\jcYd IZbed! Yd B^c^hi g^d Ydh :hedgiZh# 6ciZh dj YZed^h Yd ]dg{g^d YVh VjaVh! Zb jb hZ\jcYd ijgcd! Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch eVgi^X^eVg d YZ dÒX^cVh Z Vi^k^YVYZh XjaijgV^h Y^kZghVh! ^ciZ\gVYVh Vd Xgdcd\gVbV ZhXdaVg! V eVgi^g YVh Y^gZig^oZh Z eVg}bZigdh Xjgg^XjaVgZh fjZ _{ ZhiVWZaZXZb d iZbV igVchkZghVa XjaijgV# Cd ?VgY^b H d Aj h! cV OdcV Hja YZ H d EVjad! Vd aVYd Yd XZb^i g^d Xdb V bV^dg XdcXZcigV d YZ bZc^cdh VhhVhh^cVYdh Zb idYd d 7gVh^a! _{ VXdciZXZ jbV ZmeZg^ cX^V hZbZa]VciZ cd Edcid YZ 8jaijgV 8VhV Ydh BZc^cdh# 9Zed^h Yd ]dg{g^d YVh VjaVh ZaZh hZ Y^g^\Zb | 8VhV Z i b VjaVh YZ VgiZh! [VoZb _dgcVa Xdbjc^i{g^d! bVeZVbZcid hdX^dZXdc b^Xd Z XjaijgVa YVh gjVh k^o^c]Vh Zb jbV VegZcY^oV\Zb fjZ ^ciZgV\Z Xdb V gZVa^YVYZ adXVa# Dh Edcidh fjZ deiVgZb edg ZhiZ i^ed YZ V d gZXZWZg d egZeVgd Z VXdbeVc]VbZcid eZYV\ \^Xd
ZheZX^Va^oVYd# 9ZhiV [dgbV! Xdchi^ij^gZbdh jb ZheV d YZ ^ciZgV d Y^Va \^XV Z k^kZcX^Va! eZgb^i^cYd fjZ V eVgi^g YVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh XjaijgV^h YZhZckdak^YVh Zb XVYV Edcid! d Vajcd edhhV ^YZci^ÒXVg dh h^\cdh Z X Y^\dh YV XjaijgV adXVa! Z cV igdXV YZ ZmeZg^ cX^V Xdb djigdh Edcidh! Vegdeg^Vg"hZ Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid Zhi i^Xd Z i^Xd Yd fjZ V XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV Z YZ Xdbd ZaV hZ gZaVX^dcV Xdb Vh djigVh XjaijgVh#
<G>ÔH <g^ d ÆVWgVh^aZ^gVbZcidÇ YV eVaVkgV [gVcXZhV \g^di! jhVYV edg _dkZch V[g^XVcdh fjZ [dgVb ZhijYVg Zb jc^kZgh^YVYZh [gVcXZhVh# Bdk^Ydh eZaV egZdXjeV d Xdb V egZhZgkV d YZ hZjh XdciVYdgZh YZ ]^hi g^Vh! fjZ XVggZ\Vb Xdch^\d V igVY^ d dgVa! Y^o^Vb/ ÆV bdgiZ YZ jb \g^di gZegZhZciV jb ^cX cY^d Zb jbV W^Wa^diZXVÇ# 6hh^b! Xdchda^YVgVb jb XdcXZ^id Z jbV Vi^k^YVYZ hZXjaVg ZcigZ hZj edkd! iVbW b ZmegZhhVYd cV eVaVkgV Y^Za^h# <g^ h! dj bZhigZh Yd hVWZg! h d
eZhhdVh fjZ edg Y^kZghVh gVo Zh! X^gXjchi}cX^Vh Z ]VW^a^YVYZh! VXjbjaVgVb Xdc]ZX^bZcidh fjZ eZgiZcXZb |h hjVh Xdbjc^YVYZh! Z fjZ edYZbdh ZciZcYZg Xdbd ÆeVig^b c^d XjaijgVa ^bViZg^VaÇ# H d Vh eg{i^XVh! gZegZhZciV Zh! ZmegZhh Zh Z i Xc^XVh Ä _jcid Xdb dh ^chigjbZcidh! dW_Zidh! VgiZ[Vidh Z aj\VgZh fjZ a]Zh h d VhhdX^VYdh Ä fjZ Vh Xdbjc^YVYZh! dh \gjedh Z! Zb Va\jch XVhdh! dh ^cY^k Yjdh! gZXdc]ZXZb Xdbd eVgiZ ^ciZ\gVciZ YZ hZj eVig^b c^d XjaijgVa# :hiZ eVig^b c^d XjaijgVa ^bViZg^Va igVchb^i^Yd YZ \ZgV d V \ZgV d# 6egdm^bVcYd"hZ Yd Egd\gVbV ÆA^k^c\ =jbVc IgZVhjgZhÇ! a^iZgVabZciZ/ IZhdjgdh =jbVcdh K^kdh! YV JC:H8D! V V d <g^ k^hV egZhZgkVg ZhhZh WZch! ^cXZci^kVcYd V igVchb^hh d YZhhZh Xdc]ZX^bZcidh VXjbjaVYdh! YVh ]VW^a^YVYZh! Yd ÆhVWZg [VoZgÇ# 8dbd [dgbV YZ ediZcX^Va^oVg ZhhVh V Zh fjZ _{ dXdggZb! d egd\gVbV WjhXV eVgXZg^Vh Xdb dh B^c^hi g^dh Yd IgVWVa]d! YV EgZk^Y cX^V HdX^Va Z YV :YjXV d! eVgV YVg Ved^d ÒcVcXZ^gd Z bViZg^Va V ZhhZh bZhigZh Ydh hVWZgZh! eVgV fjZ Xdci^cjZb! Xdb
99
bZcdh Y^ÒXjaYVYZh! V egZhZgkVg Z gZ^ckZciVg cdhhV XjaijgV#
EGD<G6B6 8JAIJG6 K>K6 D Egd\gVbV CVX^dcVa YZ 8jaijgV! :YjXV d Z 8^YVYVc^V " 8jaijgV K^kV! Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV B^c8 ! iZb edg dW_Zi^kd ^cXZci^kVg! egZhZgkVg Z egdbdkZg V Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVa WgVh^aZ^gV! Vd XdciZbeaVg ^c^X^Vi^kVh XjaijgV^h adXV^h Z edejaVgZh fjZ ZckdakVb Xdbjc^YVYZh Zb Vi^k^YVYZh YZ VgiZ! XjaijgV! ZYjXV d! X^YVYVc^V Z ZXdcdb^V hda^Y{g^V# 8db V b^hh d YZ ÆYZh"ZhXdcYZg d 7gVh^a! gZXdc]ZXZg Z gZkZgZcX^Vg V XjaijgV k^kV YZ hZj edkdÇ! Zb '%%)! V Zci d HZXgZiVg^V YZ Egd\gVbVh Z Egd_Zidh 8jaijgV^h VijVabZciZ HZXgZiVg^V YZ 8^YVYVc^V 8jaijgVa Yd B^c8 ^c^X^dj V ^beaVciV d Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! fjZ h d V ZmegZhh d YZ jbV eVgXZg^V ÒgbVYV ZcigZ :hiVYd Z hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a# Edg bZ^d YZ ZY^iVa e Wa^Xd! dh Edcidh gZXZWZb gZXjghdh Yd <dkZgcd ;ZYZgVa eVgV! Vhh^b! iZgZb XdcY^ Zh YZ ediZcX^Va^oVg hZjh igVWVa]dh! hZ_V cV XdbegV YZ ^chigjbZcidh! Ò\jg^cdh! Zfj^eVbZcidh bjai^b Y^Vh! hZ_V cV XdcigViV d YZ egdÒhh^dcV^h eVgV Xjghdh Z dÒX^cVh! egdYj d YZ ZheZi{Xjadh Z ZkZcidh XjaijgV^h! ZcigZ djigdh## 6a b Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV ^ciZ\gVYd edg jb Xdc_jcid YZ V Zh/ 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! <g^ ! :hXdaV K^kV Z! bV^h gZXZciZbZciZ! 8jaijgV Z HV YZ#
EDCIDH 9: 8JAIJG6 D Edcid YZ 8jaijgV V V d eg^dg^i{g^V Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV
100
K^kV Z Vgi^XjaV idYVh Vh hjVh YZbV^h V Zh# EVgV hZ idgcVg jb Edcid YZ 8jaijgV! egZX^hd fjZ jbV ^c^X^Vi^kV YV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a hZ_V hZaZX^dcVYV eZad B^c8 edg bZ^d YZ ZY^iVa e Wa^Xd# 6 eVgi^g YV ! jb Xdck c^d ZhiVWZaZX^Yd eVgV d gZeVhhZ YZ gZXjghdh Z d Edcid YZ 8jaijgV hZ idgcV gZhedch{kZa edg Vgi^XjaVg Z ^bejah^dcVg V Zh _{ Zm^hiZciZh Zb hjVh Xdbjc^YVYZh# D Edcid YZ 8jaijgV c d iZb jb bdYZad c^Xd YZ ^chiVaV Zh [ h^XVh! YZ egd\gVbV d dj YZ Vi^k^YVYZh# Jb VheZXid Xdbjb V idYdh V igVchkZghVa^YVYZ YV XjaijgV Z V \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV ZcigZ edYZg e Wa^Xd Z V Xdbjc^YVYZ# 6ijVabZciZ! Zm^hiZb _{ XVYVhigVYdh bV^h YZ -%% Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Zb idYd d 7gVh^a! fjZ [dgVb hZaZX^dcVYdh eZaV Vci^\V HZXgZiVg^V YZ Egd\gVbVh Z Egd_Zidh 8jaijgV^h! ]d_Z HZXgZiVg^V YZ 8^YVYVc^V 8jaijgVa! Yd B^c8 edg bZ^d YZ ZY^iV^h# 8VYV jb Ydh Edcidh gZXZWZ jbV fjVci^V YZ G +% b^a$ Vcd! Y^k^Y^Ydh Zb eVgXZaVh hZbZhigV^h Z gZcdk{kZ^h edg ( Vcdh! eVgV ^ckZhi^g YZ VXdgYd Xdb V egdedhiV Yd egd_Zid VegZhZciVYd# EVgiZ Yd ^cXZci^kd gZXZW^Yd cV
eg^bZ^gV eVgXZaV! cd kVadg b c^bd YZ G '% b^a! ji^a^oVYd eVgV Vfj^h^ d YZ Zfj^eVbZcid W{h^Xd bjai^b Y^V Zb hd[ilVgZ a^kgZ! Xdbedhid edg b^XgdXdbejiVYdg! b^c^"Zhi Y^d eVgV \gVkV d YZ 89! X}bZgV Y^\^iVa Z djigdh bViZg^V^h fjZ hZ_Vb ^bedgiVciZh eVgV d Edcid YZ 8jaijgV# :hiV ^c^X^Vi^kV Zhi{ ^ciZ\gVYV V jbV YVh V Zh Yd egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! V 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa#
EDCIDH 9: G:9: Edcidh YZ GZYZ h d idYdh dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV fjZ! jbV kZo VegdkVYdh! eVhhVb V ^ciZ\gVg V GZYZ YZ Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Z fjZ! VijVcYd Zb Y^[ZgZciZh c kZ^h Ä! bjc^X^eVa! ZhiVYjVa Z [ZYZgVa Ä! eVhhVb! cZhhV fjVa^YVYZ! V iVbW b eVgi^X^eVb Ydh ZcXdcigdh hZidg^V^h fjZ YZÒcZb V \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV Yd egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Z Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV ZcigZ d edYZg e Wa^Xd Z V hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! edg bZ^d YZ ; gjch! IZ^Vh Z 8db^hh d CVX^dcVa Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV#
EDCI´:H 9: 8JAIJG6 FjVcYd Zb jbV adXVa^YVYZ ]djkZg
XZgiV YZch^YVYZ YZ Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV egde Z V Xdchi^ij^ d YZ Edci Zh# <gjedh YZ Edcidh Z \dkZgcdh adXV^h iVbW b edYZb eaZ^iZVg V XdcY^ d YZ Edci d YZ 8jaijgV# Dh Edci Zh h d Vgi^XjaVYdgZh Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV YZ hjVh {gZVh YZ ZheZX^Va^oV d! a^\VYVh |h V Zh cVX^dcV^h Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! 6 d <g^ ! 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa! :hXdaV K^kV Z 8jaijgV Z HV YZ! Vjm^a^VcYd cV XVeVX^iV d YZhhZh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Z cV Y^[jh d Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid edg ZaZh egdYjo^Yd# Dh Edci Zh h d Xdchi^ij Ydh YZ! cd b c^bd! &% Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! \Zg^Ydh Zb Xdch gX^d Z fjZ gZXZWZb gZXjghdh YZ Vi G *%% b^a edg Vcd eVgV d YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ egd\gVbV d ^ciZ\gVYV! Vfj^h^ d YZ Zfj^eVbZcidh Z VYZfjV d YZ ^chiVaV Zh [ h^XVh# HZj ÒcVcX^VbZcid hZ Y{ edg bZ^d YZ eVgXZg^Vh Xdb ZbegZhVh e Wa^XVh Z eg^kVYVh Z \dkZgcdh adXV^h#
6v³D 8JAIJG6 9><>I6A 6 6 d 8jaijgV 9^\^iVa k^hV Vd XdbeVgi^a]VbZcid YZ egdYj Zh h^bW a^XVh Z Xdc]ZX^bZcidh iZXcda \^Xdh \ZgVYdh eZaV V d Vji cdbV! edg b Zb gZYZ! Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# D egd\gVbV iZb Xdbd Y^gZig^o ^ciZga^\Vg Vh V Zh adXV^h Z egdbdkZg V igdXV YZ ZmeZg^ cX^Vh Ydh Edcidh! WZb Xdbd V Xdbjc^XV d ZcigZ ZaZh V eVgi^g YV iZXcdad\^V Y^\^iVa! edhh^W^a^iVcYd V X^gXjaV d YV hjV egdYj d iZmijVa Z VjY^dk^hjVa# 8VYV Edcid YZ 8jaijgV gZXZWZ jb `^i YZ XjaijgV Y^\^iVa! Xdb Zfj^eVbZcidh VkVc VYdh! Z fjZ edYZb kVg^Vg YZ VXdgYd Xdb V kdXV d YV Zci^YVYZ# IdYdh gZXZWZb jb Zfj^eVbZcid Xdbedhid YZ jbV bZhV Xdb Yd^h XVcV^h YZ {jY^d!
ÒabVYdgV! \gVkVYdg Y^\^iVa Z Yd^h XdbejiVYdgZh fjZ [jcX^dcVb Xdbd ^a]V YZ ZY^ d eVgV V egdYj d YZ XdciZ Ydh bjai^b Y^V! eZgb^i^cYd V \gVkV d YZ Vgfj^kdh YZ {jY^d Z k YZd! V ejWa^XV d YZ e{\^cVh cV >ciZgcZi Z V gZVa^oV d YZ egd\gVbVh YZ g{Y^d! hZbegZ Xdb d jhd YZ egd\gVbVh Zb hd[ilVgZ a^kgZ#
6v³D :H8DA6 K>K6 6 6 d :hXdaV K^kV iZb Xdbd dW_Zi^kd ^ciZ\gVg dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV | ZhXdaV! V Òb YZ XdaVWdgVg Xdb V Xdchigj d YZ jb Xdc]ZX^bZcid gZÓZm^kd Z hZch kZa edg bZ^d YV XjaijgV# 9ZhiV [dgbV! d egd\gVbV egZiZcYZ Xdcig^Wj^g eVgV V ZmeVch d Yd XVe^iVa hdX^Va WgVh^aZ^gd Ä eg^bdgY^Va cd egdXZhhd YZ hjhiZciVW^a^YVYZ Yd YZhZckdak^bZcid ZXdc b^Xd! cd fjVa d ÆhVWZg"[VoZgÇ Z d ÆhVWZg" hZgÇ YZ XVYV XVcid Yd EV h edhhVb hZg VaVg\VYdh Z Vegd[jcYVYdh! bVciZcYd"hZ VWZgidh | X]Z\VYV YZ cdkVh a^c\jV\Zch! \ZgVcYd XVeVX^YVYZh YZ Xg^V d! idaZg}cX^V! Vjidcdb^V Z Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ Ä ^begZhX^cY kZ^h | Xdchigj d YV X^YVYVc^V# 6 egdedhiV YZhiV V d gZh\ViVg V ^ciZgV d ZcigZ XjaijgV Z ZYjXV d! VijVcYd Zb YjVh [gZciZh# JbV YZaVh k^hV | igVch[dgbV d YZ ZmeZg^ cX^Vh ^cdkVYdgVh YVh ZhXdaVh Zb Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV dj | igVch[dgbV d Yd Edcid Zb jbV ZhXdaV YZ XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV! V eVgi^g Yd aVc VbZcid Yd ZY^iVa Xdc_jcid ZcigZ dh B^c^hi g^dh YV :YjXV d Z d YV 8jaijgV# 8db ^hhd! V V d :hXdaV K^kV ^cXZci^kV Z Xdck^YV ZhXdaVh fjZ _{ YZhZckdakZb egdedhiVh ^cdkVYdgVh V VegZhZciVgZb hZjh egd_Zidh eZYV\ \^Xdh! cdh fjV^h V XjaijgV hZ_V ZaZbZcid ZhigjijgVciZ#
101
6 djigV [gZciZ d ZhiVWZaZX^bZcid YZ eVgXZg^V Y^gZiV Xdb Vh ZhXdaVh# 8VYV Edcid edYZ hZ igVch[dgbVg Zb jb ÆEVgfjZ YV :hXdaVÇ# 6ciZh dj YZed^h Yd ]dg{g^d YVh VjaVh! Zb jb hZ\jcYd ijgcd! Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch eVgi^X^eVg d YZ dÒX^cVh Z Vi^k^YVYZh XjaijgV^h Y^kZghVh! ^ciZ\gVYVh Vd Xgdcd\gVbV ZhXdaVg! V eVgi^g YVh Y^gZig^oZh Z eVg}bZigdh Xjgg^XjaVgZh fjZ _{ ZhiVWZaZXZb V XjaijgV Xdbd iZbV igVchkZghVa# Dh Edcidh fjZ deiVgZb edg ZhiZ i^ed YZ V d gZXZWZg d egZeVgd Z VXdbeVc]VbZcid eZYV\ \^Xd ZheZX^Va^oVYd eVgV V Xdchigj d YZ jb ZheV d YZ ^ciZgV d Y^Va \^XV Z k^kZcX^Va# 6 V d eZgb^iZ fjZ! V eVgi^g YVh ZmeZg^ cX^Vh XjaijgV^h YZhZckdak^YVh Zb XVYV Edcid! d Vajcd edhhV ^YZci^ÒXVg dh h^\cdh Z X Y^\dh YV XjaijgV adXVa Z! cV igdXV YZ ZmeZg^ cX^V Xdb djigdh Edcidh! Vegdeg^Vg"hZ Yd Xdc]ZX^bZcid Zhi i^Xd Z i^Xd YZ Y^kZghVh bVc^[ZhiV Zh XjaijgV^h#
6v³D <G>Ô <g^ jbV kZgh d VWgVh^aZ^gVYV YV eVaVkgV [gVcXZhV \g^di! fjZ YZh^\cV dh XdciVYdgZh YZ ]^hi g^V! gZhedch{kZ^h! cVh hdX^ZYVYZh V[g^XVcVh! edg XVggZ\Vg Xdch^\d V igVY^ d dgVa cV fjVa igVchb^i^YV V ]^hi g^V YZ hZj edkd Z d eVig^b c^d YZ hjV XjaijgV# 6 6 d <g^ k^hV | ^beaZbZciV d YZ jbV eda i^XV YZ kVadg^oV d YV igVY^ d dgVa egZhZciZ cV XjaijgV YZ bj^iVh Xdbjc^YVYZh WgVh^aZ^gVh! bVci^YV edg ÆXdciVYdgZh YZ ]^hi g^VhÇ! eZhhdVh fjZ VYfj^g^gVb Xdc]ZX^bZcidh YZ hZjh VciZeVhhVYdh Z dh gZeVhhVb Zb [dgbV YZ cVggVi^kVh dj XVhdh XdciVYdh# w V ZaZh fjZ YVYd d cdbZ YZ \g^ h# 6 eg^cX^eVa egdedhiV YZhiV ^c^X^Vi^kV
102
gZVegZcYZg Xdb dh bZhigZh YV igVY^ d dgVa! cdhhdh \g^ h! d _Z^id YZ Xdchigj^g jb Xdc]ZX^bZcid ^ciZ\gVYd | VcXZhigVa^YVYZ! Va b YZ ^cXZci^kVg V igdXV YZ ZmeZg^ cX^Vh# HZj dW_Zi^kd Zhi^bjaVg Z h^hiZbVi^oVg d k cXjad ZcigZ ZYjXVYdgZh Z V Xdbjc^YVYZ! WZb Xdbd V Y^c}b^XV YZ [dgiVaZX^bZcid YV ^YZci^YVYZ adXVa# 6 6 d <g^ VijV Xdb V k^k cX^V! V Xg^V d Z V h^hiZbVi^oV d YZ eg{i^XVh eZYV\ \^XVh gZaVX^dcVYVh Vdh hVWZgZh Z [VoZgZh YV XjaijgV dgVa! ZckdakZcYd Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! ZhXdaVh! jc^kZgh^YVYZh Z Xdbjc^YVYZh# 6 b^hh d YZhiV gZYZ Xg^Vg Z ^chi^ij^g jbV eda i^XV e Wa^XV YZ :hiVYd fjZ egdbdkV d gZXdc]ZX^bZcid Yd aj\Vg eda i^Xd! hdX^Va Z ZXdc b^Xd Ydh \g^ h Z bZhigZh YZ igVY^ d dgVa cV ZYjXV d YVh Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch WgVh^aZ^gdh# 6 V d egZk V Y^hig^Wj^ d YZ WdahVh YZ igVWVa]d V ZhhZh bZhigZh \g^ h Z hZjh VegZcY^oZh cd kVadg YZ G (*% bZchV^h! YjgVciZ d eZg dYd YZ jb Vcd! eVgV Y^kja\VgZb Z eZhfj^hVgZb Vh igVY^ Zh dgV^h Yd eV h# D eg^bZ^gd ZY^iVa! aVc VYd Zb hZiZbWgd YZ '%%+! Y^hig^Wj^j '*% WdahVh# 6 dg^\Zb YZhiV ^c^X^Vi^kV [d^ jb Xdck c^d Xdb V ^chi^ij^ d <g dh YZ Ajo Z <g^ ! YZ AZc ^h 76 ! fjZ Ògbdj eVgXZg^V Xdb d B^c8 Zb '%%)! Xdbd Edcid YZ 8jaijgV# D igVWVa]d YZhZckdak^Yd edg ZaV VXVWdj dg^\^cVcYd jb Edci d YZ 8jaijgV Z jbV YVh V Zh Yd egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Zb }bW^id cVX^dcVa! V 6 d <g^ ##
6v³D 8JAIJG6 : H6Ö9: 6 6 d 8jaijgV Z HV YZ iZb Xdbd dW_Zi^kd Vbea^Vg Z fjVa^ÒXVg
dh egdXZhhdh YZ egdbd d YV hV YZ edg bZ^d YZ Vi^k^YVYZh XjaijgV^h! gZXdc]ZXZcYd d hZg ]jbVcd Xdbd hZg ^ciZ\gVa Z V hV YZ Xdbd fjVa^YVYZ YZ k^YV# 6 ^c^X^Vi^kV egdbdkZ Z [dbZciV V Zh fjZ ji^a^oZb Vh bV^h Y^kZghVh a^c\jV\Zch XjaijgV^h Xdbd [dgbV YZ ediZcX^Va^oVg V bZa]dg^V Yd ViZcY^bZcid | edejaV d! edg bZ^d YZ ^chigjbZcidh fjZ [VkdgZ Vb Z [VX^a^iZb V Vgi^XjaV d YV gZYZ e Wa^XV YZ ViZcY^bZcid | hV YZ Xdb V gZYZ YZ Zfj^eVbZcidh XjaijgV^h! YZ bdYd V YZbdXgVi^oVg d VXZhhd |h eda i^XVh YZ hV YZ Zb WZcZ[ X^d Ydh X^YVY dh WgVh^aZ^gdh# 8g^VYV Zb XdchZf cX^V YZ jb VXdgYd YZ XddeZgV d ÒgbVYd Zb '%%, eZad B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV B^c8 Z d B^c^hi g^d YV HV YZ BH Zb k^hiV Yd YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ V Zh Xdc_jciVh! V 6 d 8jaijgV Z HV YZ ZckdakZ Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV fjZ ^cXajVb egd_Zidh kdaiVYdh | \VgVci^V Yd VXZhhd Vdh WZch Z hZgk^ dh XjaijgV^h! | fjVa^ÒXV d Yd VbW^ZciZ ]dhe^iVaVg! YZ XVhVh Z XZcigdh YZ hV YZ! V egdbd d Yd Y^{ad\d ZcigZ dh hZgk^ dh XdckZcX^dcV^h YZ hV YZ Z Vh eg{i^XVh YZ hV YZ YZhZckdak^YVh Zb ZheV dh hV\gVYdh Xdbd iZggZ^gdh YZ 8VcYdbWa ! JbWVcYV Z XVhVh YZ MVc\ ! ZcigZ djigdh! Z d [dgiVaZX^bZcid YVh ^c^X^Vi^kVh YZ Vi^k^YVYZh XjaijgV^h cV gZYZ YZ Vhh^hi cX^V | hV YZ#
I:>6! ;ÓGJB : 8DB>HH³D C68>DC6A 9DH EDCIDH 9: 8JAIJG6 IZ^V d ZcXdcigd cVX^dcVa YV gZYZ Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV fjZ ^ciZ\gVb d egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV Z fjZ hZ gZVa^oV VcjVabZciZ! YZhYZ hjV eg^bZ^gV ZY^ d Zb '%%+# 8g^VYd cV IZ^V '%%,! d ; gjb CVX^dcVa Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! gZXdc]ZX^Yd Xdbd V ^chi}cX^V eda i^XV Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! gZ cZ gZegZhZciVciZh Ydh ; gjch :hiVYjV^h! YVh V Zh cVX^dcV^h! Va b YVh {gZVh iZb{i^XVh Z gZYZh fjZ Xdbe Zb d egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# D ; gjb iZb Xdbd dW_Zi^kdh [dgiVaZXZg d H^hiZbV CVX^dcVa YZ 8jaijgV! [dbZciVg V Xdchigj d YZ bVgXdh aZ\V^h fjZ gZXdc]Z Vb V Vjidcdb^V Z d egdiV\dc^hbd XjaijgVa Yd edkd WgVh^aZ^gd! Z YZWViZg dh VkVc dh Z YZhVÒdh cV
\Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV Yd egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# 6 8db^hh d CVX^dcVa Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Vgi^XjaV V eVgi^X^eV d Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV cdh ZcXdcigdh Z [ gjch hZidg^V^h Z gZ\^dcV^h fjZ \VgVciZb V gZegZhZciVi^k^YVYZ YZ hjV eVgi^X^eV d cd ; gjb Z cdh ZcXdcigdh Z hZb^c{g^dh YZ ZhigjijgV d Yd H^hiZbV CVX^dcVa YZ 8jaijgV! k^hVcYd Vd gZXdc]ZX^bZcid Yd egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV c d Xdbd eda i^XV YZ \dkZgcd Yd B^c8! bVh Xdbd eda i^XV YZ :hiVYd# 8dch^YZgV Zh ÒcV^h/ VWgVc\ cX^V Z h^\c^ÒXV d Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV 6^cYV fjZ d egZhZciZ ZhijYd gZegZhZciZ VeZcVh jbV VkVa^V d egZa^b^cVg Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! V Zm^\^g Vegd[jcYVbZcid YZ Va\jch VheZXidh! XVWZ YZhYZ _{! cd ZciVcid! iZXZg Va\jbVh Xdch^YZgV Zh hdWgZ hjV cVijgZoV Z V h^\c^ÒXV d YZ hjV Xdcig^Wj^ d XjaijgVa Z eda i^XV eVgV d eV h# 6d hZg VegZhZciVYd Vd e Wa^Xd Zb djijWgd YZ '%%)! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV gZXZWZj jbV VXda]^YV YZh^\jVa edg eVgiZ YV ^begZchV fjZ hZ Y^\cdj V gZhZc]Vg dj VegZhZciVg jbV bVi g^V hdWgZ d iZbV! V eVgi^g YZ jb VaZciVYd YdXjbZcid YZ &*% e{\^cVh Zb ZheV d h^beaZh fjZ Y^kja\VkV hZjh dW_Zi^kdh Z eg^cX e^dh# ?{ d Y^hXjghd YZ edhhZ YZ <^aWZgid <^a ZcfjVcid B^c^higd YV 8jaijgV ]Vk^V hjhX^iVYd cd Vcd VciZg^dg Va\jb XZi^X^hbd dj bZhbd gZ[Zg cX^Vh ^g c^XVh hdWgZ d [Vid YZ d Vgi^hiV ÆYZ^iVg [VaV d \dc\ g^XVÇ hdWgZ XjaijgV Z! Zb ZheZX^Va! hdWgZ V [VbdhV ^bV\Zb Yd ÆYd"^c Vcigdeda \^XdÇ! Xj_d h^\c^ÒXVYd YZkZ iZg ZhXVeVYd | bV^dg^V Ydh _dgcVa^hiVh YV ^begZchV ZheZX^Va^oVYV Ydh Xg i^Xdh YZ VgiZ Z a^iZgVijgV fjZ XdWg^Vb V eVjiV YV XjaijgV# C d hZg^V bj^id Y^[ZgZciZ V gZV d | VegZhZciV d dÒX^Va Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# Jb Vgi^\d ejWa^XVYd cV gZk^hiV 8dci^cZciZ Bjai^XjaijgVa XdbZciVkV fjZ! bV^h YZ jb Vcd Ve h V edhhZ Yd cdkd B^c^hi g^d! ÒcVabZciZ hZ Vhh^hi^V Vd ÆeVgid YV bdciVc]VÇ! bZhbd fjZ [dhhZ eVgV kZg Xdbd gZhjaiVYd d cVhX^bZcid YZ Æjb gVi^c]dÇ### FjZ^mVcYd" hZ Yd iZmid YZ VegZhZciV d! Yd hZj [dgbVid Vd eg eg^d
XdciZ Yd! fjZ VÒgbVkV c d iZg XZgiZoV YZ iZg XdbegZZcY^Yd edg ^ciZ^gd! d _dgcVa^hiV k^V"hZ dWg^\VYd V YZXaVgVg! cd ZciVcid! Zb k^hiV Yd YdXjbZcid! fjZ ZhiVkV kZgYVYZ^gVbZciZ Y^VciZ Yd eg^bZ^gd egd\gVbV YZ XjaijgV YZ jb \dkZgcd cd 7gVh^a : ^hid VeZhVg YZ Zk^YZcX^Vg Zb hZjh djigdh XdbZci{g^dh fjZ edjXd ZciZcYZgV YZ [Vid hdWgZ d XdcXZ^id Vcigdeda \^Xd YZ XjaijgV fjZ hjhiZciV d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Z Vi hdWgZ dh eg eg^dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! fjZ a]Z ]Vk^Vb aZbWgVYd ÆYZ ^bZY^Vid Vh 8VhVh YZ 8jaijgV Yd B m^Xd Z YZ 8jWV! dh 6gi 8ZcigZh YV >c\aViZggV Z Vh BV^hdch YZh 6gih Zi YZ aV 8jaijgZ YV ;gVc V! ^ckZhi^\VYdh ]{ '% Vcdh edg IZ^mZ^gV 8dZa]dÇ# :! XaVgd! iVbW b bVc^[ZhiVkV Y k^YVh fjVcid | ^cXajh d YV XjaijgV ]^e ]de Xdbd Va\d V hZg Ved^VYd eZad B^c8 cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! fjVcYd jbV eda i^XV XjaijgVa YZkZg^V hZ egZdXjeVg Xdb egd\gVbVh YZ Æ[dgbV d YZ e Wa^XdÇ! Y^kja\VcYd Vh \gVcYZh dWgVh YZ jbV ÆVgiZ jc^kZghVaÇ YZhXdc]ZX^YVh YZ jb e Wa^Xd edejaVg### 6hh^b! bZhbd gZXdc]ZXZcYd V ^bedgi}cX^V Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! dh bVa"ZciZcY^Ydh hZg^Vb ^cZk^i{kZ^h# :b eg^bZ^gd aj\Vg! edg Xdch^YZgVg dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV hZbZa]VciZh V ^chi^ij^ Zh Zjgde ^Vh Z aVi^cd" VbZg^XVcVh fjZ! cV gZVa^YVYZ! h d Zfj^eVbZcidh bVci^Ydh eZad :hiVYd! XZcigdh XjaijgV^h YZhi^cVYdh V [dgcZXZg hZgk^ dh V hZjh jhj{g^dh! YZ kdXV d \ZcZgVa^hiV Z eajg^Y^hX^ea^cVg dj kdaiVYdh eVgV a^c\jV\Zch Vgi hi^XVh ZheZX ÒXVh! hZ\jcYd V cVijgZoV YVh Y^[ZgZciZh ^chi^ij^ Zh # 9ZhiV eZgheZXi^kV! d hZ\jcYd bVa" ZciZcY^Yd! YZXdggZciZ Yd VciZg^dg! XdcXZWZg dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV Xdbd c XaZdh YZ [dgbV d! ZmeVch d Z ÒYZa^oV d YZ e Wa^Xd! V^cYV fjZ V Y^kZgh^YVYZ YVh Vi^k^YVYZh XjaijgV^h YZhZckdak^YVh cVh ^chi^ij^ Zh Xdc\ cZgZh YV :jgdeV Z YV 6b g^XV AVi^cV! Xdb \gVcYZ Y^heZgh d \Zd\g{ÒXV Zb hZjh gZheZXi^kdh eV hZh! edhhV YVg aj\Vg c d h | Y^[jh d YV egdYj d XjaijgVa cVX^dcVa Z adXVa! bVh iVbW b | egdYj d cVh bV^h Y^kZghVh {gZVh Vgi hi^XVh Ä Z ^cXajh^kZ bjai^b Y^V Ä edg eZhhdVh Z \gjedh adXV^h! egdÒhh^dcV^h dj
VbVYdgZh# D iZgXZ^gd Zfj kdXd fjZ hZ hZ\jZ Vdh YZbV^h Xdbd hjV XdchZf cX^V YZhXVgiVg Va\jb i^ed YZ egdYj d dj bVc^[ZhiV d XjaijgVa Ä Xdbd V XjaijgV ]^e ]de Ä fjZ hZg^V bZhbd ÆYZhkVadg^oVYVÇ hZ dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV hZ YZhi^cVhhZb | [dgbV d YZ e Wa^Xd dj! bV^h ZheZX^ÒXVbZciZ! | [dgbV d Yd \dhid Yd e Wa^Xd! V hZg cVijgVabZciZ dg^ZciVYd eVgV dh kVadgZh jc^kZghV^h YV VgiZ Z YV XjaijgV# D k^ h ZhiVi^oVciZ Z V edhijgV ^ajb^c^hiV edg ig{h YZhhZh Zfj kdXdh ^beZYZb YZ eZgXZWZg d fjZ ZhhZcX^Va cdh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# 6ciZh YZ bV^h cVYV! ZaZh cVhXZb YZ jbV egZdXjeV d Zb aZ\^i^bVg Vh ZmegZhh Zh YV XjaijgV edejaVg Ä ]VW^ijVabZciZ YZ^mVYVh YZ [dgV YVh eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh ZmXZid hdW V gjWg^XV Yd [daXadgZ Ä V eVgi^g Yd Ved^d YVYd V c XaZdh _{ Zm^hiZciZh YZ egdYj d YVh bV^h Y^kZghVh bVc^[ZhiV Zh XjaijgV^h cZhhV {gZV# C d h d! edgiVcid! Zfj^eVbZcidh Xg^VYdh dj bVci^Ydh eZad :hiVYd eVgV [dgcZXZg hZgk^ dh! cZb YZhi^cVYdh | [dgbV d YZ e Wa^Xd Ä ZheV d Z e Wa^Xd _{ Zm^hiZb Ä Z bZcdh V^cYV | [dgbV d Yd hZj \dhid Ä _{ Xdchda^YVYd! bVh Zb idgcd YZ ZmegZhh Zh XjaijgV^h YZhkVadg^oVYVh YV eZgheZXi^kV YV Æ\gVcYZ XjaijgVÇ dÒX^Va! V XjaijgV ZgjY^iV Z YZ Za^iZ# HZ YZ [dgbV d YZ e Wa^Xd dj YZ \dhid hZ igViVhhZ! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV hZ YZhi^cVg^V V VcYVg cV XdcigV"b d! YVcYd k^h^W^a^YVYZ Z aZ\^i^b^YVYZ V ZhhVh bVc^[ZhiV Zh YV XjaijgV YZ jb djigd hdX^Va ! Vd idgc{" aVh Xdc]ZX^YVh Z ZkZcijVabZciZ VegZX^VYVh edg jb e Wa^Xd YZ Za^iZ fjZ Vh ^\cdgV### 9ZhiV eZgheZXi^kV! dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV edYZb hZg k^hidh Xdbd ^chigjbZcidh W{h^Xdh YZ ^cXajh d XjaijgVa ! iVcid edg aZ\^i^bVg Vh ZmegZhh Zh YV XjaijgV edejaVg eVgV hZjh eg eg^dh egdYjidgZh fjVcid edg ^chZg^"aVh YZ jbV cdkV [dgbV cd ZheZXigd b ai^ead YV Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVa WgVh^aZ^gV# :cigZiVcid! eVgV d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV Ä fjZ c d edg VXVhd ViZcYZ eZad cdbZ XdbeaZid YZ Egd\gVbV YZ 8jaijgV! :YjXV d Z 8^YVYVc^V Ä 8jaijgV K^kV Ä c d hdbZciZ YZ ^cXajh d XjaijgVa fjZ hZ igViV# IgViV"hZ iVbW b Z! hdWgZijYd! YZ ^cXajh d hdX^Va Ydh egdYjidgZh Z Xg^VYdgZh YV XjaijgV Yd edkd# ¿ ^aZ\^i^b^YVYZ YZ hjV
egdYj d XjaijgVa XdggZhedcYZ V XdcY^ d |h kZoZh YZ ^ciZ^gV b^h g^V Zb fjZ k^kZ V bV^dg^V YZaZh! cjbV hdX^ZYVYZ bVgXVYV edg jb \gVj ^c fjd YZ YZh^\jVaYVYZ hdX^Va# Edg ^hhd d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV hZ dXjeV c d h YZ bZb g^V! eZgiZcX^bZcid! Vjid"Zhi^bV Z ^YZci^YVYZ! bVh iVbW b YZ ZYjXV d! [dgbV d! \ZgV d YZ gZcYV! egdiV\dc^hbd! ZbedYZgVbZcid! X^YVc^V# 6XdeaVg V XjaijgV Z Vh b Y^Vh Y^\^iV^h |h [dgbVh igVY^X^dcV^h YV XjaijgV edejaVg! Ydh edkdh ^cY \ZcVh dj Ydh fj^adbWdh VeZcVh YVg V ZhhVh edejaV Zh [ZggVbZciVh VY^X^dcV^h! eg eg^Vh | bdYZgc^YVYZ! eVgV VhhZ\jgVg hjV ^cXajh d hdX^Va# Jb egd\gVbV XjaijgVa YZ ^cXajh d iVbW b jb egd_Zid YZ igVch[dgbV d hdX^Va# 9Z XZgid bdYd! hdW ZhiV eg^hbV! d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV edYZg^V hZg k^hid Xdbd Òa^VYd |h \gVcYZh Y^hXjhh Zh fjZ! cd }bW^id YV JC:H8D! aZkVgVb | Xg^V d YZ egdidXdadh YZ YZ[ZhV YV Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVa YV ]jbVc^YVYZ Z Yd eVig^b c^d ^bViZg^Va YV XjaijgV Ydh Y^[ZgZciZh edkdh Yd bjcYd! edhidh Zb g^hXd eZadh egdXZhhdh YZ \adWVa^oV d fjZ Vi^c\Zb iVbW b Z YZ [dgbV YgVb{i^XV d jc^kZghd YV XjaijgV# Cd 7gVh^a! [VoZcYd ZXd V ZhhVh Y^hXjhh Zh! d >E=6C Xg^dj jb cdkd YZeVgiVbZcid kdaiVYd Vd eVig^b c^d ^bViZg^Va dj ^ciVc\ kZa YV XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV! Xdbd XdcigVedcid | iZcY cX^V YV ^chi^ij^ d Zb VeZcVh _ja\Vg Y^\cd YZ YZ[ZhV! idbWVbZcid Z egdiZ d d eVig^b c^d ZY^ÒXVYd! Vh dWgVh YZ eZYgV Z XVa Xdch^YZgVYVh YZ kVadg ]^hi g^Xd Z Vgi hi^Xd cVX^dcVa Ä kVaZ Y^oZg! YV ]^hi g^V Z YV VgiZ egdYjo^YVh eZadh fjZ ÒoZgVb V CV d! hjVh Za^iZh hdX^dZXdc b^XVh!
eda i^XVh Z XjaijgV^h Ä d fjZ! cVijgVabZciZ! hZbegZ ZmXaj^j YZ hZj }bW^id fjVafjZg gZ\^higd YZ bZb g^V! ]^hi g^V dj VgiZ Yd bjcYd Ydh hjWVaiZgcdh# ;dgVb hZjh ÆXdc]ZX^bZcidh Z bdYdh YZ [VoZg ZcgV^oVYdh cd Xdi^Y^Vcd YVh Xdbjc^YVYZh! g^ijV^h Z [ZhiVh fjZ bVgXVb V k^k cX^V XdaZi^kV Yd igVWVa]d! YV gZa^\^dh^YVYZ! Yd ZcigZiZc^bZcid Z YZ djigVh eg{i^XVh YV k^YV hdX^VaÇ! ^cXaj^cYd edgiVcid bVc^[ZhiV Zh a^iZg{g^Vh! bjh^XV^h! ea{hi^XVh! X c^XVh Z a Y^XVh! Z eg^k^aZ\^VcYd"hZ c d V ZY^ÒXV d! bVh dh aj\VgZh Zb fjZ hZ VegZhZciVb ZhhVh [g{\Z^h Vgfj^iZijgVh Yd Z[ bZgd! ÆbZgXVYdh! [Z^gVh! hVcij{g^dh! egV Vh Z YZbV^h ZheV dh dcYZ hZ XdcXZcigVb Z gZegdYjoZb eg{i^XVh XjaijgV^h XdaZi^kVhÇ! fjZ VXVWVgVb edg ZcXdcigVg gZ\^higd cdh Y^[ZgZciZh a^kgdh Yd eVig^b c^d ^bViZg^Va WgVh^aZ^gd# : V bZa]dg [dgbV YZ \VgVci^g hjV YZ[ZhV Z egdiZ d VhhZ\jgVg Vdh YZiZcidgZh YZhhZh hVWZgZh Z [VoZgZh Vh XdcY^ Zh bViZg^V^h YZ k^YV fjZ a]Zh eZgb^iVb Xdci^cjVg V egdYjo^g ZhhVh eg{i^XVh# :b djigVh eVaVkgVh! VhhZ\jgVg"a]Zh XdcY^ Zh YZ jbV kZgYVYZ^gV ^cXajh d hdX^Va# w cZhhZ hZci^Yd fjZ hZ VeVgZciVb! YZcigd Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV! dh egd\gVbVh YZ ^YZci^ÒXV d! hVakV\jVgYV Z gZ\^higd Yd eVig^b c^d ^bViZg^Va WgVh^aZ^gd Yd >E=6C Z d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV YV VijVa HZXgZiVg^V YZ 8^YVYVc^V 8jaijgVa# :cigZiVcid! ZbWdgV dg^\^cVabZciZ kdaiVYd eVgV Vh [dgbVh igVY^X^dcV^h YV XjaijgV Yd edkd WgVh^aZ^gd! V egZdXjeV d Xdb V ^cXajh d hdX^Va aZkdj d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV V ZhiZcYZg" hZ Va b YZhhVh ZmegZhh Zh XjaijgV^h# Jb Edcid YZ 8jaijgV c d hZg{ cZXZhhVg^VbZciZ gZXdc]ZX^Yd Xdbd iVa VeZcVh hZ [dg dg\Vc^oVYd Zb
103
idgcd YZ jb BVgVXVij gjgVa! jb \gjed YZ iZVigd YZ bVbjaZc\dh! jbV ;da^V YZ GZ^h# D 8Zcigd YZ IZVigd Yd Deg^b^Yd Xg^VYd edg 6j\jhid 7dVa jb Edcid YZ 8jaijgV edg hjV XVeVX^YVYZ YZ igVchb^i^g V ^ciZ\gVciZh YZ djigdh Edcidh Ä cjbV V d YV 8jaijgV Edcid V Edcid Ä edg bZ^d YZ i Xc^XVh Z eg{i^XVh iZVigV^h! ^chigjbZcidh YZ gZÓZm d Z V d fjZ hZ idgcVb eVgiZ Yd egdXZhhd YZ ZbedYZgVbZcid fjZ XdcY^ d YV Xdchigj d YV X^YVYVc^V# Edg Xdchi^ij^g V X]VbVYV iZgXZ^gV ^YVYZ jb \gjed YZ eZhhdVh igVY^X^dcVabZciZ hj_Z^iVh | Y^hXg^b^cV d Z | ZmXajh d cjbV hdX^ZYVYZ YZ Xdchjbd Ydb^cVYV eZad [Zi^X]Z YV _jkZcijYZ! d IZVigd YVh ;VhZh! Zb 8jg^i^WV! hZg{ jb Edcid YZ 8jaijgV kdaiVYd | ^cXajh d eZaV VgiZ YZ hZc]dgVh Z hZc]dgZh fjZ h Zb [VhZ iVgY^V YV k^YV YZhXdWg^gVb V bV\^V Yd iZVigd# :b GZX^[Z! d Edcid YZ 8jaijgV 8#6#>#H# Yd EVgid hZ YZY^XV V gZkVadg^oVg jbV eg{i^XV Ydh iZbedh Vci^\dh! fjVcYd Vh bja]ZgZh ZgVb VXdbeVc]VYVh YjgVciZ hjV \ZhiV d! cd igVWVa]d YZ eVgid Z bZhbd Ve h d cVhX^bZcid YZ jb Òa]d edg djigV bja]Zg bV^h kZa]V Z ZmeZg^ZciZ fjZ a]Z YVkV Ved^d Z hZ\jgVc V cjbV [VhZ YZa^XVYV YZ hjV k^YV# BVh hZ Vhh^b VijV c d cjb hZci^Yd hVjYdh^hiV YZ fjZgZg kdaiVg Vdh kZa]dh iZbedh! Z h^b Xdb d egde h^id YZ YVg |h eVgijg^ZciZh Z hjVh [Vb a^Vh ^c[dgbV Zh hdWgZ hZjh Y^gZ^idh cV ZhXda]V Yd bdYd Xdbd fjZgZb YVg | ajo dh hZjh Òa]dh! _{ fjZ! hZ\jcYd d aZbV Yd Edcid YZ 8jaijgV! ÆcVhXZg WZb d eg^bZ^gd Y^gZ^id ]jbVcdÇ# 6hh^b hZ k fjZ! eVgV d Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! XjaijgV igVY^ d! bVh iVbW b ^ckZc d! gZVegdeg^V d! gZXg^V d! gZhh^\c^ÒXV d# 8jaijgV Y^c}b^XV XjaijgVa cV hdX^ZYVYZ XdbeaZmV Yd
104
7gVh^a XdciZbedg}cZd# :hiVh h d Va\jbVh YVh XVgVXiZg hi^XVh ^cdkVYdgVh Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV fjZ hZg^V Y^[ X^a XdbegZZcYZg hdW dh kZa]dh eVgVY^\bVh fjZ igVY^X^dcVabZciZ WVa^oVgVb! edg ZmZbead! Vh Vc{a^hZh YV ZXdcdb^V YV XjaijgV! YV ^cY hig^V XjaijgVa dj Ydh Ójmdh YZ ^ckZhi^bZcid Z gZidgcd YVh ^chi^ij^ Zh XjaijgV^h# 6d aVYd YZhhVh XVgVXiZg hi^XVh! ]{ fjZ bZcX^dcVg Vh [dgbVh YZ dg\Vc^oV d Z \Zhi d Yd Egd\gVbV ZcfjVcid bdYZad YZ ZmZXj d YZ eda i^XVh e Wa^XVh/ jbV eda i^XV YZ \dkZgcd Yd B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV! fjZ Zb hjV ^beaZbZciV d hZ XdckZgiZ Zb eda i^XV YZ :hiVYd eZad XVg{iZg igVchkZghVa YZ hjVh V Zh! Z fjZ VabZ_V | hjV eg eg^V Y^hhdaj d eVjaVi^cV ZcfjVcid V d Yd :hiVYd eZaV hjV [dgbV YZ \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV ZbVcX^eVYdgV! eZgb^i^cYd"a]Z hZg Vegdeg^VYV eZaV hdX^ZYVYZ X^k^a! fjZ eVhhVg^V V \Zg^g YZ bdYd Vji cdbd ZhhVh eg{i^XVh# : XVWZ V^cYV Zc[Vi^oVg V XVgVXiZg hi^XV YZ ^cVXVWVbZcid ^cZgZciZ V jbV egdedhiV fjZ XdcÒ\jgV jb Egd\gVbV eZgbVcZciZbZciZ ^c i]Z bV`^c\! gZhjaiVcYd YV Vh VaiZgV Zh [gZf ZciZh Zb hjVh V Zh! cVh eVgXZg^Vh ^ciZgb^c^hiZg^V^h eVgV hjV ZmZXj d Z bZhbd cV dg\Vc^oV d YZ hjV \Zhi d XdbeVgi^a]VYV Xdb dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! Vd adc\d Yd egdXZhhd fjZ YVh IZ^Vh Z ; gjch YZ }bW^id adXVa aZkdj | [dgbV d Yd ; gjb CVX^dcVa Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV# 9ZaZ eVgi^X^eVb gZegZhZciVciZh Ydh ; gjch ZhiVYjV^h! hZidg^V^h! YVh V Zh cVX^dcV^h Z YVh gZYZh fjZ ^ciZ\gVb dh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! X]Z\VcYd ZcÒb | 8db^hh d CVX^dcVa Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV! Xj_dh YZaZ\VYdh eVgi^X^eVb Ydh hZb^c{g^dh Z ZcXdcigdh dg\Vc^oVYdh Zb k^hiV YV Xg^V d Yd H^hiZbV CVX^dcVa YZ
]d_Z VigVZb ^ggZh^hi^kZabZciZ V ViZc d! V ^ciZa^\ cX^V Z V hZch^W^a^YVYZ ^ciZgcVX^dcV^h eVgV d 7gVh^a! jbV V 6bVo c^V! Xdb V hjV W^dY^kZgh^YVYZ Ä Z V djigV V XjaijgV WgVh^aZ^gV! Xdb V hjV hZb^dY^kZgh^YVYZ# D 7gVh^a VeVgZXZ Vfj^! Xdb Vh hjVh Y^{hedgVh Z Vh hjVh b^hijgVh! Xdbd jb Zb^hhdg YZ bZchV\Zch cdkVh! cd XdciZmid YV \adWVa^oV d#
8jaijgV# Edg Òb! cZXZhh{g^d gZ[Zg^g"hZ Vd ^beVXid eda i^Xd \adWVa Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV! YZcigd Z [dgV Yd eV h# HZ YZ jb edcid YZ k^hiV ^ciZgcd d XgZhX^bZcid XdchiVciZ Ydh Edcidh YZ 8jaijgV ^ciZ\gVYdh | gZYZ cVX^dcVa Yd Egd\gVbV bdhigV d ^ciZgZhhZ fjZ ZaZ kZb hjhX^iVcYd YZhYZ d hZj aVc VbZcid Zb '%%)! VkVa^Vg hZj ^beVXid ZmiZgcd cdh dWg^\V V gZidgcVg Vd Y^hXjghd YZ edhhZ Yd B^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a! cd fjVa! YZ bVcZ^gV fjVhZ egd[ i^XV fjVcYd k^hid Zb gZigdheZXi^kV! ZhiZ iZbV VciZX^eVYd# CZaZ d B^c^higd Xdc[ZgZ jbV VWgVc\ cX^V ^c Y^iV |h eda i^XVh YZ XjaijgV Yd VijVa \dkZgcd Vd Xdch^YZg{"aVh Xdbd V ÆVg\VbVhhVÇ Ä <gVbhX^ Y^g^V ÆX^bZcidÇ Ä YZ jb cdkd egd_Zid cVX^dcVa! ^hid ! d ZaZbZcid ZhhZcX^Va YZ Xdchigj d YZ jbV cdkV ]Z\Zbdc^V! fjZ YZkZg{ gZkZaVg"hZ iVcid cd eaVcd ^ciZgcd Xdbd ZmiZgcd# Edg ^hhd! Vd bdhigVg V ^bedgi}cX^V YV XddgYZcV d YV V d ^ciZg b^c^hiZg^Va eVgV V Xdchda^YV d Yd Egd\gVbV! ZaZ ZaZcXV! Vd aVYd Ydh eVgXZ^gdh bV^h Zk^YZciZh! Xdbd dh B^c^hi g^dh YV :YjXV d! Yd BZ^d 6bW^ZciZb Z
djigdh! iVbW b d B^c^hi g^d YVh GZaV Zh :miZg^dgZh/ ZaZ YZkZg{ hZg bdW^a^oVYd eVgV VegZhZciVg Vd bjcYd V ^bV\Zb YZ jb eV h fjZ! cd XdciZmid YV \adWVa^oV d! hZ dXjeV YZ iZbVh YZ gZaZk}cX^V ^ciZgcVX^dcVa! Xj^YVcYd YV W^dY^kZgh^YVYZ VbVo c^XV iVcid fjVcid YZ hjV Y^kZgh^YVYZ XjaijgVa# : c d edg VXVhd bZ gZ[Zg^! VciZh! Vd eaVcd ^ciZgcVX^dcVa# IZc]d eVgV b^b fjZ V eda i^XV XjaijgVa YZkZ eZgbZVg idYd d <dkZgcd! Xdbd jbV Zhe X^Z YZ Vg\VbVhhV YZ cdhhd cdkd egd_Zid cVX^dcVa# 9ZhhZ bdYd! iZgZbdh YZ VijVg igVchkZghVabZciZ! Zb h^cidc^V Z Zb h^cXgdc^V Xdb dh YZbV^h b^c^hi g^dh# 6a\jch YZhhVh eVgXZg^Vh hZ YZhZc]Vb YZ [dgbV fjVhZ Vjidb{i^XV! ^bZY^ViV! Zb XVhdh Xdbd dh Ydh b^c^hi g^dh YV :YjXV d! Yd Ijg^hbd! Yd BZ^d 6bW^ZciZ! Yd IgVWVa]d! Ydh :hedgiZh! YV >ciZ\gV d CVX^dcVa# BVh cZb idYdh hZ aZbWgVb ad\d YZ jbV eVgXZg^V a \^XV Z cVijgVa! cd XdciZmid fjZ ZhiVbdh k^kZcYd Z Zb [jc d Yd egd_Zid fjZ iZbdh Zb b dh/ V eVgXZg^V Xdb d B^c^hi g^d YVh GZaV Zh :miZg^dgZh# HZ ]{ YjVh Xd^hVh fjZ
Æ>chZg^g V ^bV\Zb Yd 7gVh^a cd bjcYdÇ! eZchVYV Z bdYZaVYV Xdbd edh^X^dcVbZcid ZhigVi \^Xd YZ VÒgbV d hdWZgVcV Yd eV h cd XZc{g^d bjcY^Va/ ZhiZ d aj\Vg Z d egde h^id YV eVgXZg^V ZcigZ d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV Z d B^c^hi g^d YVh GZaV Zh :miZg^dgZh! hZ\jcYd d B^c^higd <^aWZgid <^a! k^hVcYd V VÒgbV d YZ kVadgZh fjZ YZkZb hZg k^hidh Xdbd d ÆgZXVYdÇ WgVh^aZ^gd Vd bjcYd# Æ:mZbead YZ Xdck^k cX^V YZ dedhidh Z YZ eVX^ cX^V Xdb d Y^[ZgZciZÇ! idaZg}cX^V fjZ aZkV | VÒgbV d Yd kVadg YV eVo! ZmegZhhd cV cVijgZoV h^cXg i^XV YZ cdhhV XjaijgV YZ bZhi^ V\Zb Z ]^Wg^Y^oV d YZ bj^iVh XjaijgVh! cd Xdck k^d ZciZ igVY^ d Z ^ckZc d# :hiV V a^ d fjZ d eV h iZb V YVg Vd bjcYd! Y^o d B^c^higd! VajY^cYd Vfj^ bV^h jbV kZo Vd iZbV eda b^Xd Yd ÆgVX^hbd | WgVh^aZ^gVÇ! Zb fjZ bj^idh Ä YZ bdYd cVYV ^cdXZciZ Z YZh^ciZgZhhVYd Ä fjZgZb kZg jb h^cVa YZ Æ]^edXg^h^VÇ Z dcYZ ZaZ egZ[ZgZ kZg jb kVadg Z jb ^YZVa fjZ VedciVb eVgV V Xdchigj d YZ jbV cdkV XjaijgV bjcY^Va YV eVo# ?jciVbZciZ Xdb d B^c^hi g^d YVh GZaV Zh :miZg^dgZh! iZbdh YZ eZchVg! bdYZaVg Z ^chZg^g V ^bV\Zb Yd 7gVh^a cd bjcYd# IZbdh YZ cdh edh^X^dcVg ZhigViZ\^XVbZciZ cd XVbed bV\c i^Xd Yd <dkZgcd AjaV!
Xdb V hjV c[VhZ cV VÒgbV d hdWZgVcV Yd 7gVh^a cd XZc{g^d ^ciZgcVX^dcVa# : hdWgZijYd iZbdh YZ hVWZg fjZ gZXVYd d 7gVh^a Ä ZcfjVcid ZmZbead YZ Xdck^k cX^V YZ dedhidh Z YZ eVX^ cX^V Xdb d Y^[ZgZciZ Ä YZkZ YVg Vd bjcYd! cjb bdbZcid Zb fjZ Y^hXjghdh [ZgdoZh Z ZhiVcYVgiZh W a^Xdh hZ djg^ Vb eaVcZiVg^VbZciZ# HVWZbdh fjZ Vh \jZggVh h d bdk^YVh! fjVhZ hZbegZ! edg ^ciZgZhhZh ZXdc b^Xdh# BVh c d h # :aVh hZ YZhZc]Vb! iVbW b! cVh Zh[ZgVh YV ^cidaZg}cX^V Z Yd [VcVi^hbd# :! Vfj^! d 7gVh^a iZb a^ Zh V YVg Ä VeZhVg Yd fjZ fjZgZb Y^oZg XZgidh gZegZhZciVciZh YZ ^chi^ij^ Zh ^ciZgcVX^dcV^h Z hZjh edgiV"kdoZh ^ciZgcdh fjZ! V Òb YZ iZciVg Zme^Vg hjVh XjaeVh gVX^V^h! Zh[dg Vb" hZ eVgV cdh ZcfjVYgVg cjbV bdaYjgV YZ ]^edXg^h^V Z Y^hX gY^V! XdbedcYd YZ cdhhV \ZciZ jb gZigVid ^ciZgZhhVYd Z ^ciZgZhhZ^gd! XVeVo YZ XdckZcXZg VeZcVh V ZaZh bZhbdh# H^b/ d 7gVh^a iZb a^ Zh V YVg! cd XVbed YV eVo Z Zb djigdh! Xdb Vh hjVh Y^hedh^ Zh eZgbVcZciZbZciZ h^cXg i^XVh Z igVchXjaijgVi^kVh# : c d kVbdh VWg^g b d Y^hhd# K^hid | Y^hi}cX^V Yd iZbed! d eVg{\gV[d fjZ ZcXZggV d Y^hXjghd YZ edhhZ YZ <^aWZgid <^a ZcfjVcid B^c^higd YV 8jaijgV! Zb _VcZ^gd YZ '%%(! eVgZXZ jbV VciZX^eV d YZ jbV cdkV ^bV\Zb Z jbV cdkV h^ijV d Yd eV h fjZ ]d_Z! Zb hZiZbWgd YZ '%%.! VeVgZXZb ZhiVbeVYVh Zb bVcX]ZiZh YV ^begZchV Zb idYd d bjcYd/ :b gZhjbd! Xdb ZhiV XdbegZZch d YZ cdhhVh cZXZhh^YVYZh ^ciZgcVh Z YV egdXjgV YZ jbV cdkV ^chZg d Yd 7gVh^a cd bjcYd fjZ d B^c^hi g^d YV 8jaijgV kV^ VijVg! YZcigd Ydh eg^cX e^dh! Ydh gdiZ^gdh Z YVh WVa^oVh Yd egd_Zid YZ bjYVc V YZ fjZ d egZh^YZciZ
105
AjaV ! ]d_Z! V ZcXVgcV d bV^h kZgYVYZ^gV Z bV^h egd[jcYV# 6fj^ hZg{ d ZheV d YV ZmeZg^bZciV d YZ gjbdh cdkdh# D ZheV d YV VWZgijgV eVgV V Xg^Vi^k^YVYZ edejaVg Z eVgV Vh cdkVh a^c\jV\Zch# D ZheV d YV Y^hedc^W^a^YVYZ eVgV V VkZcijgV Z V djhVY^V# D ZheV d YV bZb g^V Z YV ^ckZc d# HZb Y k^YV! V VijV d eZhhdVa YZ <^aWZgid <^a ZcfjVcid B^c^higd YV 8jaijgV Z Yd eg eg^d EgZh^YZciZ Aj^h >c{X^d AjaV YV H^akV cd XZc{g^d ^ciZgcVX^dcVa gZegZhZcidj jbV Xdcig^Wj^ d h^\c^ÒXVi^kV eVgV fjZ ]d_Z d eV h hZ eVgZ V jb edjXd bV^h Xdb V ^bV\Zb fjZ YZaZ hZ ZheZgVkV Xdbd Zb jb hdc]d k^h^dc{g^d Zb '%%(# CZhiV igV_Zi g^V hZadj"hZ Zb YZÒc^i^kd V VhhdX^V d ZcigZ XjaijgV Z igVch[dgbV d hdX^Va fjZ YZhYZ d hZj ^c X^d [d^ V bVgXV Yd Egd\gVbV 8jaijgV K^kV# :hiV iVakZo hZ_V hjV bV^h ^bedgiVciZ Xdcig^Wj^ d XjaijgVa Z eda i^XV eVgV d YZhi^cd [jijgd Yd cdhhd eV h#
106
107
108
109
110