Life Between Generations. A Housing Typology for Aging in Place by Tejal Lad

LIFE BETWEEN GENERATIONS A HOUSING TYPOLOGY FOR AGING IN PLACE

TEJAL LAD MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS © Tejal Lad 2021

LIFE BETWEEN GENERATIONS

A HOUSING TYPOLOGY FOR AGING IN PLACE By Tejal Lad B.Arch.Sc, Ryerson University, 2018

A thesis presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in the program of Architecture Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2021 © Tejal Lad 2021

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Terri Peters, my second Reader Will Galloway, and Cheryl Atkinson for their guidance, support, encouragement, and enthusiasm towards this thesis for the course of this year and the unexpected transition to virtual learning Thank you to Anupama Kundoo for introducing me to this field of thought in architecture. You have given me a great insight into re-thinking living spaces to improve the quality of life and inspired me to push the boundaries on this topic of housing in the field of architecture. I also want to thank my parents, grandparents, family and friends for their continual support and the encouragement to pursue my dreams. Last, but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to Turner Fleischer Architects for their dedication to education and support for continued learning.

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

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ABSTRACT LIFE BETWEEN GENERATIONS

A Housing Typology for Aging in Place Tejal Mahesh Lad Master of Architecture 2021 Ryerson University

In the architectural realm, housing is central to the quality of life in a city because it impacts the physical and metaphysical conditions in which we live. This thesis redefines health for aging populations to be about social inclusion, improving people’s quality of life in a city. It also addresses the urgent need to densify housing in an urban context to create healthy housing options for people to age in place. The backyard proposal encourages independence by designing for walkability while creating opportunities for people to stay within their own community, in a new backyard housing typology. This thesis transforms the typical vehicle accessible laneways in Toronto to create a better and more healthy way of living for all ages, but specifically thinking of the aging population and the potential for new ways of designing socially inclusive and healthy environments for retired living.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments Author’s Declaration Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures

ii iii iv v vii

CHAPTER 1: Introduction Thesis Statement 1.1 Canada’s Elderly Population 1.2 Canada’s Initiatives for Seniors 1.3 Current Living Arrangements Research Questions Research Methods

1 2 3 4 9 10

CHAPTER 2: Aging in Place in Canada 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

A Global Issue Action for Seniors Report Palliative Care Model Generational Breakdown Aging in Place

13 14 14 17 18

CHAPTER 3 : Social Inclusion and Healthy Housing 3.1 Healthy Homes: Metaphysical | Physical 3.2 Social Inclusion 3.3 Aging in Place Strategies

25 28 31

CHAPTER 4: Literature Review 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

Successful Aging New Aging Imagine Young-Old Houses For Aging Socially Vienna Model I & II Soft Cities

39 40 41 42 43 44 45

CHAPTER 5: Case Studies 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10

Biscgofshofen Apartments. AUT Unité(s) Experimental Housing. FR Frederiksvej Kindergarten. DK Home for Senior Citizens. CHE Laneway Housing. CAN Grüne Welle (Green Wave). AUT Haustrift. AUT Neue Siedlerbewegung-Heustadelgasse. AUT Savonnerie Heymans. BEL STA | zwei+plus Intergenerational Housing. AUT

51 53 55 57 59 61 62 63 64 65

CHAPTER 6: Research Themes 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Walkability Dunbar Theory Social Proximities Toronto’s Laneway Housing

69 72 74 74

CHAPTER 7: Design Process and Development 7.1 Phases of Living 7.2 Project Scope 7.3 Site Potential

85 87 87

CHAPTER 8: Design Project 8.1 Urban Scale 8.2 Building Scale 8.3 Walkway & Neighbourhood House

105 119 135

CHAPTER 9: Conclusion Conclusion

149

APPENDIX

155

GLOSSARY

165

REFERENCES

169

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1: Introduction Figure 1: Percentage of the population aged 15 and over living in a singledetached house by age group, Canada, 2011. Statistics Canada. Page 5. “An Aging Population.” Statistics Canada: Canada’s national statistical agency / Statistique Canada : Organisme statistique national du Canada, October 7, 2016. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11402-x/2010000/chap/pop/pop02-eng.htm. Figure 2: Percentage of the population aged 65 and over living in special care facilities by age group, Canada 2011. Statistics Canada. Page 5. “An Aging Population.” Statistics Canada: Canada’s national statistical agency / Statistique Canada : Organisme statistique national du Canada, October 7, 2016. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11402-x/2010000/chap/pop/pop02-eng.htm. Figure 3: Summary of Senior Living in Canada. Statistics Canada. Page 5. “An Aging Population.” Statistics Canada: Canada’s national statistical agency / Statistique Canada : Organisme statistique national du Canada, October 7, 2016. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11402-x/2010000/chap/pop/pop02-eng.htm.

CHAPTER 2: Aging in Place in Canada Figure 4: Identifying Private, Shared, and Social Spaces. Tejal Lad. Page 20. Figure 5: Identifying spaces in a home that can serve a better purpose. Diagrams of a sample two-storey home. Tejal Lad. Page 20. Figure 6: Livability. EFFEKT Architects. Page 22. “The Urban Village Project.” Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www. urbanvillageproject.com/.

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LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 5: Case Studies Figure 7: Figure 4: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @chrisprecht. Page 51. “Chris Precht’s (@chrisprecht).” Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www. instagram.com/chrisprecht/. Figure 8: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @chrisprecht. Page 51. “Chris Precht’s (@chrisprecht).” Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www. instagram.com/chrisprecht/. Figure 9: Mixing Chamber Diagram. Tejal Lad. Page 51. “Chris Precht’s (@chrisprecht).” Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www. instagram.com/chrisprecht/. Figure 10: Mixing Generational Dwellings. Tejal Lad. Page 52. Figure 11: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @chrisprecht. Page 52. “Chris Precht’s (@chrisprecht).” Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www. instagram.com/chrisprecht/. Figure 12: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @chrisprecht. Page 52. “Chris Precht’s (@chrisprecht).” Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www. instagram.com/chrisprecht/. Figure 13: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @chrisprecht. Page 52. “Chris Precht’s (@chrisprecht).” Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www. instagram.com/chrisprecht/. Figure 14: Sample Floor Plan. Source: Archdaily. Page 53. ArchDaily. ‘Unité(s) Experimental Housing / Sophie Delhay Architecture’, 12 December 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/929995/unite-sexperimental-housing-sophie-delhay-architecture. Figure 15: Ground Plane. Source: Archdaily. Page 53. ArchDaily. ‘Unité(s) Experimental Housing / Sophie Delhay Architecture’, 12 December 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/929995/unite-sexperimental-housing-sophie-delhay-architecture. Figure 16: Diagrammatic Facade. Source: Archdaily. Page 53.

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LIST OF FIGURES

ArchDaily. ‘Unité(s) Experimental Housing / Sophie Delhay Architecture’, 12 December 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/929995/unite-sexperimental-housing-sophie-delhay-architecture. Figure 17: Units - Movement. Source: Archdaily. Page 54. ArchDaily. ‘Unité(s) Experimental Housing / Sophie Delhay Architecture’, 12 December 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/929995/unite-sexperimental-housing-sophie-delhay-architecture. Figure 18: Possible Configurations in a Grid. Tejal Lad. Page 54. Figure 19: Building Elevation. Source: Archdaily. Page 55. ArchDaily. ‘Frederiksvej Kindergarten / Cobe’, 9 February 2016. https:// www.archdaily.com/781669/frederiksvej-kindergarten-cobe. Figure 20: Interior Perspective Showing Natural Light. Source: Archdaily. Page 55. ArchDaily. ‘Frederiksvej Kindergarten / Cobe’, 9 February 2016. https:// www.archdaily.com/781669/frederiksvej-kindergarten-cobe. Figure 21: Transparency of Facade Diagram. Tejal Lad. Page 56. Figure 22: Building Plan. Source: Archdaily. Page 56. ArchDaily. ‘Frederiksvej Kindergarten / Cobe’, 9 February 2016. https:// www.archdaily.com/781669/frederiksvej-kindergarten-cobe. Figure 23: Plan. (‘Home for Senior Citizens, Chur by Peter Zumthor’ n.d.). Page 57-58. _condicions temporals. ‘_condicions Temporals: Homes for Senior Citizens, Peter Zumthor’, 24 March 2013. http://condicionstemporals. blogspot.com/2013/03/homes-for-senior-citizens-peter-zumthor.html. Figure 24: Plan. ‘Home for Senior Citizens, Chur by Peter Zumthor’ n.d. Page 57. _condicions temporals. ‘_condicions Temporals: Homes for Senior Citizens, Peter Zumthor’, 24 March 2013. http://condicionstemporals. blogspot.com/2013/03/homes-for-senior-citizens-peter-zumthor.html. Figure 25: Plan Diagram of Corridor Concept. Tejal Lad. Page 58.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 26: Regulations for Laneway Housing. Source: Lanescape. Page 59. ‘Lanescape | Toronto Laneway Housing Design & Build’. Accessed 30 October 2020. https://lanescape.ca/. Figure 27: Laneway Housing. Challenging the Difference Between Frontyard/ Backyard. Tejal Lad. Page 60. Figure 28: Laneway Housing. Backyard Entrances and Separate Community. Tejal Lad. Page 60. Figure 29: Sections. Source: Archello. Page 61. Archello. ‘Grüne Welle (Green Wave) | SUPERBLOCK’. Accessed 3 August 2020. https://archello.com/project/grune-welle-green-wave. Figure 30: Development Masterplan. Source: Archdello. Page 61. Archello. ‘Grüne Welle (Green Wave) | SUPERBLOCK’. Accessed 3 August 2020. https://archello.com/project/grune-welle-green-wave. Figure 31: “Backyards”. Source: Archello. Page 61. Archello. ‘Grüne Welle (Green Wave) | SUPERBLOCK’. Accessed 3 August 2020. https://archello.com/project/grune-welle-green-wave. Figure 32: “Backyards”. Source: Archello. Page 61. Archello. ‘Grüne Welle (Green Wave) | SUPERBLOCK’. Accessed 3 August 2020. https://archello.com/project/grune-welle-green-wave. Figure 33: Masterplan. Source: Archdaily. Page 62. ArchDaily. ‘Haustrift / SUPERBLOCK’, 2 October 2012. https://www. archdaily.com/277140/haustrift-superblock. Figure 34: Exterior Perspective. Source: Archdaily. Page 62. ArchDaily. ‘Haustrift / SUPERBLOCK’, 2 October 2012. https://www. archdaily.com/277140/haustrift-superblock. Figure 35: Exterior Perspective. Source: Archdaily. Page 62. ArchDaily. ‘Haustrift / SUPERBLOCK’, 2 October 2012. https://www. archdaily.com/277140/haustrift-superblock. Figure 36: Masterplan Axonometric. Source: Archdaily. Page 62.

LIST OF FIGURES

ArchDaily. ‘Haustrift / SUPERBLOCK’, 2 October 2012. https://www. archdaily.com/277140/haustrift-superblock. Figure 37: Exterior Aerial View. Source: Architonic. Page 63. Architonic. ‘Heustadelgasse Housing Development by Pichler & Traupmann Architekten ZT GmbH | Semi-Detached Houses’. Accessed 3 August 2020. https://www.architonic.com/en/project/ pichler-traupmann-architekten-zt-gmbh-heustadelgasse-housingdevelopment/5100630. Figure 38: Exterior Perspective. Source: Architonic. Page 63. Architonic. ‘Heustadelgasse Housing Development by Pichler & Traupmann Architekten ZT GmbH | Semi-Detached Houses’. Accessed 3 August 2020. https://www.architonic.com/en/project/ pichler-traupmann-architekten-zt-gmbh-heustadelgasse-housingdevelopment/5100630. Figure 39: Site Plan. Source: Architonic. Page 63. Architonic. ‘Heustadelgasse Housing Development by Pichler & Traupmann Architekten ZT GmbH | Semi-Detached Houses’. Accessed 3 August 2020. https://www.architonic.com/en/project/ pichler-traupmann-architekten-zt-gmbh-heustadelgasse-housingdevelopment/5100630. Figure 40: Concept Diagram. Source: Archdaily. Page 64. ArchDaily. ‘Savonnerie Heymans / MDW Architecture’, 27 March 2012. https://www.archdaily.com/220116/savonnerie-heymans-mdwarchitecture. Figure 41: Facade. Source: Archdaily. Page 64. ArchDaily. ‘Savonnerie Heymans / MDW Architecture’, 27 March 2012. https://www.archdaily.com/220116/savonnerie-heymans-mdwarchitecture. Figure 42: Public Realm. Source: Archdaily. Page 64. ArchDaily. ‘Savonnerie Heymans / MDW Architecture’, 27 March 2012. https://www.archdaily.com/220116/savonnerie-heymans-mdwarchitecture.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 43: Balcony. Source: Archdaily. Page 64. ArchDaily. ‘Savonnerie Heymans / MDW Architecture’, 27 March 2012. https://www.archdaily.com/220116/savonnerie-heymans-mdwarchitecture. Figure 44: Ground Plane. Source: Archdaily. Page 64. ArchDaily. ‘Savonnerie Heymans / MDW Architecture’, 27 March 2012. https://www.archdaily.com/220116/savonnerie-heymans-mdwarchitecture. Figure 45: Concept Diagrams. Source: Archdaily. Page 65. ArchDaily. “STA | Zwei+plus Intergenerational Housing / Trans_city TC,” June 27, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/940835/sta-zwei-plus-plusintergenerational-housing-trans-city-tc. Figure 46: Concept Diagrams Axonometric. Source: Archdaily. Page 65. ArchDaily. “STA | Zwei+plus Intergenerational Housing / Trans_city TC,” June 27, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/940835/sta-zwei-plus-plusintergenerational-housing-trans-city-tc. Figure 47: Exterior. Source: Archdaily. Page 65. ArchDaily. “STA | Zwei+plus Intergenerational Housing / Trans_city TC,” June 27, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/940835/sta-zwei-plus-plusintergenerational-housing-trans-city-tc. Figure 48: Plans. Source: Archdaily. Page 65. ArchDaily. “STA | Zwei+plus Intergenerational Housing / Trans_city TC,” June 27, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/940835/sta-zwei-plus-plusintergenerational-housing-trans-city-tc.

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LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 6: Research Themes Figure 49: Soft City. Varieties in Walkability. Horizontal Circulation. 208. Page 70. Sim, David. Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life. Washington: Island, 2019. Figure 50: Soft City. Varieties in Walkability. Vertical Circulation. 216. Page 70. Sim, David. Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life. Washington: Island, 2019. Figure 51: Soft City. Varieties in Walkability. Accessing Outside in 4-5 minutes versus 45 seconds . 218. Page 70. Sim, David. Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life. Washington: Island, 2019. Figure 52: Soft City. Varieties in Walkability. Extending the Curb. Page 70. Sim, David. Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life. Washington: Island, 2019. Figure 53: Dunbar Theory, Capacity for Human Interaction. Tejal Lad. Page 72. Figure 54: Identifying Proximities in a dwelling community from Dunbar Theory Social Circles. Tejal Lad. Page 73. Figure 55: Exploring transportation and access points in a Laneway Development. Tejal Lad. Page 77. Figure 56: Regulations for Laneway Housing. Source: Lanescape. Page 81. ‘Lanescape | Toronto Laneway Housing Design & Build’. Accessed 30 October 2020. https://lanescape.ca/. Figure 57: Existing Site Massing. Page 82. Figure 58: Existing Site Massing with Allowed Laneway Housing as per Toronto Zoning Bylaw. Page 82.

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LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 7: Design Process and Development Figure 59: Phases of Life Cycle. Tejal Lad. Page 86. Figure 60: Housing Options for Post-Suburban Living. Page 87. Figure 61: Highlighted areas depict laneway conditions in Toronto. Source: The Laneway Project. Page 88. The Laneway Project. “Laneway Map.” Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www.thelanewayproject.ca/map Figure 62: Toronto Neighbourhood Analysis and Comparison. Identifying Possible Project Sites with a Greater Number of Aging Residents. Tejal Lad. Page 89-90. Figure 63: A breakdown of Toronto’s demographic profiles and existing laneway conditions. Source: Google Maps. Page 91. Figure 64: Footprint of what a backyard development may look like. Tejal Lad. Page 92. Figure 65: Cabbagetown South Site Boundary. Source: Google Maps. Page 93. Figure 66: Cabbagetown/ St. James town Neighbourhood Boundary. Source: Google Maps. Page 94. Figure 67: Laneway Street View Looking North. Source: Google Street View. Page 95. Figure 68: Laneway Street View Looking South. Source: Google Street View. Page 95. Figure 69: Ontario Street View. Source: Google Street View. Page 96. Figure 70: Berkeley Street View. Source: Google Street View. Page 96. Figure 71: Walkable amenities around the site. Tejal Lad. Page 97-98. Figure 72: Annotated masterplan of allowed laneway housing on the site as per the existing zoning by-law highlighting areas of concern. 1:800. Tejal Lad. Page 99-100. Figure 73: Site axonometric of allowable laneway suites. Tejal Lad. Page 101.

xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 8: Design Project Figure 74: Diagram showing the relationship on the site between the street, the existing Victorian era house designed for families and multiple residents, the setback which forms a backyard courtyard with the new house, and the proposed housing which faces onto Calgie lane, now a pedestrian path. Tejal Lad. Page 106. Figure 75: Masterplan of Backyard Housing Proposal on Calgie Lane. 1:800. Tejal Lad. Page 107-108. Figure 76: Site Statistics: Occupancy and Site Coverage. Tejal Lad. Page 108. Figure 77: Lot reduction as a result of the backyard village proposal. The modified property lines closer to the existing lane allow for greater flexibility in the arrangement of housing in the backyard, creating more opportunities for dwellings. Tejal Lad. Page 109. Figure 78: Comparing sizes of aging living arrangements. Tejal Lad. Page 110. Figure 79: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Autumn Equinox 09:00. Tejal Lad. Page 111. Figure 80: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Autumn Equinox 13:00. Tejal Lad. Page 111. Figure 81: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Autumn Equinox 17:00. Tejal Lad. Page 111. Figure 82: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Winter Solstice 09:00. Tejal Lad. Page 111. Figure 83: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Winter Solstice 13:00. Tejal Lad. Page 111. Figure 84: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Winter Solstice 17:00. Tejal Lad. Page 111. Figure 85: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Summer Solstice 09:00. Tejal Lad. Page 112. Figure 86: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Summer Solstice 13:00. Tejal Lad. Page 112. Figure 87: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Summer Solstice 17:00. Tejal Lad. Page 112.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 88: Site Axonometric of Backyard Proposal. 1:800. Tejal Lad. Page 113114. Figure 89: North-South Site Section Through Proposal. 1:800. Tejal Lad. Page 113-114. Figure 90: South-North Site Section Through Proposal. 1:800. Tejal Lad. Page 113-114. Figure 91: North-South Site Section Through Proposal. 1:200. Tejal Lad. Page 115-116. Figure 92: South-North Site Section Through Proposal showing façade cluster of modules 2 & 3. 1:200. Tejal Lad. Page 115. Figure 93: South-North Site Section Through Proposal showing façade cluster of modules 1 & 2. 1:200. Tejal Lad. Page 116. Figure 94: Masterplan of Design Proposal with Annotated Fire Truck Route. 1:800. Tejal Lad. Page 117-118. Figure 95: QR Code for Gladys Video Narrative. Tejal Lad. Page 120. Figure 96: Module 1 Interior Perspective. Tejal Lad. Page 121. Figure 97: Module 1 Exterior Perspective. Tejal Lad. Page 121. Figure 98: Keyplan: Location of Module 1 in masterplan. 1:2000. Tejal Lad. Page 122. Figure 99: Module 1 Level 1 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 122. Figure 100: Module 1 Axonometric. 1:100. Tejal Lad. Page 123. Figure 101: Module 1 Axonometric Section. 1:100. Tejal Lad. Page 123. Figure 102: Module 1 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 124. Figure 103: Module 1 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 124. Figure 104: QR Code for Gladys Video Narrative. Tejal Lad. Page 125. Figure 105: Options for Visible Movement in Plan. Tejal Lad. Page 125. Figure 106: Module 2 & 3 Exterior Perspective. Tejal Lad. Page 126. Figure 107: Module 3 Exterior Perspective. Tejal Lad. Page 126.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 108: Keyplan: Location of Module 2 in masterplan. 1:2000. Tejal Lad. Page 127. Figure 109: Module 2 Level 1 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 127. Figure 110: Module 2 Level 2 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 128. Figure 111: Module 2 Axonometric. 1:100. Tejal Lad. Page 129. Figure 112: Module 2 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 129. Figure 113: Module 2 Axonometric Section. 1:100. Tejal Lad. Page 130. Figure 114: Module 2 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 130. Figure 115: Keyplan: Location of Module 3 in masterplan. 1:2000. Tejal Lad. Page 131. Figure 116: Module 3 Level 1 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 131. Figure 117: Module 3 Level 2 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 132. Figure 118: Module 3 Axonometric. 1:100. Tejal Lad. Page 133. Figure 119: Module 3 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 133. Figure 120: Module 3 Axonometric Section. 1:100. Tejal Lad. Page 134. Figure 121: Module 3 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad. Page 134. Figure 122: Walkway masterplan showing new and existing trees. A physical and social connector for the backyard community. 1:800. Tejal Lad. Page 135136. Figure 123: Perspective Entering Laneway. Tejal Lad. Page 136. Figure 124: East-West Section Through Design Proposal. 1:750. Tejal Lad. Page 137-138. Figure 125: East-West Section Through Design Proposal. Relationship Between Proposed Dwellings. 1:200. Tejal Lad. Page 137. Figure 126: East-West Section Through Design Proposal. Relationship Between New & Existing. 1:200. Tejal Lad. Page 137. Figure 127: Amenities along the walkway. Tejal Lad. Page 139. Figure 128: Vertical Gardens. Tejal Lad. Page 140.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 129: Perspective of shared patio and barbecue. Tejal Lad. Page 140. Figure 130: Enlarged site plan depicting social proximity distances. Diagram highlights neighborhood amenities places throughout the backyard village. 1:200. Tejal Lad. Page 141-142. Figure 131: Perspective Collage of natural light throughout the day between buildings. Tejal Lad. Page 143-144. Figure 132: Walkway Perspective. Between Buildings. Tejal Lad. Page 145. Figure 133: Walkway Perspective. Between Buildings. Tejal Lad. Page 146. Figure 134: Walkway Perspective. Between Buildings. Tejal Lad. Page 146.

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CHAPTER 1| INTRODUCTION

THESIS STATEMENT

This thesis focused on creating options for people aging in place where they can change their living environment without moving out of their community. The project proposed improving the quality of life in a neighbourhood while the inhabitants are aging in place. I have explored concepts of healthy aging. through social proximities, walkability, and healthy housing by challenging current aging in place strategies in an urban context. Toronto’s laneway housing initiative provided inspiration to create a new housing typology or a hybrid design option for people who want to downsize but not to leave their neighbourhood.

CHAPTER 1 | INTRODUCTION

Background and Context: Housing for an Aging Population

1.1

CANADA’S ELDERLY POPULATION

Who is going to care for our growing elderly population when they themselves are not able to? – Hasan Minhaj

Seniors are projected to have a greater population than children in Canada by 2017—a milestone in the country’s history. The proportion of seniors within the population has been steadily growing since 1960, increasing from 8% at that time to 14% in 2009. According to all population projection scenarios, seniors are expected to comprise around a quarter of Canada’s population by 2036 and the median age is still expected to rise to 45 years within the same time frame. This projected growth in life expectancy will only continue to rise. This trend is also evident in other developed countries. For example, between 1960 and 2007, the population of seniors in Japan more than tripled, from 6% to 22%. In Sweden, it increased from 12% to 17% and in the United States it rose from 9% to 13%. While today’s seniors represent 14% of the total population, it is estimated they will make up more than one-quarter (27%)1 of the population by the year 2050. It is also an issue that younger generations are becoming increasingly more aware of. Hasan Minhaj (one of many) raises the question in one of his comedic bits: Who is going to care for our growing elderly population when they themselves are not able to? – Hasan Minhaj. The younger generation faces a growing pressure of determining how to care for their elders. This imposed infrastructure that is upon many from a young age encourages a younger generation to take full responsibility as the older generation ages through cultural and societal norms. This is especially problematic because of the significant difference in population number per generation. Baby Boomers are living longer lives than their previous generation and therefore relying on others for care, financial, and medical support. Consequently, this projected aging trend may not work cohesively with Canada’s current housing for aging individuals such as assisted living, long term care homes, and the typical suburban housing model. In addition to living longer, the elderly population is also living healthier and are continuing to be socially active, physically, and mentally active where they can.

United Nations. “World Population Ageing [Highlights].” Department of Economic and

Social Affairs, 2017.

CHAPTER 1 | Introduction

1.2

CANADA’S INITIATIVES FOR SENIORS

“Loneliness is worse for your health than smoking fifteen cigarettes a day. If you are chronically lonely, the risk that you will die in the next seven years goes up by 30 percent” - Daniel Levitin

Since 2007, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), in partnership with the World Health Organization, has played a lead role in the development and promotion of the Age-Friendly Communities2 initiative across Canada. This initiative supports communities in designing programs, structures and services—such as well-lit sidewalks, accessible transportation and socializing opportunities for seniors—that help seniors live safely, enjoy good health and stay involved. With this in mind, one must take into account that most seniors are also active later in life; pursuing frequent activity, volunteering locally and continuing to work. In response, the Government has committed to steadily increasing health transfer payments to the provinces and territories, supporting research programs and initiatives to develop innovative care support systems, promote healthy aging and help prevent and manage chronic diseases and conditions. By encouraging healthy living, the elderly population will be able to self-sustain and rely significantly less on a younger generation for constant care. Mattias Hollwich’s New Aging3 is a guide to life, offering easily implementable steps that have a positive effect on our long-term future. This process begins with developing a new positive attitude toward aging. A healthy housing mindset to encourage independence and a healthy lifestyle. When examining the metaphysical dimension of health in a home environment, it is important to understand and assess the socio-psychological factors of aging that contribute to a healthy home. The world health organization defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity.”4 Improving the quality of life in the built and community environment encourages healthy aging. Daniel Levitin’s Successful Aging identifies several factors that naturally contribute to healthier aging. In an architectural context, it is important to understand the influence of Social Factors, Exercise, and Sleep because they are the main contributions to healthy aging that can be manipulated in the realm of architecture. Social security juxtaposes feelings of depression and loneliness which are the two main negative socio-psychological factors to aging. Loneliness is associated with early mortality. “Loneliness is the feeling of being detached from meaningful relationships, and that may arise

Canada, Public Health Agency of. “Age-Friendly Communities.” Education and awareness. aem, July 30, 2009. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/ aging-seniors/friendly-communities.html.

Hollwich, Matthias, and Jennifer Krichels. New Aging: Live Smarter Now to Live Better Forever. New York: Penguin Books, 2016.

4 3

‘Constitution’. World Health Organization.

CHAPTER 1 | Introduction

from feeling unacknowledged, from feeling misunderstood, or from a lack of intimacy.”5 A recent increasing cause of loneliness is social media because online relationships don’t provide the same fulfilment as real ones. With this in mind, one can think about how architecture can foster meaningful relationships as individuals age to be able to generate feelings of social security in a neighbourhood. Levitin explains that “Regulating our emotions is fundamental to increasing health span. In particular, learning to control lifestyle elements such as sleep, hygiene, diet and physical activity has been shown to reduce feelings of loneliness, as does learning to focus on positive emotions such as gratitude. … Positive psychology has found that people who practice gratitude simply feel happier.”6 Social development is an important brain developer because social stress is linked to a compromised immune system as well as nurture at an early age. Levitin also stresses the importance of sleep and exercise because they encourage and recharge brain activity. To “live better”, aging in place strategies should be designed to ensure that there is support for (a) local medical aid, (b) muscle power for difficult chores and, (c) leisure company. These three subconscious factors encourage healthy aging and independence amongst aging individuals.

1.3

CURRENT LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Healthy aging initiatives for Canada’s elderly population should consider all culturally diverse actants that contribute to the care of the elderly and how healthy environments are created and maintained. Particular attention should be paid to the mobility of the aging population. With diverse demographics, there is an increasing difficulty for relocation and getting accustomed to a new environment. The Greater Toronto Area is culturally diverse, and its senior population reflects that same demographic. Many cultures have their own unique attitudes and practices around aging and death, and these cultural perspectives can have a huge effect on our experience of getting older. Statistics Canada7 provides a breakdown of current senior living scenarios in Canada. 92.1% of seniors live in private households or dwellings (as part of couples, alone or with others) while 7.9% live in collective dwellings, such as residences for senior citizens or healthcare and related facilities. This information remains relatively unchanged from information dating back as early as 2001. Living in a couple is the most common arrangement for seniors. With these statistics, it is clear that there is a decreasing share of senior

Levitin, Daniel J. Successful Aging: a Neuroscientist Explores the Power and Potential of Our Lives. (New York: Random House Large Print, 2020), 179.

6 7

Levitin, 190. ‘Living Arrangements of Seniors’. Statistics Canada.

CHAPTER 1 | Introduction

Figure 1: Percentage of the population aged 15 and over living in a single-detached house by age group, Canada, 2011. Statistics Canada

Figure 2: Percentage of the population aged 65 and over living in special care facilities by age group, Canada 2011. Statistics Canada

Figure 3: Summary of Senior Living in Canada. Statistics Canada

CHAPTER 1 | Introduction

women living alone. At younger ages, the arrangement of living alone was more common for men than for women. This relates to the lower life expectancy of males, compared to females, and the tendency for women to form unions with spouses or partners who are slightly older than themselves. As a result, senior women are more likely than senior men to be widowed, many of whom live alone. Furthermore, when analyzing these statistics, one can also see that the proportion of seniors living in a single-detached house declines with age. Among younger age groups, the proportion of men and women who lived in a single detached home are similar. Living in this type of housing decreased over the age of 55. This can be a result of adjusting to the needs of entering a certain phase of life. When a couple or family faces an event of their children moving out of their suburban house, it opens an opportunity to downsize on space, one suited for the changing needs of aging individuals. The proportion of seniors living in special care facilities increases with age. As individuals age, they are more likely to live in collective dwellings that provide ongoing support and assistance service, professional health monitoring, care and treatment. The figures to the left represent the percentage distribution of senior living. In Canada’s case, it is encouraged that the elderly remain in the comfort of their home as long as possible. However, most existing living conditions are not equipped to accommodate the needs of agers and the evolving circumstances of mobility and independence. This is an opportunity to introduce a health housing model that proposes alternatives to an existing neighbourhood and housing that contribute to a healthier lifestyle. After examining cities in Europe, one can observe that success of occupancy and desire to live in nursing homes and senior housing facilities is a combination of urbanization and the aging population. Senior living grew in popularity after the stigmatization and grim portrayal of traditional nursing homes driving the elderly to more of an extended living experience. In France, senior housing is becoming quite popular. French seniors are relatively wealthy, enjoying a good income level, a high savings rate and a comparatively low housing cost burden ratio. Traditionally, the French are expected to care for elderly relatives within the family unit (adults are legally obliged to provide for their parents in old age), so retirement homes are less common. In Germany, it is clear that the culture of growing old is changing. German seniors are looking at new models of living for their retirement years. They want modern, senior living facilities right in the city, close to their families, amenities, and activities. The rise of alternative residential has been on the rise across Europe, and now this structure of living has been tried and tested with students and successfully

CHAPTER 1 | Introduction

moving toward the elderly population. In Canada it is an excellent time to re-think and re-analyse the way seniors are now choosing to age and perhaps acknowledge this desire for independence while remaining in the context that they currently live in. The following themes are addressed in this thesis: Aging in Place in Canada Healthy Housing Walkability & Social Inclusion Laneway Housing Healthy aging and housing design that focuses on social inclusion through shared spaces can enhance the positive psychosocial factors of healthy aging. Understanding the phases of living ensures that design reflects the needs of agers, consequently improving the quality of living. Canada is slow to improve on better housing for seniors because there is not a singular interpretation of home as aging as represented by its diverse demographic. This investigation of defining health among aging populations can influence the design of healthy living spaces for aging in place and look at how to enrich a neighbourhood through densification. This thesis will examine strategies that align with Canada’s plan for aging in place. This involves identifying potential neighbourhoods that would benefit from a proposed intervention that encourages healthy lifestyle practices, social support without resident relocation. Successful aging means that healthy aging practices should start to become a habit earlier in life to ensure that good health is maintained at an older age. Therefore, it is also crucial to examine how these concepts are applicable to younger generations as well, creating healthy housing for all ages. The concerning issue of accommodating an increasing global aging population is upon us and it is time to re-interpret how aging populations transition to a different chapter of life. This design research investigation will illustrate how an

CHAPTER 1 | Introduction

architectural intervention in a neighbourhood with a high percentage of seniors living alone can be healthy and follow aging in place guidelines. The stance I am taking in this thesis is to design for healthy aging for all aging by introducing architectural strategies that encourage a healthy aging process. This way, aging populations can maintain independence while improving the quality of living in housing. This creates new knowledge in architecture because it identifies strategies that propose healthy and affordable density while aging in place. This thesis redefines health for aging populations to be about social inclusion and creates opportunities for residents to age while pursuing a healthy lifestyle.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What are the most effective strategies in housing and public realm design that encourage healthy aging while aging in place? How can the definition of health be reinterpreted to address aging populations and architecture? How can an improvement in housing for Canada’s aging population that targets aging in place be achieved with these findings? How can a design solution also improve Toronto’s missing middle while encouraging independence and enrich a neighbourhood?

RESEARCH METHODS

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

• • •

An investigation of the aging population crisis as a global issue. A statistical analysis of Canada’s aging population, their current living conditions, and the projection of living conditions for the elderly This study contributes to the urgent argument for a necessary housing solution that suits healthy aging in place

SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS

•

Review of reports, studies, and journals relating to aging and healthy living.

QUALITATIVE METHODS AND THEORY INVESTIGATIONS

• •

Case Studies of specific projects related to the thesis topic Observe, analyze and conclude several successful/unsuccessful building and housing typologies related to senior, intergenerational and co-living. Focus on successful cases showcasing the quality of living and experiential spaces to encourage social interaction and community building incentives.

DESIGN RESEARCH

•

• •

Design as a research method for a proposed solution to improve the quality of living spaces and social support through a neighborhood that encourages healthy aging in place. This is done through a series of iterations leading up to a final design for the completion of my thesis. Design Research was undertaken in this thesis as a reflective process. This thesis involved critical reflection and presentation of initial ideas at key moments and discussion of the process of design.

CHAPTER 2 | AGING IN PLACE IN CANADA

CHAPTER 2

Aging in Place in Canada

2.1

A GLOBAL ISSUE

As mentioned in the previous chapter, there is a global concern for the growing elderly population. Having identified the issue in the previous chapter, it is clear that the various approaches to elderly living have a direct connection to the cultural mindset of aging in the country which reflects the living conditions of the elderly population. Now that people are living longer and the global population is getting older, “we need to rethink the living environments of elderly people to ensure their participation and social interaction in communities.”8 Space 10, an urban design lab in Copenhagen, Denmark addresses the global increase in an aging population and identifies concepts of shared living that have a larger possibility of success. “This new elderly generation will have far fewer family members to look after them, and specifically fewer younger persons to turn to in need. That means it is vital that we design new types of living environments for them - environments that provide social support structures and a sense of purpose, and that play a major role in the longevity and overall health of this group.” 9. Space10 believes that new and improved models of housing can encourage active senior participation in communities. Another concept is encouraging the mix of generations under a household or within a neighbourhood or community to share healthcare responsibilities and social support. Space 10 identifies that “traditional care homes often limit individual choice and isolate residents from the local community. But new models for providing residential care are emerging in Europe and beyond.”10 This can be seen throughout Europe in many housing developments in countries like Germany, Austria, France, Denmark and Sweden. Incentives for healthy places to age are policy driven but are a reflection of how seniors choose to age. There is a common interest to age in higher density areas to encourage social living. However, Tokyo’s housing for their elderly is a response to their currently large elderly population11. The regulations therefore provide an incentive for younger generations to live with the elderly through forms of intergenerational

(2019). 22.

9 10 11

Space 10 x Urgent Agency. Imagine: Exploring A Brave New World of Shared Living Space 10 x Urgent Agency. 22. Space 10 x Urgent Agency. 24.

World Economic Forum. “These Countries Are Most Ready to Deal with Ageing Populations.” Accessed May 12, 2021. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/what-are-japan-and-singapore-doing-about-ageing-population/.

CHAPTER 2 | Aging in Place in Canada

and community living. Japanese seniors are much more fit than many other countries in the world and their way of living reflects this mobility. In Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area, the population spread creates distance in mobility making it difficult to encourage local care and social inclusion.

2.2

ACTION FOR SENIORS REPORT

The Government of Canada’s Action for Seniors Report12 was released in 2014 to provide a clear suggestion on how to accommodate our large aging population. In Alice Wong’s statement (from the Government of Canada’s Action for Seniors Report), she lists a set of completed tasks from the year 2014 regarding actions taken for the services and benefits of seniors. • •

• • • •

implemented changes to income security programs to reflect the modern reality of how Canadians choose to live, work and retire; introduced new, and supported ongoing programs that help seniors continue to be active members of their communities, through paid or volunteer work; supported initiatives that help seniors remain in their homes as long as possible; invested in research and programs that support and promote good health while aging; undertaken activities to raise awareness of elder abuse and help prevent it; and improved seniors’ access to information and resources about programs and services available to them in their communities

It is clear that Canada aims to encourage aging in place, however how does this relate to architecture? Aging in place is an excellent solution to prevent over occupancy in current senior living such as long-term care, assisted living communities, and retirement homes. It is important to explore and evaluate current trends in aging to ensure that a successful long-term approach in Canada can be achieved. Encouraging seniors to stay at home as long as possible without a clear solution to address their medical and social needs only begins to create further problems. If aging populations continue to remain spread out in a city, how can the decreasing younger population continue to care for their elders without increasing difficulty?

2.3

PALLIATIVE CARE MODEL

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered global cooperation and a shift in thinking about health. The definition of health is shifting toward the notion of mind, body

Canada, Employment and Social Development. ‘Government of Canada — Action for

Seniors Report’.

CHAPTER 2 | Aging in Place in Canada

and spirit. The World Health Organization [WHO] remains committed to the principles set out in the preamble to the Constitution: • •

•

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition. The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent on the fullest co-operation of individuals and States. Healthy development of the child is of basic importance; the ability to live harmoniously in a changing total environment is essential to such development. Informed opinion and active co-operation on the part of the public are of the utmost importance in the improvement of the health of the people.

The term Hygge13, a Danish and Norwegian word for a mood of coziness and comfortable conviviality with feelings of wellness and contentment is a way of living that many are beginning to include in their lifestyle. This single word represents the Danish response to this pandemic however there is another word, samfundssind that has really brought light to mindfulness of a community in times of need. If hygge is something you practice with people you know, samfundssind is more of a behaviour towards those you might not know. Like hygge, there’s no direct English translation of samfundssind14. Marianne Rathje, senior researcher at the Danish Language Council, says you can think of it as putting the good of the greater society above your own personal interests. This particular word has two pillars: collective responsibility and community spirit. Danes believe this word has played a key role in the country’s successful response to the pandemic, and it may just offer clues for how the rest of the world can follow suit. The meaning behind these words are a key to healthy living. Practicing mindfulness and happiness within your home and in a community are excellent ingredients for healthy aging in an architectural environment. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the elderly population have become known as the vulnerable population15, bringing

Yorker).

14 15 15

Altman, Anna. ‘The Year of Hygge, the Danish Obsession with Getting Cozy’. (The New Johanson, Mark. ‘How a Long-Forgotten Word Rallied a Nation’. Canada, Public Health Agency of. ‘Vulnerable Populations and COVID-19’. Education

CHAPTER 2 | Aging in Place in Canada

awareness to the fragility and necessary care that comes with aging. This period of time is bringing global awareness to the need for a healthy lifestyle which mostly consists of living spaces and activity in a home environment. The notion of Salutogenesis is a medical approach focusing on factors that support human health and well-being rather than on factors that cause disease (pathogenesis). More specifically, the “salutogenic model” is concerned with the relationship between health, stress, and coping. Aaron Antonovsky’s development of Salutogenesis is a model of health that guides health promotion. Many hospitals and healthcare facilities are shifting or have already shifted to this palliative care model and is taking precedent for other fields of study and practice. This concept can also be applied to a healthy house because a shift from formal to informal care and support can be done in a household, contributing to healthy aging. This shift in priority of what a home for aging individuals should accommodate opens opportunities of new housing models that reduce the need for long term care homes, assisted living facilities and retirement homes. The Journal for Palliative Medicine: A National Palliative Care Strategy for Canada by Sean Morrison, discusses national strategies that appear to improve access to high quality palliative care for persons with serious illnesses and their families16. Morrison studied ten countries and assessed their strategies for a palliative care model in comparison to Canada’s approach to suggest a faster and more efficient plan of action. The successful strategies include17: • • • •

Input and early involvement of senior policy makers Comprehensive strategies that address major barriers to universal access and that involve the key constituents A focus on enhancing the evidence base and developing a national system of quality reporting Substantial and sustained government investment

This means that palliative care should be a national service, with clear guidelines in place to ensure affordability, smooth transitions, and regular check ups for aging in place communities. In architectural language, this also means a comfortable integration of healthcare services within a housing context and gestures that encourage independence in a neighbourhood. and awareness.

Morrison, R. Sean. “A National Palliative Care Strategy for Canada.” Edited by Mary Ann Liebert. Journal of Palliative Medicine, S1, 21 (2018). https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0431.

CHAPTER 2 | Aging in Place in Canada

2.4

GENERATION BREAKDOWN

This thesis focuses on Canada’s elderly population as the main demographic however it is important to understand all of the generational groups that may be impacted by this potential aging in place housing model and how the different stages of life or strategies for healthy aging influences them. As of 2020, this is what a breakdown looks like.18 Baby Boomers | Born between 1944 and 1964. Currently 56 – 76 years of age. This generation represents a large aging population with traditional values. In Canada, this age bracket tends to live very spread out in a single household in the suburbs. Even with habits from their era, they are beginning to adopt to technology to connect with friends and family. This generation can also be categorized as a vulnerable population due to their likelihood of having one or more chronic illness. Financially, this generation in North America may not have much in their retirement fund as a result of supporting their children and setting them on the right course. Logically, this could be the reason why they choose to remain in their current single family dwelling and not pursue other living arrangements. Generation X | Born between 1965 and 1980. Currently 41 – 55 years of age. This generation is thinking about their options for aging. They have faced the responsibility and experienced the stress of caring for their parents in old age. This age group is tech savvy, having grown up with some form of a computer which allows them to keep up with the advances in science and technology of the following generations. Generation X would benefit from healthy aging incentives if not already done so because chronic illnesses are becoming more common. This middle-age group faces stresses of raising their children and financial student and mortgage debt. They are looking to build a stable saving plan for the future and their retirement. Generation Y (Millennials) | Born between 1981 and 1996. Currently 24-40 years of age.

Generation Y.1 | 24-29 years of age Generation Y.2 | 30-40 years of age

Millennials are split into two categories because they are not all currently in the same stage of life. Younger millennials are still in early adulthood, focusing on careers and settling down whereas older millennials have homes and are raising families. Even though they fall under the same generation bracket, they

Kasasa. “Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, and Gen Z Explained.”

CHAPTER 2 | Aging in Place in Canada

are at different stages in life and therefore currently have different priorities. This generation is wireless and adaptable to social media, science and technology. Millennials seek the aid of digital tools for making decisions which allows them to be more aware of their finances and career decisions. However, there is a financial instability due to the housing market and large amount of student debt. This generation pursues higher levels of education which delays life decisions such as buying a house and having a wedding. Generation Z | Born between 1997 and 2015. Currently 5-23 years of age. For the parameters of this thesis, this age group may not have a significant contribution yet. As we age, we tend to slow down and face similar life issues as those in the same generation bracket. However, the younger an individual is, the more climactic stages of life are. After examining the relationship between Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y to see how they can be integrated in an existing or new housing typology to suit healthy aging incentives. Intergenerational living where the occupants have an understanding of how to improve the quality of living in their environment encourages a community incentive for aging. We can see that there is an abundance of seniors living in isolation which encourages negative socio-psychological factors of aging to increase, and a mass millennial group that struggles to enter Toronto’s unaffordable housing market. However, the truth remains the same. Canada’s population is living longer and healthier than ever before, but the current housing conditions do not compliment that. Therefore, it is time to examine how other cities are tackling this issue and to understand exactly what factors affect a healthy aging process so that we can ensure that healthy aging starts earlier.

2.5

AGING IN PLACE

In Canada, seniors are becoming more active later in life, striving to keep moving and maintaining daily activity and movement. A smaller percentage are choosing to continue to work or building a hobby into a second part-time career. The Government of Canada has a document available: Supporting initiatives that help seniors remain in their homes as long as possible; Canada encourages aging in place19 published in Fall 2014 to educate the aging population on initiatives to help them stay in place while they age. The document is grouped according to the following six themes.

Canada, Employment and Social Development. “Government of Canada — Action for Seniors Report.” Research. aem, October 3, 2016. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/seniors-action-report.html.

CHAPTER 2 | Aging in Place in Canada

• • • • • •

Ensuring financial security for seniors Enabling active participation in the labour force and the community Helping seniors to age in place Healthy and active aging Combating elder abuse Ensuring seniors have access to information, services and benefits

Out of these six themes, there are a few that architecture can provide a solution for. Encouragement for community participation and labour, Aging in Place, and encouraging healthy and active aging are all themes in elderly living that have already been addressed in many other precedents that Canada can learn from. Continuing with Canada’s seniors report, it is outlined that the wealth of seniors’ knowledge, experience and skills can be applied to meaningful community involvement. This can directly correlate to educating the young in a community through religious, familial, and community groups. A large percentage of seniors in Canada want to be active and engaged in their community, often through volunteering. The New Horizons for Seniors Program (NHSP)20 helps seniors to both benefit from and contribute to the quality of life in their community through social participation and active living. They also identify intergenerational learning projects that help seniors develop interests and share their knowledge and experience with others. Seniors in Canada are living longer and healthier lives than previous generations. Despite the increase in life expectancy in Canada, recent statistics also reveal that 90 percent of Canadians aged 65 and over live with at least one chronic disease or condition, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory conditions, diabetes, dementia, arthritis or obesity. As the aging population grows, the number of seniors at risk with a chronic illness will continue to grow. Therefore, it is important that any housing proposal that tackles healthy aging considers all health factors. With these initiatives in mind, is Aging in Place an architecture question? How can architecture provide a solution for aging in place? Using design fiction as a tool, I have analyzed the usefulness of spaces in a typical suburban home occupied by a senior couple. There are many instances where vacancy begins to occur in a home where the tenants have been living for some time. Using Canada’s approach of Aging in Place as a base and the healthy lifestyle initiative for successful aging, I will conceptualize opportunities for healthy aging in current elderly living conditions. For an initial investigation

Canada, Employment and Social Development. “New Horizons for Seniors Program.” Program descriptions. aem, May 9, 2018. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/new-horizons-seniors.html.

CHAPTER 2 | Aging in Place in Canada

Figure 4: Identifying Private, Shared, and Social Spaces. Tejal Lad.

LEVEL 1

GARAGE

has the potential to be used for another purpose. car use is increasingly unused while continuing to age. Perhaps this spaces can be used as a gateway into the living spaces. acts as a transition.

PRIMARY ENTRANCE

LEVEL 2

GARAGE EXTRA BEDROOMS/ BATH

EXTRA BEDROOMS/ BATH

STAIRS

living spaces become vacant as residents become empty nesters through age. these rooms are occasionally occupied by visitors however remain unoccupied most of the time. requires maintenance despite unused

may not be of use when residents are not able

BACKYARD

COMMON AREA

the secondary common area is much larger and has the potential to be a significant shared space between tenants. this space is also already connected to another exterior access point

increasingly unused with age due to ongoing maintenance. hidden at the back. primary connection to immediate green space in the suburbs however with no connection to adjacent properties

COMMON AREA

SECONDARY ENTRANCE?

MASTER BEDROOM

the primary occupier of space on the second level. due to this living arrangement, the residents are forced to relocate if this level cannot be accessed due to mobility.

BACKYARD

Figure 5: Identifying spaces in a home that can serve a better purpose. Section of a sample two-storey home. Tejal Lad.

CHAPTER 2 | Aging in Place in Canada

on spaces that are unused in a home, I have taken the narrative of an elderly couple living alone in a house that they have owned for 30+ years. Figure 5 dissects the usefulness of typical living conditions occupied by aging populations. The Garage has the potential to be used for another purpose due to lack of commuting while continuing to age. The secondary common area is much larger and has the potential to be a significant shared space between tenants. This space is also already connected to another exterior access point. The Backyard is the ager’s primary connection to green space however is becoming increasingly unwillingly unused due to ongoing maintenance. On the upper floor, the living spaces start to become vacant as the residents become empty nesters. Even though this space is mostly unoccupied, it still requires maintenance. The master bedroom is the primary space occupier on the second floor however residents may be forced to relocate if this level cannot be accessed due to mobility. This housing is designed to be a family home. By transitioning a new resilient dwelling, the residents are equipped to remain independent for as long as they can as their mobility deteriorates. With this short exercise one can deduce that there are many spaces in the home that are unused and have the potential to be transformed into other amenities or shared spaces. So far, this can be achieved without changing the building shape in any way; however, it does not address external concepts that contribute to healthy aging. After this observation, there are further questions that are investigated over the course of this thesis. What are the most effective strategies to encourage social living in a neighbourhood context? Can an informal care system be incorporated into this existing suburban model? Canada’s aging in place initiatives do not create new knowledge therefore Toronto’s diverse population can benefit from a new or hybrid housing typology or an imposition of various typologies to tackle its housing affordability crisis and growing aging population. To encourage healthy aging in housing, there would need to be more opportunities for community (social) interaction and ways to stimulate visual and physical movement for healthy brain activity. This is a housing quality study that also takes urban mobility into consideration to ensure that the proposal is healthy. EFFEKT Architects’ Liveability diagram is a successful dissection of types of spaces that make up an urban village. The diversity in programmatic elements in this complex stimulate activity which in turn becomes healthy housing in an urban context.

CHAPTER 2 | Aging in Place in Canada

Figure 6: Liveability. EFFEKT Architects

CHAPTER 3 | HEALTHY HOUSING & SOCIAL INCLUSION

CHAPTER 3

Healthy Housing and Social Inclusion

3.1

HEALTHY HOMES

Healthy Housing is the key to ensuring that the quality of living in a home is most effective. There are several topics under this bracket that can influence housing concepts for aging populations such as metaphysical and physical issues of daylighting, approaches to life, mental health, a healthy interior environment, community and social inclusion. These concepts provide further direction when imagining aging in place strategies.

METAPHYSICAL

The act of learning, pursuing a healthy lifestyle and community engagement work together cohesively to ensure that a healthy home environment is achieved which increases the quality of living in housing. An individual’s approach to life influences how a house can become a healing space. Furthermore, prioritizing universal access and inclusion examines the benefits and challenges of aging in place in an urban context. Universal design is not only important for physical disabilities but also cognitive and can go beyond accessible guidelines to increase quality of life. Accessible design should be adaptable; it can allow for an individual to modify their home to suit their needs and increase the potential and usefulness of a space. This act of learning allows aging populations to create their own healthy space to age in response to their changing needs and environments. A new approach to living life can come from several introductions from various points in one’s life. They can start from birth, principles that are passed down from family routines or beliefs, any significant eventful milestone throughout a lifetime, or as a result of a traumatic experience that negatively affects a life or someone close to the individual. Any case is a push for an incentive to live a healthier lifestyle and there are many elements within a healthy home that can contribute to a healthier lifestyle. Becoming aware of the relationship between mindfulness therapy and the built environment is a starting point for building a healthy lifestyle. A paper by Nicole Porter, Johanna Bramham, and Martin Thomas: “Mindfulness and Design: Creating Spaces for Well-Being”21 explores how the design of a space from the arrangement of furniture to the qualities of a room, building, landscape or wider spatial context may influence

Porter, Nicole, Johanna Bramham, and Martin Thomas. 2017. “Mindfulness and Design: Creating Spaces for Well Being,” September. https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/ output/882757.

CHAPTER 3 | Healthy Housing and Social Inclusion

mindfulness practice and its therapeutic benefits. The conducted research emphasises the notion of biophilic design within the built environment the design towards mental health and well-being. Paying very close attention to the room and all aspects of its design articulates how spatial design is important for the well-being and mind as it may affect the noise control within each room. A Healthy Lifestyle is composed of many layers that all contribute to healthy habits: A balance of social factors, diet, productive physical and mental activity, sleep, and a powerful community presence. This can be achieved by creating a balanced multisensory environment in the home. Design for the Elderly Population becomes a prototype for pursuing a healthy lifestyle in day to day living. Space10, an architecture research lab based in Copenhagen, reveals that self-care, self-actualization and well-being, are the primary ingredients in creating a framework for a healthier elderly community. They conducted a study that examined the lives of 11 individuals which resulted in a life where the elderly can be of use to others and find something meaningful to strive towards.22 This finding can be applied to improve the well-being of the inhabitants within a house and truly examine what it means to self-actualize towards a healthy house. Improving the quality of life among the elderly inevitably allows the rest of the population to consider the many health implications in the way that we currently live. The spiritual aspect of health has a greater importance that isn’t as tangible. There are two aspects: vertical aspect which has to do with the relationship to the supernatural world, and horizontal aspect which has to do with the relation to the environment and others. Most investigations conclude that housing design for elderly populations acts as a prototype to suggest alternate ways of healthy living. The environment in which housing is woven in ultimately affects the quality of life.

PHYSICAL

Home gardens, whether in rural or urban areas have been characterized as beneficial to the ecosystem and its people as a result of its many functions. By reintroducing food production to housing, we can promote good health, reduce food miles, lower the carbon footprint and increase food security. Food production at home has emerged as a crucial part of sustainable design and encouraging a healthy lifestyle for residents. A healthy home is part of a bigger network of dieting and access to food. Culturally diverse communities in the Greater Toronto Area also face the issue of access to specific food which contributes to a concern for healthy eating. It is much easier for a lifestyle intervention to occur when all of the actants involved are pursuing the same

“Central Saint Martins SPACE10: Exploring Shared Living.” SPACE10,

CHAPTER 3 | Healthy Housing and Social Inclusion

goal, building a sense of community and comfort. WELL is a performance-based system for measuring, certifying, and monitoring features of the built environment that impacts human health and well-being. WELL is organized into 7 concepts: Air, Water, Nourishment, Light, Fitness, Comfort, & Mind.23 These concepts are applicable to analysing a healthy home in a lifestyle context because they represent basic factors that affect a healthy lifestyle. To Heal by Design, one must understand the effect of the soul, spirit and body in relation to the lifestyle of individuals24. The metaphysical health of a space is a primary focus, but one must also incorporate the physical factors of air, light, pollution, radiation, acting as a guide for architects to design a healthy space for living. This way, design becomes a form of healing. Ralph Knowles Ritual House: Drawing on Nature’s Rhythms for Architecture and Urban Design. focusses on the connection of the soul and the body in relation to a house. The idea of nature as a shelter, events connected to the intangible soul creating a house25. This clearly identifies the functionality of the objects and beings under a “shelter”. There is a direct connection between Nature and Shelter. Design has always been influenced by nature and its cleaning process. Using nature as a guide for healing, one is able to determine which architectural elements affect a housing design and how they would respond to natural elements. Another WELL precondition titled ‘Biophillia I – Qualitative’26, incorporates design elements into a project to provide for a connection to natural patterns and elements as a means by which to “nurture the innate human-nature connection within a project.” The objective, as stated in the WELL standard, is “to address our psychological need to be around life and life-like processes. Exposure to views and images of nature can help to speed up healing and recovery time, boost positive feelings and reduce negative ones. Interior environments that are cold, sterile and devoid of life, on the other hand, can diminish our experience, mood and happiness.” The result of these preconditions is a distinctly pleasing environment that is good for your health. Interior design and spatial design can a play apart in improving the quality of life and improving their health over time by using design as a support system. In health facilities, interior design and spatial design can improve

23 24

‘Features | WELL Standard’. Day, Christopher, and Susan Roaf. Spirit & Place: Healing Our Environment, Healing

Environment. Oxford ; Boston, MA: Architectural Press, 2002.

Knowles, Ralph. Ritual House: Drawing on Nature’s Rhythms for Architecture and Urban Design. 1st Edition edition. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006.

26 27

‘Biophilia I - Qualitative | WELL Standard - V3’.

CHAPTER 3 | Healthy Housing and Social Inclusion

occupant’s health over time through building science and biophilia. In Roger Ulrich’s “Effects of Interior Design on Wellness: Theory and Recent Scientific Research.”27 He discusses the effects of healthcare environmental design on medical outcomes. Ulrich mentions that health facilities should not design to cope with stress but to prevent stress, encouraging a faster healing time and experience. The environment should also be designed to facilitate access to physical features and social situations that have stress reducing influences. Roger also discusses another concept, sense of control. There has been a great deal of research that shows that a sense of control influences the stress levels and wellness. Humans have a strong need for control and the related needs of self-efficacy with respect to environment and situations. Similarly, in a home environment perhaps by providing a space that is easily interchangeable and transformable, it would allow residents to feel a sense of control to their environment and maintain a sense of independence while aging. This journal points out many successful concepts when designing a wellness-centric hospital which can be integrated within aging in place housing design. The presence of plant life is an essential aspect to biophilic design because even a small incorporation of interior greenery makes a large impact on improving the quality of an indoor environment. Encouraging daylight and greenery at the same time is especially effective because daylight highlights green areas. One of the most studied effects of biophilia is reduced stress. Daylight on its own as a biophilic benefit, improves mood and increases productivity. Social spaces and lounge areas in a home are a perfect match for biophilic design. In these openly shared spaces, biophilia encourages connectivity. Space-users feel welcome, relaxed and are more likely to be social. Plants and wood are particularly powerful here. Many studies have concluded that exposure to wood panelling can reduce blood pressure, and similar results have been reached in connection with indoor plants. Together, plants and wood can revitalize any space and comfort its occupants. In this way housing can be interpreted as a restoration space where occupants feel safe and provide occupants a real sense of withdrawal from the surrounding area.

3.2

SOCIAL INCLUSION

The concept of a healthy home is an excellent beacon for exercising control over personal and family household health. When examining the metaphysical dimension of health in a home environment, it is important to address the socio-psychological factors of aging to encourage healthy aging. The World

Ulrich, Roger S. “Effects of Interior Design on Wellness: Theory and Recent Scientific

Research.” Effects of Healthcare Environmental Design on Medical Outcomes,

CHAPTER 3 | Healthy Housing and Social Inclusion

Health Organization defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity.”28 Improving the quality of life in the built and community environment encourages life longevity and independence. Naturally, there are positive and negative factors that affect aging. This section examines how community building incentives counteract the negative factors, such as depression and loneliness, that affect aging through physical or virtual means. The study Psychosocial Factors for Influencing Healthy Aging in Adults in Korea: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes identifies the psychosocial factors that affect aging and examines their socio-demographic characteristics. As a result of this study, “healthy aging was shown to be significantly influenced by depression, participation in leisure activities, perceived health status, ego integrity, self-achievement, and self-esteem.”29. Therefore, perceived health status, self-esteem, self-achievements, and leisure activities are factors that have a positive correlation with healthy aging, whereas depression and loneliness have a negative correlation. “Depression negatively correlates with mental health, with some studies reporting depression as a significant risk factor affecting healthy aging.”30 In this study, “depression was a more influential psychological factor on healthy aging. This finding means that not only physical health, but also mental health is very important to healthy aging and the life of old people.”31. Social development is another important brain developer because social stress is linked to a compromised immune system as well as growth and development at an early age. Mental illness is a form of health decline therefore it is unsurprising that “several studies have also found that loneliness posed substantial mortality risk among older adults.”32 The growing negative feelings of self-esteem and self-achievement only contribute to an emotional decline. It is crucial that these feelings don’t continue unattended by a social support network.“ In theory, the benefits of remaining

28 29

‘Constitution’. World Health Organization.

Han, KyungHun, YunJung Lee, JaSung Gu, Hee Oh, JongHee Han, and KwuyBun Kim. ‘Psychosocial Factors for Influencing Healthy Aging in Adults in Korea’. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 13

Beekman AT, Deega DJ, van Tilburg T, Smit JH, Hooijera C, van Tilburg W. Major and

minor depression in later life: a study of prevalence and risk factors. J Affect Disord. 1995;36:65–75. 3.

Han, KyungHun, YunJung Lee, JaSung Gu, Hee Oh, JongHee Han, and KwuyBun Kim. ‘Psychosocial Factors for Influencing Healthy Aging in Adults in Korea’. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 13

Ayalon, L., Shiovitz-Ezra, S., & Palgi, Y. (2013). No place like home? Potential pathways

to loneliness in older adults under the care of a live-in foreign home care worker. The Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinary and Applied, 46(1–2), 189–200.

CHAPTER 3 | Healthy Housing and Social Inclusion

in community settings for frail older adults include being able to “age-in-place” in familiar surroundings, and experiencing less disruption in daily life with social networks. On the other hand, there is a concern that frail older adults who lack mobility and methods of transportation may come to be at risk for social isolation and loneliness”.33 Therefore housing design should incorporate a healthy social support system for aging populations. Moreover, the Eden Alternative philosophy34 seeks to address the Three Plagues of Nursing Homes: loneliness, helplessness, and boredom. This philosophy is also focused on care of the human spirit as well as the care of the human body. This model focuses on moving away from the institutional hierarchical (medical) model of care into a constructive culture of “home” where elders direct their own lives. This way of approaching aging improves the quality of living because it touches on the socio-psychological factors of aging. Self-esteem and self-achievement are two positive factors of healthy aging that are encouraged by self-responsibility and personal growth. The social context of daily living is arguably the most important for wellbeing and emotional comfort. Humans require a physical connection with other humans to feel at ease. Applying this to a home environment, outdoor spaces serve this purpose. For elderly populations, this environment exists as a garden where humans reconnect with nature through age. Shared green spaces promote positivity and optimism of physically growing something which encourages mental health and well-being. These spaces have the potential to be heightened by introducing a larger exposure to social activity. In vertical high-density urban developments, balconies become people’s only urban sense of the outside. The World Health Organization defines active aging as “the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance the quality of life as people age. An active aging framework stresses aging in community”.35 The concept of community healing directly counteracts a negative correlation of healthy aging identified earlier, depression. The journal, Aging in Community: Developing a more holistic approach to enhance older adults’ well-being, outlines several issues with the existing health care model that affect the psychosocial aspects of aging and identifies solutions to overcome these barriers. “Our existing health care system primarily focuses on

Press, Inc).

34 35

Golant, S. M. (2015). Aging in the right place. (Baltimore, Maryland: Health Professions Sherbrooke Community Centre. ‘The Eden Alternative Philosophy’, World Health Organization. (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework.

CHAPTER 3 | Healthy Housing and Social Inclusion

treating disease rather than addressing well-being as a holistic construct that includes physical, social, and environmental components.”36 A holistic approach encourages a greater sense of control of healing in a familiar environment. This way, elderly populations can build a stronger community and social support network to encourage interaction and lower feelings of loneliness. Understanding how the elderly care system works allows for the understanding of where change can be implemented for the better. “The overwhelming majority of elder care occurs in the community by informal care providers. Yet, much of the research is from the formal care system perspective. The relationship of formal and informal care is complicated by policies that do not consider the natural community system of elder care whereby neighbours, friends, and family members provide assistance to one another.”37 Healthy homes work to alleviate conditions in the existing healthcare system to allow for care within the home through the aging process. A promising and insightful trend is “programs that proactively consider social factors and engage social systems in their approach to enhancing the well-being of older adults.”38. Again, an intervention to a social system can happen earlier than senior years. Aging in a healthy home environment needs access to healthy environments over the course of a lifetime. There is a higher success to human interaction if the social opportunities are natural and part of a normal day. Inevitably, seniors have a specific goal in mind. Once the duties of life have been completed, the focus is placed on increasing the quality of remaining life. This ideology should be how all living conditions are designed from the start.

3.3

AGING IN PLACE STRATEGIES

Mattias Hollwich’s New Aging39 is a guide to life, offering easily implementable steps that have a positive effect on our long-term future. This process begins with developing a new attitude toward aging. Several of Hollwich’s ideas can be translated into architectural concepts to encourage healthy aging. This can be done by creating a new housing type to phase into a community or a hybrid

Davitt, J. K., Madigan, E. A., Rantz, M., & Skemp, L. (2016). Aging in community:

Developing a more holistic approach to enhance older adults’ well-being. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 9(1), 6-13. 7.

Kelley, L.S. (2005b). Minor children and adult care exchanges with community-dwelling frail elders in a St. Lucian village. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, S62-S73.

Davitt, J. K., Madigan, E. A., Rantz, M., & Skemp, L. (2016). Aging in community:

Developing a more holistic approach to enhance older adults’ well-being. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 9(1), 6-13. 9.

Hollwich, M. (2016). New aging: Live smarter now to live better forever. (New York:

Penguin Books).

CHAPTER 3 | Healthy Housing and Social Inclusion

design that incorporates aging in place initiatives implemented in existing living conditions. One important thing to note is that these habits to encourage healthy aging should be built into daily routine to ensure successful aging. Most ideas for new aging involve opportunities for neighbourhood interaction. Neighbourhoods should not be left to chance. Having a strong social circle in close proximity among inhabitants creates a supportive neighbourhood that encourages local businesses and centres of activity. This enriches the quality of the neighbourhood and animates local activity. Another way of encouraging neighbourhood activity is to break down literal fences and create an open floor. Sharing local amenities such as a pool, sauna, wifi, garage, playroom, or a kitchen removes traditional barriers to gain social connectivity. From a design perspective, this system eliminates barriers and encourages visual movement in a space. A porch, balcony, garage, and driveway are places to enjoy the privacy of a house but act as a gateway to the neighbourhood. They can act as alternate outdoor gathering spaces and a front door into the community. This can also create a great opportunity to have company while completing daily activities, running errands, and meeting new people. Sharing experiences creates stronger social ties, therefore creating a stronger social support network. Because the mobility of the aging population is increasing along with their lifespan it is an excellent opportunity to reflect on the thing we do in our leisure time. Exploring hobbies is a great way to find joy in small activities. Can they also be transformed into a second slow-paced career? This allows elderly people to have a sense of purpose while they age. It inflicts confidence and adds another dimension to a daily routine. Moreover, continuing education keeps the mind active by exercising brain activity. Finally, it is essential that housing design for an aging population to have a visual connection to nature and activity, a connection to context. With this in mind, we must understand that one day we may be confined to one room and therefore that room should still have features to practice healthy aging. To encourage a higher quality of living, a strong community network should be maintained. In a healthy home, socio-psychological are important metaphysical factors that affect healthy aging. Perceived health status, self-esteem, selfachievements, and leisure activities are factors that have a positive correlation with healthy aging, whereas depression and loneliness have a negative correlation. Understanding this, social inclusion is encouraged to ensure that healthy aging is achieved in housing and in a neighbourhood.

CHAPTER 3 | Healthy Housing and Social Inclusion

In conclusion, any aging in place design solution must address the metaphysical aspect of health to encourage long-term design solutions. Building a sense of community is a common underlying factor to any healthy living scenario. Social inclusion can be encouraged by an enriched neighbourhood. These design prototypes for the elderly can be a precedent when designing for all generations to create healthy living spaces for all ages.

CHAPTER 4 | LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 4

LITERATURE REVIEW

The following selection of key sources analyzed during this thesis addresses the research questions. This process helped to identify strategies that promote healthy aging for all ages.

4.1

SUCCESSFUL AGING: A Neuroscientist Explores the Power and Potential of Our Lives Daniel J. Levitin 2020

4.2

NEW AGING: Live Smarter Now To Live Better Forever Mattias Hollwich 2016

4.3

IMAGINE: A Brave New World Of Shared Living Space 10 2019

4.4

YOUNG-OLD: Urban Utopias of an Aging Society Deane Simpson 2015

4.5

HOUSES FOR AGING SOCIALLY: Developing Third Place Ecologies University of Arkansas Community Design Center 2017

4.6

VIENNA MODEL I & II: Housing for the Twenty-First Century Wolfgang Förster, William Menking. 2016, 2018

4.7

SOFT CITY Building Density for Everyday Life David Sim 2019

LITERATURE REVIEW

4.1

SUCCESSFUL AGING: A Neuroscientist Explores the Power and Potential of Our Lives Daniel J. Levitin 2020

Levitin, Daniel J. Successful Aging: a Neuroscientist Explores the Power and Potential of Our Lives. New York: Random House Large Print, 2020. The chapters discussing Individual Differences and Personality, Social Factors, Exercise, Sleep and Living Better are insight when understanding what factors affect aging and the science behind these factors. The book begins with an explanation that aging and health are related to personality. A child’s personality directly relates to adult health outcomes later in life. This is because the habits we begin to develop as a child and the views every individual has on life only heightens through age. There are three types of factors that can influence individual development: Genes, Culture, and Opportunity. These are important distinctions that differ humans from each other. Chapters 6, 10, and 11 are relevant in an architectural context because they analyse and explain the science behind improving the quality of living. Loneliness is associated with early mortality. It is the feeling of detachment from meaningful relationships. A recent increasing cause of loneliness is social media because online relationships don’t provide the same fulfilment at real ones. Levitin dives deeper into the scientific terminology of what happens in your body as a result of loneliness and vice versa. Social development is another important brain developer because social stress is linked to a compromised immune system as well as nurture at an early age. Levitin also stresses the importance of sleep and exercise because they encourage and recharge brain activity. To “live better” Levitin advises to plan ahead into the future of your retirement to ensure that these questions are always answered: (1) Who will change my light bulbs? (2) What if I want an ice cream cone? (3) Who will I have lunch with? These questions force aging individuals to think about the activities that will require help from another person to accomplish. Dhruv Khullar, an attending physician at New York-Presbyterian Hospital says “Loneliness is an especially tricky problem because accepting and declaring our loneliness carries profound stigma. Admitting we’re lonely can feel as if we’re admitting we’ve failed in life’s most fundamental domains: belonging, love, attachment. It attacks our basic instincts to save face, and makes it hard to ask for help”40 Relating back to my own thought process, there are many external factors that influence the way humans age that can be designed for a better and more lasting impact. When aging, more pressure is put on the young to care for the elderly as they are not able to do so themselves. To encourage this, shared spaces can be designed to accommodate the needs of everyone who uses the space in an exciting way. This book also gave me a better understanding of the importance of social factors, sleep and exercise and how maintaining a great balance allows for supremely healthy aging.

Levitin, Daniel J. Successful Aging: a Neuroscientist Explores the Power and Potential of Our Lives. (New York:

Random House Large Print). 188.

LITERATURE REVIEW

4.2

NEW AGING: Live Smarter Now To Live Better Forever Mattias Hollwich 2016

Hollwich, Matthias, and Jennifer Krichels. New Aging: Live Smarter Now to Live Better Forever. New York: Penguin Books, 2016. Mattias Hollwich’s New Aging is a guide to life, offering easily implementable steps that have a positive effect on our long-term future. This process begins with developing a new attitude toward aging, There are several that I will outline below to discuss potential implementation into housing. One important thing to note is that these habits should be built into daily routine to ensure that living healthy becomes easy and not a chore. Good Friends Make Great Neighbourhoods – Having control over who your neighbour is creates more meaningful and supportive opportunities within close proximity. Housemates Are The New Roommates – The notion of using a student housing as a precedent to remember how to share a living space again. Ensures that there is always company in a living space. Breaking Down Fences Makes Great Neighbours – Creates opportunities to share facilities by removing traditional barriers. This helps engage the community and encourages social connectivity. Turning A Home Into A Clubhouse – Attract visitors barrier-free amenities in the home. This encourages visual movement and initiates physical movement in a space. Make Your Porch a Front-Row Seat – Create alternate gathering spaces in a semi-private gateway into the community. Doing Activities Together – Having company while going about daily activities encourages new and fun experiences to share. Put Hobbies to Work – Reflect on leisure activities. Perhaps they can be transformed into a second more slow paces career and encourage feelings of self-achievement. Be a Student Forever – Continued learning stimulates the brain and opens up opportunities for work, volunteering and social contributions. Exercise Without Meaning To – Find alternate exercise opportunities that are a part of daily activities. Minimizing the use of vehicles and encouraging frequent fresh air. Have a Room with a View. Alternatively, Virtual Proximity – Plan for healthy views to the exterior in the event that agers become physically confined to one room. Continue practicing a social network with virtual connectivity.

LITERATURE REVIEW

4.3

IMAGINE: A Brave New World Of Shared Living Space 10 2019

“IMAGINE: Exploring the Brave New World of Shared Living.” SPACE10, January 9, 2020. https://space10.com/project/imagine-shared-living/. Part I | Shared Living in the 21st Century, Part II | Building The Sharing Movement The second volume of Space 10’s IMAGINE magazine explores ideas of a new way of living in response to the growth in density of the global population. The first part dissects the concept of shared living and the second part explores ideas of how to encourage a new way of living. This particular issue explores shared living spaces that can be designed for affordability and sustainability in response to the growing global population and affordable housing crisis. Space10 re-evaluates the use of spaces to determine where sharing costs translates to more affordable housing, making a more appealing place to live due to lower costs of living. This also an excellent incentive from a community standpoint, encouraging “economies of scale by sharing services and buying groceries and household products in bulk, or being more self-sufficient in terms of energy, food, and mobility”41. This issue discusses concepts to improve quality of life by preventing feelings of loneliness in highdensity cities. This impacts our mental and physical health and enforces the idea of relationships being the best predictor of our happiness. “Around the world we have embraced a culture of individualism, and traditional sources of solidarity - labour unions, civic associations, neighbourhood organisations and religious groups - are in decline. Increasingly, in many societies, people feel like that they are all alone.”42. Space10 believes that shared living could improve our quality of life and help tackle issues of loneliness in cities. Humans continually require a sense of belonging that is encouraged by social support. As people are beginning to live longer than ever before, it is important to re-think living environments of the elderly to encourage activity in communities when there are less younger people to look after them. Introducing another idea of multi-generational living as a way to share spaces is an excellent solution to share responsibilities in a home that suits residents’ skills and interests. Space10 also explores ideas that compliment the new age of smart living. This thesis seeks to investigate shared living architectural concepts that encourage a higher quality of living for all ages.

41 42 41

IMAGINE: Exploring the Brave New World of Shared Living. SPACE10. 14 SPACE10. 22.

LITERATURE REVIEW

4.4

YOUNG-OLD: Urban Utopias of an Aging Society Deane Simpson 2015

Simpson, Deane. 2015. Young-Old: Urban Utopias of an Aging Society Lars Müller Publishers. 1. Young-Old Urbanism. Comparative urban documentation, 2. Between Emancipation and Aggregation The first portion of the book was super interesting because there were many diagrams and maps depicting information about aging populations internationally and how social, economic, political, and medicinal factors influenced the evolution of senior living. The dilemma of an increasing aging population is an international one. Six broad tendencies of Young-Old Urbanism in this book: Retirement Utopia, Age Segregation, Private Governance. Exclusively temporary tendencies are mobility, theming, and instrumentalization which are more appropriate to the current time. Retirement utopias and the utopia of youthfulness. In our current environment there is a dominant age segregation that prevents constant generational interaction. Identifying the many stages of mobility between generations can help identify the notion of “excess space”, what is required for those who need to use the space. Theming refers to a form of representation in architecture, urban or landscape design and the scripting of performative narratives in time and space. Instrumentalization refers to the integration of demographic-specific drivers in the production of urban settings. By the end of the book, Simpson asks “How might retirement itself evolve beyond its relation to current models of active aging and productive aging, and how might possible transformations affect desirable forms of architecture and urbanism for the Young-Old? What will the implications be of the ongoing cohort change taking place, particularly in the context of the ongoing arrival of the Baby Boomer generation to the Young-Old/Third Age? Clashes between Baby Boomers and the previous generation have been documented within existing active adult retirement communities attributed in part to the strength of a shared generational consciousness [among boomers] that has made social integration with established residents unexpectedly problematic.”43 This book allowed me to understand that the issue of an increased aging population is a global one but in order for harmonies to exist between demographics, there must be a utopia that satisfies all parties to ensure the success of a healthy diverse community. With this in mind, any approach to elderly housing design should also accommodate those who are involved in the “care” process and who have a high level of interaction with the “agers”.

Simpson, Deane. 2015. Young-Old: Urban Utopias of an Aging Society (Lars Müller Publishers.) 551.

LITERATURE REVIEW

4.5

HOUSES FOR AGING SOCIALLY: Developing Third Place Ecologies University of Arkansas Community Design Center 2017

University of Arkansas Community Design Center. 2017. Houses for Aging Socially: Developing Third Place Ecologies. First ed. ORO Editions. Rethinking Aging and Housing, Introducing Third Place Fabrics [Hyper-Porch, Patio Mat, Garage Gallery] This printed work is very relevant to my proposed thesis topic because it is a documentation of Housing as a social context for aging. Since post-WWII prosperity, North American culture has evolved to encourage independence while aging with strides of distancing one selves from work, family and communities. This can be termed as “dividing longevity of a lifespan” and consequently causes further issues of healthy lifestyles during retirement. This book raises the question, “How will retiring Boomers reshape the future of aging?”. The current medical model has very low impact social solutions that have a great potential for a more efficient result. A first approach is to deconstruct North-America’s housing model: to discourage separation between residential and nonresidential land uses. “Aging-in-Place” is problematic because the limitations for living conditions only increase and become more unaccommodating as the single-family dwelling remains the same, becoming an independence trap. A potential solution could be to make a move to a higher-density area however most people do not want to move at that age and become stuck while they age. This study attempts to stimulate new communal possibilities using current forms of housing. The three proposals of “Third Place Ecologies” introduce ideas titled “Hyper-Porch”, “Patio Mat”, and “Garage Gallery” all repurposing existing areas in a suburban house to suit communal activity. All of these approaches to discreetly transform the object into an infrastructure is an excellent way of re-imagining a space to encourage efficiency, health, and sustainability. If the aging population refuse to be mobile, design solutions and typologies that propose improvement to existing suburban conditions are an excellent start to tackling the increase in the senior population. This book featured innovative proposals that introduced a new way of defining single-family dwellings to encourage more communal and social interaction. Each scenario is context dependent but caters to the observed behavioural pattern of the elderly. Using this as a precedent for previous research we can see new emerging typologies for a typical suburban house.

LITERATURE REVIEW

4.6

VIENNA MODEL I & II: Housing for the Twenty-First Century Wolfgang Förster, William Menking. 2016, 2018

Förster Wolfgang, and William Menking. Das Wiener Modell: Wohnbau für Die Stadt Des 21. Jahrhunderts = The Vienna Model: Housing for the Twenty-First-Century City. Berlin: Jovis, 2016. Förster Wolfgang, and William Menking. The Vienna Model 2: Housing for the Twenty-First-Century City. Berlin: Jovis Verlag GmbH., 2018. Housing standards and the quality of construction have continually improved due to an innovative system of so-called developer competitions, which are based on an innovative “Four Pillar Model” combining architectural, ecological, and social qualities while remaining affordable for everybody and guaranteeing a functioning and social mix in all housing areas” Dr. Michael Ludwig. Executive City Councillor for Housing, Housing Construction, and Urban renewal of the City of Vienna The criteria for social sustainability include such goals as social mix, “living together” (i.e., indoor and outdoor spaces for communication and community-building processes), the flexibility to cope with an increasingly diverse society with varying types of house-holds, adaptability to special needs, multigenerational living, and the integration of immigrants. Vienna Model I & II examines the city of Vienna’s post WWII response to creating affordable and quality housing for the city. Canada’s housing crisis highlights the lack of a long-term solution due to an inefficient policy regarding affordable housing initiatives. Now the shift to new housing typologies has shifted toward creating partnerships to create affordable housing opportunities. The housing “crisis” in Canada is a product of a lack of long-term, direct funding, rent control regulations, cuts to welfare programs, and the lack of private sector interest in purpose-built rentals. This highlights the issues for senior living incentives in Toronto and identifies that “Aging in Place” is not an architecture problem. Encouraging a higher quality of living to ensure healthy aging for all ages requires regulations and public housing support for affordable living conditions in a rapidly growing city.

LITERATURE REVIEW

4.7

SOFT CITY Building Density for Everyday Life David Sim 2019

Sim, David. Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life. Washington: Island, 2019. The concepts outlined in this book address neighbourhood density and comfort while keeping in mind the human scale and people-oriented architecture. Sim describes a “Soft City” as embracing “the opportunity to engage with planet, people and place”44. This way, people are encouraged to interact with their surroundings and experience a higher quality of life. He identifies the neighbourhood as “the state of being in a relationship”45 which can be further dissected into humane architecture. This is crucial when looking at housing as preventative care because the relationships humans have (with each other and surroundings) determine the health and quality of life as one ages. Successful neighbouring compliments successful aging because it cultivates relationships beyond survival. Sim describes a rule of thumb. Density x Diversity = Proximity This increases the likelihood or the possibility of a variety of resources within proximity. This brings up the theme of mobility. Urban mobility includes social mobility by creating connections through daily routine movements. This becomes a challenge to design for social challenges and barriers created by a diverse population where it is uncommon to meet in some ways. Humane mobility begins with the building and then transitions to the public realm to connect moments of life. Sim also addresses the importance of the public realm because when designed successfully it encourages human connectivity through outdoor spaces and participation in public life. Corners are places, reference points, symbols for orientation, popular meeting locations, and perfect opportunities for commercial space. On the ground plane, corner conditions are excellent visible sites for shops, cafes, bars or various other businesses. This is an excellent opportunity to create a gateway into a neighbourhood. Treating a sidewalk as a platform rather than just a walking lane starts to create interconnected networks that encourage efficiency of travel and safe transitions in the public realm.

44 45 45

Sim, David. Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life. (Washington: Island). 12. Sim, 12.

LITERATURE REVIEW

HEALTHY AGING IN PLACE This literature review addresses successful concepts that improve the quality of living in spaces for aging populations. The largest negative factor on healthy aging is loneliness, therefore design solutions that build a community network are essential in encouraging well-being and social security. After reading several sources on healthy aging, I understand the importance and significance of healthy aging and housing or design for community spaces in a neighbourhood that can enhance opportunities for interaction in a neighbourhood. Each proposal for improvement must take into consideration all actants, (a variety of generations) that contribute to the care of the elderly and how a harmonious atmosphere is created and maintained. Through this form of research, there is a clear understanding of the motives behind healthy living and the current and previous barriers of elderly living that differ culturally. Particular attention should be paid to the mobility of the aging population, to not have constant relocation by proposing alternate uses on a site and building a community network for social inclusion. Aging in Place is an ideal solution however Canada’s current infrastructure cannot accommodate this ideology. Therefore, in Toronto “Aging in Place” is not an architecture problem, but through design research, one can begin to identify possible solutions to encourage healthy aging through architectural interventions in Toronto where there are opportunities to add density With diverse demographics, the variety of variables for solutions only increase because of cultural differences in aging.

CHAPTER 5 | CASE STUDIES

CHAPTER 5 CASE STUDIES

Current Context: International and Canadian Examples of Healthy Housing

BISCHOFSHOFEN APARTMENTS Chris Precht Bischofshofen, AUSTRIA

UNITÉ(S) EXPERIMENTAL HOUSING Sophie Delhay Architecture Dijon, FRANCE

FREDERIKSVEJ KINDERGERTEN COBE Architects Frederiksberg, DENMARK

HOME FOR SENIOR CITIZENS Peter Zumthor Chur, Graubünden, SWITZERLAND

LANEWAY HOUSING Lanescape. Craig Race Toronto, CANADA

2020

2018

2016

1993

2014

GRÜNE WELLE (GREEN WAVE) SUPERBLOCK Wien, AUSTRIA

HAUSTRIFT SUPERBLOCK Wien, AUSTRIA

NEUE SIEDLERBEWEGUNG-HEUSTADELGASSE Pichler & Traupmann Architekten ZT GMBH Wien, AUSTRIA

SAVONNERIE HEYMANS MDW Architecture Brussels, BELGIUM

STA | ZWEI+PLUS INTERGENERATIONAL HOUSING trans_city TC Wien, AUSTRIA

2014

2011

2009

2011

2018

CASE STUDIES

47.4172° N, 13.2189° E

5.1

BISCHOFSHOFEN APARTMENTS Chris Precht

Figure 7: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @ chrisprecht

Bischofshofen, AUSTRIA 2020

Figure 8: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @ chrisprecht

This concept is a result of a proposed extension to an existing shop with 4 additional apartments. The proposed housing is connected internally but appear detached from the outside. This design features townhouses with two floors and a rooftop garden. The arrangement creates a neighbourhood in one building and introduces a variety of interactions between tenants, adding life in the center of Bischofshofen.

Figure 9: Mixing Chamber Diagram. Tejal Lad

The idea of weaving designated spaces to mix generations in one household introduces a unique environment that creates opportunities for interaction. In Toronto, a housing block in the downtown core could benefit from mixing programs in its repetitive and long massings of single family dwellings while keeping to the city’s zoning requirements. Some ways of doing this include: alternating generational space so that two of the same are not directly adjacent to the other, creating diagonal overlapping in section to encourage interaction in circulation spaces, and perhaps some overlap between buildings.

Figure 10: Mixing Generational Dwellings. Tejal Lad

Figure 11: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @chrisprecht

Figure 12: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @chrisprecht

Figure 13: Weaving Programs and Massing. Instagram: @chrisprecht

CASE STUDIES

47.3220° N, 5.0415° E

5.2

UNITÉ(S) EXPERIMENTAL HOUSING Sophie Delhay Architecture

Dijon, FRANCE 2018 2800m²

Unité(s) is an experimental project developed that challenges common preconceptions and stereotypes about housing. This project highlights the subject of housing starting from the perspective of the room and the designation of its spaces. From the architect: “Considering housing as a collection of rooms of identical size, freely networked, without hierarchy and without assignment, leads to an emancipated vision of living and human relationships”. This concept allows the human comfort to be prioritized and adaptive to the habitants of the building. The flexibility of the units is a notion that applies to intergenerational users.

Figure 14: Sample Floor Plan. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 15: Ground Plane. Source: Archdaily. 53

Figure 16: Diagrammatic Facade. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 17: Units - Movement. Source: Archdaily.

The flexibility provided through the grid-layout of interior spaces are a unique way of weaving the interior programs. This way, potential tenants can adapt to expand or reduce the space that they use. This can also work as a benefit for smaller tenants to be able to squeeze into the gaps. From an intergenerational housing standpoint. This reduces the number of elderly persons living without a close proximity to others who are able to help them in a time of need.

Figure 18: Possible Configurations in a Grid. Tejal Lad

55.6771° N, 12.5133° E

5.3

FREDERIKSVEJ KINDERGERTEN COBE Architects

CASE STUDIES

Frederiksberg, DENMARK 2016 1700m²

Figure 19: Building Elevation. Source: Archdaily. The design intent for this kindergarten is to resemble a small village to peak the interest of children in their own playful environment. The smaller scale of the buildings create a safer space for children to learn and grow. There is a diverse transparency of buildings in the complex which displays the movement of the children, teachers and other interior activity. Hierarchy of spaces is still a priority to provide a good structure in the learning environment.

Figure 20: Interior Perspective Showing Natural Light. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 21: Transparency of Facade Diagram. Tejal Lad

There are 11 house massing in this complex, each offset from one another to separate the kindergarten program. Because of this, a variety in service program is created which encourages unique spatial opportunities in the outdoor areas and play zones. This allows daylight to enter the space and create a healthy learning environment.

Figure 22: Building Plan. Source: Archdaily.

The façade adapts to the scape of local community, creating pockets of subtle transparency showcasing the activity inside the kindergarten. The clean detailing is really what contributes to the seamless and light façade. This is not a housing proposoal however the spatial arrangement of the key componants of the design can apply to housing.

46.8508° N, 9.5320° E

5.4

HOME FOR SENIOR CITIZENS Peter Zumthor

CASE STUDIES

Chur, Graubünden, SWITZERLAND 1993

Figure 23: Plan. (‘Home for Senior Citizens, Chur by Peter Zumthor’ n.d.) This building is designed for selfreliant elderly residents. Nursing facilities are located behind the residences and are used when needed. The low-scale development is informal and rural, consisting of 21 apartments, a guest room and a staff room connected by external corridors. The relaxed environment makes for an excellent environment to age and be surrounded by others at the same stage of life.

Figure 24: Plan. ‘Home for Senior Citizens, Chur by Peter Zumthor’ n.d.

This linear arrangement and spatial organization of the interior creates the familiar suburban setting that agers are comfortable with while giving them the space and privacy to live their remaining lives. Knowing that there is medical help right in the backyard is an added bonus. The movement created through furniture in the interior layout break some of the repetition of units adjacent to each other.

In any development of agers, there should now be an obvious repetition of cells but a way to break that pattern for individualistic dwellings. The corridor in this precedent represents the potential of a united backyard to ensure safe transportation and community interaction.

Figure 25: Plan Diagram of Corridor Concept. Tejal Lad

43.6532° N, 79.3832° W

5.5

LANEWAY HOUSING Lanescape. Craig Race

CASE STUDIES

Toronto, CANADA 2014

Figure 26: Regulations for Laneway Housing. Source: Lanescape

Toronto’s laneway housing era is a result of our unaffordable housing crisis and opportunities for the missing middle. By adding an accessory dwelling unit abutting a laneway, Landscape is able to densify a site while maintaining the privacy of various tenants. This city-specific approach to an ADU is successful because of the recently amended bylaws to allows this type of growth. Toronto’s underused laneways provide an excellent opportunity to rethink the entrances to laneway housing and to possibly create a different kind of neighbourhood, one that links backyard dwelling with each other.

Figure 27: Laneway Housing. Challenging the Difference Between Frontyard/Backyard. Tejal Lad

Figure 28: Laneway Housing. Backyard Entrances and Separate Community. Tejal Lad.

CASE STUDIES

48.2082° N, 16.3738° E

5.6

GRÜNE WELLE (GREEN WAVE) SUPERBLOCK

Wien, AUSTRIA 2014 13700m²

Figure 29: Sections. Source: Archello.

Village Typology, Urban Intervention. This housing complex demonstrates that the desire to live in green spaces can be addressed in intelligent ways. Instead of land-intensive-single-family-home developments, ninety row houses were built in two curving ribbons around an elongated “Village Green”, which functions as a communal open space for the residents. Private green spaces are located at the back. This design features three different types of row houses, ranging in size from 64 to 140 sm, and are suite for various family typologies as well as combined live/work spaces. The urban “village-green” arrangement and functional density of this subsidised housing development strengthens neighbourly ties, whereas its typological diversity promotes cross-generational and social mixing between residents. Inspired by Victor Hufnagel’s idea of a densified garden-city, „Grüne Welle“ boasts a linear “village green” arrangement. This helps avoid scattered urbanisation and leaves aside non-useable buffer zones.

Figure 30: Development Masterplan. Source: Archello.

Figure 31: “Backyards”. Source: Archello.

Figure 32: “Backyards”. Source: Archello.

CASE STUDIES

48.2082° N, 16.3738° E

5.7

HAUSTRIFT SUPERBLOCK

Wien, AUSTRIA 2011 Its location in a meadow landscape suggests a clearly rural or village type. The staggered arrangement of housing resembles a “drifting movement” (hence the name of the development). All of the dwellings are prefabricated and have the same standardized type. The floor plans feature two large rooms each arranged around a central access point on the ground floor and second floor, are easily adaptable inside. The staggered orientation of houses on site provides privacy and protection from looking into the houses and each house has their own private outdoor space. The green space within the settlement further contributes to the creation of a relatively private sanctuary. The spatial movement of the facade elements, projecting in and out, frames a lively inner courtyard, intended to recall a rich meadow in full bloom. To encourage future residents to get involved in arranging their neighbourhood together, a landscape designer will provide a free consultation.

Figure 33: Masterplan. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 34: Exterior Perspective. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 35: Exterior Perspective. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 36: Masterplan Axonometric. Source: Archdaily.

CASE STUDIES

48.2082° N, 16.3738° E

5.8

NEUE SIEDLERBEWEGUNG-HEUSTADELGASSE Pichler & traupmann Architekten ZT GMBH

Wien, AUSTRIA 2009

Comfortable Housing in Green Spaces. The three sites of the Heustadelgasse housing development were planned by the architects Dietrich | Untertrifaller, Pichler & Traupmann and helmut Wimmer. Surrounding a new public park they offer comfortable housing at affordable prices, connecting the existing suburban fabric to Lobau, which is part of the Danube-Auen National Park. This is a new typology for a new kind of development. The typology is point symmetry, fitting for additive use, and scalable. This means the units can be distributed in all four directions. The configuration allows for the houses to take the form of a free-standing single house, paired houses, a semi-detached house, a house containing two dwelling units, or a row house. Zoning permitting, the prototype can be scaled to a high density or a low density development. The focus of the “middle ground”, the connecting green spaces between dwellings allows for a public space that acts as an extension of a home.

Figure 37: Exterior Aerial View. Source: Architonic.

Figure 38: Exterior Perspective. Source: Architonic.

Figure 39: Site Plan. Source: Architonic.

CASE STUDIES

50.8503° N, 4.3517° E

5.9

SAVONNERIE HEYMANS MDW Architecture

Brussels, BELGIUM 2011 6500m²

This complete public housing scheme is successful to the diversity of its program the Savonnerie Heymans provides a variety of spaces echoing the diversity of the people living in the very heart of Brussels. Glass-enclosed bioclimatic loggias are seen throughout the entire complex, providing an effective acoustical and thermal barrier but also providing a sense of privacy. Reflecting Brussels’ rapid growth in population, the concept features high density accommodations equipped with amenities such as a rooms for social meetings and events, a public Ludothèque (game library) and extensive public space: the “Mini-forest” garden, the 3D landscaped park and playground and the main promenade.

Figure 40: Concept. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 41: Facade. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 42: Public Realm. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 43: Balcony. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 44: Ground Plane. Source: Archdaily.

48.2082° N, 16.3738° E

5.10 STA | ZWEI+PLUS INTERGENERATIONAL HOUSING trans_city TC

Figure 45: Concept Diagrams. Source: Archdaily.

CASE STUDIES

Wien, AUSTRIA 2018 15033m²

Figure 46: Exterior. Source: Archdaily.

Zwei+plus is a social housing project where units are separate intergenerational households. The tenants must move in concurrently in pairs and commit themselves to mutual cooperation and support between the two units. The spatially separate units are close enough for interaction and assistance yet far enough for privacy. Four L-Shaped buildings form green courtyards in which residents can gather. Community programmed spaces are on the ground floor and the circulation spaces on the upper floors are socially active spaces.

Figure 47: Concept Diagrams Axonometric. Source: Archdaily.

Figure 48: Plans. Source: Archdaily.

CASE STUDIES

SOCIAL INCLUSION IN A NEIGHBOURHOOD This selection of case studies represents a higher quality of housing that reflects the interpretation of home and neighbourhood in various countries. These precedents explore concepts of accommodating aging populations where the mindset of the residents are reflected in the design. It is important to note the configurations of units and dwellings pay particular attention to the relationship between neighbours and how it builds community through social inclusion. Successful models of elderly living are low scale but aim to build density and encourage walkability.

CHAPTER 6 | RESEARCH THEMES

CHAPTER 6 Research Themes

6.1

WALKABILITY

More and more people are understanding the health value of walkability in cities. They are an opportunity to reduce carbon footprints, ensure safety of transportation and attract talent. From a health perspective, “Walkable cities are slimmer communities”46 and can therefore lower healthcare costs as an incentive for living a healthy lifestyle. Walkability also helps aging individuals to maintain control over their activity, encouraging independence while aging. Walkability also gives children independence47 by creating opportunities to explore their surroundings and increase self-sufficiency. When pedestrians feel safe, they are more likely to engage in their surroundings and this is when strong community bonds begin to form. When paths cross on a sidewalk, most individuals are at least ready to acknowledge each other, maybe even ready to communicate. Housing density is the key to walkability. Ideally a mixed community begins to balance the working class and housing activity. Mixing uses on a site creates walkable amenities that help achieve a balanced lifestyle. This is where flexible zoning becomes appealing because the inclusion of all people makes a successful and safe community. Moreover, smaller blocks relate to human scale, enhancing a feeling of safety with notable boundaries. In this way, one can push the interior/exterior boundaries of a living space. By allowing interior comfort to spill outside (within a boundary), another dimension in the public realm begins to exist that acts as an extension of a living space. This encourages the use of shared spaces without it feeling like an afterthought. Lighting plays a key role in this transition because it can act as a guide when identifying the purposes of particular spaces. Well-lit spaces affect the amount of time that is spent outside after dark and the visibility of surroundings. This will encourage the use of shared outdoor spaces in a housing context, allowing residents to partake in activities outside of the home. Public spaces can also be brought to life by energetic facades: a playfulness in depth and dimension that signifies public versus private spaces and creates pockets for “moments” of interaction. This way, walking becomes entertaining

Speck, Jeff. Walkable City Rules: 101 Steps to Making Better Places: Island Press, 2018.

Speck, Jeff. 8.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes

Figure 49: Soft City. Varieties in Walkability. Horizontal Circulation. 208

Figure 50: Soft City. Varieties in Walkability. Vertical Circulation. 216

Figure 51: Soft City. Varieties in Walkability. Accessing Outside in 4-5 minutes versus 45 seconds . 218

Figure 52: Soft City. Varieties in Walkability. Extending the Curb

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes

“Neighbourhood is not a place, it’s a state of mind” - David Sim, Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life

because there are new exciting features that break a visual sight line. Limiting repetition in a façade makes walking on the sidewalk less boring and this notion can be extended to a front shared patio. Lastly, bicycle storage and designated uber pickup areas encourages the reduction in car ownership. In the context of Toronto’s laneway sites, the entrances to the laneways have the potential to be a safe gateway for vehicle drop-off or pick up for a potential backyard community. All these examples are beneficial when designing for a successful walkable context. A soft city features people-oriented architecture that contributes to neighbourhood density and comfort. “Neighbourhood is not a place; it’s a state of mind”48. A neighbourhood embodies the spirits of the people who occupy it, an interwoven series of diverse narratives that complement each other Urban mobility directly relates to social mobility and seamlessly connects moments of everyday life. Corners are important when identifying spaces in the urban fabric. They are places, reference points, symbols for orientation, popular meeting locations, and perfect opportunities for commercial space. On the ground plane, corner conditions provide excellent visibility for shops, cafes, bars or various other businesses. This is a prime opportunity to create gateways into a neighbourhood, acting as a first impression of what lies further in the neighbourhood. Next, walking paths can become healthy “moments” for interaction. Treating a sidewalk as a platform rather than just a walking lane starts to create interconnected networks that encourage efficiency of travel and safe transitions in the public realm. Finally, one must consider the movement that the site needs to accommodate. This means planning for equipment and accompanying behaviour, meaning universal access. Bicycles, (minimal) car transportation, Uber/ drop off and pick up, wheelchair transport, slow/fast paced walking, strollers, post/package delivery, food delivery, shopping trolleys, headphones/ mobile device (impaired walking), coffee/tea walks (relaxed pace), umbrellas are some possible speculative types of movement that is frequently experienced in a walkable neighbourhood. Anticipating all forms of movement through a space can lead to better design of public spaces. To ensure that human interaction in a neighbourhood occurs, one must understand and identify theories and speculative measurements that proves the likelihood of human interaction. In this thesis, there are two theories that I will incorporate into the design proposal that provides opportunity for neighbourly interaction.

48 71

Sim, David. Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life. Washington: Island, 2019. 13.

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6.2

DUNBAR THEORY

British anthropologist Robin Dunbar examined the ratio between brain sizes and group sizes in non-human primates. His study of the connection between behavioural pattern and brain size included neuroimaging and observing the time spent on grooming (a significant social behaviour of primates). . Dunbar concluded that the size, relative to the body, of the neocortex – the part of the brain associated with cognition and language – is linked to the size of a cohesive social group. This ratio limits how much complexity a social system can handle49. Understanding the social capacity of humans is important when designing for interaction to be aware of the limits of social activity. Dunbar’s

Ro, Christine. n.d. ‘Dunbar’s Number: Why We Can Only Maintain 150 Relationships’.

Accessed 26 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20191001-dunbars-number-whywe-can-only-maintain-150-relationships.

5 loved ones (the tightest circle) 15 good friends (successive layers) 50 friends 150 meaningful contacts 500 acquaintances 1500 people you can recognize

15 50

150

500

1500

Figure 53: Dunbar Theory, Capacity for Human Interaction. Tejal Lad.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes

Figure 54: Identifying Proximities in a dwelling community from Dunbar Theory Social Circles. Tejal Lad.

Number is a suggestive cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships – relationships in which an individual knows who each person is and how each person relates to every other person50. 150 represents an ideal network that will last long and cohere well. In cities, this ratio is ideal for avoiding tensions or alienation, and the numbers in which residents start to form villages. The figure below outlines the layers of Dunbar’s theory.51 The idea is that people are always moving in and out of these circles to leave room for new people to enter. Even though generational differences represent different forms of interaction, the capacity for social interaction remains the same. Those under the age of 30 have a significant number of online social networks compared to those over the age of 55. Regardless of the method of interaction, all connections are meaningful regarding this theory. Relating back to architecture, when designing for a successful aging community with an awareness of neighbourly actions and emergencies, the proposal should not exceed 150 people within a designated zone to ensure that a close support group can function. Furthermore, I am suggesting that each dwelling should have a visual or physical connection to up to 5 other dwellings because that is a comfortable and socially inclusive number.

Dunbar, R. I. M. (1992). «Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in

primates». Journal of Human Evolution. 22 (6): 469–493. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(92)90081-J.

Ro, Christine. n.d. ‘Dunbar’s Number: Why We Can Only Maintain 150 Relationships’.

Accessed 26 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20191001-dunbars-number-whywe-can-only-maintain-150-relationships.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes distance in mm social field of vision 500 - 7500 genuine conversation, the shorter the distance the more detailed and articulated the conversation can be. 20 000 - 25 000 short messages can be exchanged. can accurately read facial expressions and dominant emotions. 25 000 one way communication can occur in loud voices. 50 000 - 70 000 gender and age can be identified. a person can be recognized. able to hear shouts for help. 100 000 a broad outline of movement and body language. 300 000 - 500 000 depending on the background and light, one can identify people as human rather than animals or vegetation.

6.3

SOCIAL PROXIMITIES

In Jan Gehl’s Cities for People, he discusses a social field of vision. This observation is imperative in understanding the types of interaction that occur at specific distances to be able to predict the likelihood of social interaction between residents. To encourage a healthy aging community, one must have a compelling social support network that exercises the mind as well as healthy aging habits. It is natural for humans to desire the company of others however by identifying these distances, one can design to ensure that some neighbourhood interactions occur. The chart below describes Gehl’s social field of vision, identifying what can happen at certain distances. Gehl explains that genuine conversation is not possible until people are within seven meters (7.5 yards) of each other. The shorter the distance in the range from seven meters (7.5 yards) to half a meter (19.5 inches), the more detailed and articulated the conversation can be.52 In this case, social inclusion in a community that promotes independence can be controlled by the distances that set the dwellings, walkway, and gardens apart. This proposal for a housing community for aging individuals is mindful of the proximity of the backyard dwellings in relation to each other and public realm design that increases the walkability of the neighbourhood will encourage aging individuals to remain self-reliant longer in their years. This design proposal addresses a multitude of features that will encourage aging populations to remain independent while partaking in healthy living initiatives within a community context: Proximity to friends and acquaintances, enjoyable amenity spaces where leisure activity with other individuals is encouraged and increasing walkability.

6.4

TORONTO’S LANEWAY HOUSING

Laneway Housing is a way of encouraging the use of Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU’s). These dwellings are also known as Backyard Apartments, Garage Apartments, Mother-In-Law Apartment, or Granny Flats. This typology can be seen through many different forms but must have a small footprint and

Gehl, Jan. Cities for People. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010. 35.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes

access to its own front door. They can be made to work anywhere but are most effective in sites with alleyways to provide secondary access without disturbing the main tenant. Toronto’s laneways provide an excellent opportunity to encourage more density and affordable housing. This living scenario does not usually work in single family neighbourhoods but appears in affordable housing crises or in times of a housing shortage. ADUs are an investment property that increases the property value in the long run. They are naturally supervised by the people living in the main house53 but can be an opportunity for the family to move into the ADU after retiring and potentially rent out the main house. To encourage an ADU mindset, one must design for an improved quality of life and desirable living in a secondary structure on the property. Toronto’s laneway housing era is a result of our unaffordable housing crisis and opportunities for the missing middle. By tirelessly working toward an as-of-right zoning policy for laneway housing, Landscape is able to densify a site while maintaining the privacy of various tenants. This city-specific approach to an ADU is successful because of the recently amended bylaws to allow this type of growth. Toronto’s underused laneways and urban infill sites provide an excellent opportunity to rethink the entrances to laneway housing and to possibly create a different kind of neighbourhood, one that links backyard dwelling with each other.

HOW TO IMPROVE SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS IN TORONTO’S CONTEXT LANEWAY HOUSING

After analysing Toronto’s laneway housing guidelines54, it is apparent that there are several logistical issues when designing a community of laneway houses as per the existing City of Toronto zoning by-laws: •

•

53 54

The separation between adjacent dwellings creates a segregation due to location of the property lines and distance between dwellings. Currently, the dwellings are designed for the client who typically resides in the main house. Because of this, the design of adjacent houses is independent and breaks the flow of a facade. Currently, the hydro and plumbing sources of the proposed laneway house should come from the main house. When designing a collection of laneway houses for a community, an independent system should be introduced. In this case, from an existing public building on the site. The laneway itself allows for vehicular traffic. Some potential laneway sites may not have room for vehicular storage. Speck, Jeff. 28. City of Toronto. “Laneway Suites Programs.” City of Toronto, November 30, 2018.

Toronto, Ontario, Canada. https://www.toronto.ca/community-people/community-partners/affordable-housing-partners/laneway-suites-program/.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes

•

The minimum setback from the laneway is 1500mm. Reduces allowable building footprint from the back if restricted from the existing building at the front of the lot. 7.5m setback from existing dwelling for 2 storey and 5m setback for 1 storey. Depending on the depth of the existing dwelling, there may not be much space at the back of the lot to expand or have a healthy sized laneway suite. What happens to the relationship of the existing house and the laneway suite? A courtyard condition begins to form, changing the spatial quality of the backyard space.

Laneway suites provide opportunities for Toronto’s “missing middle” and can encourage aging in place by creating a new dwelling on the same property, one better suited for the phase of life of the elderly occupants. This adds the density that would encourage walkability and a close knit group of individuals for social inclusion in a neighbourhood. Furthermore, “The Laneway suite program provides funding in the form of a forgivable loan of up to $50,000 for eligible property owners developing a laneway suite.”55 This program for secondary dwelling units was approved in June of 2018. To compliment this, a proposed occupancy for the backyard dwelling can be the elderly family that live in the existing house. That way, residents are able to remain in their existing neighbourhoods when following healthy aging in place practices. Laneway suites are required to be within 45 meters of a fire route, and 90 metres of a fire hydrant; majority of laneways do not qualify as fire routes. Toronto fire safety rules currently state that there must be a minimum one metre-width access route at the side of homes (alley between homes) to enable firefighters to access the laneway house in an emergency. Shared alleyways are allowed (with accompanying easement agreement between owners of adjacent dwellings to guarantee right-of-way is not obstructed)56. This poses a new question, is the laneway itself really necessary? A neighbourhood that promises walkability should not even entertain vehicular access adjacent to the dwelling. With a modified path of travel in place of the laneway can accommodate further access from a fire truck or ambulance in emergencies.

“Ontario’s New Building-Codes - Legal Laneway Homes Toronto.” Accessed March 25, 2021. https://www.ecohome.net/news/1488/ontario-building-code-for-laneway-homes-tiny-houses-legal-toronto/.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes

Figure 55: Exploring transportation and access points in a Laneway Development. Tejal Lad.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes

ACCORDING TO CITY OF TORONTO BY-LAW 8102018: LANEWAY SUITE PERMITTED USES

Laneway Suite – Permitted Uses (A) Despite regulation 10.5.60.1(2), an ancillary building may be used for living accommodation in one laneway suite. (B) Despite regulation 10.5.60.1(3), an ancillary building may have both food preparation facilities and sanitary facilities in a laneway suite. (C) Despite regulation 150.5.60.1(1) a home occupation is permitted in a laneway suite if the laneway suite is exclusively and separately occupied as a principal residence, applying the regulations of Section 150.5 as if it is a dwelling unit; and (D) Despite regulation 150.13.20.1(1) a short-term rental is permitted in an ancillary building if it is in a laneway suite that is exclusively and separately occupied as a principal residence. A laneway suite must be on a lot with a rear lot line or side lot line abutting a lane for at least 3.5 metres Landscaping Requirements for a Laneway Suite Despite regulation 10.5.50.10 (3), for a lot with a residential building and an ancillary building containing a laneway suite: (A) with a lot frontage of 6.0 metres or less, a minimum of 60 percent of the area between the rear main wall of the residential building and the front main wall of the ancillary building containing a laneway suite must be for soft landscaping; (B) with a lot frontage of greater than 6.0 metres, a minimum of 85 percent of the area between the rear main wall of the residential building and the front main wall of the ancillary building containing a laneway suite must be for soft landscaping; and (C) the area between the ancillary building containing a laneway suite and the lot line abutting a lane, excluding a permitted driveway, must be landscaping, of which a minimum of 75 percent must be soft landscaping. Laneway Suite - Rear Yard Setback Despite regulations 10.5.60.20(2) and (5) and regulation 10.10.60.20(1), the required minimum rear yard setback for an ancillary building containing a laneway suite is: (A) if the rear lot line does not abut a street or lane and there are no openings such as vehicle access, doors or windows in the rear main wall of the ancillary building, 0.0 metres; and (B) in all other cases, 1.5 metres.

City of Toronto. “Laneway Suites Programs.” City of Toronto, November 30, 2018. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. https://www.toronto.ca/community-people/ community-partners/affordable-housing-partners/laneway-suites-program/.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes Laneway Suite – Side Yard Setback Despite regulations 10.5.60.20(3) and (6) and regulation 10.10.60.20(1), the required minimum side yard setback for an ancillary building containing a laneway suite is: (A) if the side lot line does not abut a street or lane and there are no openings such as vehicle access, doors or windows in the side main wall of the ancillary building, 0.0 metres; (B) if the side lot line abuts a street, the required minimum side yard setback for the residential building on the lot; and (C) in all other cases, 1.5 metres. Minimum Separation between a Residential Building and the Ancillary Building Despite regulation 10.5.60.30(1) an ancillary building containing a laneway suite must be: (A) no less than 5.0 metres from a residential building on the same lot if the height of the ancillary building is no greater than 4.0 metres; and (B) no less than 7.5 metres from a residential building on the same lot if the height of the ancillary building is greater than 4.0 metres. Rear Angular Plane The front main wall of an ancillary building containing a laneway suite may not penetrate a 45 degree angular plane projected towards the rear lot line beginning from a height of 4.0 metres at a distance of 7.5 metres from rear main wall of the residential building. Maximum Length of a Laneway Suite The permitted maximum building length for an ancillary building containing a laneway suite is 10.0 metres. Maximum Width of a Laneway Suite The permitted maximum building width of an ancillary building containing a laneway suite is 8.0 metres, measured perpendicular to the lot centreline. Maximum Height of a Laneway Suite Despite regulation 10.5.60.40(2)(B), the permitted maximum height of an ancillary building containing a laneway suite is: (A) if the ancillary building containing a laneway suite is located a minimum of 5.0 metres to less than 7.5 metres from the residential building on the lot, 4.0 metres; and (B) if the ancillary building containing a laneway suite is located 7.5 metres or more from the residential building on the lot, 6.0 metres. Antennae, Flagpoles, Parapets for a Green Roof, Satellite Dishes, Weather vanes can exceed building maximum height by 1.0 metres. City of Toronto. “Laneway Suites Programs.” City of Toronto, November 30, 2018. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. https://www.toronto.ca/community-people/ community-partners/affordable-housing-partners/laneway-suites-program/.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes Platform Restrictions Despite regulation 10.5.60.20(11) a platform without main walls in accordance with (1) above, is permitted, if: (A) the area of the platform, other than a green roof, is less than 10 percent of the interior floor area of the laneway suite; (B) the platform complies with the required minimum building setbacks, separation distances and angular planes for the ancillary building containing a laneway suite; and (C) the exterior sides of a platform adjacent to a side yard must be visually screened from an abutting lot by an opaque barrier with a vertical dimension of no less than 1.5 metres. Platform Height Despite regulation 10.5.60.40(5)(B), the level of the floor of a platform permitted in accordance with (2) above, other than a green roof, must be: (A) no higher than 0.2 metres above the level of the floor of the storey from which it gains access; and (B) no higher than 4.0 metres above average grade unless it is attached to or within 0.3 metres of a main wall facing a lane. Lot coverage may not exceed 30% or lot area No parking space is required for a laneway suite An ancillary building containing a laneway suite must have two bicycle parking spaces within the laneway suite or within any required yard setback. Window Projections In the Residential Zone category, a bay window, box window, or other window projection from a main wall of a building, which increases floor area or enclosed space and does not touch the ground, may encroach: (A)into a required minimum front yard setback or minimum rear yard setback a maximum of 0.75 metres, if the window projections in total do not occupy more than 65% of the width of the front wall or rear main wall at each storey; and (B) Onto a required minimum side yard setback a maximum of 0.6 metres, if the window projections: (i) in total do not occupy more than 30% of the width of the side main wall at each storey; and (ii) are no closer to the side lot line than 0.6 metres.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes

Figure 56: Regulations for Laneway Housing. Source: Lanescape

The design of laneway suites are site dependant due to the range in widths of Toronto’s lots. Figure 58 shows a potential layout of laneway suites on a laneway site. The regulations for laneway suites were determined to accommodate the construction of individual suites rather than a collection of them at one particular time. By proposing a cluster of laneway suites at once, it introduces opportunities to connect the dwellings further rather than allowing them to stand independent, creating community not building. The design proposal follows the 7.5m setback from the existing housing as a minimum requirement to not further disturb the existing house. This allow a greater flexibility for developing an efficient arrangement of backyard dwellings and to maximize the site potential and build healthy density.

CHAPTER 6 | Research Themes

Figure 57: Existing Site Massing. Tejal Lad.

Figure 58: Existing Site Massing with Allowed Laneway Housing as per Toronto Zoning Bylaw. Tejal Lad.

CHAPTER 7 | DESIGN PROCESS AND DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 7

Design Process and Development

7.1

PHASES OF LIVING

Understanding phases of human life can provide a better understanding of how housing can be designed to better suit the needs of its occupants. By identifying priorities in a cycle of life, one can argue that the aging population faces similar wants and needs those new to the world. Perhaps it can be reimagined as a daycare for the elderly and enclose those at the same phase of their life within the same boundaries to allow for playtime. “Kindergarten teachers” represent those who check in to make sure that everything is going smoothly. A jungle of backyard housing as the playpen for aging populations becomes an exploration zone with smaller living quarters and shared amenities/ facilities available on foot. The core idea of this proposal is maintaining happiness and the social well-being of its tenants through the proximity of living and shared outdoor spaces. Adventure in architecture represents a youthfulness that is encouraged in this final phase of life. Creating isolated housing solely for the elderly allows them to grow in the space they live in now that they are “free of life” responsibilities. Relocation to a new dwelling in the same neighbourhood allows the living conditions to be better suited for the needs of the elderly such as walkability, barrier-free access and opportunities to engage with the neighbourhood through gardens and amenities. This concept of healthy laneway housing for aging populations provides a better alternative solution to other forms of downsizing or housing relocation due to old age. These include seniors housing, downsizing to a condo, moving to the country, moving in with adult children, moving to a cottage, senior housing communities, co-operatives, or remaining in a family home. The size of an average condo unit in Toronto is 70 square metres (752 sf) whereas a typical laneway suite ranges from 50-140 square metres. This alternative is not healthy because it does not have direct access to green spaces, walkable amenities, or barrier free access to the ground which discourages independent living. Another alternative is Long-Term Care homes (LTC’s) and assisted living facilities. In this case, agers would need to relocate to a new environment, build new connections and relinquish opportunities to host large gatherings for family-oriented mindsets.

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development

Figure 59: Phases of Life Cycle. Tejal Lad.

phase of life responsibility Innocence a first impression of the world around us. A non-bias reaction to life exposure. The absence of responsibilities allows for “play” to occur Growth Staring to be shaped through education and external influences Responsibility the “adult” era. Facing the responsibilities of survival and caring and providing for others. The longest phase in the cycle Re-live Figuring out a new chapter of life after “freed” from responsibilities of during the adult phase. This aging population phase is a different type of growth. One where the element of time works at a slower and more comfortable pace that allows for exploration Play Outlook on life allows for “play” to occur. The end of the cycle is the same as the beginning.

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development SENIORS HOUSING LONG TERM CARE HOME DOWNSIZE TO CONDO MOVING TO THE COUNTRY MOVING IN WITH ADULT CHILDREN MOVE TO THE COTTAGE SENIOR HOUSING COMMUNITY CO-OPERATIVES FAMILY HOME

FAMILY HOME

Figure 60: Housing Options for Post-Suburban Living. Tejal Lad

7.2

PROJECT SCOPE

AGING IN PLACE HOUSING MODEL

The scope for this design research proposal predominantly addresses a potential solution through master planning while focusing on building healthy density. The proposal should have the ability to be replicated in other laneway sites therefore it is important to select a site that represents an extreme condition that imagines solutions to all possible challenges in a laneway site. These factors include: • • • • • • •

Variety of depth in existing housing Long laneway length Variety of lot widths Percentage of seniors/ percentage of seniors living alone in the neighbourhood. Proximity to grocery stores and other needs. Safety of existing laneway condition Entrances to the laneway

After the masterplan is successfully designed to overcome the current challenges of laneway suites, the proposed housing design will address the needs of agers creating a barrier free ground floor through the development. The proposed backyard housing should provide a variety of options to choose from as residents decide to relocate, and an option for agers who require additional care. Finally, there should be a clear connecting concept to the design that features amenities that encourage community engagement.

7.3

THE SITE POTENTIAL

Toronto faces the challenge of accommodating a surge of aging individuals however there are certain areas that can benefit from an improved way of living to aid their aging population. It is important to take note of how healthy communities can be built or densified to improve the quality of living. Toronto

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development

Figure 61: Highlighted areas depict laneway conditions in Toronto. Source: The Laneway Project

is a unique city where an abundance of underused laneway conditions exists with a potential for revitalisation to serve a more useful purpose. With defined laneway housing regulations, this contributes to Toronto’s affordability crisis and presents options to add healthy density to a site. After examining Toronto’s 140 neighbourhoods, there are some unique demographical and site conditions that fit this type of proposal. Some important variables include percentage of seniors, percentage of the working age group, percentage of seniors living alone, and affordability. Figure 62 lists the relevant neighbourhoods that apply to these variables. Casa Loma has a very high number of aging individuals, many of whom live alone. More than half of Mount Pleasant West’s neighbourhood have seniors living alone. This paired with its larger than average working-class population makes a great potential site. CabbagetownSouth and St. JamesTown show laneway condition with a smaller block arrangement that has a potential for a very lively backyard community by ensuring privacy around its borders. Each of these neighbourhoods have reasonably sized laneway conditions where an intervention could work.

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

Percentage of Percentage of Seniors Living Seniors (65+) Alone 15.6% 26.7%

Toronto West Humber-Clairville Mount Olive-Silverstone-Jamestown Thistletown-Beaumond Heights Rexdale-Kipling Elms-Old Rexdale Kingsview Village-The Westway Willowridge-Martingrove-Richview Humber Heights-Westmount Edenbridge-Humber Valley Princess-Rosethorn Eringate-Centennial-West Deane Markland Wood Etobicoke West Mall Islington-City Centre West Kingsway South Stonegate-Queensway Mimico (includes Humber Bay Shores) New Toronto Long Branch Alderwood Humber Summit Humbermede Pelmo Park-Humberlea Black Creek Glenfield-Jane Heights Downsview-Roding-CFB York University Heights Rustic Maple Leaf Brookhaven-Amesbury Yorkdale-Glen Park Englemount-Lawrence Clanton Park Bathurst Manor Westminster-Branson Newtonbrook West Willowdale West Lansing-Westgate Bedford Park-Nortown St. Andrew-Windfields Bridle Path-Sunnybrook-York Mills Banbury-Don Mills Victoria Village Flemingdon Park Parkwoods Donalda Pleasant View Don Valley Village Hillcrest Village Bayview Woods-Steeles Newtonbrook East Willowdale East Bayview Village Henry Farm O'Connor-Parkview Thorncliffe Park Leaside Bennington Broadview North Old East York Danforth - East York Woodbine-Lumsden Taylor-Massey (formerly Crescent Town) East End-Danforth The Beaches Woodbine Corridor Greenwood-Coxwell Danforth Playter Estates-Danforth North Riverdale Blake-Jones South Riverdale Cabbagetown-South St. James Town Regent Park Moss Park North St. James Town Church-Yonge Corridor Bay Street Corridor

16.6%

17.9%

17.0%

13.3%

53.0%

65.40

54.0%

32.0%

54.3%

32.4%

$ 65,459.00

16.3% 22.1% 22.2% 19.5% 18.3% 20.1% 25.0% 14.8% 15.5% 20.7% 16.4% 15.3% 13.5% 13.9% 16.7% 19.0%

22.5% 28.3% 29.2% 25.6% 17.8% 22.0% 27.4% 27.9% 28.8% 24.2% 28.1% 37.2% 44.8% 31.1% 21.9% 14.5%

19.3% 16.1% 14.3% 13.9% 16.0% 14.2% 12.8% 14.8% 13.5% 17.2% 16.3% 10.4% 14.2% 13.3% 14.7% 17.3%

13.8% 11.6% 11.3% 12.1% 14.6% 13.0% 11.2% 12.7% 10.7% 11.7% 10.0% 8.6% 12.3% 11.1% 10.7% 13.7%

50.6% 50.1% 52.2% 54.3% 51.1% 52.7% 51.0% 57.6% 60.3% 50.4% 57.3% 65.6% 59.9% 61.6% 58.0% 50.0%

73.50 78.50 70.30 66.10 69.90 67.80 76.80 54.90 49.50 78.60 60.20 40.30 48.30 45.80 58.40 74.60

52.0% 45.3% 46.0% 39.1% 30.4% 44.2% 37.2% 50.6% 45.3% 21.4% 34.7% 40.3% 35.1% 34.2% 33.0% 58.7%

32.5% 31.9% 33.3% 30.3% 34.0% 29.1% 30.1% 28.3% 29.2% 30.3% 30.9% 26.6% 27.0% 26.9% 30.2% 31.7%

53.6% 46.1% 52.9% 44.3% 35.0% 46.0% 42.2% 51.4% 49.1% 22.9% 40.0% 41.3% 33.9% 33.3% 36.9% 61.2%

35.0% 31.2% 32.0% 30.3% 19.3% 22.8% 24.7% 37.1% 33.1% 19.4% 27.3% 39.8% 39.2% 35.4% 21.8% 31.6%

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

15.9% 15.8%

21.9% 22.7%

19.1% 16.4%

15.0% 12.6%

49.9% 55.2%

74.00 61.70

58.9% 55.8%

33.4% 30.5%

52.8% 55.0%

33.0% 33.5%

$ 51,964.00 $ 57,611.00

17.5% 18.4%

26.5% 20.7%

19.8% 15.2%

14.4% 11.9%

48.3% 54.6%

80.90 63.70

52.3% 53.2%

36.5% 31.5%

48.9% 59.4%

33.1% 28.2%

$ 44,904.00 $ 62,976.00

19.0% 15.1% 14.5% 17.4% 19.1% 16.9% 19.0%

22.8% 42.2% 30.0% 29.6% 31.7% 22.2% 34.5%

14.0% 21.9% 16.8% 14.8% 13.0% 11.8% 10.9%

13.1% 13.9% 11.7% 11.8% 13.0% 14.1% 13.1%

53.9% 49.1% 57.0% 55.9% 54.9% 57.1% 57.0%

63.80 80.00 59.00 60.20 60.80 53.00 53.40

51.8% 44.7% 45.6% 51.4% 69.5% 66.3% 56.3%

33.0% 34.6% 30.4% 29.0% 19.4% 18.5% 21.2%

55.9% 39.7% 45.0% 55.3% 70.1% 71.1% 64.5%

30.7% 36.4% 34.1% 35.8% 46.2% 46.5% 46.1%

$ $ $ $ $ $ $

63,778.00 58,003.00 69,997.00 69,634.00 54,101.00 54,981.00 59,675.00

16.9% 18.1% 19.0% 23.4% 18.0% 13.6%

31.4% 16.7% 18.1% 31.4% 34.4% 28.5%

19.7% 14.9% 15.7% 13.4% 15.3% 20.0%

14.3% 14.3% 15.9% 10.1% 11.7% 13.8%

49.1% 52.8% 49.5% 53.1% 54.9% 52.7%

79.60 66.70 75.90 72.90 64.10 67.00

29.5% 50.0% 34.2% 48.9% 53.5% 64.0%

30.2% 27.0% 26.7% 28.3% 26.1% 26.1%

25.7% 50.7% 33.5% 47.1% 50.8% 69.5%

27.1% 34.0% 22.7% 33.5% 38.1% 44.8%

$ $ $ $ $ $

116,672.00 98,420.00 215,798.00 77,547.00 51,867.00 48,917.00

20.2% 16.8% 25.5% 25.5% 18.3%

15.9% 19.6% 25.4% 19.0% 22.3%

13.0% 15.2% 12.5% 11.9% 10.2%

13.3% 12.1% 12.7% 12.9% 13.9%

53.5% 55.9% 49.3% 49.7% 57.6%

63.80 59.10 77.40 76.40 50.90

61.8% 66.6% 66.7% 59.5% 64.0%

23.2% 20.6% 22.4% 24.9% 19.8%

68.1% 68.6% 70.2% 62.8% 72.6%

32.8% 40.9% 35.4% 38.7% 48.5%

$ $ $ $ $

70,189.00 63,997.00 70,539.00 78,965.00 60,358.00

16.0%

22.2%

11.4%

11.9%

60.7%

46.80

59.7%

22.0%

64.0%

45.5%

$ 67,355.00

13.8% 10.1% 14.3% 16.1% 16.4% 15.2% 13.9% 10.0% 11.7% 13.4% 11.0% 11.4% 15.7% 14.5% 13.6% 11.6% 10.7% 18.0% 6.7% 8.8% 8.7% 9.7% 9.2%

28.4% 37.8% 29.8% 35.7% 26.8% 28.9% 33.0% 33.1% 40.5% 31.5% 36.4% 32.9% 34.8% 35.4% 30.5% 34.1% 29.1% 47.4% 42.0% 51.7% 50.5% 50.3% 44.2%

16.8% 26.8% 19.7% 12.8% 16.0% 17.7% 14.8% 19.1% 17.7% 17.8% 18.7% 17.1% 17.2% 15.1% 16.7% 18.2% 14.4% 7.3% 15.3% 7.7% 12.4% 4.0% 6.5%

13.1% 11.9% 13.2% 8.7% 9.3% 8.7% 8.4% 10.8% 10.6% 9.9% 8.3% 8.9% 9.3% 9.5% 9.9% 11.5% 8.9% 9.3% 16.6% 10.8% 12.3% 15.3% 26.6%

56.3% 51.1% 52.7% 62.4% 58.3% 58.5% 62.9% 60.2% 60.1% 58.8% 62.0% 62.6% 57.7% 60.8% 59.8% 58.7% 66.0% 65.4% 61.4% 72.7% 66.7% 71.0% 57.6%

57.80 75.90 68.60 48.40 59.10 59.60 48.20 50.90 52.00 57.20 51.30 48.00 59.10 52.30 53.80 55.80 40.40 38.90 41.10 23.70 33.90 19.80 26.60

37.3% 63.7% 20.2% 42.3% 32.8% 32.6% 28.0% 56.2% 28.2% 19.7% 23.6% 30.5% 29.7% 23.5% 25.0% 31.6% 30.3% 34.3% 46.9% 35.1% 51.6% 36.0% 40.9%

27.9% 24.1% 28.0% 28.2% 30.5% 29.9% 28.7% 21.8% 27.5% 29.9% 29.0% 28.2% 29.2% 27.0% 30.0% 30.4% 29.2% 23.3% 30.2% 26.4% 21.7% 23.1% 21.0%

38.1% 73.9% 18.1% 43.1% 35.8% 35.1% 29.3% 57.2% 24.5% 14.2% 22.0% 31.6% 32.9% 24.0% 23.7% 33.3% 33.5% 27.8% 54.0% 35.1% 56.6% 39.9% 57.2%

37.9% 50.1% 22.0% 40.3% 29.1% 27.0% 32.0% 44.2% 31.3% 28.7% 28.7% 32.6% 30.3% 37.3% 26.1% 31.1% 31.1% 38.8% 39.5% 39.9% 44.0% 45.3% 57.2%

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

60,824.00 71,584.00 68,996.00 84,113.00 139,039.00 88,872.00 86,965.00 63,973.00 72,951.00 151,552.00 85,138.00 67,525.00 50,891.00 61,536.00 83,249.00 61,373.00

59,729.00 46,595.00 126,930.00 52,731.00 77,824.00 81,253.00 74,608.00 46,669.00 69,026.00 100,365.00 76,476.00 70,574.00 76,597.00 73,216.00 89,063.00 64,483.00 76,172.00 61,184.00 42,369.00 52,490.00 41,016.00 56,366.00 48,737.00

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development Percentage of Percentage of Seniors Living Seniors (65+) Alone 15.6% 26.7%

Mother Median Second Children Age Youth Age Working Age Dependancy Unafforadable Tongue not Immigrants Household Generation (0-14) (15-24) (25-64) Ratio Housing English Income 36.6% 14.6% 12.5% 57.3% 55.10 51.2% 27.5% 47.0% $ 65,829.00 40.6% 5.5% 11.9% 75.6% 16.60 36.3% 26.9% 37.6% $ 78,479.00 48.1% 7.5% 18.8% 59.2% 35.00 43.6% 24.9% 52.0% $ 44,216.00 32.4% 17.0% 13.3% 53.0% 65.40 54.0% 32.0% 54.3% $$ 65,459.00 46.8% 7.6% 18.7% 59.4% 33.50 30.1% 26.6% 36.2% 57,847.00

Toronto 1 West Humber-Clairville 77 Waterfront Communities-The Island 7.0% 38.9% 278Mount Olive-Silverstone-Jamestown Kensington-Chinatown 14.5% 40.9% 379Thistletown-Beaumond Heights 16.6% 17.9% University 14.4% 29.7% 480Rexdale-Kipling Palmerston-Little Italy 581Elms-Old Rexdale Trinity-Bellwoods 6 Kingsview Village-The Westway 16.3% 22.5% 19.3% 13.8% 82 Niagara 4.7% 36.0% 6.7% 7.7% 7 Willowridge-Martingrove-Richview 22.1% 28.3% 16.1% 11.6% 83 Dufferin Grove 8 Humber Heights-Westmount 22.2% 29.2% 14.3% 11.3% 84 Little Portugal 9 Edenbridge-Humber Valley 19.5% 25.6% 13.9% 12.1% 85 South Parkdale 10.2% 48.9% 10.0% 10.8% 10 Princess-Rosethorn 18.3% 17.8% 16.0% 14.6% 86 Roncesvalles 11.2% 39.6% 15.5% 8.7% 11 Eringate-Centennial-West Deane 20.1% 22.0% 14.2% 13.0% 87 High Park-Swansea 14.1% 34.3% 15.2% 9.1% 12 Markland Wood 25.0% 27.4% 12.8% 11.2% 88 High Park North 13.4% 44.3% 13.0% 8.7% 13 Etobicoke West Mall 14.8% 27.9% 14.8% 12.7% 89 Runnymede-Bloor West Village 14 Islington-City Centre West 15.5% 28.8% 13.5% 10.7% 90 Junction Area 15 Kingsway South 20.7% 24.2% 17.2% 11.7% 91 Weston-Pelham Park 16 Stonegate-Queensway 16.4% 28.1% 16.3% 10.0% 92 Corso Italia-Davenport 17 Mimico (includes Humber Bay Shores) 15.3% 37.2% 10.4% 8.6% 93 Dovercourt-Wallace Emerson-Junction 18 New Toronto 13.5% 44.8% 14.2% 12.3% 94 Wychwood 16.3% 31.7% 14.1% 10.0% 1995Long Branch 13.9% 31.1% 13.3% 11.1% Annex 17.1% 35.9% 8.2% 12.1% 2096Alderwood 16.7% 21.9% 14.7% 10.7% Casa Loma 23.9% 32.2% 11.5% 10.2% 2197Humber Summit 19.0% 14.5% 17.3% 13.7% Yonge-St.Clair 22.6% 37.0% 9.8% 7.5% 2298Humbermede Rosedale-Moore Park 24.1% 34.9% 12.7% 10.3% 2399Pelmo MountPark-Humberlea Pleasant East 14.7% 39.9% 17.8% 10.0% 24 Creek 100Black Yonge-Eglinton 13.6% 37.1% 15.3% 10.4% 25 Glenfield-Jane Heights 15.9% 21.9% 19.1% 15.0% 101 Forest Hill South 20.9% 33.9% 12.4% 12.0% 26 Downsview-Roding-CFB 15.8% 22.7% 16.4% 12.6% 102 Forest Hill North 15.8% 36.0% 16.3% 11.8% 27 York University Heights 103 Lawrence Park South 28 Rustic 17.5% 26.5% 19.8% 14.4% 104 Mount Pleasant West 13.5% 55.3% 8.2% 8.7% 29 Maple Leaf Park North 18.4% 20.7% 15.2% 11.9% 105 Lawrence 12.9% 29.1% 22.5% 11.7% 30 106Brookhaven-Amesbury Humewood-Cedarvale 12.8% 34.2% 15.1% 11.2% 31 Park 19.0% 22.8% 14.0% 13.1% 107Yorkdale-Glen Oakwood Village 16.8% 31.8% 14.9% 10.7% 32 Englemount-Lawrence 15.1% 42.2% 21.9% 13.9% 108 Briar Hill-Belgravia 14.7% 27.4% 13.0% 11.6% 33 Clanton Park 14.5% 30.0% 16.8% 11.7% 109 Caledonia-Fairbank 34 Bathurst Manor 17.4% 29.6% 14.8% 11.8% 110 Keelesdale-Eglinton West 16.2% 28.9% 14.6% 12.8% 35 Westminster-Branson 19.1% 31.7% 13.0% 13.0% 111 Rockcliffe-Smythe 16.4% 34.7% 15.7% 12.3% 36 Newtonbrook West 16.9% 22.2% 11.8% 14.1% 112 Beechborough-Greenbrook 13.3% 30.4% 17.5% 13.3% 37 19.0% 34.5% 10.9% 13.1% 113Willowdale Weston West 12.5% 39.8% 17.4% 12.5% 38 Lansing-Westgate 114 Lambton Baby Point 12.8% 30.4% 21.2% 11.3% 39 Bedford Park-Nortown 16.9% 31.4% 19.7% 14.3% 115 Mount Dennis 40 St. Andrew-Windfields 18.1% 16.7% 14.9% 14.3% 116 Steeles 22.4% 13.4% 13.0% 11.2% 41 Bridle Path-Sunnybrook-York Mills 19.0% 18.1% 15.7% 15.9% 117 L'Amoreaux 19.7% 19.7% 14.0% 12.9% 42 Banbury-Don Mills 23.4% 31.4% 13.4% 10.1% 118 Tam O'Shanter-Sullivan 21.4% 24.5% 14.4% 11.8% 43 Victoria Village 18.0% 34.4% 15.3% 11.7% 119 Wexford-Maryvale 15.9% 22.0% 15.3% 12.9% 44 Flemingdon Park 13.6% 28.5% 20.0% 13.8% 120 Clairlea-Birchmount 45 Parkwoods Donalda 121 Oakridge 10.7% 38.8% 21.0% 12.3% 46 Pleasant View 20.2% 15.9% 13.0% 13.3% 122 Birchcliffe-Cliffside 15.6% 29.4% 15.4% 11.2% 47 Don Valley Village 16.8% 19.6% 15.2% 12.1% 123 Cliffcrest 16.8% 29.1% 16.1% 13.4% 48 Hillcrest Village 25.5% 25.4% 12.5% 12.7% 124 Kennedy Park 49 Bayview Woods-Steeles 25.5% 19.0% 11.9% 12.9% 125 Ionview 50 Newtonbrook East 18.3% 22.3% 10.2% 13.9% 126 Dorset Park 51 Willowdale East 127 Bendale 15.8% 20.7% 15.4% 15.7% 52 Bayview Village 16.0% 22.2% 11.4% 11.9% 128 Agincourt South-Malvern West 16.4% 13.5% 13.1% 14.4% 53 Henry FarmNorth 129 Agincourt 20.1% 13.8% 13.3% 13.1% 54 O'Connor-Parkview 13.8% 28.4% 16.8% 13.1% 130 Milliken 17.8% 10.8% 14.1% 12.3% 55 Thorncliffe Park 10.1% 37.8% 26.8% 11.9% 131 Rouge 56 Leaside Bennington 14.3% 29.8% 19.7% 13.2% 132 Malvern 57 Broadview 16.1% 35.7% 12.8% 8.7% 133 CentennialNorth Scarborough 17.9% 10.5% 16.1% 13.8% 58 Old East York 16.4% 26.8% 16.0% 9.3% 134 Highland Creek 19.2% 7.7% 12.3% 15.5% 59 Danforth - East York 15.2% 28.9% 17.7% 8.7% 135 Morningside 60 Woodbine-Lumsden 13.9% 33.0% 14.8% 8.4% 136 West Hill 61 (formerly Crescent Town) 10.0% 33.1% 19.1% 10.8% 137Taylor-Massey Woburn 62 East End-Danforth 11.7% 40.5% 17.7% 10.6% 138 Eglinton East 63 The Beaches 13.4% 31.5% 17.8% 9.9% 139 Scarborough Village 64 Woodbine Corridor 11.0% 36.4% 18.7% 8.3% 140 Guildwood 25.0% 29.8% 13.4% 10.9% 65 Greenwood-Coxwell 11.4% 32.9% 17.1% 8.9% 66 Danforth 15.7% 34.8% 17.2% 9.3% Figure 62: Toronto Neighbourhood Analysis and Comparison. 67 Playter Estates-Danforth 14.5% 35.4% 15.1% 9.5% 68 NorthGreater Riverdale Number of Aging 13.6% 9.9% Residents.30.5% Tejal Lad 16.7% 69 Blake-Jones 11.6% 34.1% 18.2% 11.5% 70 South Riverdale 10.7% 29.1% 14.4% 8.9% 71 Cabbagetown-South St. James Town 18.0% 47.4% 7.3% 9.3% 72 Regent Park 6.7% 42.0% 15.3% 16.6% 73 Moss Park 8.8% 51.7% 7.7% 10.8% 74 North St. James Town 8.7% 50.5% 12.4% 12.3% 75 Church-Yonge Corridor 9.7% 50.3% 4.0% 15.3% 76 Bay Street Corridor 9.2% 44.2% 6.5% 26.6%

50.6% 80.9% 50.1% 52.2% 54.3% 69.0% 51.1% 64.7% 52.7% 61.7% 51.0% 64.9% 57.6% 60.3% 50.4% 57.3% 65.6% 59.9% 59.7% 61.6% 62.5% 58.0% 54.5% 50.0% 60.1%

73.50 14.60 78.50 70.30 66.10 31.10 69.90 43.50 67.80 50.20 76.80 43.00 54.90 49.50 78.60 60.20 40.30 48.30 51.30 45.80 40.10 58.40 65.30 74.60 53.30

52.0% 29.5% 45.3% 46.0% 39.1% 43.2% 30.4% 29.5% 44.2% 28.1% 37.2% 35.2% 50.6% 45.3% 21.4% 34.7% 40.3% 35.1% 32.8% 34.2% 28.9% 33.0% 26.5% 58.7% 29.2%

32.5% 31.7% 31.9% 33.3% 30.3% 24.8% 34.0% 30.8% 29.1% 31.3% 30.1% 27.5% 28.3% 29.2% 30.3% 30.9% 26.6% 27.0% 30.7% 26.9% 27.7% 30.2% 29.1% 31.7% 25.6%

53.6% 30.8% 46.1% 52.9% 44.3% 41.9% 35.0% 30.4% 46.0% 31.5% 42.2% 37.2% 51.4% 49.1% 22.9% 40.0% 41.3% 33.9% 34.7% 33.3% 29.1% 36.9% 22.4% 61.2% 24.6%

35.0% 38.4% 31.2% 32.0% 30.3% 49.2% 19.3% 37.8% 22.8% 30.1% 24.7% 36.7% 37.1% 33.1% 19.4% 27.3% 39.8% 39.2% 35.7% 35.4% 40.6% 21.8% 36.9% 31.6% 36.2%

23.0% 25.0% 26.2% 52.8% 23.5% 55.0% 37.1%

30.6% 29.4% 34.0% 33.0% 33.2% 33.5% 35.8%

48.3% 69.6% 54.6% 52.8%

80.90 32.30 63.70 71.80

52.3% 39.1% 53.2% 23.0%

36.5% 23.7% 31.5% 29.4%

48.9% 39.6% 59.4% 21.8%

60.8% 53.9% 57.5% 49.1% 60.6% 57.0% 55.9% 56.4% 54.9% 55.5% 57.1% 56.0% 57.0% 57.6% 54.6% 49.1% 52.8% 53.4% 49.5% 53.3% 53.1% 52.4% 54.9% 55.9% 52.7%

48.20 63.80 58.00 80.00 49.30 59.00 60.20 57.70 60.80 61.10 53.00 60.40 53.40 55.20 69.40 79.60 66.70 67.40 75.90 65.90 72.90 69.60 64.10 59.50 67.00

32.8% 51.8% 47.5% 44.7% 60.2% 45.6% 51.4% 56.1% 69.5% 49.6% 66.3% 53.8% 56.3% 49.1% 30.2% 29.5% 50.0% 71.9% 34.2% 65.1% 48.9% 61.9% 53.5% 50.5% 64.0%

26.8% 33.0% 28.5% 34.6% 24.7% 30.4% 29.0% 31.3% 19.4% 32.1% 18.5% 31.2% 21.2% 31.0% 30.9% 30.2% 27.0% 20.9% 26.7% 23.7% 28.3% 23.7% 26.1% 28.0% 26.1%

30.2% 55.9% 46.4% 39.7% 59.4% 45.0% 55.3% 60.6% 70.1% 50.8% 71.1% 43.8% 64.5% 39.7% 31.1% 25.7% 50.7% 80.5% 33.5% 67.6% 47.1% 63.1% 50.8% 48.2% 69.5%

33.1% 41.7% 28.2% 22.3% 35.7% 30.7% 36.7% 36.4% 34.2% 34.1% 35.8% 36.0% 46.2% 35.2% 46.5% 35.7% 46.1% 42.8%

56.0% 53.5% 57.8% 55.9% 53.6% 49.3% 49.7% 57.6%

60.60 63.80 57.10 59.10 66.60 77.40 76.40 50.90

55.2% 61.8% 28.0% 66.6% 36.9% 66.7% 59.5% 64.0%

26.1% 23.2% 27.2% 20.6% 26.4% 22.4% 24.9% 19.8%

52.9% 57.6% 60.8% 49.9% 54.7% 55.2% 56.1%

53.1% 60.7% 56.1% 53.6% 56.3% 55.8% 51.1% 52.7% 62.4% 52.2% 58.3% 53.0% 58.5% 62.9% 60.2% 60.1% 58.8% 62.0% 50.7% 62.6% 57.7% Identifying 60.8% 59.8% 58.7% 66.0% 65.4% 61.4% 72.7% 66.7% 71.0% 57.6%

71.90 60.10 49.10 74.00 63.90 61.70 60.60

59.90 46.80 55.20 65.40 57.80 60.00 75.90 68.60 48.40 69.70 59.10 60.80 59.60 48.20 50.90 52.00 57.20 51.30 77.60 48.00 59.10 Possible 52.30 53.80 55.80 40.40 38.90 41.10 23.70 33.90 19.80 26.60

26.7% 26.9% 26.9% 58.9% 26.0% 55.8% 39.3%

54.5% 59.7% 64.3% 69.4% 37.3% 70.1% 63.7% 20.2% 42.3% 37.4% 32.8% 56.2% 32.6% 28.0% 56.2% 28.2% 19.7% 23.6% 32.4% 30.5% 29.7% Project 23.5% 25.0% 31.6% 30.3% 34.3% 46.9% 35.1% 51.6% 36.0% 40.9%

25.0% 29.4% 26.0% 33.4% 28.9% 30.5% 26.2%

$ 60,824.00 $ 79,441.00 $ 71,584.00 $ 68,996.00 $ 84,113.00 $ 41,761.00 $ 139,039.00 $ 63,130.00 $ 88,872.00 $ 82,753.00 $ 86,965.00 $ 68,116.00 $ 63,973.00 $ 72,951.00 $ 151,552.00 $ 85,138.00 $ 67,525.00 $ 50,891.00 $ 66,089.00 $$ 61,536.00 71,053.00 $$ 83,249.00 93,022.00 $$ 61,373.00 80,136.00 $ $ $ $ $ $ $

106,740.00 93,566.00 80,896.00 51,964.00 94,536.00 57,611.00 70,920.00

23.4% 27.1% 34.0% 37.4% 22.7% 37.9% 33.5% 38.0% 38.1% 32.9% 44.8%

$$ 44,904.00 61,839.00 $$ 62,976.00 144,963.00 $ 61,440.00 $ 63,778.00 $ 58,216.00 $ 58,003.00 $ 60,899.00 $ 69,997.00 $$ 69,634.00 57,780.00 $$ 54,101.00 54,908.00 $$ 54,981.00 45,211.00 $ 59,675.00 $ 45,695.00 $ 84,414.00 $ 116,672.00 $ 98,420.00 $ 66,719.00 $ 215,798.00 $ 59,445.00 $ 77,547.00 $ 58,246.00 $ 51,867.00 $ 62,837.00 $ 48,917.00

55.9% 68.1% 22.4% 68.6% 32.8% 70.2% 62.8% 72.6%

43.4% 32.8% 29.6% 40.9% 29.1% 35.4% 38.7% 48.5%

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

25.6% 56.1% 22.0% 64.0% 24.3% 68.8% 23.2% 74.5% 27.9% 38.1% 23.7% 79.1% 24.1% 73.9% 28.0% 18.1% 28.2% 43.1% 30.6% 29.2% 30.5% 35.8% 30.1% 44.3% 29.9% 35.1% 28.7% 29.3% 21.8% 57.2% 27.5% 24.5% 29.9% 14.2% 29.0% 22.0% 29.0% 24.6% 28.2% 31.6% 29.2% 32.9% Sites a 27.0% with 24.0% 30.0% 23.7% 30.4% 33.3% 29.2% 33.5% 23.3% 27.8% 30.2% 54.0% 26.4% 35.1% 21.7% 56.6% 23.1% 39.9% 21.0% 57.2%

38.4% 45.5% 38.5% 34.6% 37.9% 39.2% 50.1% 22.0% 40.3% 17.5% 29.1% 24.4% 27.0% 32.0% 44.2% 31.3% 28.7% 28.7% 24.1% 32.6% 30.3% 37.3% 26.1% 31.1% 31.1% 38.8% 39.5% 39.9% 44.0% 45.3% 57.2%

$ 60,292.00 $ 67,355.00 $ 61,992.00 $ 64,686.00 $ 59,729.00 $ 65,861.00 $ 46,595.00 $ 126,930.00 $$ 52,731.00 114,897.00 $$ 77,824.00 102,740.00 $ 81,253.00 $ 74,608.00 $ 46,669.00 $ 69,026.00 $ 100,365.00 $ 76,476.00 $ 87,538.00 $ 70,574.00 $ 76,597.00 $ 73,216.00 $ 89,063.00 $ 64,483.00 $ 76,172.00 $ 61,184.00 $ 42,369.00 $ 52,490.00 $ 41,016.00 $ 56,366.00 $ 48,737.00

39,757.00 70,189.00 73,216.00 63,997.00 75,291.00 70,539.00 78,965.00 60,358.00

GRADUAL INTERVENTION ZONES

Figure 63: A breakdown of Toronto’s demographic profiles and existing laneway conditions 91

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development Drastic relocation on site for aging individuals may be detrimental to psychological health because it imposes new connections with the surrounding, especially when locations become more sensitive with age. Adding this density introduces more opportunities for aging in place but in a new preventative care living space. Manipulating the public ream best suits successful Aging in Place in Toronto because it is where healthy living initiatives can occur outside the home. Keeping this backyard community mainly walkable limits the use of vehicular transport and maintenance that elderly individuals have no interest in keeping up with. This idea of shared responsibility also encourages the use of gardens keeping the maintenance between residents of the community. This design proposal reimagines backyard retirement living. When nearing retirement age, the main house can be used by the family while the seniors move on to the next stage of life in the backyard community. An incentive to sell a portion of the backyard to the city to fund this residential development in place of the laneway is a guarantee for a dwelling to move into upon retirement age. The Central Neighbourhood House provides living support and medical attention however a backyard residential community replaces the laneway where it features shared green space, and smaller commercial markets along a joint patio path. The variety of laneway conditions look like this. The Laneway suites program for secondary dwelling units was approved by the city of Toronto in June 2018, and the new Garden suites initiative has been introduced quite recently further supporting the concept of using the laneway to build density for the missing middle in an urban context. This proposal is a reinterpretation of the vehicle accessible laneway. It aims to create a community rather than a collection of laneway houses. This is an opportunity to design a safe space to age while encouraging walkability in a neighbourhood. It is also an investment opportunity and allows residents to have full control over the density in their neighbourhood.

Figure 64: Footprint of what a backyard development may look like. Tejal Lad.

Figure 65: Cabbagetown/ St. James town Neighbourhood Boundary

CABBAGETOWN SOUTH CALGIE LANE 93

CABBAGETOWN | ST. JAMES TOWN This highlighted laneway condition shows a smaller block arrangement that has a potential for a very lively backyard community by ensuring privacy around its borders.

Figure 66: Cabbagetown/ St. James town Neighbourhood Boundary Cabbagetown-South currently has a less intimidating existing laneway condition that is mildly used by the neighbourhood for walking or cycling. However, this selected site along Calgie Lane currently features a Central Neighbourhood House that provides a variety of in-home services to seniors and individuals living with physical disabilities who require assistance in order to be able to continue to live independently in their homes.57 These services are carried out by Personal Support Workers, Registered Nurses, and Home Support Workers. Currently located at 348 Ontario Street, it is Toronto’s second oldest settlement house. Having this building currently breaking up the existing laneway creates an excellent opportunity to have multiple access points to a backyard development, especially somewhere in the middle of the long existing laneway. For this proposal to accommodate an ideal capacity for a community, the end parcels have also been taken into consideration. The selected site currently spans a length of 259 meters and a width of 35 meters primarily occupying Calgie Lane and portions of Drovers Lane and Callaghan Lane. There are a total of 96 buildings in these three parcels. Currently in this neighbourhood, the individuals in the housing are elderly people that live alone. The existing laneway looks safe and already carries minor leisure activities such as walking and cycling. People are not currently looking to develop a community of backyard housing; Laneway housing proposals are marketed to support the middle-class population in Toronto’s affordability crisis.

‘In-Home Services’. n.d. Accessed 11 February 2021. http://www.cnh.on.ca/programs-services/Independent-Living.

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development

Figure 67: Laneway Street View Looking North. Google Street View

Figure 68: Laneway Street View Looking South. Google Street View 95

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development

Figure 69: Ontario Street View. Google Street View

Figure 70: Berkeley Street View. Google Street View 96

WALKING DISTANCES THROUGH THE LANEWAY PATH TO NEAREST GROCERY STORES

CENTRAL NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE

5 MINUTES Figure 71: Walkable amenities around the site. Tejal Lad

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development 5 MINUTES

5 MINUTES

4 MINUTES

6 MINUTES

BERKELEY

EXISTING TREES TO BE DEMOLISHED

ONE STOREY

5000 REAR SETBACK (1 STOREY) 7500 REAR SETBACK (2 STOREY) 1500 FRONT SETBACK

ONE STOREY

TWO STOREY

ONE STOREY

1500

CALGIE LANE ONE TWO ONE STOREY STOREY STOREY

TWO STOREY

ONE STOREY

ONE ONE TWO STOREY STOREY STOREY 9000 MAXIMUM DEPTH

5000

5238

2500

ONE STOREY

EXISTING CENTRAL NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE

TWO STOREY

ONE STOREY

5240

15224

TWO STOREY

DROVERS LANE

ONE STOREY

ONTARIO S

Figure 72: Annotated masterplan of allowed laneway housing on the site as per the existing zoning by-law highlighting areas of concern. 1:800. Tejal Lad.

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development

9000 MAXIMUM DEPTH

TWO STOREY

ONE STOREY

TWO STOREY

TWO STOREY TWO STOREY TWO STOREY

ONE STOREY

5718

TWO TWO STOREY STOREY

5259

TWO STOREY

5429

ONE STOREY

CALLAGHAN LANE

TWO STOREY

5899

TWO STOREY

6049

ONE ONE ONE ONE ONE TWO TWO STOREY STOREY STOREY STOREY STOREY STOREY STOREY

ONE STOREY

ONE ONE STOREY STOREY

ONE ONE ONE STOREY STOREY STOREY

TWO STOREY

15384

STREET

LEGEND ONE STOREY TWO STOREY EXISTING CENTRAL NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE EXISTING RESIDENTIAL AREAS OF CONFLICT LANEWAY SETBACKS MAXIMUM 9000mm DEPTH

100

CHAPTER 7 | Process and Development

two-storey one-storey

Figure 73: Site axonometric of allowable laneway suites. Tejal Lad. This masterplan shows the potential layout of a laneway housing community if following the City of Toronto’s zoning bylaws. There are clear indicators of many areas where this proposal cannot work as highlighted in dark blue. Due to the existing laneway there are many restrictions of building space and it creates tight corners not suitable for walkability. There is also a limit on how many stories can be proposed due to the setback from the existing housing however this is not as important when considering mobility within the household. The existing setbacks create dwelling footprints that prevent a sense of unity in a backyard community. There is also the question of how the existing laneway will be used in this type of proposal. If there is no pressing use for the laneway, there will be more opportunities for dwelling configurations that will better suit an ideal occupancy in a neighbourhood community that promotes healthy lifestyles and social inclusion.

101

102

CHAPTER 8 | DESIGN PROJECT

CHAPTER 8 Design Project

8.1

URBAN SCALE

This design proposal is a healthy backyard community that represents the final stage of an aging process, where individuals are free to live their life without facing the major responsibilities in adulthood. This move to the backyard allows the residents to remain in the neighbourhood that they are comfortable and familiar with but encourages a fresh perspective on life, one that promotes exploration. These village-like proposals address themes of walkability, social living, and shared spaces. This proposed masterplan looks at adding density to the site using the Dunbar Ratio to ensure there are always 4 other dwellings in immediate proximity while providing a safe and healthy environment to age using social fields of vision. The housing design proposal follows the average dimensions of a laneway house in Toronto and a one story wheelchair accessible microunit for even older tenants so that it may be possible to imagine this intervention in other laneway neighbourhoods. As aging populations continue to grow older this is an excellent strategy with a potential to be scaled up and adjusted to intervene with other potential laneway neighbourhoods. To directly address the walkability of the proposal, a walkway replaces the existing laneway and connects the entrances of the modules. Because of this, there is greater flexibility in adjusting the location of the proposed modules to not disturb the existing housing. The walkway also features amenities such as shared gardens, outdoor seating, and gathering spaces for potential “moments” of interaction to occur. In this scenario, the ideal occupancy is achieved while adhering to the strict visual connection of units in groups of five to ensure that the residents have an awareness of their neighbours in case of an emergency. The incentive for this type of shift in living to a backyard community is the residents in the main house sell that part of their backyard to the city in an exchange for a guaranteed unit at the back. This masterplan depicts a maximum occupancy scenario but can adjust to adopt more or less open space if necessary. Some factors that influence the configuration of the backyard dwellings include: setback from existing residential dwelling, existing trees, fire truck/ ambulance access, access to daylight, entrances to the backyard community and any other existing buildings. This masterplan features a combination of three types of dwellings to add variety and choice to which module an ager would occupy.

105

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project

Figure 74: Diagram showing the relationship on the site between the street, the existing Victorian era house designed for families and multiple residents, the setback which forms a backyard courtyard with the new house, and the proposed housing which faces onto Calgie lane, now a pedestrian path. Tejal Lad.

There are 57 dwellings in this masterplan with a proposed occupancy of 86 persons. To create more access points into the backyard development, the existing central neighbourhood house has been modified to accommodate another access point. The existing laneway entrances have also been modified to accommodate a larger turning radius for fire trucks and ambulances in case of an emergency. The neighbourhood house also proposed a modified program: underground parking for residents in the backyard dwelling who still have need for a vehicle, a secondary main entrance that faces the backyard community, and canopies that create an enclosure for potential local trades, markets, and activities. To maintain a similar commercial footprint, another space has been allocated for a shared amenity space.

106

Figure 75: Masterplan of Backyard Housing Proposal on Calgie Lane. 1:800. Tejal Lad.

LEGEND MODULE 1 - ONE STOREY MODULE 2 - TWO STOREY MODULE 3 - TWO STOREY SHARED PATIO WALKWAY EXISTING COMMUNITY BUILDING EXISTING RESIDENTIAL PROPOSED GREEN SPACES LANEWAY SETBACKS

107

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project

Total GFA (sm) 498.00

Total GFA (sf) 5360.42

Module 1 (1 Storey)

No. Dwellings 14

Module 2 (2 Storey)

31.5

1247.19

Module 3 (2 Storey)

40.25

1149.09

Total Residential GFA

2894.28

31153.77

Patio Walkway

4116.02

44304.38

771.48

8304.10

7781.78

83762.26

Community Buildings

Total

Occupancy

85.75

Module L1 (sm)

Module L2 (sm)

Total FA (sm)

42.00

0.00

42.00

Total FA (sf) 452.08

13424.62

69.49

138.97

1495.86

12368.73

50.32

50.63

100.95

1086.56

Figure 76: Site Statistics: Occupancy and SIte Coverage. Tejal Lad.

108

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project T

Figure 77: Lot reduction as a result of the backyard village proposal. The modified property lines closer to the existing lane allow for greater flexibility in the arrangement of housing in the backyard, creating more opportunities for dwellings. Tejal Lad.

LS LS

LS LS T

CALLAGHAN LANE

LS LS LS LS LS

9000 MAXIMUM DEPTH

EXISTING CENTRAL NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE

CALGIE LANE

ONTARIO STREET

BERKELEY STREET

LS LS LS LS LS

EXISTING TREES TO BE DEMOLISHED

DROVERS LANE LS

LS T

109 LS

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project MODULE 1 42 sm 452 sf

VERTICAL DENSITY

AVG CONDO IN TORONTO 76 sm 770 sf

MODULE 2 139 sm 1496 sf

WALKABLE UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE AFFORDABLE DENSITY AGING IN PLACE

MODULE 3 101 sm 1087 sf

Figure 78: Comparing sizes of aging living arrangements. Tejal Lad.

The size of an average condo unit in Toronto is 70 square metres (752 sf) whereas a typical laneway suite ranges from 50-140 square metres. This alternative is not as healthy because it does not have direct access to green spaces, walkable amenities, or barrier free access to the ground which discourages independent living. In any other case, agers would need to relocate to a new environment, build new connections and relinquish opportunities to host large gatherings for family-oriented mindsets. Laneway sites have many design challenges but offer a solution to adding healthy density in an urban context. There is a large variety of shapes and sizes of these sites and are scattered throughout the city. Unlike Vancouver’s laneway sites, Toronto’s are very narrow. With detailed regulations in the Ontario Building Code, is it much more difficult to design a laneway suite on most lots due to fire access and minimum setbacks from the laneway and existing dwellings on the lot. Toronto’ residential lots that are closer to the downtown core tend to be very narrow which become problematic when designing for mobility. When designing for aging it is important that the proposed dwellings meet universal accessibility requirements to ensure that the changing needs of agers are continuously met. Narrow lots are also not appealing to any resident especially those who are mindful of mobility Because of this, it was important to examine what the proposal would look like if modifying the property lines closer to the laneway and the laneway itself in this backyard village proposal. It allowed greater flexibility in the arrangement of proposed dwellings to maximize the potential of the backyard lot while leaving appropriate distances from the existing housing to ensure the minimal amount of light disturbance. Eliminating the vehicular route encourages walkability and the need for parking garages along the lane. During the initial masterplan design, the laneway itself also reduced opportunities for some lots to have an average sized laneway suite because of how deep the existing house was constructed on the lot. 110

6:14 PM

6:05 AM

6:14 PM

September 22

6:05 AM

September 22

5:00 PM

9:00 AM

1:00 PM

Figure 79: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Autumn Equinox 09:00

Figure 80: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Autumn Equinox 13:00

Figure 81: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Autumn Equinox 17:00

5:00 PM 4:40 PM

4:40 PM

7:49 AM

9:00 AM

Figure 82: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Winter Solstice 09:00

December 21

Figure 83: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Winter Solstice 13:00 1:00 PM

111

7:49 AM

Figure 84: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Winter Solstice 17:00

December 21

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project June 20 8:00 PM

8:00 PM

June 20

4:37 AM

5:00 PM

9:00 AM

1:00 PM

Figure 85: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Summer Solstice 09:00

Figure 86: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Summer Solstice 13:00

Figure 87: Sun Study of Design Proposal. Summer Solstice 17:00

This sun study of the design proposal analyses how much natural light enters the space between the backyard dwellings. As a result of following a 45 degree angular plane as per laneway suite guidelines, there is not much of a shadow affecting the existing housing. During winter months and parts of spring and S S autumn, the walkway in the backyard village does not get access to much sunlight for most of the day. With the addition of trees in the walkway to create privacy between dwellings, further shadows are created. To reduce darkness between the proposed housing, exterior floor lighting along the pathway will help to illuminate dark spaces and create a safer well-lit environment when daylight cannot. The pattern of the floor lighting also acts as a form of navigation for residents.

112

Figure 88: Site Axonometric of Backyard Proposal. 1:800. Tejal Lad.

These two site sections depict the density that is being added to the site. Wherever possible, existing trees are maintained or relocated. The façade appears to be seamless with the arrangement of the three different modules. The one-story module opens up to the walkway with its nanawall door technology and features a sloped green roof for drainage. Modules 2 and 3 have most of their openings on the second level to encourage privacy on the ground level where dwellings face each other across the walkway. The modified Central Neighbourhood house breaks the façade on the west side of the selected site and features an entrance to the building that faces the backyard village. The canopies around the entrance of the neighbourhood house create a larger enclosure to encourage larger outdoor gatherings such as farmers markets, or festivals.

Figure 89: North-South Site Section Through Proposal. 1:800. Tejal Lad.

Figure 90: South-North Site Section Through Proposal. 1:800. Tejal Lad.

113

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project

114

THREE STOREY MODIFIED CENTRAL NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE CANOPY

CANOPY

Figure 91: North-South Site Section Through Proposal. 1:200. Tejal Lad.

MODULE 3

MODULE 2

MODULE 3

MODU

Figure 92: South-North site section through proposal showing facade cluster of modules 2 & 3. 1:200. Tejal Lad.

115

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project

MODULE 2

MODULE 1

DULE 3

MODULE 1

MODULE 2 MODULE 1

MODULE 1

MODULE 2 MODULE 1

Figure 93: South-North site section through proposal showing facade cluster of modules 1 & 3. 1:200. Tejal Lad.

116

LOCATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANT

BERKELEY ST

LOCATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANT

DENOTES EXISTING TREES TO BE REMOVED OR RELOCATED

PROPOSED FTR

EXISTING CENTRAL NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE MODIFIED

LINE OF EXISTING BLDG TO BE DEMOLISHED

8800

88 00

ENTRANCE TO U/G PARKING

PROPOSED RIGHT IN/RIGHT OUT FOR FIRE TRUCK ACCESS

LOCATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANT

ONTARIO ST

DASHED LINE DENOTES 45M MAXIMUM DISTANCE FROM FTR LOCATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANT

LOCATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANT

Figure 94: Masterplan of Design Proposal with Annotated Fire Truck Route. 1:800. Tejal Lad.

117

TREET

LOCATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANT

8800

PROPOSED FTR

0 880

TREET

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project

DASHED LINE DENOTES 45M MAXIMUM DISTANCE FROM FTR

PROPOSED RIGHT IN/RIGHT OUT FOR FIRE TRUCK ACCESS LOCATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANT

LOCATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANT

This annotated site plan shows how the design proposal meets fire truck access requirements by introducing a new fire truck route into the backyard village as identified by signage and wider turning radii. Because of this, the 45m radius from the FTR spans across all the proposed dwellings. The existing fire hydrants have also been identified. The highlighted FTR can also be used by ambulances and other emergency vehicles. To gain further access to the houses, a gurney can be used following the minimum 1000mm width of a path of travel.

LEGEND 45m RADIUS FROM FTR PROPOSED FTR EXISTING FIRE HYDRANT SHARED PATIO WALKWAY EXISTING COMMUNITY BUILDING EXISTING RESIDENTIAL

118

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project

8.2

BUILDING SCALE

The three modules that were developed for this design project feature an accessible ground floor to suit the changing mobility needs of aging populations. The entrances to the houses face and extend out onto the shared walkway and encourage sharing activities and events in a neighbourhood. Module 1 This module is a barrier-free one-story microunit for individuals who live alone and can be an alternative to LTC homes or assisted living facilities. The term microunit refers to a dwelling less then 350sf in size and resembles a studio apartment space. When designing this type of dwelling, it is easily justifiable to remove unnecessary spaces to and optimize spaces that are needed. This is perfect when designing for residents who cannot maintain certain living spaces while aging however this module is not a replacement for LTCs. The laundry facilities are designed to be shared, strengthening the community relationship. These houses are strategically placed close to the entrances to the backyard village for ease of mobility. They are usually placed in pairs to create more meaningful connections between sister dwellings. They are also nestled between the two storey modules to ensure that there is a watchful eye in case of an emergency. The living space extends out into the walkway using the nanawall doors. These doors are movable open glass wall systems that create opportunities to open up interior spaces. Module 2 This is the biggest module out of the three. This two-story dwelling keeps the circulation to one side of the module to maximize the interior spaces and features a winter garden to allow daylight to penetrate deeper into the house. The ground floor of this is barrier free in the case that the occupant(s) require barrier-free access and they continue in their phase of life. The main entrance faces the backyard walkway, and the secondary entrance faces the shared green space from the existing residential house. Module 3 This is also a two-storey dwelling that has barrier-free access on the ground floor and an optional bedroom for a resident who requires universal access. Slightly smaller, this house can open up part of the kitchen and observation space to the walkway by a nanawall door.

119

NARRATIVE 1

GLADYS

CHAPTER 8 | Design Project

Gladys wakes up, gets ready and has her breakfast. Meets her friend who lives across the walkway. They check on their vertical gardens to see which fruits and vegetables are ready to eat. They then head to the grocery store together which is a 4 minute walk away through the walkway. They return and head home each making lunch for themselves. Gladys takes an afternoon nap After her nap, Gladys’ picks up her grandkids from the school next door and brings them home. Gladys’ son lives in the house behind her new home so she stayed until her son and daughter-in-law returned home from work. Gladys stays for dinner then returns home through the backyard

Figure 95: QR Code for Gladys Video Narrative. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 96: Module 1 Interior Perspective. Tejal Lad

Figure 97: Module 1 Exterior Perspective. Tejal Lad

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MODULE 1

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Figure 98: Keyplan: Location of Module 1 in masterplan. 1:2000. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 99: Module 1 Level 1 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 100: Module 1 Axonometric. 1:100. Tejal Lad.

Figure 101: Module 1 Axonometric Section. 1:100. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 102: Module 1 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad.

Figure 103: Module 1 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad.

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NARRATIVE 2

BOB & DONNA

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Bob and Donna didn’t know what to do when their kids finished university and moved out to start their own lives. When they discovered that their neighbors were interested in moving into a backyard community, they were immediately on board seeing an investment opportunity in the new home. They currently rent out their house on Berkeley street to a young immigrant couple and now live in a two-storey dwelling behind their old house. They were happy that they could downsize yet remain in the same neighborhood as their good friends. Bob and Donna start their day by going for a run together around the neighborhood. They have breakfast then facetime their daughter who lives in Montreal with her boyfriend. Donna spends the rest of the morning working on her sewing projects while Bob watches a soccer game on TV After lunch they head to the community center for their weekly game of badminton with their good friends and neighbors Mark and Cindy. After the game, Bob heads home to answer a few emails while Donna and Cindy head to the grocery store to pick up some items for the barbecue later. After returning they start to prepare the sides while Bob and Mark fire up the grill. After a few beers the couples head to bed.

Figure 104: QR Code for Gladys Video Narrative. Tejal Lad.

125

Figure 105: Options for Visible Movement in Plan. Tejal Lad.

MODULE 2

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Figure 106: Module 2 & 3 Exterior Perspective. Tejal Lad.

Figure 107: Module 3 Exterior Perspective.Tejal Lad

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MODULE 2

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Figure 108: Keyplan: Location of Module 2 in masterplan. 1:2000. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 109: Module 2 Level 1 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 110: Module 2 Level 2 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 111: Module 2 Axonometric. 1:100. Tejal Lad.

Figure 112: Module 2 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad.

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MODULE 2

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Figure 113: Module 2 Axonometric Section. 1:100. Tejal Lad.

Figure 114: Module 2 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad.

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MODULE 3

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Figure 115: Keyplan: Location of Module 3 in masterplan. 1:2000. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 116: Module 3 Level 1 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad.

131

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Figure 117: Module 3 Level 2 Floor Plan. 1:75. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 118: Module 3 Axonometric. 1:100. Tejal Lad.

Figure 119: Module 3 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 120: Module 3 Axonometric Section. 1:100. Tejal Lad.

Figure 121: Module 3 Section 1:75. Tejal Lad.

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8.3

WALKWAY & PROPOSED NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE

In place of the existing laneway, a walkway is proposed to allow flexibility in the configuration of the modules and to create a walkable backyard village. Pillows of green spaces are weaved throughout the path, being mindful of the existing trees on the site. The proposed walkway is constructed with Climate Tile for ease of maintenance and to accommodate drainage, hydro and sanitary lines from the community house. This walkway can be seasonally heated to eliminate issues of snow storage in the winter months. Site accessories placed on this walkway include: benches, picnic tables, shared barbeques, community gardens, and bicycle storage. The moment of connection between the walkway and the neighbourhood house is where most community activity occurs due to the canopies around the perimeter of the community house. The walkway spaces act as a stage for “moments” to occur in the village. The aging occupants have easy access to view the activity in the shared space and choose to observe or participate. The walkway itself encourages a healthy lifestyle by encouraging agers to come out and integrate themselves in the community.

Figure 122: Walkway masterplan showing new and existing trees. A physical and social connector for the backyard community. 1:800. Tejal Lad. 135

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Figure 123: Perspective Entering Backyard Development Showing Existing Housing. Tejal Lad.

136

Figure 124: East-West Section Through Design Proposal. 1:750. Tejal Lad.

SKYLIGHT ALONG 45° REAR ANGULAR PLANE

SKYLIGHT

ANGLED GREEN ROOF ON MODULE 1

ENTRANCE CANOPY

4000

EXTERIOR FLOOR LIGHTING B/F DOOR OPERATOR PUSH BUTTON BENCH

CLIMATE TILE SYSTEM FOR WALKWAY 7500 2 STOREY SETBACK

10000 MODULE 2 DEPTH

6604 SAMPLE WALKWAY WIDTH

6000 MODULE 1 DEPTH

5000 1 STOREY SETBACK

Figure 125: East-West Section Through Design Proposal. Relationship Between Proposed Dwellings. 1:100. Tejal Lad.

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    

 

Figure 126: East-West Section Through Design Proposal. Relationship Between New & Existing. 1:100. Tejal Lad.

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As a result of the addition of the backyard dwelling, a courtyard condition between the main house the backyard house appears. A 7.5m separation is consistent throughout the development due to the current laneway suite setbacks for a two-storey laneway suite. This could be an opportunity for a shared garden space or patio between the resident of the backyard dwelling and the residents of the main house. In some instances, this could be a family relationship if the older generation chooses to occupy the backyard house, strengthening the relationship of the family. In other cases, where the tenant of the existing house is a new family, I could be an opportunity to create a bond between neighbours or a complete segregation of the courtyard to create some privacy between the backyard dwelling and the main house.

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PLANTERS

LANDSCAPING

FLOOR LIGHTING Figure 127: Amenities along the walkway. Tejal Lad

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SEATING

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FRUIT, VEGETABLE AND HERB GROWTH FOR WEEKLY FARMER’S MARKET AT THE NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE

VERTICAL GARDENS BEWTEEN BUILDINGS Figure 128: Vertical Gardens. Tejal Lad

SHARED PATIO AND BBQ Figure 129: Perspective of shared patio and bbq. Tejal Lad

140

Figure 130: Enlarged site plan depicting social proximity distances. Diagram highlights neighborhood amenities places throughout the backyard village. 1:200. Tejal Lad.

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142

Figure 131: Perpective Collage of natural light throughout the day between buildings. Tejal Lad

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144

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Figure 132: Walkway Perspective. Between Buildings. Tejal Lad.

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Figure 133: Walkway Perspective. Between Buildings. Tejal Lad.

Figure 134: Walkway Perspective. Between Buildings. Tejal Lad.

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CHAPTER 9 | CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 9 Conclusion

CHALLENGES

149

When I imagine being older, I imagine a less stressful version of my young adulthood. When first being introduced to a concept of housing for the elderly, it was explained to me that becoming a senior citizen symbolizes freedom from life’s responsibilities. This way of thinking suggests that we should have a positive outlook on aging. This phase of living is one of re-exploration and enjoying the best parts of life. Suburban housing is home to much of Canada’s aging population however it is not designed for aging in place. When designed properly, urban settings can support the changing needs of agers and this can be done in certain areas where healthy density can be added. Addressing Toronto’s missing middle is an excellent way to intervene with solutions for housing affordability with smaller injections into the city fabric. By adding density to a site, there are more opportunities to engage with the neighbourhood and promote independence among the residents. This backyard village proposal is healthy because it builds a community network of social inclusion while the housing itself accommodates the changing needs of aging individuals. The concept of backyard relocation follows Canada’s Aging in Place initiatives with a healthy housing goal. As individuals age, they are more likely to live in collective dwellings that provide ongoing support and assistance services, professional health monitoring, and treatment. In this case, the modified Central Neighbourhood House acts as a space to occasionally monitor the residents in the backyard village that require additional care and provide amenity services to encourage community engagement. The organization of the backyard houses creates a helpful awareness of the residents of the community, a watchful eye to provide aid when needed. The dwellings are equipped with barrier-free access and an adaptable ground floor to suit the residents’ changing needs. Inevitably, seniors have a specific goal in mind. Once the duties of life have been completed, the focus is placed on increasing the quality of remaining life. This ideology should be how all living conditions are designed from the start. The backyard village strategy can begin to tackle the incoming global issue of a surge of aging populations by encouraging their independence and flexibility in day-to-day activities. This creates new knowledge in architecture because it identifies strategies such as social inclusion and healthy homes that inject energy back into housing to suit the phase of the inhabitant’s life at the time. Throughout this design research process, there were many challenges that arose regarding the idea of housing for aging populations and the unique site conditions of laneway sites. Trying to design for health without a clear definition of healthy housing in Toronto forced me to try to interpret what

CHAPTER 9 | Conclusion

the definition may look like. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a shifted awareness of the importance of metaphysical health. This applies to architecture because good can address social inclusion and reduce feelings of loneliness and depression. Building science appears to be a default when addressing the health aspect of architecture however that does not cover the metaphysical aspects of health. Therefore, it is important to think beyond the home itself and consider the context in which the housing lies in and assess all external concepts that contribute to improving health in architecture. In this thesis, social inclusion while aging in place were the two key concepts when designing for aging populations in an urban context. It was difficult to conclude on how to approach the mindset of aging in Canada because of the diverse population and variations on how aging is interpreted culturally. In cities such as Copenhagen, Vienna and Tokyo, aging culture is consistent because the definition of home is responsive to culture. This makes their housing for aging populations successful because the residents share the same mindset when it comes to aging. The challenge in Toronto is that there isn’t a singular definition of home and aging which makes it difficult to have a singular solution for aging in place. In Canada, there is currently a gloomy mindset when thinking about aging and this is largely due to retirement home culture. Many individuals associate retirement homes with lack of freedom and a place to temporarily reside before passing away. For a successful potential housing solution, there must be a clear understanding of the phases of life and how housing can be designed properly to suit resident needs. This can begin by improving the mindset of aging in Toronto and design that appeal to aging populations.

LANEWAY SUITES CREATE BUILDING NOT NEIGHBOURHOOD

Laneway sites proved to have many design challenges but offered a solution to adding healthy density in an urban context. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes and are scattered throughout the city. Unlike Vancouver’s laneway sites, Toronto’s are very narrow. Paired with the detailed regulations in the Ontario Building Code, there leaves less opportunities for people to build a laneway suite on their lot due to fire access and minimum setbacks from the laneway and existing dwellings on the lot. Toronto’ residential lots that are closer to the downtown core tend to be very narrow which become problematic when designing for mobility. When designing for aging it is important that the proposed dwellings meet universal accessibility requirements to ensure that the changing needs of agers are continuously met. Narrow lots are also not appealing to any resident especially those who are mindful of mobility Because of this, I decided to remove the property lines and the laneway in this backyard village proposal. It allowed greater flexibility in the arrangement

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of proposed dwellings to maximize the potential of the backyard lot while leaving appropriate distances from the existing housing to ensure the minimal amount of light disturbance. During the initial masterplan design, the laneway itself reduced opportunities for some lots to have an average sized laneway suite because of how deep the existing house was constructed on the lot. The selected site in the Cabbagetown neighbourhood is an excellent prototype because of the diversity in existing program, length of Calgie lane, and the ranges of lot widths and existing housing depth on the site. Designing a backyard village proposal for this challenging site makes it easier for this proposal to be replicated among a variety of other laneway sites throughout the city. The Cabbagetown neighbourhood currently has a majority of seniors citizens who live alone. The existing laneway is also in a condition where is feels safe to walk through and a central neighbourhood house that acts as a way to break the façade of existing hosing. The location of this neighbourhood house also makes it possible for multiple entrances into the backyard proposal, solving the popular concern of fire truck and ambulance access. Because of these design considerations and strict setbacks from the existing housing, this proposal is replicable but unique to each potential laneway site. This proposal is also practical because it follows Canada’s guidelines for aging in place and Toronto’s initiatives for laneway suites and garden suites.

NEIGHBOURHOOD COOPERATION

The relationship between the existing home and the new backyard dwelling is a part of the thesis that could have been more clear. Currently there is slight disconnect between the existing housing and the new dwelling due to the resulting courtyard condition that was created with the backyard proposal. This thesis would benefit from a separate analysis of the function of this new courtyard (an outcome of the proposed backyard dwellings) and the social, green and leisure conditions it creates. It is also unclear if the same family is continuously occupying the backyard dwelling or if it is open to new residents in the community. This proposal can only work with the cooperation and agreement between residents in the neighbourhood. The proposed density benefits the neighbourhood by giving them control over how the neighbourhood is densified to their benefit rather than an imposing vertical density at corner conditions as seen throughout the rest of the city. Over the course of this thesis, I would have also benefited from defining a scale earlier in the process to be able to thoroughly address concepts and themes that apply directly to the research questions at the time. The primary focus of the proposal is on the masterplan which unfortunately forces the housing

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itself to take a back seat. Even though the concept of aging in place with social inclusion while addressing the missing middle is clear, the housing brings further logistical questions of natural light, openings, and mobility in the house. In conclusion, any aging in place design solution must address the metaphysical aspect of health to encourage long-term design solutions. Building a sense of community is a common underlying factor to any healthy living scenario. Social inclusion can be encouraged by an enriched neighbourhood. These design prototypes for the elderly can be a precedent when designing for all generations to create healthy living spaces for all ages. Building healthy density for walkability encourages independence and the opportunity to relocate to a housing typology better suited for the evolving needs of aging individuals. Using Toronto’s laneway sites as an opportunity to build healthy and transitional density, it is possible to imagine a backyard community of aging individuals that grow and explore new possibilities of retired living.

BEYOND THESIS

Even though this defence marks the end of my thesis, I believe that designers should continue to imagine and implement ideas that build healthy density in Toronto to be able to accommodate aging populations. LTC homes, assisted living facilities, retirement homes, and family homes are currently the only solutions right now but there should be a variety of housing opportunities and options for retiring adults that adapt to a palliative care model for health, significantly reducing the pressure on healthcare facilities to provide solutions for assisted care as they become necessary. The greatest challenge when thinking about opportunities for aging in place is relocation; it is not beneficial for agers to have to adapt to a new unfamiliar environment. Therefore, a laneway housing model that features components of a healthy home allows a possibility for relocation while enriching a neighbourhood. I hope to continue working and researching this concept, imagining better possibilities for aging in place in Canada. It is clear that to successfully tackle a healthy housing and affordability crisis with aging individuals, there must be a national understanding of the needs of agers and how they can be implemented within a city infrastructure. This creates a higher quality of living for all ages.

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APPENDIX | GLOSSARY | REFERENCES

APPENDIX MILESTONE 1

This preliminary design investigation explored spaces in a typical suburban home that are vacant when occupied by elderly persons. These diagrams represent how the wasted spaces identified can be re-organized to accommodate another private dwelling in an existing home. Canada’s aging in place initiatives do not create new knowledge therefore Toronto’s diverse population can benefit from a new or hybrid housing typology or an imposition of various typologies to tackle its housing affordability crisis and growing aging population. To encourage healthy aging in housing, there would need to be more opportunities for community (social) interaction and ways to stimulate visual and physical movement for healthy brain activity.

SKETCH OF UNUSED SPACES IN A FAMILY HOME

SPACES FOR INTERVENTION IN A FAMILY HOME

155

Treating a sidewalk as a platform rather than just a walking lane starts to create interconnected networks that encourage efficiency of travel and safe transitions in the public realm. Next, one must consider the movement that the site needs to accommodate. Planning for equipment and its accompanying behavior results in design for universal access. As a result, the patio can act as an extension of the home. This concept was explored further to visualize ways to engage in the neighborhood using a public street.

APPENDIX

DIAGRAM: CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERACTION IN FRONT PORCH OR PATIO SPACES

DIAGRAM: USING A SHARED PATIO FRONT TO ENGAGE WITH THE NEIGHBOURHOOD

CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM: OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERVENTION IN A FAMILY HOME

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APPENDIX MILESTONE 2

After deciding to pursue the Calgie Lane site, it was important to explore the idea of transitioning to the backyard. These diagrams illustrate the movement as this transition occurs. The resulting masterplan shows the maximum building footprint when following Toronto’s laneway zoning by-laws. In the areas where a dwelling cannot be places, a small amenity building is places. This restricts the consistency in the potential housing. When following existing property lines, the dwellings will vary in size. This can also discourage unification in the façade because each dwelling responds to the existing house that lies on the same lot.

DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING TRANSITION TO BACKYARD | PHASED LIVING

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC/PRIVATE ON GROUND

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APPENDIX

DROVERS LANE

6981

5305 4847

7500

8261

7133

7012

7745

6837

7592

6729

4972

5000 REAR SETBACK 7500 REAR SETBACK

7683

7255

1500 FRONT SETBACK

4357

CALGIE LANE 7468

BERKELEY ST

8202

5091

5121

5123

4877

45060

8140

6890

225814 BLOCK LENGTH

7286

6853

9000 MAXIMUM DEPTH

6798

4915

4543

7622

5121

6158

4329

8017

7165

6829

5213

6646

5701

7987

6219

5184

4450

6036

5275

3232 2773

8286

4738

5580

4848

7163

7101

5030

4482

5152

7378

5854

5397

15778

4446

8216

3000

MASTERPLAN WITH LANEWAY SUITES FOLLOWING TORONTO’S ZONING BY-LAW

MASTERPLAN | CONTEXT UNDERLAY

PROPOSED 2 STOREY LANEWAY HOUSE

EXISTING COMMUNITY BUILDING

2973

7837

PROPOSED GARDEN

3954

EXISTING CENTRAL NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE

9000 MAXIMUM DEPTH

3600

ONTARIO ST BERKELEY ST

CALGIE LANE

3000

ONTARIO ST

LS LS

DROVERS LANE LS

LEGEND

EXISTING RESIDENTIAL

PROPOSED COMMERCIAL/COMMUNITY BUILDING PROPOSED 1 STOREY LANEWAY HOUSE

158

7000 TYPICAL WIDTH

5000 TYPICAL WIDTH (ONE STOREY)

10000 DOUBLE WIDTH (ONE STOREY)

600

8000 MAXIMUM WIDTH

1500 SETBACK

3600 LANEWAY

APPENDIX

BEDROOM

10000 MAXIMUM DEPTH

OFFICE

W/C

BEDROOM

W/C

7500 SETBACK FROM EXISTING BUILDING

VARIES

GROUND FLOOR | MODULE OPTIONS

BEDROOM WORKSPACE

LOUNGE

W/C ROOFTOP GARDEN

KITCHEN W/C

BEDROOM

159

BEDROOM

5000 SETBACK FROM EXISTING BUILDING

W/C DINING

LEVEL 2 | MODULE OPTIONS

W/C

SHARED KITCHEN

GARAGE [SPACE FOR FUTURE OCCUPATION]

KITCHEN

W/C

8000 TYPICAL DEPTH (ONE STOREY)

LIVING ROOM

VARIES

APPENDIX MILESTONE 3

MODULE 1

MODULE 2

MODULE 3

This iteration of the masterplan aims to bring the backyard village occupancy to 150 persons. The proposed masterplan looks at adding density to the site using the Dunbar Ratio while providing a safe and healthy environment to age using social fields of vision. The housing design proposal follows the maximum dimensions of a laneway house in Toronto so that it may be possible to imagine this intervention in other laneway neighborhoods with a larger aging populations and envisioning the potential for this development to adjust to the site and be scaled up. To directly address the walkability of the proposal, an elevated patio connecting the entrances of the modules to each other feature activities such as shared gardens, outdoor seating, and gathering spaces for potential “moments” of interaction to occur. The three modules can be categorized as co-living, shared circulation, and independent living. This allows agers to choose their living scenarios when moving to the backyard complex. Perhaps an elderly couple would like to live with a friend, have a grandkid live with them or just simply live alone.

shared living spaces private bedrooms shared circulation resident 1 resident 2 (optional) independant dwelling

MASTERPLAN MASSING

160

MODULE 2

APPENDIX

MODULE 1

MODULE 3

KITCHEN

LIGHTWELL KITCHEN

KITCHEN

W/C

CLOSET

BEDROOM

W/C W/C DINING

DINING

LEVEL 1

WORKSPACE

LOUNGE

LIGHTWELL WORKSPACE LOUNGE

W/C

CLOSET

W/C W/C BEDROOM

BEDROOM CLOSET

LEVEL 2 CLOSET

EXTRA SPACE

BEDROOM LIGHTWELL

W/C

CLOSET ROOFTOP GARDEN

BEDROOM

LEVEL 3 / ROOF

FRONT ELEVATION

MASTERPLAN

161

BACK ELEVATION

W/C

BEDROOM

APPENDIX

MASTERPLAN AXONOMETRIC

For the elevations, I took inspiration from the Frederiksvej Kindergarten by COBE Architects because of the varying degrees of transparency in the façade. The marrying of the rectilinear massings in plan resemble the groupings of 5 that these modules are configured in. The elevated patio connects residents from the entrances of their dwellings and creates intimate spaces for social interaction or acknowledgment. It adds “life between buildings” and a social blanket for safe movement through the backyard neighbourhood complex. This iteration does not address emergency vehicle access and leave little breathing room for amenity spaces.

EXISTING HOUSING BACKYARD

SITE SECTION

162 162

APPENDIX

163

164

GLOSSARY

ADOPTION to accept formally and put into effect. to sponsor the care and maintenance of

AGE IN PLACE having the health and social supports and services you need to live safely

and independently in your home or your community for as long as you wish and are able

AGER a person well into the aging process that requires physical aid AGING POPULATION a shift in the distribution of a country’s population towards older ages. This

is usually reflected in an increase in the population’s mean and median ages, a decline in the proportion of the population composed of children, and a rise in the proportion of the population composed of elderly

AMENITY a space for activity. Typically encourages humans to engage with one another

BABY BOOMER a person born in the years following World War II, when there was a temporary marked increase in the birth rate

BARRIER-FREE removal of physical barriers, addresses issues of access BIOPHILIA seeking a connection to nature and other forms of life CARE-GIVER a person with the required skills to aid an ager CO-LIVING A type of international community providing shared housing for people

with shared intentions. The term “coliving” refers to a form of coexistence in a living space, where users are not members of the same family and voluntarily share the same living space, having the same or similar interests, intentions and the value system

CO-HOUSING an intentional community of private homes clustered around shared space COMMUNITY

a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common. a feeling of fellowship with others, as a result of sharing common attitudes, interests, and goals

CULTURE the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group

ELDERLY (of a person) old or aging. Free from their duties and societal responsibilities ENVIRONMENT the surroundings or conditions which people, animals, or plants live and operate

165

GLOSSARY

FAMILY HOME a home occupied by a growing family in the adulthood phase of life. This stage begins when a couple or singular adult has children

FAMILY a social unit group of people who share a legal, mutual or blood bond. FORMAL CARE institutional healthcare, following procedures and regulations INTERGENERATIONAL relating to, involving, or affecting several generations [MULTI-GENERATIONAL] HEALTH a person’s mental of physical condition HEALTHY HOME a comfortable environment that yields health incentives HEALTHY LIVING a way of living that practices health HOME a gathering place embodying happiness. The one place that you will be surrounded by those who love you

HYBRID DESIGN a design that includes the current building within its solution INFORMAL CARE local healthcare support, following guidelines and basic care KITCHEN heart of a home. A room or place equipped for cooking and eating LANEWAY SUITE an accessory dwelling unit abutting a laneway LIFESTYLE a way in which a person or group lives LONELINESS a state of solitude or being alone. A state of mind LONG-TERM CARE HOME provides care and services for people who are no longer able to live

independently or who require nursing care, 24-hour supervision or personal support

MENTAL HEALTH a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional wellbeing

METAPHYSICAL concerned with abstract thought or subjects. Philosophy MICROUNIT a dwelling or suite that is 350sf or less in size MILLENNIAL a generation of people born between 1981 and 1996

166

GLOSSARY

MODULE a housing prototype MOBILITY the ability to move or be moved freely and with ease NANAWALL a minimal framed sliding glass wall PATIO a paved outdoor area adjoining a house PORCH a covered shelter projecting in front of the entrance of a building PUBLIC REALM publicly owned places and spaces that belong to and are accessible by everyone. An informal way of connecting the built environment

RELOCATION the act of moving to a new place and establishing home RETIREMENT the action of ceasing to work. This stage of life can be reinterpreted as freedom from life’s responsibilities

SHARED LIVING sharing amenities, and spaces in a household SOCIAL needing companionship and therefore best suited to living in communities SOCIAL INCLUSION the process of improving the terms on which individuals and groups take part in a community or neighbourhood. this can be guided by ease of mobility and proximity to safe spaces to engage

SOCIAL NETWORK a network of social interactions and personal relationships SOCIAL SUPPORT

the perception and actuality that one is cared for, has assistance available from other people

SOCIAL HOUSING a form of housing tenure in which the property is usually owned by a [PUBLIC HOUSING] government authority, which may be central or local SENIOR older or more experienced persons SENIOR HOUSING [REST A multi-residence housing facility intended for the elderly HOME] [RETIREMENT HOME] VERTICAL GARDEN a technique used to grow plants on a vertically suspended panel by using hydroponics. can be freestanding or attached to a wall

WELLNESS the state of being in good health, especially as an actively pursued goal

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