2010
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
k e y f ig u r e s
published by
ACEA Communications department communications@acea.be
This paper is made in an environmentally-friendly way and according to FSC certification _september 2010
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t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Foreword The automotive industry is a key element in the fabric of the European economy and society. Our industry contributes enormously to the health and wealth of the EU and its near 500 million inhabitants - it is vital that the automotive sector retains its competitiveness and innovative edge. The European vehicle manufacturers are technology leaders, driving innovation towards cleaner, safer, sustainable transport. As major corporate citizens, they are fully part of society and, therefore, dialogue and mutual understanding with all our stakeholders is essential. This booklet, the 2010 edition of the ACEA Automobile Industry Pocket Guide, provides comprehensive and insightful facts and figures - with key data on employment, production, vehicle registration, vehicle use, taxation and trade, as well as information on a range of environment and mobility-related issues. It also presents the vehicle manufacturers’ trade association in Brussels, ACEA. I trust our pocket guide will be of great value to all those involved in automotive industry issues and relevant policies.
Ivan Hodac Secretary General ACEA
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european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
ACEA
About ACEA
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
ACEA
ACEA in brief ACEA is the acronym for “Association des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobiles” or European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association. The industry association , based in Brussels, is one of many interest groups that contribute to an informed decision-making process in the EU. ACEA has sixteen members : BMW Group, DAF Trucks, Daimler, FIAT Group, Ford of Europe, General Motors Europe, Jaguar Land Rover, MAN Nutzfahrzeuge, Porsche, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Renault Group, Scania, Toyota Motor Europe, Volkswagen Group, Volvo Car Corporation and Volvo Group. ACEA was established in 1991. The Board of Directors (BOD) is composed of the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of its 16 members, whereas the Commercial Vehicle Board of Directors (CV-BOD) is composed of the heads of the 7 commercial vehicle company members/branches: DAF Trucks, Daimler Trucks, IVECO, MAN Nutzfahrzeuge, Scania, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles and Volvo Trucks. ACEA, furthermore, maintains close relationships with the 29 national automobile manufacturers’ associations in Europe. ACEA is the first source of information with regard to vehicle-related regulation . The regulatory framework consists of around 80 EU Directives and more than 70 applicable UNECE regulatory agreements covering mostly technological issues and standards. ACEA is the main portal to clear and factual information about the European automobile industry , encouraging understanding of the sector’s importance, complexity and contributions to society. 5
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Corporate citizenship
The members of ACEA deploy numerous corporate social responsibility initiatives to the benefit of their employees and society-at-large. The industry’s products , furthermore, meet the highest environmental and safety standards. This is the result of a long-standing tradition of innovation and investments in research and development. It takes 100 of today’s cars to match the average pollutant emissions of 1 car built in the 1970s; Noise levels of vehicles have been reduced by 90% over the same period; Reducing fuel consumption has long been a matter of top-priority; On the safety front, the introduction of seatbelts, anti-lock braking systems, electronic stability control and airbags has cut fatalities and serious injuries to vehicle passengers by 80%. The development of further safety systems is an on-going process. Acting as a responsible corporate citizen is not only desirable in itself; it also helps to build a relationship based on trust and loyalty between companies and their customers. 6
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
ACEA
What interests does ACEA represent ?
ACEA represents an industry that is instrumental to EU growth and that plays an important part in everybody’s life, through employment and social benefits, education and innovation, and through product and mobility concepts. More than 12 million families depend on the sector for employment; ACEA members operate 208 manufacturing sites in 25 European countries; The industry’s high-quality products set the standard around the world and continuously push further innovation; ACEA members yearly invest over €26 billion in R&D, or 5% of turnover; Net auto exports are worth almost €30 billion; ACEA members have an annual turnover of over €500 billion. The sector’s technologies and innovations shoulder development and progress in many other sectors, from IT to logistics, health care and others. Vehicle manufacturers find it indispensable to maintain a dialogue with society, in particular on those issues that influence the sector’s future growth, competitiveness, innovation capacity and investment decisions. 7
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How does ACEA work ? ACEA is led by the Secretary General and employs around fifteen experts covering policy issues and technical requirements in the fields of environment, fuels, emissions, road safety, recycling, trade, taxation, transport, type-approval and internal market. Through specialist working groups and an extensive network within the vehicle industry, ACEA has access to a wealth of expertise and applied technical experience. ACEA activities include, but are not limited to: Dialogue with the European Institutions and others stakeholders concerned by the automobile industry; Cooperation with policy makers and related industries to advance mutual understanding of industryrelated issues and contribute to realistic and effective legislation, bearing in mind the interests of European society and its economy; Research and study of relevant developments and trends in automotive-related issues and policy fields; Strategic reflection on the increasingly global challenges of competition and corporate responsibility, drawing on the strengths and expertise of its members; Communication of the role and importance of the industry, of its common views and of reliable data and information; Monitoring of activities that influence the automobile industry, responding to and cooperating with the actors involved. 8
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
ACEA
The industry’s seven priority fields The European automotive industry has seven priority topics it discusses with the EU Institutions and other stakeholders : Strengthening the competitiveness of the EU economy and the European automobile manufacturing in particular, through a comprehensive industrial policy that recognises and promotes manufacturing as a corner stone of future growth and prosperity; Adoption of integrated policies in the fields of road safety and environment, involving all relevant actors and factors; Better market access for European automotive products through balanced multilateral as well as bilateral/regional free trade agreements; Continuous development of efficient road infrastructure and other basic infrastructure networks (energy, transport, telecommunications); A real completion of the Internal Market, which cannot be achieved without fiscal harmonisation of motor vehicle and fuel taxes. Car taxation schemes should be based on CO2 emissions to increase demand for fuel-efficiency; Reducing over-regulation and conflicting objectives of legislation, promoting adequate and independent impact assessment studies, reasonable lead-time periods for implementation and global harmonisation of technical regulations and standards for motor vehicles; Better promotion of R&D efforts and innovation policy instruments. 9
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ACEA cooperation & partnerships
ACEA has permanent and close cooperation with the European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR) which was established in 1994 as the research arm of the industry. EUCAR’s purpose is to strengthen the competitiveness of the European automotive industry by promoting cooperative research of products, processes and systems in the pre-competitive stage. ACEA maintains regular relations with a number of organisations with interests related to the automobile industry. These include the European Association of Automotive Suppliers (CLEPA), Intelligent Transport Systems - Europe (ERTICO), the European Committee for Motor Trades and Repairs (CECRA), the European Road Safety Federation (ERSF), the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA), the European Petroleum Association (EUROPIA), the Confederation of European Business (BUSINESSEUROPE) and others. ACEA also maintains a dialogue on international issues with automobile associations around the world, such as JAMA, KAMA, Auto Alliance, AAPC, OICA, CAAM, SIAM and many others. 10
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Secretary General
Director Safety
Ivan Hodac
Renzo Cicilloni
Director Emissions & Fuels
Manager Statistics & Economics
Paul Greening
Quynh-Nhu Huynh
Manager Communications & Public Affairs
Director Environmental Policy
Director Technical Affairs
Michael Klinkenberg
Peter Kunze
Dolf Lamerigts
Director Legal & Taxation
Director Trade & Economics
Marc Greven
Erik Bergelin
Director Mobility & Sustainable Transport
Director Transport Policy
ACEA
ACEA Secretariat Director Communications & Public Relations
Sigrid de Vries
Director Information Technology
Marc Vanderstraeten Director Finance & Administration
Tanguy De Decker
Fuensanta Martinez-Sans
Petr Dolejsi Director Parliamentary Affairs
CĂŠline Domecq
Acea Tokyo Office Anthony Millington +81 3 350 563 41 anrm@miinet.or.jp
Director Regulatory Projects
Stefan Larsson Director Regulatory Affairs
Wolfgang Reinhardt
Acea Beijing Office Dominik Declercq +86 10 6463 4055 dd@acea-beijing.com 11
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ACEA Members
BMW GROUP Petuelring 130 D – 80788 München T. +49 89 3820 www.bmwgroup.com
DAF TRUCKS NV Hugo van der Goeslaan 1 PoBox 90065 NL – 5600 PT Eindhoven T. + 31 40 214 9111
FIAT SpA Corso G. Agnelli 200 I – 10135 Torino T. +39 011 003 11 11 www.fiatgroup.com
www.daftrucks.com
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Dr. Ing. h.c.F. PORSCHE AG Porschestrasse 42 D – 70435 Stüttgart T. +49 711 911 0
DAIMLER AG D – 70546 Stuttgart T. +49 711 170
FORD OF EUROPE GmbH Henry Fordstrasse 1 D – 50725 Köln T. +49 221 900
www.porsche.com
www.daimler.com
www.ford.com
ACEA
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GENERAL MOTORS EUROPE AG Bahnhofsplatz Friedrich-Lutzmann-Ring 1 D – 65423 Rüsselsheim T. +49 6142 77 0 www.gmeurope.com
JAGUAR LAND ROVER Banbury Road Gaydon UK – Warwick CV35 ORR T. +44 19 2664 1111 www.jaguarlandrover.com
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Avenue du Bourget 60 B – 1140 Brussels T. +32 2 745 20 11 www.toyota.eu
PSA PEUGEOT CITROËN Avenue de la Grande Armée 75 F – 75116 Paris Cedex T. +33 1 40 66 55 11 www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com
VOLKSWAGEN AG Berliner Ring 2 D – 38436 Wolfsburg T. +49 536 190 www.volkswagenag.com
RENAULT SA Quai Alphonse Le Gallo 13-15 F – 92109 Boulogne-Billancourt T. +33 1 41 04 50 50
VOLVO CAR CORPORATION S – 405 31 Göteborg T. +46 31 – 59 00 00
www.renault.com
www.volvocars.com
MAN NUTZFAHRZEUGE AG Postfach 50 06 20 D – 80995 München T. +49 891 580 01
SCANIA AB S – 15187 Sodertalje T. +46 8 55 38 10 00
AB VOLVO S – 405 08 Göteborg T. +46 31 66 51 70
www.man-mn.com
www.scania.com
www.volvo.com 13
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Brussels ACEA Member Representations
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BMW Group Representative Office Brussels Boulevard de Waterloo 25 B –1000 Brussels T. +32 2 737 50 30
Fiat Group Delegation to the EU Rue de Genève 175 B –1140 Brussels T. +32 2 513 63 92
GM Europe Public Policy & Government Relations Rue d’Idalie 9-13 B –1050 Brussels T. +32 2 773 69 82
Daimler EU Corporate Representation Rue Froissart 133 B –1040 Brussels T. +32 2 233 11 45
Ford Motor Company EU Affairs Rue Montoyer 40 bte 7 B –1000 Brussels T. +32 2 761 06 11
Jaguar Land Rover Brussels Office Rue Breydel 34 B –1040 Brussels T. +32 2 235 86 32
ACEA
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MAN Brussels Office Rue Jacques de Lalaing 4 B –1040 Brussels T. +32 2 230 41 95
PSA Peugeot Citroën EU Delegation Avenue des Arts 53 B –1000 Brussels T. +32 2 545 11 79
Renault Delegation to the EU Avenue des Arts 40 B –1040 Brussels T. +32 2 274 10 00
Scania EU Representation c/o Kreab Gavin Anderson Avenue de Tervueren 2 B –1040 Brussels T. +32 2 737 69 02
Toyota Motor Europe Avenue du Bourget 60 B –1140 Brussels T. +32 2 745 20 61
Volvo Car Corporation Brussels Office EU Affairs Sweden House Rue du Luxembourg 3 B –1000 Brussels T. +32 2 503 69 67
Volvo Group EU Representation Sweden House Rue du Luxembourg 3 B –1000 Brussels T. +32 2 482 58 70
Volkswagen Group EU Representation Rue Archimède 25 B –1000 Brussels T. +32 2 645 49 53 15
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Acea Associated Organisations _austria FFOE Fachverband der Fahrzeugindustrie Österreichs
Wiedner Hauptstrasse 63 A – 1045 Wien T. +43 5 90 900 48 00 F. +43 5 90 900 289 www.wk.or.at/fahrzeuge
_belgium FEBIAC Fédération Belge des Industries de l’Automobile et du Cycle Belgische Federatie van de Automobiel-en tweewielerindustrie
Boulevard de la Woluwe 46 B6 B – 1200 Bruxelles T. +32 2 778 64 00 F. +32 2 762 81 71 www.febiac.be 16
_bulgaria ACM Association of Car Manufacturers and their authorised representatives for Bulgaria
_czech republic AIA CR (SAP) Automotive Industry Association CR
Veliko Tarnovo Street 37 BG – 1504 Sofia T. +359 2 946 12 50 F. +359 2 94 33 944
Opletalova 55 CZ – 110 00 Praha 1 T. +420 221 602 982 F. +420 224 239 690
www.svab.bg
www.autosap.cz
OEB
_cyprus
_denmark DK BIL
Employers & Industrialists Federation
De Danske Bilimportører
Grivast Dhigenis Avenue 30 PoBox 21657 CY-Nicosia T. +357 22 66 51 02 F. +357 22 66 94 59
Radhuspladsen 16 DK – 1550 Kobenhavn V T. +45 39 16 23 23 F. +45 39 16 24 24 www.bilimp.dk
ACEA
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_estonia AMTEL Union of Estonian Car Sales and Service Enterprises
Pärnu Road 232 EST – 11314 Tallinn T. +372 672 23 06 F. +372 650 21 97
_france CCFA Comité des Constructeurs Français d’Automobiles
Rue de Presbourg 2 F – 75008 Paris T. +33 1 49 52 51 00 F. +33 1 49 52 51 88
_greece AMVIR (SEAA) Association of Motor Vehicle Importers-Representatives
Kifisias Avenue 294 GR – 152 32 Halandri - Athens T. +30 210 689 1400 F. +30 210 685 9 022 www.seaa.gr
www.ccfa.fr
www.amtel.ee
_germany _finland AUTOTUOJAT ry Ateneuminkuja 2 C 10 Krs FIN – 00100 Helsinki T. +358 207 928 855 F. +358 207 928 859
VDA
www.autotuojat.fi
_hungary AHAI (MGSZ)
Verband Der Automobilindustrie
Association of the Hungarian Automotive Industry
Behrebstrasse 35 D – 10177 Berlin T. +49 30 897 842-0 F. +49 30 897 842-600
Major u. 69 H – 1119 Budapest T. +36 1 382 9805 F. +36 1 382 9810
www.vda.de
www.gepjarmuipar.hu 17
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_ireland SIMI
_ l at v i a LAADA
The Society of the Irish Motor Industry
Latvian Authorized Automobile Dealers Association
Upper Pembroke Street 5 IRL – Dublin 2 T. +353 1 676 16 90 F. +353 1 661 92 13 www.simi.ie
Smerla Street 3 Suite 273 LV – 1006 Riga T. +371 6 752 99 79 F. +371 6 754 03 15
_ m a lta ACIM Association of Car Importers Malta
PoBox 50 Valletta Building Level 2 MT – San Gwann T. +356 21 38 57 74 F. +356 21 22 33 06
www.lpaa.lv
_ n o r w ay
_ i ta ly ANFIA
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_lithuania
BIL
Associazione Nazionale Filiera Industrie Automobilistiche
LAA
BilimportØrenes Landsforening
Lithuanian Autoenterpreneurs Association
Corso Galileo Ferraris 61 I – 10128 Torino T. +39 011 554 65 11 F. +39 011 545 986
P. Zadeikos g. 1b LT – 06319 Vilnius T. +370 5 230 12 24 F. +370 5 230 12 25
Økernveien 99 PoBox 71 Økern N – 0508 Oslo T. +47 22 64 64 55 F. +47 22 64 85 95
www.anfia.it
www.laa.lt
www.bilimportorenes-landsforening.no
ACEA
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_romania ACAROM _poland PZPM Polski Zwiazek Przemysłu Motoryzacyjnego
Al. Niepodleglosci 69 PL – 02-626 Warsaw T. +48 22 322 71 98/99 F. +48 22 322 76 65
Asociatiei Constructorilor de Automobile din Romania
Str. Banu Mãrãcine - Bl. D5 RO – 110194 Pitesti T. +40 248 219 958 F. +40 248 217 990 www.acarom.ro
www.pzpm.org.pl
_slovak ZAPSR
republic
Automotive Industry Association SR
Tomasikova 26 SK – 821 01 Bratislava T. +421 2 4364 2235 F. +421 2 4364 2237 www.zapsr.sk
_slovenia ADS _portugal ACAP
Association of Automobile Manufacturers and Authorised Importers
_spain ANFAC
Associação do Comércio Automóvel de Portugal
Asociación Española de Fabricantes de Automóviles y Camiones
Avenida Torre de Belém 29 P – 1400-342 Lisboa T. +351 21 303 53 00 F. +351 21 302 14 74
c/o Chamber of Commerce & Industry of Slovenia Dimiceva 13 SI – 1000 Ljubljana T. +386 1 58 98 217 F. +386 1 58 98 219
www.acap.pt
www.ads-slo.org
www.anfac.com
Calle Fray Bernardino Sahagún 24 E – 28036 Madrid T. +34 91 343 13 43 F. +34 91 345 03 97
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_sweden BIL PoBox 26173 S – 100 41 Stockholm T. +46 8 700 41 00 F. +46 8 791 23 11 www.bilsweden.se
_switzerland
Auto – Suisse | Auto – Schweiz
_the
De Rijwiel en Automobiel Industrie Vereniging
Wielingenstraat 28 PoBox 74800 NL – 1070 DM Amsterdam T. +31 20 504 49 49 F. +31 20 646 38 57 www.raivereniging.nl
www.auto-suisse.ch www.auto-schweiz.ch 20
_united SMMT
kingdom
The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders
Forbes House Halkin Street UK – London SW1X 7DS T. +44 207 235 70 00 F. +44 207 235 71 12 www.smmt.co.uk
Association Importateurs Suisses d’Automobiles Vereinigung Schweizer Automobil-Importeure
Mittelstrasse 32 Postfach 5232 CH – 3001 Bern T. +41 31 306 65 65 F. +41 31 306 65 50
netherlands
RAI
_turkey OSD Automotive Manufacturers Association
Atilla Sokak 10 Altunizade TR – 34676 Istanbul T. +90 216 318 29 94 F. +90 216 321 94 97 www.osd.org.tr
ACEA
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EUCAR secretariat is composed of: Simon Godwin sg@eucar.be Director Alessandro Coda ac@eucar.be Research Coordinator EUCAR members are:
BMW, DAF, Daimler, Fiat, Ford Europe, GM/Opel, Jaguar Land Rover, Porsche, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Renault, Scania, Volkswagen Group and Volvo
The European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR) is the research organisation for the major automotive manufacturers in Europe, with the mission to strengthen the competitiveness of the manufacturers through strategic collaborative R&D. Together with its members, EUCAR identifies the common R&D challenges of the industry. These are communicated to the European Commission and other key institutions and stakeholders. EUCAR’s members participate in collaborative research projects with manufacturers, suppliers and research providers. Projects are mainly financed through European Union funding programmes matched with industry funding. EUCAR key research is in the following domains: Fuels and Powertrain Materials, Processes and Manufacturing Integrated Safety Mobility and Transport 21
Did you Know ?
Did you know ?
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
D i d yo u k n o w ?
Did you Know ?
The automobile industry is the largest private investor in R&D in the EU
The automotive industry is the largest private investor in R&D in the EU. The ACEA members together spend over €26 billion every year on R&D, or about 5% of their turnover. These figures, resulting from a recent ACEA survey among its member companies, reflect the great importance that the automobile manufacturers attach to R&D efforts to keep up their competitiveness and long-term viability. Main areas of automotive R&D investment are environment, road safety and production efficiency. Overall automotive R&D investments are even higher. According to the EU Industrial Investment Scoreboard, the sectors ‘automobiles and parts’ and ‘commercial vehicles and trucks’ represented R&D investment of €32.8 billion in 2008. The actual number will be greater, as these categories do not include all automotive supplying sectors. The Scoreboard ranks the pharmaceutical sector second with €19.8 billion and the telecommunications equipment sector third with €12 billion. 25
d i d yo u k n o w ?
D i d yo u k n o w ?
Auto industry tops R&D scoreboard in Europe The EU 2009 Industrial Investment Scoreboard confirmed once more the outstanding role of the automotive industry for the European economy in terms of innovative capacity and investment power. Six of the ACEA members are in the European Top 20 of investors, with two present in the Top 10, and one earmarked as largest single investor. The automotive industry has held its top position for years now.
6,300 patents The many patents filed by the industry underline the sectors innovative stance as well. In 2008, almost 6,300 patents were filed by the European automotive industry. They made up 55% of all automotive applications at the European Patent Office (EPO). 23% of automotive applications came from Japan, 16% from the US, 1% from China/Taiwan and 1% from South Korea. 26
Patent Applications filed by the Auto Sector | 2008
EU
54.1%
Japan
22.4%
US
15.6%
Korea
0.6%
China
0.3%
Taiwan
0.6%
Other
6.4%
Source: EPO (European Patent Office)
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
D i d yo u k n o w ?
The vehicle industry is one of the most densely regulated sectors in Europe Did you Know ?
The automotive industry is one of the most regulated sectors in Europe. Up till now, around 80 EU directives have been drawn up and more than 70 applicable pieces of legislation have been internationalised further within the UNECE in Geneva. Cars and commercial vehicles are very complex products and before they enter the market, they have to comply with what is known as the Framework Directive for Whole Vehicle Type Approval. This framework directive contains procedures and a long list of separate directives laying down technical requirements for motor vehicles as well as for components and separate technical units from which vehicles are assembled. In addition, there are directives that establish requirements for the use of motor vehicles, as well as regulations, which apply throughout the European Union on the basis of Community law. Vehicle-related regulation is mostly very technical in nature and cannot be drafted without the specialist knowledge of vehicle manufacturers. ACEA collects the necessary information through working groups of member company experts and shares the information with the EU institutions and other stakeholders to support effective and efficient policy making. For commercial vehicles, in particular, ACEA seeks further global harmonisation standards and regulation. 27
d i d yo u k n o w ?
Before entering the market, passenger cars have to comply with more than 45 EU Directives and Regulations
Environment 28
Lighting & signaling
Active safety
Passive safety
Other
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D i d yo u k n o w ?
It takes at least 5 years to develop a new car Did you Know ?
Cars are highly complex and innovative products. Their development - from design to production logistics takes up to 5 years. Engine design can take even longer. Their product cycle, or the time that cars are kept in production, comprises up to 7 years. Vehicle and engine adjustments are hugely complicated and capital-intensive operations. Manufacturers and their suppliers plan and allocate production capacity well ahead to accommodate production and renewal of their car portfolio. To be able to adjust automobiles to new legal requirements, the car industry needs sufficient lead-time ahead of implementation of these new rules. During the development phase, changes to a prototype are limited to implementation of ready-available new technologies within the technical and economic constraints of the car’s concept. The possibilities for change become more limited in the execution phase. During the typical production life of a car, investments in capital and innovations need to be recovered. Modifications are only opportune in case of relatively minor requirements, such as software changes. ADVANCED engineering b inPUT
CONCEPT phase b
concept b EXECUTION
1
5
PRODUCT CYCLE b
10
Production Timeline (years) 29
d i d yo u k n o w ?
D i d yo u k n o w ?
The car is the preferred means of transport for Europeans There are more than 234 million vehicles on the European roads (eurostat, 2008), or about 1 per 2 inhabitants. Nearly 6% of them are new vehicles (up to 1 year), and about 34% are at least 10 years old (Anfac, 2008). The average annual distance travelled by a car in Europe is about 22,000 km.
Source: IHS Global Insight
New Cars sold in Europe* | 2009
30
Small
40.5%
Lower Medium
23.5%
Upper Medium
11.9%
MPVs
9.7%
SUVs
8.2%
Luxury
3.3%
Others
2.9%
*窶右U27, Norway and Switzerland, excluding Luxembourg
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D i d yo u k n o w ?
Did you Know ?
Reducing CO2 emissions involves more than engine technology The European automotive industry is contributing significantly to reducing CO2 emissions from vehicles. A large number of advanced technologies have been introduced into the markets and many more are to come. The European car manufacturers and the automotive suppliers work closely together to achieve further important results. Reducing CO2 emissions from automobiles is a complex challenge and involves improvements of the whole vehicle, not just the engine. The European automotive industry has identified multiple categories for eco-innovative technologies that will ensure further progress: systems & components, running resistance, wellto-wheel efficiency, smart navigation and driver information. All categories contain numerous technology applications, from adaptive cruise-control and super efficient LED lights to robotised gearboxes and the storage and re-use of heat. These innovations confirm the automotive industry’s determination to achieve further reductions in new car CO2 emissions, no matter which engine they use. In addition, driving style, the choice of fuel or energy and the quality of the infrastructure are as decisive to achieve the best possible fuel-economy and lowest CO2 emissions of road transport. 31
d i d yo u k n o w ?
D i d yo u k n o w ?
Drivers can make a big difference Fuel-efficient driving, or «Eco-driving», can significantly reduce fuel consumption and lower CO2 emissions. Slight changes in driving style enable drivers to exploit fully the fuel-efficiency potential of modern technologies. Eco-driving is easy to apply.
The Golden Rules for eco-driving are : Shift into a higher gear early Maintain a steady speed at highest possible gear Look ahead and anticipate traffic flow Switch off the engine at short stops Check and adjust the tyre pressure regularly Make use of in-car fuel saving devices such as on-board computers and dynamic navigators Avoid surplus weight and unused roof racks Highly cost-effective : Eco-driving training leads to a reduction in fuel consumption of up to 25 % after training, with a significant long-term effects of 7% under everyday driving conditions. 32
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
D i d yo u k n o w ?
Modern trucks are a benchmark for fuel efficiency
Depreciation
2%
Vehicle Insurance
6%
Interest Overhead Tyres
Fuel Source: iveco
10%
Road Tax
Repair & Maintenance Wages
2% 18% 1%
30% 5% 26%
Did you Know ?
In freight transport, there is and has long been a clear business case to minimize fuel consumption. For most transport companies, fuel is the main operating cost and the intense competition on the commercial vehicle market has driven technological process in commercial vehicle manufacturing to great heights. A 40-tonne truck built today burns around a third less fuel than one made in the 1970s. Per tonne transported, this corresponds to a fuel consumption of just 1 litre of diesel per 100 tonnekm, with significant CO2 savings as a result. Today’s buses are also leading the way with average fuel consumption per Total Operating Costs (TOC) bus-passenger that can challenge the performance 40-tonne Tractor – Semitrailer Combination of a trip per train. Further improvements in fuel efficiency remain a prime priority for European manufacturers. Modern diesel engines are clean, fuel efficient and durable. Vehicles on alternative fuels or with innovative drive trains are now also a familiar sight on Europe’s roads. A combination of better infrastructure, increased driver training, wider use of telematics, improved transport efficiency and harmonisation of standards will help achieve further sustainable mobility. 33
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
What our industry delivers
What else is key 37
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
The industry drives innovation towards “greener” transport
What else is key ?
The automobile manufacturers invest heavily to help moving towards cleaner, “greener” transport. Lower emission cars, vans, buses and trucks come onto the market every year. But technology alone does not have all the answers. Cooperation does. We need to share efforts to achieve our sustainable mobility goals We need to join forces to answer the many complex questions What about the emissions from congestion and inefficient infrastructure? How to move drivers and customers towards the cleanest vehicles? How to manage transport growth in the slipstream of economic growth? All over the world, the automobile brings improved quality of life; Together, we can sustain the benefits of mobility and reduce the environmental impact; The European vehicle manufacturers are playing their part. What our industry delivers 38
What else is key
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Less CO2 emissions European automakers have introduced dozens of CO2-efficient technologies into their vehicles over the past decades, and progress will continue. Improvements and new developments in conventional engine technologies remain important as they will continue to be the dominant propulsion source for years to come. Plug-in hybrid electric and battery electric vehicles will become available in more varieties, and their range will be extended. Cars running on alternative, low emission fuels like ethanol or gas are already available on the market; second-generation biofuels are on the way. Eco-innovative technologies like smart navigation, adaptive cruise control, highly energy-efficient LED lights, and storage and re-use of heat will further improve fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. What our industry delivers 39
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Reducing CO2 : a key priority Overview of Global CO2 Emissions
Transport (Road, Rail, Air & Water) 17%
CO2 emissions are reduced by limiting the burning of fossil fuels. Vehicle technology is one of several important ways to contribute to this goal.
Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, WG III, 2007.
All automobile manufacturers have made CO2 reductions a top priority and are sustaining huge investments in this field.
Deforestation 22%
Industry 25%
Power/heating stations 27%
Household small consumers 9%
A large number of technologies has already been introduced, and more are still to come. Technologies need time to find their market. EU governments can help by providing harmonized fiscal support. It is essential to work together: vehicle manufacturers, oil industry, policy makers, and road users must all join forces to achieve the desired results. What our industry delivers
40
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Trucks
Cars 1 car in the 1970s produced as many pollutant elements as 100 cars today. Particulate matter filters can reduce particulate emissions from diesel vehicles by over 99%. Passenger Cars
Compared to 1992 standards, Euro VI emission levels will reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions by 95% and 97% respectively. Particulate matter emissions from all trucks on the road are 40% lower than a decade ago – even though they drive 40% more kilometres today. AdBlue technology reduces nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions even further, while cleaner diesel reduces sulphur emissions.
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Cleaner exhaust
Trucks
80%
80%
60%
60%
40%
40%
20%
20%
Petrol NOx Diesel NOx
Emissions (% Euro 0)
Diesel PM
Euro 0
Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 5
Euro 6
Euro 0
Euro I
Euro II
Euro III
Euro IV
Euro V
Euro VI
What our industry delivers 41
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Less noise
Optimal recycling Vehicles are recycled since the 1950s. Today 95% of a car can be recycled or recovered for use in other products or energy production. Any vehicle produced from 1 July 2002 onwards is taken back free of charge. The 8 million vehicles recycled annually in the EU account for only about 1% of waste in the EU. The target for 2015 is to reduce waste from an end-of-life vehicle to just 5%.
Noise from passenger cars has been reduced by 90% since 1970. Today 24 trucks are needed to make as much noise as 1 did in 1970. Since the mid-1990s, the dominant source of vehicle noise are tyres and outdated road paving. What our industry delivers 42
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Resource-efficient production Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Long-term strategies to reduce water consumption have made it possible to reduce the water use per car produced by almost 23%. This includes the increasing use of re-circulation technologies, which allows the reuse of water. Water Used 95.00
7.50
90.00
7.00
85.00
6.50
80.00
6.00
-22.9
75.00
%
5.50
70.00
5.00
65.00
4.50
60.00 Million m3
4.00
2005
Water total (million m3/year) |
2006
2007
m3
Water per unit produced (m3)
Source: ACEA
What our industry delivers 43
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
European auto manufacturers have significantly reduced the environmental impact of vehicle production in recent years. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are organic solvents mainly emitted from paintshops. The graph shows the VOC emissions per car produced and the emissions of all passenger car manufacturers taken together. With new technologies such as water-based paints that replace solvent-based paints, manufacturers have been able to reduce emissions by 14.3% per vehicle. VOC Emissions per Vehicle Produced
Absolute VOC Emissions
4.5 4.0 3.5
70
3.0
60
2.5
50
2.0
40
1.5
30
1.0
20
0.5
10
0 kg/unit Source: ACEA
0
2005
2007
thousand tons
2005
2007
Source: ACEA
What our industry delivers 44
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Energy Consumption 2.80
42.00
2.70
40.00 2.60
38.00 36.00
2.50
-6.5
%
34.00
2.40
32.00
2.30
30.00 Million MWH
2.20
2005
2006
Energy Total (Million MWH/year) |
2007
MWH
As cars are equipped with more and more features to make them safer and more environmentally-friendly, the complexity of production increases as well, with negative effects on energy demand. However, manufacturers constantly work on improving energy efficiency. As a result, energy consumption per vehicle produced has decreased by 6.5%.
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
44.00
note
Energy per unit produced (MWH)
The figures include direct and indirect energy consumption, i.e. from on-site and external energy suppliers.
Source: ACEA
CO2 Emissions 13.00
0.88
12.00
0.87
11.00
0.86
10.00
0.85
9.00
-5.0%
8.00
0.84 0.83
7.00
0.82
6.00
0.81
5.00
0.80
Million tons
2005
CO2 Emissions Total Million (t/year) | Source: ACEA
2006
2007
CO2 Emissions per unit produced (t)
CO2 emissions per vehicle produced decreased by 5%, mostly through efficiency increases, and somewhat helped by a warm winter in 2007. Differences in the trends on energy consumption (previous graph) and CO2 emissions have to do with changes in the energy mix available at the different production sites.
tons
note As for energy, the figures include direct and indirect emissions, i.e. from on-site and external energy suppliers.
What our industry delivers 45
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
The amount of waste per vehicle went down 4.8%, thanks to efforts by the manufacturers to reduce waste. Waste (excluding scrap metal)
note
Scrap metal, which is recycled and then used as a secondary raw material, is not included.
2.1
0.17
-0.8%
1.9
0.16
1.7
0.15
1.5
0.14
-4.8%
1.3 1.1
0.13
0.9
0.12
0.7
0.11
0.5
0.10
Million tons
2005
Waste total (t/year) |
2006
2007
tons
Waste per unit produced (t)
Source: ACEA
What our industry delivers 46
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Alternative fuels and energies A wide variety of alternative fuels exists in the EU. They should be used to reduce emissions and decrease our dependency on fossil fuels. Biofuels can significantly contribute to overall CO2 emission reductions. The vehicle technology is known and cost-efficient. FlexFuel vehicles can run on 85% ethanol and 15% conventional petrol. The auto industry has made a commitment that as of 2010 all new models will be compatible with E10/B7. Gas in the form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) can contribute to reducing emissions today. Plug-in hybrid vehicles will become available in more varieties and European manufacturers are advancing extended-range and battery electric car technology as well. Future hydrogen-powered cars will emit mainly water vapour. What our industry delivers 47
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Building an infrastructure To be successful, alternative fuel and energy technologies need to be affordable, easy to use and widely available. For biofuels, the future lies with so-called second generation biofuels, and their introduction should be encouraged: – they are likely to be better compatible with existing vehicles; – they are produced from different raw materials such as agricultural waste material or wood. The vehicle technology is known but the availability of these fuels and their infrastructure is still lacking. To fully benefit from the advantages of plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles, electricity will have to become increasingly drawn from renewable sources. The electricity infrastructure will have to be adapted and extended. A positive policy framework, including fiscal incentives, is needed to stimulate the uptake of the electric vehicles. Filling stations for gas and hydrogen should be more widely spread. What else is key 48
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Consumer awareness and market incentives
The choices that consumers make will be essential to meet fuel efficiency standards and CO2 emissions objectives. When purchasing a car, consumers weigh many criteria: from safety and design to reliability and fuel consumption. Building awareness about sustainable mobility will be key; as is the broad encouragement to accept and use new technologies. CO2-related vehicle taxation can help create consumer demand for fuel-efficient technologies and alternative fuels. What else is key 49
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Intelligent transport management
Substituting 50% of current traffic lights with dynamic systems for a better traffic flow can save 2.4 million tonnes of CO2 per year. Better cooperation of transport modes and removing barriers to cross-border haulage can reduce CO2 emissions significantly. What else is key 50
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
The policy framework
Driver Behaviour
Eco-driving can improve fuel economy by up to 20%.
Over 50 CO2-cutting technologies have been introduced, and the flow of innovative eco-technologies will continue.
Vehicle Technology Alternative Fuels
Infrastructure & Logistics
Cars, Trucks and the Environment
Vehicle technology alone will not be enough to make mobility sustainable – a partnership of industries, governments and customers is required.
CO2-related taxation creates consumer demand for fuel-efficient vehicles and alternative fuels.
CO2-related Taxation Alternative fuels and renewable energies can significantly contribute to overall CO2 emission reductions.
Better cooperation of transport modes and removing barriers to cross-border haulage can reduce CO2 emissions significantly.
What else is key 51
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
Key figures
Key figures
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
The European automobile industry...
Jobs
Growth
Innovation
The automotive industry
Europe is the world’s largest vehicle
Automobiles are highly complex
At least
12 million families
depend on automotive employment
2.3 million direct jobs and another 10.4 million
with
producer with an output of over
15 million passenger cars,
vans, trucks and buses per year, or
25% of worldwide
vehicle production.
and innovative products. The ACEA members invest annually
26 billion in R&D, 5% of their turnover.
over ₏  or
Total automotive R&D investments,
in directly related manufacturing
including those from suppliers,
and other sectors.
are even higher. The auto industry
Key figures
is a formidable employer in Europe.
is the largest private investor in R&D in Europe.
55
k e y f ig u r e s
... the “engine of Europe”
Made in Europe The
16 major car, truck
and bus manufacturers in Europe operate
183 vehicle assembly
and engine production plants in
19 Member States, often
sustaining the economic fabric of complete regions and cities.
Sustainable Global Scope Mobility The automotive industry
Cars, trucks and buses are
is a leading EU export sector
the source of everyday mobility and
with a net trade contribution
transportation, fuelling economic
30 billion.
of almost €
activity, social life and cultural
Leading in high-quality products,
exchange. European manufacturers
the industry sells
are leading in environmental and
and produces vehicles
safety technologies and are a
in all major world markets.
driving force behind the sustainable mobility concepts of the future.
56
t h e a u t o m o bi l e i n d u s t r y p o c k e t g u i d e
Key figures 2009 2009 2009 2009 2007 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2007
61.7 Mn units 15.2 Mn units 47.5 Mn units 13.9 Mn units 756 Bn EUR 60.5 Mn units 15.8 Mn units 50.1 Mn units 14.1 Mn units 46% Share 3.5 Mn people
2007 2008 2008 2007 2009 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2009
12.6 Mn people 536 Bn EUR 26 Bn EUR 155.4 Bn EUR 53.8 Bn EUR 25.2 Bn EUR 28.6 Bn EUR 268.9 Mn units 234.1 Mn units 470 per 1,000 inhab. 427.4 Bn EUR
= 25% of worldwide MV production = 29% of worldwide PC production
= 26% of worldwide MV registrations/sales = 28% of worldwide PC registrations/sales = 10% of EU manufacturing industry = 6% of EU employed population =5% of turnover = 9% of manufacturing sector
Key figures
Production Total Motor Vehicles (Worldwide) Total Motor Vehicles (EU27) Total Passenger Cars (Worldwide) Total Passenger Cars (EU27) Production value New Registrations Total MV (Worldwide) Total MV (EU27) Total Passenger Cars (Worldwide) Total Passenger Cars (EU27) Diesel (Western Europe) Employment Automotive manufacturing (EU27) Total automotive employment (manufacturing & services) Turnover ACEA members R&D Investment ACEA members Value Added EU27 Exports Extra-EU27 Imports Extra-EU27 Trade Balance MV in use (Parc) Total Motor Vehicles (EU27) Passenger Cars Motorization rate (cars) Tax Revenue from Motor Vehicles
= 4% of EU15 GDP
Source: ACEA, VDA, AAA, Global Insight, Eurostat
57
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
Employment
Employment
key figures
Employment
Over 12 million families depend on the automobile industry in Europe Automobile Sector: Direct and Indirect* Employment | 2007
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY (PRODUCTION OPERATIONS)
› Automobile manufacturing › Bodywork, trailers, caravans › Equipment and accessories
(NACE dm341) (NACE dm342) (NACE dm343)
2.3 Mn Jobs
CLOSELY RELATED MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES
› Manufacture, retreading and rebuilding of rubber tyres and tubes (NACE dh2512) › Manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements (NACE dk2914) › Manufacture of cooling and ventilation equipment (NACE dk2923) › Manufacture of computers and other information processing equipment (NACE dl3002) › Manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers (NACE dl311) › Manufacture of electrical equipment for engines and vehicles (not elsewhere reported) (NACE dl3161)
1.2 Mn Jobs
12.6 Mn Jobs
(NACE g501) (NACE g502) (NACE g503) (NACE g505)
TRANSPORT
› Road transport (passengers and freight)
(NACE i602)
4.2 Mn Jobs
Trade
› Sale and distribution of motor vehicles › Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles › Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories › Retail sale of automotive fuel
4.9 Mn Jobs
Taxation
Based on Eurostat data - 2007
AUTOMOBILE USE
* Indirect employment data does not report employment in raw material sector (e.g. steel, aluminium, glass, etc.), textile, driving schools, licensing activities, vehicle testing, vehicle insurance and financing, etc. 61
employment
Automotive Employment put into Perspective
EU automotive employment = 12.6 Mn
Automotive non-manufacturing = 9.1 Mn Automotive manufacturing = 3.5 Mn
Based on Eurostat data – 2007
Manufacturing employment related to the automotive sector Total automotive employment (manufacturing & sevices)
EU employment non-automotive, non-manufacturing = 180.4 Mn
EU Manufacturing employment non-automotive = 31.0 Mn
3.5 Mn people 12.6 Mn people
= 10.2% of total employment in EU manufacturing = 5.6% of EU employed population
EU27 total population
493.5 Mn people
EU27 total employment
224.1 Mn people
EU27 employed population in manufacturing sector Based on Eurostat data, 2007; ILO data 2007
62
34.5 Mn people
= 15.4% of total employed population
Employment
key figures
Direct Automotive Employment by Country | 2007 Units - in thousands
900
848
800 700 600 500 400
169
166
155
135
100
122
85
76
64
56
45
34
23
23
10
7
7
4
3
3
2
1
1
AT
NL
PT
SI
FI
DK
IE
BG
EL
EE
LT
LV
0 DE
FR
IT
UK
ES
PL
CZ
SE
SK
RO
HU
BE
Trade
255
200
Each direct job creates at least another 5 related jobs
Taxation
Based on Eurostat data – 2007
300
63
employment
Employment* by Mode of Transport | 2007
Total Transport 9.2 Mn Passenger Transport 21.3% (2.0 Mn)
Road Transport
Based on Eurostat data – 2007
53.4% (5 Mn) Freight Transport 32.2% (3.0 Mn)
Railways 9,4%
Air Transport 4,4%
Sea Transport 2,0%
Inland Water Transport 0,5%
Pipelines 0,1%
Travel Agencies & Tour Operators 5,3%
Other Auxiliary Transport Activities 24,8%
* Employment in companies whose main activity lies in the transport mode concerned
64
Production
Production
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
key figures
Passenger Car Production - International Comparison | 1999 – 2009 Units
36.2%
15,000,000
Production
18,000,000 33.3%
36.8%
29.5%
12,000,000 9,000,000
19.6%
20.8% 20.4%
Source: OICA - 2010
6,000,000 3,000,000
5.9%
7.9%
EU
14.5%
14.9%
14.5%
NAFTA
8.5%
7.0%
6.7%
Japan South Korea BRIC
0 1999
2004
2009
Passenger Car Production Worldwide | 2009
Source: OICA – 2010
EU
NAFTA
Japan
South Korea
BRIC
Total World
Volume
% share
13,944,054
29.5%
4,010,893
8.5%
6,862,161
14.5%
3,158,417
6.7%
15,722,536
33.3%
47,227,656
100%
67
P r o d u c t io n
The EU produces 33 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants Motor Vehicle Production per 1,000 inhabitants | 2009
120 100
104 93 85
80 64
60
Production per 1,000 inhabitants
Source: Eurostat; ACEA – 2010
48
47
40
33
23
20
18
18
17
14
14
12
9
5
2
NL
FI
0 SI
CZ
SK
DE
BE
ES
FR
EU
68
32
PL
HU
UK
SE
IT
RO
PT
AT
key figures
Automobile assembly & engine production plants in Europe
Plants
AT
EU
Austria
6
BIH
Extra EU
Bosnia Herzegovina
1
BE
Belgium
9
BY
Belarus
3
BG
Bulgaria
1
KZ
Kazakhstan
1
CZ
Czech republic
11
RS
Serbia
2
DE
Germany
47
RU
Russia
27
EE
Estonia
ES
Spain
FI
Plants
1
TR Turkey
16
15
UA Ukraine
5
Finland
2
UZ Uzbekistan
1
FR
France
38
HU
Hungary
IT
Italy
Netherlands
NL PL
Poland
16
PT
Portugal
5
RO
Romania
4
SE
Sweden
15
SI
Slovenia
1
SK Slovakia UK United Kingdom
6 20 9
Countries
Plants
Total
27
297
EU
19
16
Countries
Plants
Total
25
208
EU
19
183
acea members
Production
Overview
3 32
69
P r o d u c t io n
Motor Vehicle Production in the EU by Country | 2009
Source: Source: ACEA - 2010 (National Automobile Associations)
TOTAL
15,714
71,714
AUSTRIA
56,000
BELGIUM
510,300
CZECH REPUBLIC
967,760
FINLAND
FRANCE
1,821,734
198,847
25,145
4,036
2,049,762
GERMANY
4,964,523
148,145
89,403
7,786
5,209,857
HUNGARY
180,500
1,670
370
182,540
ITALY
661,100
158,089
23,046
1,004
843,239
NETHERLANDS
50,620
24,340
1,641
76 601
POLAND
819,000
54,864
4,822
879,186
PORTUGAL
101,680
22,172
84
126,015
ROMANIA
279,320
16,990
188
296,498
SLOVAKIA
461,340
461,340
SLOVENIA
202,570
SPAIN
EUROPEAN UNION *
2,650
10,907
1,812,688
11,750
760
522,810
1,091
3,068
974,569
64
2,079
10,179
10,971
212 749
331,131
25,707
552
SWEDEN
128,738
18,000
9,600
156,338
UNITED KINGDOM
999,460
80,206
9,003
1,470
1,090,139
13,944,054
1,019,613
245,640
35,109
15,244,416
* Double countings are deducted from the totals
70
2,170,078
key figures
Commercial vehicle production trend
Units
Production
Commercial Vehicle Production in the EU | 1990-2009
Percentage
3,000,000
+30.0 +20.6%
+17.3% +10.2% +2.2%
-1.0%
2,000,000
+20.0
+13.2% +7.5%
+2.3% -3.3%
-3.3%
-7.7%
+3.8%
+3.3%
+3.8%
+10.0
+5.4%
+0.0
-5.2%
-6.0%
-10.0 -20.0
-23.5%
Source: ACEA – 2010
1,000,000
-30.0 -47.5%
-40.0 -50.0
0
-60.0 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Volumes % change year-on-year
71
P r o d u c t io n
Passenger car production trend Passenger Car Production in the EU | 1990-2009 Units
Percentage
18,000,000
+15.0 +12.4%
+10.0
+8.8% +3.8%
12,000,000
+2.0%
+2.9%
+5.6%
+4.3%
+3.1% +1.1%
+1.9% +0.2%
-3.2%
-1.2%
+5.0
+1.3%
+0.0
-0.9%
-1.2%
-5.0
-6.7%
Source: ACEA – 2010
6,000,000 -12.6%
-15.1%
-15.0 0
-20.0 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Passenger Car Production Worldwide | 1999-2009 Units
Percentage
+8.0 +6.0 +4.0 +2.0 +0.0 -2.0 -4.0 -6.0 -8.0 -10.0 -12.0
+6.2%
50,000,000
+3.7%
+3.8%
+5.2%
+6.5%
+6.6%
+1.5% -0.9%
Source: OICA – 2010
40,000,000
-3.4%
30,000,000
-10.5%
20,000,000 1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2003
2004
2005
60,000,000 +4.2%
72
-10.0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2006
2007
2008
2009
Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
% change year-on-year
key figures
30% of passenger cars are produced in the EU
Source: OICA – 2010
8.5% NAFTA
6.7%
S. Korea
14.5% Japan
Brazil
5.5%
22.0% China
India
4.6%
Others
3.4%
Asia-Others
3.3%
Russia
1.3%
Europe / Others
1.2%
29.5% EU
Production
World Passenger Car Production (% share) | 2009
World Motor Vehicle Production (% share) | 2009
Source: OICA – 2010
13.0% Japan
S. Korea
5.8%
14.4% NAFTA
Brazil
5.2%
22.6% China
India
4.3%
Asia-Others
4.1%
Others
3.5%
Europe / Others
1.6%
Russia
1.2%
25.0% EU
73
Registrations
Registrations
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
key figures
Europe represents a market of over 15 Mn new vehicles per year
Source: ACEA – 2010
EU 26.1%
Asia 39.6%
America North & South 27.2%
Other
Registrations
Motor Vehicle Registrations Worldwide | 2009
7.1%
One of four new vehicles in the world is sold in the EU
77
r e gis t r at io n s
Motor Vehicle Registrations in the EU by Country | 2009
Source: ACEA – 2010 (National Automobile Associations)
78
AT
319,403
25,567
4,805
654
350,429
LU
47,265
2,927
870
209
51,271 451,887
TOTAL
TOTAL
BE
476,194
51,250
8,358
979
536,781
NL
387,679
51,286
11,834
1,088
BG
22,869
2,836
932
176
26,813
PL ²
320,119
41,652
10,064
953
372,788
CZ
161,659
19,427
4,760
775
186,621
PT
160,996
38,906
3,213
628
203,743
DK
112,271
15,271
3,261
314
131,117
RO
115,979
15,445
2,160
883
134,467
EE
8,234
941
225
59
9,459
SK
74,717
15,709
1,664
671
92,761
FI
90,574
8,677
3,173
592
103,016
SI
55,712
5,239
758
126
61,835
FR
2,268,671
372,575
36,174
7,432
2,684,852
ES
952,772
106,669
12,137
2,644
1,074,222
DE
3,807,175
169,376
67,196
5,612
4,049,359
SE
213,408
27,413
5,519
1,173
247,513
EL
220,548
14,549
1,872
1,012
237,981
UK
1,994,999
186,818
34,746
7,989
2,224,552
EU ¹
14,116,052 1,375,856
237,451
37,533
15,766,892
HU
78,590
11,655
2,729
177
93,151
IE
57,460
9,267
1,103
170
68,000
IT
2,158,010
181,274
19,087
3,055
2,361,426
IS
2,020
262
47
8
2,337
LV
3,745
428
297
70
4,540
NO
98,675
23,504
4,098
1,160
127,437
LT
7,003
699
514
92
8,308
CH
266,018
22,148
4,319
610
293,095
366,713
45,914
8,464
1,778
422,869
14,482,765 1,421,770
245,915
39,311
16,189,761
EFTA EU + EFTA ¹ Data for Cyprus and Malta not available ² Sales figures
key figures
New Car Registrations per 100 inhabitants | 2009
10.0 9.4
9.0
Registrations
8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0
4.7
4.4
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.0
3.2 2.8
2.7 2.3
2.3
New Car Registrations per 100 inhabitants
Source: ACEA – 2010
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
EE RO BG
LT
LV
0.0 LU DE BE
AT
* EU27, data for Cyprus and Malta n.a.
IT
FR CH
UK
EU 15
SI
EU 27*
NL
SE
ES DK NO EL
FI
CZ
PT
SK
IE
PL
HU
IS
EU 10
79
r e gis t r at io n s
Market Share of New Passenger Cars | 2008 – 2009
Source: ACEA – 2010 (National Automobile Associations)
Percentage
30 %
2008
25 %
2009
20 % 15 % 10 % 5 % 0 % DE
FR
IT
UK
ES
BE
NL
PL
AT
EL
SE
CZ
PT
RO
DK
FI
SK
HU
SI
IE
LU
BG
EE
LT
In many markets, 2009 new car registrations were supported by temporary fleet renewal schemes as part of crisis relief measures
80
LV
key figures
Trend in new EU car registrations New Car Registrations in the EU | 1990-2009 Percentage Units
+5.9%
Source: ACEA – 2010, based on AAA data
15,000,000 -0.0%
14,000,000
+5.2%
+6.3%
+7.2% +4.9%
+10.0
+5.0%
+5.0
+3.8%
+1.1%
+1.0%
+0.6% -2.1%
-2.7%
13,000,000
-0.6%
-1.2%
-1.2%
Registrations
16,000,000
+8.0%
+0.0 -5.0
12,000,000
-8.0%
-10.0
11,000,000 10,000,000
-15.0
-17.0%
9,000,000
-20.0
8,000,000 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
New Passenger Car Registrations
% change year-on-year
81
r e gis t r at io n s
Trend in new EU commercial vehicle registrations New Light Commercial Vehicle Registrations in the EU | 1997-2009 Units
Percentage
2,500,000 Source: ACEA 2010, based on AAA data
+13.1% +9.0%
2,000,000
+9.5%
+5.6%
+5.7%
+3.0% -2.8%
1,500,000
-2.5%
+0.4%
-2.7%
-9.7%
1,000,000 500,000
-29.5%
0 1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
+20.0 +15.0 +10.0 +5.0 +0.0 -5.0 -10.0 -15.0 -20.0 -25.0 -30.0 -35.0
LCV - Light Commercial Vehicle < 3.5t (incl. light buses)
% change year-on-year
2009
New Heavy Commercial Vehicle Registrations in the EU | 1997-2009 Units
Percentage
Source: ACEA 2010, based on AAA data
500,000
82
+16.5%
+20.0
+12.7%
400,000
+9.5% +2.5% -3.7%
+6.1%
+6.4%
+10.0
+6.5%
-1.2%
+0.0
-2.6%
-10.0%
300,000
-10.0 -20.0
200,000
-30.0
100,000 -44.4%
0
-40.0 -50.0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Commercial Vehicle > 3.5t
% change year-on-year
key figures
Vehicle sales develop in relation to economic growth New Passenger Car Registrations in the EU and GDP New PC Registrations – EU
EU GDP +4.5 +3.5 +2.5
14,000,000
+1.5
13,000,000
-0.5
+0.5
Registrations
15,000,000
GDP Growth (%)
New PC Registrations (units)
Source: AAA, ACEA, DG ECFIN
16,000,000
-1.5
12,000,000
-2.5 -3.5
11,000,000
-4.5
10,000,000
-5.5
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007 2008
2009
New Commercial Vehicle Registrations in the EU and GDP | 1990-2009 New CV Registrations – EU
EU GDP
+4.5 +3.5
2,500,000
+2.5
2,300,000
+1.5
2,100,000
-0.5
+0.5
GDP Growth (%)
New CV Registrations (units)
Source: AAA, ACEA, DG ECFIN
2,700,000
-1.5
1,900,000
-2.5 -3.5
1,700,000
-4.5
1,500,000
-5.5
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
83
r e gis t r at io n s
A closer look at consumer demand
New Car Registrations by Segment in the EU15+EFTA | 2006-2009
2009
Small Lower Medium Upper Medium Executive
Units
600,000
2008
Small Lower Medium Upper Medium Executive
600,000 500,000
400,000
2007 Small Lower Medium Upper Medium Executive
300,000 200,000
2006 Small Lower Medium Upper Medium Executive
100,000 0 jan
feb
mar
apr
may
New Cars sold in Europe* by Segment | 2009-2010
june
jul
aug
sept
oct
nov
dec
New Cars sold in Europe* by Segment | 2009
Units
50% 40%
2008
2009
Small 40.5%
Lower Medium 23.5%
Upper Medium 11.9%
30%
MPVs
9.7%
20%
SUVs
8.2%
10%
Luxury
3.3%
Others
2.9%
0% Others
Luxury
SUVs
MPVs
Upper Lower Medium Medium
Small *2009; EU27, Norway and Switzerland, excluding Luxembourg
84
More information on trends in new car characteristics at http://www.acea.be/index.php/news/news_detail/trends_in_new_car_characteristics/
key figures
The drive towards fuel efficiency Demand for Cars â&#x2030;¤ 120 gCO2/km | 1995-2009 Units
3,500,000
3,233,549
2,500,000 2,039,810
2,000,000 1,500,000
1,419,388
1,000,000
839,488
958,591
904,845
2004
2005
1,008,992
+59%
583,614
500,000 0
Registrations
Source: AAA figures for the EU15
3,000,000
2
0
813
20,339
88,174
159,384
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
306,514
2001
2002
2003
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 Emissions from New Cars | 1995-2009
Source: AAA figures for the EU15
80%
Trend in new car CO2 emissions (g/km) 39%
35%
30%
31%
30% 24%
22%
17%
161+ 16%
11%
9%
27% 25% 23% 25%
27% 26%
140-121
3%
1995
160-141 120 and less
2006
2007
2008
2009
85
r e gis t r at io n s
Most new cars have a diesel engine Diesel Penetration in the EU15+EFTA (% of new cars registered) | 1990-2009
Source: AAA figures for the EU15+EFTA
% share
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Diesel Penetration in the EU15+EFTA by Country (% of new cars registered) | 1990-2009 % share
80 70 Source: AAA figures for the EU15+EFTA
60
86
50 40 30 20 10 0 BE
LU
NO
FR
ES
PT
IE
FI
AT
DK
IT
UK
EU15 + EFTA More information on trends in new car characteristics at http://www.acea.be/index.php/news/news_detail/trends_in_new_car_characteristics/
SE
IS
DE
CH
NL
EL
2009
key figures
New passenger car registrations â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the global view Market Shares | 2009
2009 % share
Europe
16,576,725
EU EFTA
14,116,052
28,2%
-11,1%
14,331,792
-1,5%
366,837
0,7%
408,207
-10,1%
Russia
1,465,917
2,9%
2,897,459
-49,4%
Turkey
369,819
0,7%
305,998
20,9%
0,5%
Europe-Others
258,100
America 1
16,091,990
699,800
-63,1%
32,1% 19,101,002
-15,8%
NAFTA
12,613,177
25,2%
15,849,054
-20,4%
10,402,215
20,7%
13,194,741
-21,2%
3,478,813
6,9%
3,251,948
7,0%
3,008,742
6,0%
2,670,991
12,6%
33,2% 13,763,033
21,0%
of which USA
Mercosur
of which Brazil
Asia
Source: ACEA 2010
2008 % change
33,1% 18,643,256
16,656,815
Japan
3,923,740
7,8%
4,227,643
-7,2%
South Korea China
1,225,000
2,4%
1,034,387
18,4%
8,380,870
16,7%
5,692,049
47,2%
India
1,815,205
3,6%
1,545,342
17,5%
Asia-Others 2
1,312,000
2,6%
1,263,612
3,8%
Others 3
819,674
1,6%
965,006
-15,1%
50,145,204 100,0% 52,472,297
-4,4%
Total World
Europe Europe-Others Turkey Russia EFTA EU
Others
33.1%
America 32.1%
0.5% 0.7% 2.9% 0.7% 28.2%
Nafta 25.2%
1.6%
USA 20.7%
Mercosur
6.9%
Brazil
6.0%
Asia 33.2%
Japan 7.8% South Korea 2.4% China 16.7% India 3.6% Asia-Others 3 2.6%
Registrations
passenger cars
1. Including Light Commercial Vehicles 2. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand 3. Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
87
r e gis t r at io n s
New motor vehicle registrations â&#x20AC;&#x201C; worldwide Market Shares | 2009
motor vehicles
2009 % share
Europe
18,682,643
EU EFTA
26,1%
16,730,630
-5,8%
422,869
0,7%
485,172
-12,8%
1,618,917
2,7%
3,366,415
-51,9%
Turkey
575,865
1,0%
526,544
9,4%
0,5%
298,100
America
16,493,364
782,100
-61,9%
27,2% 19,676,000
-16,2%
NAFTA
12,859,317
21,2%
16,238,514
-20,8%
10,601,901
17,5%
13,493,165
-21,4%
of which USA
Mercosur
3,634,047
6,0%
3,437,486
5,7%
of which Brazil
3,146,905
5,2%
2,825,716
11,4%
39,6% 19,709,185
21,7%
Asia Japan South Korea
Source: ACEA 2010
15,766,892
-14,7%
Russia
Europe-Others
88
2008 % change
30,9% 21,890,861
23,982,136 4,609,255
7,6%
5,082,235
-9,3%
1,445,000
2,4%
1,237,087
16,8%
China
13,644,794
22,5%
9,336,326
46,1%
India
2,263,887
3,7%
1,983,045
14,2%
Asia-Others 1
2,019,200
3,3%
2,070,492
-2,5%
Others 2
1,361,145
2,2%
1,598,505
-14,8%
60,519,288 100,0% 64,116,327
-5,6%
Total World
Europe Europe-Others Turkey Russia EFTA EU
Others 2
30.9%
America 27.2%
0.5% 1.0% 2.7% 0.7% 26.1%
Nafta 21.2%
2.2%
1. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand 2. Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
USA 17,5%
Mercosur
6.0%
Brazil
5.2%
Asia 39.6%
Japan 7.6% South Korea 2.4% China 22.5% India 3.7% Asia-Others 1 3.3%
Vehicles in Use
Vehicles in Use
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
key figures
Cars in the EU are on average 8.2 years old Average Car Age by Country | 2008 18.0 16.0
15.9
14.0 12.0
11.6
11.0
11.0
10.0
10.5
9.5
9.0
8.3
8.2
8.2
7.9
7.7
BELGIUM
AUSTRIA
6.9
6.0 4.0 2.0 0 LATVIA
SLOVAKIA
FINLAND
ESTONIA
GREECE
SWEDEN
PORTUGAL
FRANCE
GERMANY
Vehicles in Use
Source: ANFAC, ACEA – 2010
8.0
UK
EU*
Car Fleet* Composition | 2008
Source: ANFAC, ACEA – 2010
34.5% Cars > 10 years old 33.6% Cars ≤ 5 years old 31.9% Cars 5-10 years old
* for available countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK.
91
v e h ic l e s i n u s e
EU vehicle fleet composition
Source: Eurostat – 2010
EU Fleet by Vehicle Type | 2008
Cars 87.1%
Commercial Vehicles 12.6%
Buses & Coaches 0.3%
EU Passenger Car Fleet by Fuel Type | 2008
Source: ANFAC, ACEA – 2010
92
Gasoline 63.6%
Diesel 33.7% Other 2.7%
key figures
EU vehicle fleet development EU Car Fleet | 1993 – 2008 Units - in thousands
250,000 200,000
100,000 50,000 0 1993
1998
2003
2008
2003
2008
Vehicles in Use
Source: Eurostat – 2010
150,000
EU Commercial Vehicle Fleet | 1993 – 2008 Units - in thousands
40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000
Source: Eurostat – 2010
20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1993
1998
93
v e h ic l e s i n u s e
Vehicle spread in the EU Car Fleet by Country (in units and % share) | 2008 Units
45,000,000 17.7%
40,000,000 15.4%
35,000,000 13.3%
30,000,000
12.5%
25,000,000
9.5%
20,000,000 6.9%
15,000,000
Source: Eurostat – 2010
10,000,000
94
3.2% 2.2%
5,000,000
2.1%
1.9%
1.9%
1.8%
1.8%
1.7%
1.3%
1.2%
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.7%
0.7%
0.4%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
DK
IE
LT
SK
SI
LV
EE
CY
LU
MT
0
DE
IT
FR
UK
ES
PL
NL
BE
EL
CZ
PT
AT
SE
RO
HU
FI
BG
key figures
International comparison Car Fleet (in Mn) | 2008 Units â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in millions
250.00
234.08
150.00
135.52
100.00 57.93
50.00
32.02
25.74
21.88
CHINA
BRAZIL
0.00 EU*
USA
JAPAN
RUSSIA
12.48
9.85
S. KOREA
INDIA
* 27 countries included over the whole period
Vehicles in Use
Source: Eurostat, Global Insight
200.00
Car Fleet Growth (% change) | 1996-2008 % change
+30.0 +25.0 +20.0 +15.0 +10.0 Source: Eurostat, Global Insight
+5.0 +0.0 -5.0 -10.0 -15.0
EU*
China
USA Japan Russia
Brazil South Korea India
-20.0 1996
1997
1998
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
95
v e h ic l e s i n u s e
Trends in motorisation Car Density in the World (cars per 1,000 inhabitants) | 2008 500
470
454
444
400 Source: Eurostat, Global Insight
300
254
226
200
113
100
19
8
CHINA
INDIA
0 EU*
JAPAN
USA
S. KOREA
RUSSIA
BRAZIL
* 27 countries included over the whole period
Car Density in the EU (cars per 1,000 inhabitants) | 2008 700
667 601
600
557
555 514
500
513
507
504
499
498
483
477
475
470
462
458
446
439
400
423
422
415
413
412
381 311
300
305
285
Source: Eurostat
200
96
187
100 0 LU
IT
CY
MT
SI
AT
FI
DE
LT
FR
ES
BE
UK
EU
SE
NL
EL
IE
CZ
PL
PT
LV
EE
DK
BG
HU
SK
RO
Trade
Trade
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
key figures
The EU automotive industry is a formidable exporter EU Exports of Passenger Cars (in value)
North America 31.6%
EFTA & Eastern Europe 25.6%
Asia & Oceania 26.8% Middle East 6.8% South America & Caribbean 2.2%
Source: Eurostat, 2009
Trade
Africa 7.2%
99
TRADE
EU Motor Vehicle Trade (in â&#x201A;Ź Mn)
Year 2008
Year 2009
% chg 09/08
Source: Eurostat
trade trade trade trade in value (¤Mn) imports exports balance imports exports balance imports exports balance
Passenger Cars
30,058
69,576
39,518
21,743
47,747
26,004
-27.7%
-31.4%
4,530
3,455
-1,075
2,567
1,881
-686
-43.3%
-45.6%
-36.2%
Commercial Vehicles (over 5t) + Buses & Coaches 1,196
6,767
5,571
866
4,136
3,270
-27.6%
-38.9%
-41.3%
35,784
79,798
44,014
25,176
53,764
28,588
-29.6%
-32.6% -35.0%
Light Commercial Vehicles (up to 5t)
total
-34.2%
EU Motor Vehicle Trade (in units) Source: Eurostat
Year 2008
Year 2009
% chg 09/08
Source: Eurostat
trade in volume (units) imports exports imports exports imports exports
100
Passenger Cars
Light Commercial Vehicles (up to 5t) Commercial Vehicles (over 5t) + Buses & Coaches
total
3,004,033
5,786,073
2,273,745
3,437,543
-24.3%
425,056
341,152
245,470
225,464
-42.2%
-40.6% -33.9%
20,638
207,918
14,942
143,956
-27.6%
-30.8%
3,449,727
6,335,143
2,534,157
3,806,963
-26.5%
-39.9%
key figures
Most imports to the EU come from Japan Origin of most EU Passenger Car Imports (in â&#x201A;Ź Mn)
2007
2008
2009
% chg 09/08
% chg 08/07
World
33,774
30,058
21,743
-27.7%
-11.0%
-35.6%
100.0%
Japan
12,030
10,821
7,896
-27.0%
-10.1%
-34.4%
36.3%
Turkey
4,206
3,676
3,193
-13.1%
-12.6%
-24.1%
14.7%
United States
6,395
6,036
2,990
-50.5%
-5.6%
-53.2%
13.8%
South Korea
6,691
3,945
2,607
-33.9%
-41.0%
-61.0%
12.0%
India
335
585
1,536
162.8%
74.7%
359.0%
7.1%
1,992
2,405
1,499
-37.7%
20.7%
-24.8%
6.9%
567
808
539
-33.4%
42.7%
-4.9%
2.5%
70
300
469
56.4%
327.5%
568.5%
2.2%
China
508
564
360
-36.1%
10.9%
-29.1%
1.7%
Switzerland
193
154
125
-19.1%
-19.9%
-35.2%
0.6%
Source: Eurostat
Mexico Brazil South Africa
Passenger Cars â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Origin of EU Imports (in value) | 2009
India
7.1%
12.0% S. Korea
Mercosur
2.6%
14.7% Turkey
South Africa
2.2%
China
1.7%
Asia & Oceania-Others
1.0%
36.3% Japan
Efta
0.8%
0.2% Europe-Others
Africa-Others
0.2%
0.2% Middle East
Russia
0.2%
Others
0.2%
20.9% NAFTA
Source: Eurostat
% chg 09/07 % share in 2009
Trade
101
TRADE
Origin of most EU Passenger Car Imports (in units)
Source: Eurostat
2007
2008
2009
% chg 09/08
% chg 08/07
World
3,437,676
3,004,033
2,273,745
-24.3%
-12.6%
-33.9%
100.0%
Japan
965,891
867,496
643,155
-25.9%
-10.2%
-33.4%
28.3%
South Korea
651,335
446,552
350,259
-21.6%
-31.4%
-46.2%
15.4%
Turkey
385,727
411,567
313,660
-23.8%
6.7%
-18.7%
13.8%
India
119,630
99,540
265,558
166.8%
-16.8%
122.0%
11.7%
China
392,926
303,698
177,783
-41.5%
-22.7%
-54.8%
7.8%
United States
460,222
371,967
174,461
-53.1%
-19.2%
-62.1%
7.7%
Mexico
152,007
183,650
116,291
-36.7%
20.8%
-23.5%
5.1%
Taiwan
122,466
136,739
73,854
-46.0%
11.7%
-39.7%
3.2%
Brazil
63,798
53,084
47,216
-11.1%
-16.8%
-26.0%
2.1%
3,913
20,520
31,308
52.6%
424.4%
700.1%
1.4%
South Africa
Passenger Cars â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Origin of EU Imports (in units) | 2009
30.0%
28.3
Source: Eurostat
20.0%
102
15.4
13.8
10.0%
11.7
7.8
7.7
5.1
3.2
2.1
1.4
TAIWAN
BRAZIL
S. AFRICA
0% JAPAN
S. KOREA
TURKEY
INDIA
CHINA
USA
MEXICO
% chg 09/07 % share in 2009
key figures
Car shipments to the USA represent over a quarter of EU car exports (in value) Main Destinations of EU Passenger Car Exports (in € Mn)
2007
2008
2009
% chg 09/08
% chg 08/07
71,025
69,576
47,747
-31.4%
-2.0%
-32.8%
100.0%
24,754
20,550
12,708
-38.2%
-17.0%
-48.7%
26.6%
China
3,345
4,610
5,470
18.7%
37.8%
63.5%
11.5%
Switzerland
4,324
4,365
3,841
-12.0%
0.9%
-11.2%
8.0%
Japan
4,121
3,256
2,670
-18.0%
-21.0%
-35.2%
5.6%
Russia
6,659
8,790
2,538
-71.1%
32.0%
-61.9%
5.3%
Turkey
2,835
2,808
2,047
-27.1%
-1.0%
-27.8%
4.3%
Norway
2,703
2,192
1,854
-15.4%
-18.9%
-31.4%
3.9%
Canada
2,094
2,085
1,792
-14.1%
-0.4%
-14.4%
3.8%
Australia
2,101
2,188
1,576
-28.0%
4.1%
-25.0%
3.3%
South Africa
1,603
1,026
948
-7.6%
-36.0%
-40.9%
2.0%
South Korea
975
912
802
-12.1%
-6.5%
-17.7%
1.7%
World
Source: Eurostat
United States
Passenger Cars – Destination of EU Exports 6.8% Middle East 11.5% China 12.0% EFTA
Source: Eurostat
31.6% NAFTA 0.8% Others 1.4% Mercosur 1.7% South Korea
(in value)
% chg 09/07 % share in 2009
| 2009 Japan
5.6%
Russia
5.3%
Africa-Others
5.2%
Asia & Oceania
4.7%
Turkey
4.3%
Europe-Others
4.0%
Australia
3.3%
South Africa
2.0%
Trade
103
TRADE
About 16% of exported cars set sail to the USA Main Destinations of EU Passenger Car Exports (in units)
Source: Eurostat
2007
2008
2009
% chg 09/08
% chg 08/07
5,069,862
4,854,618
3,438,246
-29.2%
-4.2%
-32.2%
100.0%
United States
988,449
875,953
544,506
-37.8%
-11.4%
-44.9%
15.8%
Iran
202,537
390,955
350,131
-10.4%
93.0%
72.9%
10.2%
Switzerland
244,539
234,076
200,328
-14.4%
-4.3%
-18.1%
5.8%
Russia
533,780
675,312
177,550
-73.7%
26.5%
-66.7%
5.2%
China
100,480
136,566
173,135
26.8%
35.9%
72.3%
5.0%
Turkey
225,785
223,463
169,275
-24.2%
-1.0%
-25.0%
4.9%
Japan
213,709
161,750
112,448
-30.5%
-24.3%
-47.4%
3.3%
Belarus
100,963
119,212
111,852
-6.2%
18.1%
10.8%
3.3%
Norway
153,320
124,422
111,329
-10.5%
-18.8%
-27.4%
3.2%
Mexico
64,012
58,635
104,900
78.9%
-8.4%
63.9%
3.1%
Canada
90,609
103,466
86,565
-16.3%
14.2%
-4.5%
2.5%
World
Destination of EU Passenger Car Exports (in units) | 2009 20.0% 15.0%
15.8 10.2
Source: Eurostat
10.0%
104
5.8
5.0%
5.2
5.0
4.9
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.5
JAPAN
Norway
Belarus
MEXICO
Canada
0% USA
iran
Switzerland
RUSSIA
CHINA
TURKEY
% chg 09/07 % share in 2009
key figures
A closer look at imports of all vehicle categories Origin of most EU Motor Vehicle Imports
(in units)
Source: Eurostat
2007
2008
2009
% chg 09/08
% chg 08/07
World
3,830,315
3,449,727
2,577,123
-25.3%
-9.9%
-32.7%
100.0%
Japan
988,418
894,298
658,331
-26.4%
-9.5%
-33.4%
25.5%
Turkey
621,373
716,977
497,074
-30.7%
15.4%
-20.0%
19.3%
South Korea
655,421
452,354
352,540
-22.1%
-31.0%
-46.2%
13.7%
India
121,276
102,124
266,958
161.4%
-15.8%
120.1%
10.4%
China
393,769
305,310
227,019
-25.6%
-22.5%
-42.3%
8.8%
United States
469,366
382,498
179,546
-53.1%
-18.5%
-61.7%
7.0%
Mexico
152,046
183,689
116,301
-36.7%
20.8%
-23.5%
4.5%
Taiwan
122,555
136,754
73,855
-46.0%
11.6%
-39.7%
2.9%
Brazil
68,698
58,382
49,594
-15.1%
-15.0%
-27.8%
1.9%
South Africa
25,092
35,321
38,779
9.8%
40.8%
54.5%
1.5%
30.0%
| 2009
25,5 19,3
20.0%
13,7 Source: Eurostat
(in units)
Trade
Origin of EU Motor Vehicle Imports
% chg 09/07 % share in 2009
10.0%
10,4
8,8
7
4,5
2,9
1,9
1.5
MEXICO
TAIWAN
BRAZIL
S. AFRICA
0% JAPAN
TURKEY
S. KOREA
INDIA
CHINA
USA
105
TRADE
A closer look at exports of all vehicle categories Main Destinations of EU Motor Vehicle Exports (in units)
Source: Eurostat
2007
2008
2009
% chg 09/08
% chg 08/07
5,642,020
5,403,265
3,804,561
-29.6%
-4.2%
-32.6%
100.0%
United States
997,593
882,134
547,340
-38.0%
-11.6%
-45.1%
14.4%
Iran
203,075
391,475
350,611
-10.4%
92.8%
72.7%
9.2%
Switzerland
268,413
259,625
221,096
-14.8%
-3.3%
-17.6%
5.8%
Russia
609,721
735,978
192,820
-73.8%
20.7%
-68.4%
5.1%
Turkey
258,557
256,330
187,133
-27.0%
-0.9%
-27.6%
4.9%
China
103,541
138,146
175,039
26.7%
33.4%
69.1%
4.6%
Norway
177,437
146,063
123,735
-15.3%
-17.7%
-30.3%
3.3%
Belarus
109,411
128,884
119,430
-7.3%
17.8%
9.2%
3.1%
Japan
213,999
161,838
112,527
-30.5%
-24.4%
-47.4%
3.0%
Mexico
90,819
70,014
109,030
55.7%
-22.9%
20.1%
2.9%
World
Destination of EU Motor Vehicle Exports
(in units)
| 2009
20.0% 15.0%
14,4
Source: Eurostat
10.0%
106
9,2 5.8
5.0%
5,1
4,9
4,6
TURKEY
CHINA
3.3
3.1
3.0
2,9
Norway
Belarus
JAPAN
MEXICO
0% USA
iran
Switzerland
RUSSIA
% chg 09/07 % share in 2009
european a u t o m o bi l e m a n u fa c t u r e r s a s s o ci at io n
Taxation
Taxation
key figures
17 Member States levy CO2-related taxation on cars
In 2010, seventeen EU Member States levied CO2-related taxes on passenger cars. Fifteen governments provided tax incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles. In 2009, total motor vehicle taxes in the EU15 amounted to €427 billion or 3.9% of GDP. The European car industry supports the further introduction of the fiscal incentives to promote fuel efficiency. Tax measures are an important tool in shaping consumer demand towards fuel-efficient cars, and help create a market for breakthrough technologies, notably during the introduction phase. The environmental results of the tax incentives in the EU may be negatively influenced by the widely varying systems in each country. The European car industry urges EU governments to show more resolve in harmonising car taxation schemes. The car industry advocates a linear system, in which tax levels are directly proportionate to the car’s CO2 emissions and every gramme of CO2 is taxed the same. Car tax schemes should neither include nor exclude specific technologies and be budget neutral in end-effect. CO2– related car taxation is applied in: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom.
Taxation
Incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles are provided in all Western European countries with the exception of Italy and Luxembourg. The Czech Republic and Romania take the total number of Member States with these incentives up to fifteen. 109
Ta x at io n
Fiscal Income from the Motor Vehicles in the EU* | 2008
AT
€ bn
BE DK DE
ES
FR
EL
IE
IT
NL
PT
FI
€ bn DKK bn
€ bn
€ bn
€ bn
€ bn
€ bn
€ bn
€ bn
€ bn
0.084 18.460
1.607
1.200
SE UK
€ bn SEK bn
£ bn
Purchase or transfer
Source: ACEA – 2010
1. VAT on vehicles, servicing/ repair parts, tyres
3.054
n.a.
27.100
4.957 13.186
n.a.
1.272 15.000 12.830
1.431 19.100
2.871
7.184
0.721
0.783
Second-hand vehicle sales
0.081
2.200
0.062
0.586
0.094
Services and repair + tyres
1.637
4.470
5.416
0.730
Accessories and spare parts
0.905
1.330
2. Fuels & Lubricants
5.523
6.073 15.000 39.930 16.815 34.735
3.115
2.651 33.460
9.867
3.700
3.284 50.000 24.510
3. Sales & registration taxes
0.530
0.358 24.300
1.043
1.888
0.843
1.121
1.230
3.271
1.175
1.018
Annual ownership taxes
1.510
1.401
1.296
0.996
1.057
6.470
3.079
0.080
0.637 11.850
5.380
–
0.070
2.024
9.627
8.840
2.636
Driving license fees
0.007
0.010
0.092
Insurance taxes
0.320
0.462
3.570
0.739
Tolls
1.300
2.096
0.413
Customs duties
0.093
0.480
Other taxes
0.589
0.750
TOTAL EURO
0.570
3.933
4.230
9.484
1.250
N.A. N.A.
12.263 16.091 51.436 107.780 31.594 79.143
5.675
16.1
6.9
107.8
31.6
0.040
– 1.435
12.3
0.355
–
79.1
5.7
GRAND TOTAL = € 427.4 BN *no data available for other EU Member States
110
2.510
New vehicle sales
0.177
4.600
0.501
5.130 69.700 19.932 5.1
69.7
19.9
0.260
3.350
0.125 0.090 6.370 6.4
7.250
3.710
6.471 87.450
46.500
6.5
8.2
52.2
key figures
Source: ACEA – 2010
Share of VAT in Net Price of the Car
Denmark
Hungary
Sweden
Finland
Poland
Belgium
Greece
Ireland
Lithuania
Latvia
25 %
22 %
21 %
Austria
Germany
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Romania
Estonia
Slovakia
Italy Portugal
Malta
UK
Spain
Cyprus
Luxembourg
Slovenia
France
20 %
19.6 %
19 %
18 % 17.5 % 16 % 15 %
AT BE BG CY CZ DK EE FI FR DE EL HU
IE
IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SK
SI ES SE UK
EU minimum rates
Unleaded Petrol 442 614 350 299 505 571 423 627 607 655 410 444 543 564 380 434 462 459 714 391 583 348 515 499 425 540 617
359
Diesel
330
347 353 307 245 431 386 393 364 428 470 302 360 449 423 330 274 310 352 421 302 364 293 368 432 331 451 617
Taxation
Source: ACEA – 2010
Excise Duties on Fuels in € / 1,000 litres
111
AT Austria
LT Lithuania
BE Belgium
LU Luxembourg
BG Bulgaria
LV Latvia
CH Switzerland
MT Malta
CY Cyprus
NL Netherlands
CZ Czech Republic
NO Norway
DE Germany
PL Poland
DK Denmark
PT Portugal
EE Estonia
RO Romania
EL Greece
RS Serbia
ES Spain
RU Russia
FI Finland
SE Sweden
FR France
SI Slovenia
HU Hungary
SK Slovakia
IE Ireland
TR Turkey
IS Iceland
UA Ukraine
IT Italy
UK United Kingdom
Europe EU27 + EFTA EFTA Iceland + Norway + Switzerland NAFTA USA + Canada + Mexico BRIC Brazil + Russia + India + China
Mercosur Argentina + Brazil + Paraguay + Uruguay
ASEAN Brunei + Indonesia + Malaysia
+ Philippines + Singapore + Thailand + Vietnam CIS Commonwealth of Independent States: Armenia + Azerbaijan + Belarus + Kazakhstan + Uzbekistan + Tajikistan + Kyrgyzstan + Moldavia + Ukraine + Russia
Cars
PC Passenger Cars
Vans
LCV Light Commercial Vehicles + minibus / coaches 3.5t
Trucks
CV MCV + HCV
MCV Medium Commercial Vehicles > 3.5t but 16t HCV Heavy Commercial Vehicles > 16t
Buses + Coaches
B&C Buses > 3.5t
Motor Vehicles
MV Cars + Vans + Trucks + Buses & Coaches
Sport Utility Vehicles
SUV off-road passenger cars (4X4)
PM particulate matter CO carbon monoxide
NOx nitrogen oxides CO2 carbon dioxide
Mn g tkm GCW
Bn billion t tonne pkm passenger-kilometre GPD gross domestic product
EC European Commission CAFE Clean Air for Europe EEA European Environment Agency OECD Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development AAA Association Auxiliaire de l’Automobile VDA Verband der Automobilindustrie OICA Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles
million gramme tonne-kilometre gross combined weight