CBSE_Hexa_G6_AY25-26

One Byte at a Time

COMPUTER SCIENCE

COMPUTER SCIENCE Hexa

Acknowledgements

Academic Authors: Jatinder Kaur, Ayushi Jain, Anuj Gupta, Simran Singh

Creative Directors: Bhavna Tripathi, Mangal Singh Rana, Satish

Book Production: Rakesh Kumar Singh, Sakshi Gupta

Project Lead: Jatinder Kaur

VP, Learning: Abhishek Bhatnagar

All products and brand names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names of their respective owners.

© Uolo EdTech Private Limited

First published 2025

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book.

Book Title: Hexa Computer Science 6

ISBN: 978-81-979297-7-9

Published by Uolo EdTech Private Limited

Corporate Office Address:

85, Sector 44, Gurugram, Haryana 122003

CIN: U74999DL2017PTC322986

Illustrations and images: www.shutterstock.com, www.stock.adobe.com and www.freepik.com

All suggested use of the internet should be under adult supervision.

Preface

In today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, computer science has become an essential field of study, shaping the world around us in countless ways. From the smartphones in our pockets to the vast networks that connect people across the globe, computer science drives innovation and progress in nearly every aspect of modern life. In today’s fast-paced digital world, understanding the basics of computer science is as important as learning to read, write, or solve maths problems.

Recognising this imperative, the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has strongly recommended the integration of coding skills, computational thinking, critical analysis, and problem-solving abilities into the curriculum.

Inspired by these insights, Uolo has introduced a comprehensive program, Hexa, for grades 1 to 8, to empower young minds with the knowledge and skills they need to thrive in the digital age. From the basics of how computers function to the tools that shape our digital landscape, this series opens the door to a world of endless possibilities. This series will build a strong foundation, helping shape the next generation of digital citizens and innovators. It aims to demystify the world of computer science, making it accessible and engaging for young learners, while preparing them for future academic and professional pursuits in the field.

We believe that learning computer science should be an engaging and accessible experience for all children. This series takes a project-based approach, allowing students to learn by way of concurrently applying acquired knowledge and skills. As they progress through the course, they will build strong foundations in computational thinking, coding basics, and digital literacy. Our program focuses on three key areas:

1. Computer Science Fundamentals: Core concepts are introduced step by step, ensuring a solid grasp of how computers function, and how information is processed and stored.

2. Latest Computer Tools: Various computer tools relevant to today’s world are included, equipping students with the confidence to thrive in the digital age.

3. Introduction to Coding: The series offers an introductory look into coding, preparing students for more advanced learning in the future.

To broaden the learning process, we have included informational annexures on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its related fields, offering students an early insight into the groundbreaking technologies that are shaping our world. These sections aim to inspire curiosity and encourage a deeper exploration of computer science.

Our mission is to make computer science approachable and exciting for young learners. By providing early exposure, we aim not only to teach about computers but also to cultivate skills that will benefit students in their future endeavours.

We invite you to embark on this exciting journey with us through the world of computer science. Let us empower the next generation with the skills and the knowledge they need to thrive in a digital world.

The NEP Tags

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 outlines essential skills, values, dispositions, and learning approaches necessary for students to thrive in the 21st century. This textbook identifies and incorporates these elements throughout its content, activities, and exercises. Referred to as “NEP Tags”, they are defined as follows:

INTEGRATED

Art Integration

Bringing creativity and fun into learning by combining music, drama, and art with other subjects

Sports Integration

Using games and sports in daily life to enrich computer-related activities

Holistic & Integrated Learning

Cross-curricular linkages to make the learning experience more holistic, joyful and meaningful

Critical Thinking

Coding opportunities to apply higher-order skills like algorithmic and computational thinking, and problem-solving

SDG

Hands-on Activity

Step-by-step activities to enable learners put theoretical knowledge into practice

Sustainable Development Goals

Applied computer science activities related to real-world issues and sustainable development

SEL Social Emotional Learning

Developing the skills to understand and manage emotions, build positive relationships with others and make responsible choices

GAMES

ISP

Chapter at a Glance Walkthrough of Key Elements

An Internet Service Provider, or ISP, is a company that provides you access to the internet, often for a fees. Some examples of ISPs are BSNL, Airtel, Jio, and Excitel.

To draw a circle, press and hold down Did You Know?

Communication Media

Communication media helps us connect to the internet. Let us see some of their types.

1. DSL

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It is a type of communication media that uses your telephone line to transmit data.

Project-based Learning: A project-based learning approach employed to foster an engaging and interactive learning experience

2. Cable

Cable is a type of communication media that uses the existing cable television wires to connect your computer to the internet.

3. Fibre

NEP Tags: To show alignment with NEP skills and values

Fibre optic cable is a type of communication media that uses light rays to connect your computer to the internet. Fibre optic cables are much faster than copper or cable wires. In fibre cables, the data travels in the form of light. Nothing in the universe travels faster than light. So, the internet through fibre optic cables is often the fastest type of internet connection available.

Chapter Checkup

Discuss: A multi-faceted probing question, related to the concept, that arouses curiosity

Discuss!

Find out which type of internet connection your house or school has.

go to the main drawing area.

Now think of the fan speed knob, or regulator, on the switchboard. It changes the speed at which the fan spins, instead of just switching it on or off. We can have the fan spin at the fastest speed, reduce it to a slower speed, then much slower, and finally switch it off. We can do more things with the regulator than the switch. That is how analog signal works.

e  I hold all the blocks for a block category.

A Fill in the blanks.

Did You Know: Interesting facts related to the topic

Did You Know?

India has the second-largest internet user base in the world, with over 70 crore users.

Think and Tell

Can you think of more examples of analog and digital signals?

Hints menu bar  untitled  backdrop  blocks  create

ISP

An Internet Service Provider, or ISP, is a company that provides you access to the internet, often for a fees. Some examples of ISPs are BSNL, Airtel, Jio, and Excitel.

Do It Yourself: Short exercises between the chapter to pause and assess comprehension

1 In Scratch, we use colourful to create our own games, stories, and drawing.

2 To create a project in Scratch, you need to click .

4. Hold the left mouse button, move the pointer and then release the button. You will see that a triangle has been drawn. In the same way, we can draw many shapes in Paint.

Communication Media

Communication media helps us connect to the internet. Let us see some of their types.

3 By default, the name of the Scratch project is

1. DSL

Think and Tell: Analysis, reflection, and text-to-self connection based prompts for discussion in class

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It is a type of communication media that uses your telephone line to transmit data.

4 The purple bar at the top of the Scratch editor is called the .

2. Cable

5 The background of the stage is called the

Chapter Checkup

F Apply your learning.

AI Annexures: To offer a basic understanding of specific domains of Artificial Intelligence

Cable is a type of communication media that uses the existing cable television wires to connect your computer to the internet.

e  I hold all the blocks for a block category.

Artificial Intelligence

3. Fibre

A Fill in the blanks.

Hints menu bar  untitled  backdrop  blocks  create

1 Nia is making a Scratch project where she needs to move the dog from left to right. Which block should she use?

Chapter Checkup: Chapter-end practice exercises aligned to different levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy

Apply Your Learning: Intellectually stimulating questions designed for higher order thinking and analysis

Test Papers: Designed to evaluate understanding of core concepts and application of skills

A. Fill in the blanks.

1 In Scratch, we use colourful to create our own games, stories, and drawing.

Chapter Checkup

Fibre optic cable is a type of communication media that uses light rays to connect your computer to the internet. Fibre optic cables are much faster than copper or cable wires. In fibre cables, the data travels in the form of light. Nothing in the universe travels faster than light. So, the internet through fibre optic cables is often the fastest type of internet connection available.

2 To create a project in Scratch, you need to click

3 By default, the name of the Scratch project is

e  I hold all the blocks for a block category. A Fill in the blanks.

4 The purple bar at the top of the Scratch editor is called the

Hints menu bar  untitled  backdrop  blocks  create

Find out which type of internet connection your house or school has.

5 The background of the stage is called the

F Apply your learning.

Chapter 4 • Browsing the Internet

1 In Scratch, we use colourful to create our own games, stories, and drawing.

1 Nia is making a Scratch project where she needs to move the dog from left to right. Which block should she use?

2 To create a project in Scratch, you need to click

3 By default, the name of the Scratch project is

4 The purple bar at the top of the Scratch editor is called the

5 The background of the stage is called the F Apply your learning.

Test Paper (Based on Chapters 1 to 4)

1 Nia is making a Scratch project where she needs to move the dog from left to right. Which block should she use?

Test Paper (Based on Chapters 1 to 4)

1 In Scratch, the blocks you put together in the script area are called a

A. Fill in the blanks.

1 In Scratch, the blocks you put together in the script area are called a

2 The is the background of the stage.

2 The is the background of the stage.

1 Types of Computers and Languages .. 1

• Categories of Computers

• Computer Languages

• Translator Programs

2 Services on the Internet................... 10

• What is the Internet?

• Popular Services on the Internet

• Potential Threats of Using the Internet

• Netiquette

3 Features in a Presentation ............... 21

• Applying Animation Effects

• Applying Transitions

• Advanced Features of Google Slides

• Viewing a Presentation 4 Editing and Formatting Data in Google Sheets .................................... 37

• Google Sheets

• Entering Data

• Editing in a Google Sheet

• Formatting in a Google Sheet

5 Learn to Think Using Algorithms .... 51

• What is an Algorithm?

• What is a Flowchart? 6 Let us Design in Canva! .................... 59

• Introduction to Canva

• Adding Shapes and Graphics

• Editing an Image

7 Creating Mind Maps with Canva ..... 71

• Introduction to Mind Maps

• Creating a Mind Map in Canva

• Editing and Formatting Text

• Adding Branches to a Mind Map

Introduction to Python..................... 84

• What Is Programming?

• Python

Data Types • Variables 9 Operators in Python ......................... 93

• Operators

• Algorithms

• Flowcharts

• Writing a Python Program

• Using Math Library in Python 10 Introduction to HTML ..................... 104

• HTML

• Web Browsers

• Basic Structure of an HTML Document

• Structure of an HTML Document

• Basic Terminologies in HTML

• Types of Tags

• Basic Tags in HTML

• More HTML Tags 11 Introduction to CSS ......................... 117 Cascading Style Sheets

CSS Colour Properties CSS Font Properties CSS Border Property

Types of Computers and Languages 1

Languages are important because they help people communicate and share ideas. Computer languages work in a similar way, but with machines. They allow us to tell computers what to do, helping us build apps and solve problems. Just as we use words to talk to each other, we use computer languages to talk to computers. First, let us discuss the different categories of computers, and then we will learn about different computer languages and translator programs.

Categories of Computers

A computer is an electronic device. You must have seen the different types of computers, like a desktop, a laptop, or a tablet. There are many more types of computers that are categorised according to their shape, size, and functionality. Let us learn about them one by one.

Supercomputers

Supercomputers are super-fast and the largest of all types of computers. They occupy as much space as an entire floor of a building. They can do lots of tasks very quickly and need experts to take care of them. Many people can use them at the same time. They are used for special jobs, like science research, medicine, simulations, and weather predictions. To measure how fast they work, a special unit called FLOPS (Floating-point Operations Per Second) is used.

Examples: Summit, Fugaku, Sierra, Sunway TaihuLight, Tianhe-2A, etc.

Explore More!

Want to explore the fascinating world of supercomputers? Scan this QR code.

Mainframe Computers

Mainframe computers are also big and super-fast, but smaller than supercomputers. They can do lots of jobs quickly. They are used in places where high precision is required, such as in banks to handle money transactions or in aeroplane guidance. Mainframes are super reliable, and they can work for a long time but they need a lot

of power and specialised cooling to stay cool. The functionality of these computers can be extended by adding more parts, like processors and memory.

Examples: IBM z15, IBM z14, Unisys ClearPath Libra, Fujitsu GS21 360, and Hitachi VOS3.

Minicomputers

Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but still offer significant computing power. They are used in scientific research, industrial control systems, and as servers for mid-sized organisations. Minicomputers have a large memory storage capacity due to their large number of processors. They can run multiple operating systems simultaneously.

Example: IBM System/3, DEC PDP-11, Data General Nova, HP 3000, and Wang VS.

Workstations

Workstations are high-performance computers used for specialised tasks like professional photo and video editing, 3D design, scientific modelling, and software development. They have powerful hardware and are often used by professionals in technical fields. They are mostly used by a single user.

Examples: Dell Precision Mobile Workstations, HP ZBook Studio Workstation, etc.

Personal Computers (PCs)

PCs are the most common type of computer and are designed for individual use. They include desktop computers and laptops. PCs are used for a wide range of tasks, including word processing, internet browsing, gaming, and more.

Think and Tell

Tablets and Smartphones

These portable devices combine computing capabilities with touchscreens. They are also meant for individual use. You can carry tablets and smartphones anywhere you want. They are used for various purposes, such as communication, entertainment, and productivity.

Did You Know?

The term “software” was first used by John W. Tukey in 1958.

Do It Yourself 1A

Match the type of computer with its features.

Type of Computer

Tablet and smartphones

Supercomputer

Mainframe computer

Minicomputer

Feature

Smaller than mainframes

Need a lot of power and specialised cooling to stay cool

Can be carried anywhere

Performance is measured in FLOPS

Computer Languages

Have you ever thought about how you communicate with your friends or family using words and sentences? Just like we have languages for humans, computers also have their own languages to understand and follow instructions. These languages are called computer languages.

A computer language can be defined as a set of instructions that computers can understand and follow.

A computer language is a special language that is in the form of codes and symbols. There are five categories of computer languages based on their development stages. They are called generations

Programming Languages

Let us learn about these five generations of computer languages.

First-generation Languages

First-generation language is also called machine language or low-level language. This language is dependent on machines. As you know, the computer is an electronic device. So, it understands the language of electric signals that are symbolised as 0s and 1s, known as binary code. The language that includes the use of binary codes is called binary language.

Advantages of First-generation Languages

1. Quick and effective since statements are directly written in a binary language.

2. No translator is necessary.

Disadvantages of

First-generation Languages

1. Binary codes are difficult to learn.

2. It is very difficult to find and fix errors in programs written in machine language.

Second-generation Languages

Second-generation language is also called Assembly Language. It is also a low-level language. This language uses simple mnemonic codes instead of binary numbers to communicate with computers. For example, ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, MUL for multiplication, and so on.

When compared to programs created in machine language, the programs created in assembly language are simpler to create, understand, and modify.

Advantages of Second-generation Languages

1. When compared to machine language, it is simpler to understand.

2. Changes are easy to make.

3. Errors are easy to locate and correct.

Disadvantages of

Second-generation Languages

1. An assembler is required.

2. The instruction set for this language varies according to the architecture and hardware.

3. You can perform only a limited number of operations using this language.

Third-generation Languages

Third-generation languages are called high-level languages These languages resemble English conversation more closely. The programs written in these languages can be developed in very little time as compared to the first- and second-generation languages. The examples include FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, Java, C#, etc.

Advantages of Third-generation Languages

1. The use of English-like words makes the language easy for others to understand.

2. It requires fewer lines of code than the first- and second-generation languages.

3. By using a compiler specific to that language, the same code can be moved to another system and run on it.

Disadvantages of Third-generation Languages

1. You need a compiler and interpreter to execute a program.

2. Different computers require different compilers.

Fourth-generation Languages

Fourth-generation languages are called non-procedural languages. They are very high-level languages. They enable users to access the database. These languages are easy for people to understand. The fourthgeneration of programming languages was created with the goal of reducing the time, expense, and effort required for creating various software applications. The examples include SQL, Python, FoxPro, and Focus.

Advantages of Fourth-generation Languages

1. These languages are simple to understand and learn.

2. The creation of applications takes less time.

3. The chances of introducing errors in the programs are very low.

Disadvantages of Fourth-generation Languages

1. The programs written in fourth-generation languages occupy more space in memory.

2. These languages have less direct hardware control.

3. These languages are not very flexible, because these are often designed with a specific domain in mind.

Fifth-generation Languages

Fifth-generation languages are used for creating programs for Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Neural Networks are the two main industries using the fifth-generation of computer languages. The examples include Prolog, Mercury, LISP, etc.

Advantages of Fifth-generation Languages

1. Fifth-generation languages focus on the logic of the problems rather than the implementation.

2. They often allow programming in a more natural language like syntax.

3. 5GLs require less code to accomplish tasks.

4. These languages are well-suited for AI and expert system development, where rule-based and symbolic reasoning is essential.

Disadvantages of Fifth-generation Languages

1. 5GLs are often specialised and may not be suitable for all types of programming tasks.

2. 5GLs can be complex to learn.

3. Depending on the implementation, 5GLs may not always offer the same level of performance.

Translator Programs

Did You Know?

Computer languages are based on predefined rules, known as syntax, as human languages are based on words and grammar.

A translator program helps the computer to understand various languages. It converts instructions written in a computer language into something the machine can understand, much like translating a foreign language into your native language. So that speakers of different languages can communicate with one another.

There are three main types of translator programs:

Compiler

A compiler is a language processor that reads the source programs written in high-level language and converts them into an equivalent program written in machine code in one go.

If there are any errors, it immediately informs the programmer about them.

Explore More!

To know how translator programs work, scan this QR code.

Interpreter

Interpreter is a translator program that converts high-level language code to machine language line by line as the program runs.

Assembler

A translator, called an assembler, is used to convert assembly language code into machine language code.

Do It Yourself 1B

1 Fill in the blanks.

a A program that converts assembly language into machine language is called . b languages require less code to accomplish tasks.

2 Write T for True and F for False.

a A compiler translates the source code written in high-level language into machine language in one go.

b A computer is an intelligent machine, so it does not require a translator.

Chapter Checkup

A. Fill in the blanks.

Hints mnemonic   mainframe   FLOPS  personal   binary

1 A special unit called is used to measure how fast supercomputers work.

2 computers are super reliable, and they can work for a long time.

3 computers are the most common type of computer and are designed for individual use.

4 The language that includes the use of binary codes is called language.

5 The assembly language uses simple codes instead of binary numbers to communicate with the computers.

B. Tick () the correct option.

1 A computer language can be defined as a The language that computers speak.

b A way in which computers understand instructions.

c A way of computer-to-computer communication.

d A way of communication between different types of machines.

2 Which computer language is used for giving low-level commands to a computer?

a Binary b Spanish

c Emoji d English

3 A/an can convert a high-level language code to machine language line-by-line.

a Assembler b Interpreter

c Compiler d Processor

4 LISP is a language.

a High-level

b Low-level

c Assembly d Fifth-generation

5 generation languages enable users to access the database.

a First-generation b Second-generation

c Third-generation d Fourth-generation

C. Who am I?

1 I am a second-generation of programming language, which uses special code symbols like ADD and SUB.

2 I use 0s and 1s in binary code to give instructions to the computer.

3 I am a program that helps computers understand various languages.

4 I am a computer that is used for creating 3D designs.

5 I am a computer that is portable and can be taken from one place to another.

D. Write T for True and F for False.

1 Many people can use the supercomputers at the same time.

2 Mainframe computers are bigger than supercomputers.

3 Minicomputers are small, so they cannot run multiple operating systems simultaneously.

4 Workstations have touch-enabled screens.

5 Fourth-generation languages are called procedural languages.

E. Answer the following questions.

1 What is a computer language?

2 Name the categories of computers based on their size and functionality.

3 Write the features of mainframe computers.

4 Differentiate between a compiler and an interpreter.

5 How is assembly language different from machine language?

F. Apply your learning.

1 Reena’s mother was a computer programmer during the third-generation of computer language. Which kind of language did she use then?

2 Amit’s brother is a scientist and works in the weather-forecasting department. Which type of computer must he be using?

3 Aisha wants a computer that she can carry to college. Which type of computer do you suggest she should take?

4 Rohan is a programmer who writes programs for artificial intelligence machines. Which generation of languages is this?

5 Asmi wants to convert a program written in a high-level language into a low-level language. Which program should she use to do it?

Services on the Internet 2

What is the Internet?

Do you use the internet to search for any topic, send a message to your friend, play a game, etc.? Have you ever wondered how the internet works and what it is?

We use the internet in many instances in our lives.

The internet is a network that connects computers all over the world. You can communicate with people and transfer data from anywhere around the globe with a web connection. The internet is also known as the ‘net’.

In this chapter, you will learn what exactly the internet is and its advantages and disadvantages. Let us surf the internet and realise its benefits!

History of the Internet

The history of the internet is fascinating and has evolved over several decades. The foundation of the Internet was laid in the early 1960s. The U.S. Department of Defense established Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPANET) in 1969. ARPANET was created using a group of personal computers at various colleges for sharing information and messages. The key protocol for internet communication is called the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which allowed computers on different networks to communicate with each other. ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially adopted the TCP/IP standard on January 1, 1983, marking the transition to the modern internet. This date is often considered the official birthday of the internet.

The adoption of TCP/IP made it possible for different computer networks to communicate using a common language, enabling the global network we know as the internet today.

Advantages of the Internet

The internet is one of the most powerful and brilliant creations that offers endless knowledge and enjoyment to human beings. Let us learn more about the benefits of the internet.

Communication: The internet has revolutionised the way we communicate. It allows people to connect instantly through email, social media, video calls, and messaging apps, making it easy to stay in touch with family, friends, and colleagues worldwide.

Online Learning: The internet offers access to a vast number of educational resources and online courses. Students and learners of all ages can acquire new skills, take courses, and earn degrees from the comfort of their homes.

Maps and Navigation: Online maps and GPS services help people find addresses, get directions, and navigate unfamiliar places effortlessly. Services like Google Maps provide real-time traffic updates and even public transportation options.

Online Shopping: E-commerce platforms have made shopping more convenient than ever before. People can browse and purchase products from a wide range of retailers, without leaving their homes. Online shopping also offers the advantage of comparing prices and reading reviews.

Online Payment: The internet has streamlined financial transactions through online payment systems like PayPal and Paytm, and digital wallets. Such services make it secure and easy to send and receive money, pay bills, and make online purchases.

Disadvantages of the Internet

Despite many advantages, the internet has some disadvantages too.

Wastage of Time: The internet has a lot of information that can kill people’s time while surfing the internet.

Impact on Health: People may become addicted to using the internet. It can disturb their minds and affect their physical health in the long run. Spending an excessive amount of time on phones, laptops, or other such devices can cause health problems such as reduced eyesight, lower backache, and neckache.

Cybersecurity Threats: The internet, if not used correctly, can be a bit like leaving your front door unlocked. Some not-so-nice people may try to sneak into your personal networks and systems and cause harm for their gain or just for fun. If your computer is not secured, they can gain unauthorised access to your personal documents and other information such as stealing your bank account details and using them for their benefit.

Misinformation and Fake News: Sometimes, there can be articles or information posted by random people that is not true. On the internet, these made-up stories can spread fast and confuse everyone. It is, therefore, advisable to check the reality and truthfulness of news before sharing it with anyone.

Cyberbullying: On the internet, some people can be mean to others and send messages that may affect them negatively. In some cases, you may not even know these people. If you receive messages from strangers or even known people that start affecting you in an odd way even if not negatively, inform your elders immediately.

Lack of Face-to-face Interaction: When you spend too much time on the internet, you may not talk to and play with your friends and family in person. Such instances can affect both your physical and mental health. It is important to balance online and offline time so that you can keep your social skills and friendships strong.

Think and Tell

Is using the internet an advantage or a disadvantage?

Do It Yourself 2A

Name the following advantages of the internet.

Popular Services on the Internet

Some popular services on the internet are:

Email and Its Features

Email stands for electronic mail. It is a way to send messages over the internet to other people. Emails can be used to send textual content, photos, documents, and others as attachments.

The features of email are as follows:

 You can write and receive emails to and from anyone with an email address.

 You can attach files such as photos or documents with your emails.

 You can save email addresses of your contacts for easy access in the contacts list.

 The emails can be sorted into separate folders for easy tracking.

 You can respond to emails or share them with others.

 You can look for specific emails, using keywords.

 You can use the filters provided by the email service to block unwanted emails.

 You can add your name and contact information to the end of your emails.

Advantages of Using Email

1. Most email services are free and easy to use.

2. You can send a message in real time to a person anywhere across the globe.

3. Emails are personal and are secured with passwords.

Disadvantages of Using Email

1. You can only attach a file with a limited size. For example, through Gmail, you can send a file with a maximum size of 25 MB.

2. Email services are prone to attack by hackers.

3. Emails are often used by malicious users to send unwelcome and harmful messages to other users.

Google Drive

Explore More!

To know how to create an email account using Gmail, scan this QR code.

Think and Tell

Is using email a more convenient way to send or receive messages than the traditional mail?

Google Drive is a cloud storage service that lets you store files online and access them from anywhere using an internet connection.

Features of Google Drive

1. You can use Google Drive to share large files that cannot be attached to an email.

2. It is a trusted storage location, as it is protected by a password.

3. You can access your files anytime anywhere.

4. As you are storing your files on a cloud storage, your computer storage space is not consumed.

E-commerce

E-commerce, or digital commerce, refers to the buying and selling of products and services online. It is a convenient way to shop for products and services from a variety of retailers without leaving your home.

Advantages of E-commerce

1. Customers can shop from anywhere at any time, making it convenient for both buyers and sellers.

2. E-commerce allows businesses to reach a global audience, expanding their customer base.

3. Operating an online store is often more cost-effective than a physical one, reducing overhead expenses.

4. E-commerce websites can personalise recommendations and offers, based on a user’s browsing and purchasing history.

5. Shoppers can easily compare products, prices, and reviews online before making a purchase decision.

Disadvantages of E-commerce

1. Online transactions may be vulnerable to security breaches and data theft, causing privacy concerns.

2. Buyers cannot physically inspect products before a purchase, which can lead to dissatisfaction if the product does not meet expectations and does not have a return policy.

3. Technical issues, such as website crashes or payment gateway failures, can disrupt a shopping experience.

4. E-commerce platforms face intense competition, making it challenging for new businesses to stand out.

5. Shipping delays and issues can lead to customer frustration and affect the overall shopping experience.

Modes of Online Payments

Modes of online payments are the one-of-a-kind methods through which you can pay for goods and services online. There are many modes of online payments available, each with its personal set of functions.

Examples of Modes of Online Payments

Credit Card: Customers can make online payments using their credit cards. The customers need to enter card details like card number, expiry date, and CVV code for transactions.

Debit Card: Debit cards are another popular option for making online payments. These cards allow users to pay online by entering debit card information, and the transaction amount is deducted directly from their bank account.

Net Banking: Net banking enables users to transfer money directly from their bank accounts to the recipient’s account through online banking services provided by their banks.

Mobile Wallet: Mobile wallets or digital wallets are apps that store payment information. Users can deposit money into the wallet and use it for various online transactions. Examples include PayPal, Amazon Pay, Google Pay, and Paytm.

Unified Payments Interface: A unified payments interface (UPI) is a real-time payment system in India that allows users to send and receive money using their smartphones. This system is widely used for online transactions and bill payments.

Did You Know?

CVV stands for ‘Card Verification Value’. It is a three- or four-digit security code that is printed on the back of credit and debit cards.

Blogging

A blog is a website where people can write about their thoughts, experiences, and interests. Blogs are updated according to the blog owner’s interest, and they may be regularly written in a conversational style. The creator of a blog is called a blogger, and the process of writing or creating a blog is called blogging.

Advantages of Blogging

1. Blogging provides a platform for individuals to express their thoughts, ideas, and creativity.

2. Bloggers can share their expertise and knowledge on specific topics, helping others to learn and gain insights.

3. Blogs can raise a sense of community and connection among like-minded individuals who share similar interests.

4. Blogging can enhance an individual’s or a business’s online presence, making it easier for others to discover them.

5. Bloggers often connect with others in their area of expertise or industry, leading to networking opportunities and collaborations.

6. Some bloggers can generate income through advertising, sponsored content, affiliate marketing, or product/service sales.

7. Successful bloggers may attract career opportunities in writing, speaking, consulting, or related fields.

8. Regular writing and engagement with an audience can lead to personal growth and improved communication skills.

Podcasting

Podcasting involves creating and sharing audio content. This content can include discussions, interviews, storytelling, music, and more.

The e-Podcasts can be updated and shared regularly, as they are usually released in episodes. Some of the features of podcasts are as follows:

1. Podcasts are mostly released in an episodic form, which means they are organised into episodes. Each episode focuses on a specific topic or theme.

2. Users can subscribe to their favourite podcasts, using podcast apps or platforms. Subscriptions ensure that they receive updates when new episodes are released.

3. Podcasts are accessible through various devices, including smartphones, tablets, computers, and dedicated podcast players. Podcasts cover a wide range of topics and genres, catering to various interests, such as news, entertainment, education, technology, and more.

4. Listeners have the flexibility to choose when and where they want to listen to podcasts. They can stream or download episodes to their devices for offline listening. Listeners can engage with podcasts by leaving reviews, comments, or ratings. They can also share episodes on social media.

5. Podcasts are hosted and produced by individuals or teams known as podcasters. They are responsible for creating and publishing audio content.

6. Podcasts are distributed through podcast platforms such as Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, and others.

7. Some podcasters monetise their content through advertising, sponsorships, listener support, or premium content subscriptions.

8. Podcasts have a global audience, allowing creators to connect with listeners from around the world.

Potential Threats of Using the Internet

Using the internet poses various potential threats and risks, which are as follows:

Malicious Software: While using the internet, malicious software like viruses, ransomware, and spyware can get downloaded on your computer, which can infect your devices and steal or damage your data.

Phishing: Phishing is an offence where scammers use fake links to trick you to reveal sensitive information such as passwords and credit card details.

Financial Fraud: Cybercriminals can get access to debit and credit card details and use it to steal money from the card owner’s bank account.

Data Breach: Large organisations can also experience data breaches, exposing their sensitive and secret information to cybercriminals.

Digital Footprints: When you surf the internet, your history is stored on each website that you visit. This history leaves an online data trail called a digital footprint. Even if you sign out from the various services, your information remains there on the websites that you visited. This information can lead to privacy invasions and unwelcome targeted advertising.

Identity Theft: Identity theft happens when some cybercriminals steal your personal information or financial data and pretend to be you for conducting online transactions. It is dangerous as you may not know that or may come to know quite late that a crime has been committed in your name.

Cyberbullying: Cyberbullying is an act of harassing or threatening others online, often through social media or messaging platforms. If you receive an inappropriate message or comment from anyone known or unknown on the internet, immediately inform your guardians.

Internet Addiction: Excessive use of the internet, social media, or online gaming can lead to addiction and have a negative impact on mental health and well-being.

Netiquette

Netiquette refers to a set of rules and regulations for behaving politely and respectfully online It is a combination of two terms ‘network’ and ‘etiquette’. While using the internet, you must follow these guidelines:

1. Treat others on the internet the way you want to be treated. Do not say or write mean or hurtful things.

2. Write in a way that is easy to understand, and avoid using all capital letters (LIKE THIS) or unnecessary punctuation (!!! or *!?*#), which can seem like shouting or being rude.

3. Do not share other people’s private information without their permission.

4. Before you send a message or post something, think if it is something you would say in person. If not, it may not be nice online either.

5. Do not be mean or make fun of others online. Cyberbullying hurts people, just like physical bullying.

6. Do not share your personal information such as your address or phone number with strangers. It is the same as not talking to strangers on the street.

7. If you use someone else’s work or idea, give them credit, as you do at school with poems or articles.

8. In online discussions, stick to the topic and avoid going off at unrelated tangents.

9. Emojis can help show emotions, but do not use too many. It can be confusing.

10. Sometimes, people on the internet may not respond right away. Be patient and give them time.

Do It Yourself 2B

Identify which of the following are good internet practices. Write G for good and B for bad practices.

1 Sharing personal information with unknown persons online.

2 Using emojis.

3 Using capital letters while chatting.

4 Using someone else's work or ideas without their knowledge.

5 Write in a way that is easy to understand.

Chapter Checkup

A. Fill in the blanks.

1 The is a global network of computers that are connected to each other.

2 is a way to send and receive messages over the internet.

3 A is a website to share thoughts.

4 The internet was invented in the

5 E-commerce is used to buy and goods and services online.

1 Which of the following is not an internet service?

a Google Drive b Email

c Chatting d Television

2 What is a blog?

a A writer ’s thoughts and opinions on a particular topic

b News and current events

c Product reviews

d All of these

3 What is a podcast?

a An audio or video recording that is published online and can be downloaded or streamed

b A live radio broadcast

c A short video clip that is shared online

d None of these

4 Which of the following is NOT a good netiquette practice?

a Be polite and respectful to others.

b Avoid using offensive language.

c Share personal information about yourself or others.

d Avoid using capital letters.

5 involves creating and sharing audio content.

a Podcasting b Blogging

c E-commerce

C. Who am I?

1 I allow you to send and receive messages electronically.

2 I am a website where you can share your thoughts and ideas.

3 I am a type of digital audio recording that can be shared online.

4 I have a set of rules for online behaviour.

5 I allow you to make online payments.

d None of these

D. Write T for True or F for False.

1 The internet serves as a network connecting various computer systems.

2 There is no limit for file size while attaching with email on Gmail.

3 A blog is used to share thoughts.

4 A netiquette is a way to share thoughts in an audio form.

5 Online transactions can lead to security breaches, raising privacy concerns.

E. Answer the following questions.

1 What is the internet?

2 What is Email? What are the advantages of Email?

3 What is podcasting?

4 Mention any two netiquette you should follow while online.

5 Name and explain two online payment methods.

F. Apply your learning.

1 Nishi is working on a science project and needs additional information. What resource can she use on the internet to learn more?

2 Mihir was given a task by his computer teacher to list different ways people communicate online. Help him by giving the correct answer.

3 Anaya was using the internet when she received an email asking her for personal information. Should she share the information or not? What potential threats can she be exposed to?

4 Naman has a bent towards writing. He wants to share his personal thoughts and ideas with an audience over the internet through his articles. Which internet service can he use?

5 Lovey is chatting with her friend Sharvi on an online chat platform. Which netiquette should she keep in mind while sending messages?

Features in a Presentation 3

Applying Animation Effects

Animation effects are like magic tricks for text, images, or other objects on a computer screen. They make objects move, change their size, or appear and disappear in a fun and interesting way. People use animation effects to make websites, games, and even educational videos more interesting and engaging. Animations are special visual effects that you add to text and different objects on a slide.

To apply animation effects in Google Slides:

1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides, create a new presentation or open your existing one. (https://slides.google.com/)

2. Insert an object: Create or select the object (text, image, shape, etc.) to which you want to add an animation.

3. Motion pane: Click on the Insert menu from the menu bar. Select the Animation option from the drop-down list. The Motion pane will open on the right-hand side.

4. Choose an animation: In the Motion pane, go to the Object Animations section. Here, the first option is Animation type. Click on this option and select an animation from the drop-down list.

5. Start condition: The next option is the Start condition. Select one of the following options from the drop-down list:

On click: Animation starts when you click on the slide.

After previous: Animation starts after the previous animation ends. With previous: Animation starts with the previous animation.

6. Applying animation to text: If the object is a placeholder or text box, the By paragraph checkbox will be displayed. If this checkbox is checked, each paragraph of text in the box will be displayed one-by-one. Otherwise, the entire box will be displayed at once.

7. Add more animations: Select an object and click on the Add animation option.

8. Preview the animation: Click on the Play button to check how that animation effect works on the selected object.

Google Slides allows you to add a “Spin” animation to objects, which can make them rotate like a spinning wheel. This animation can be a creative way to draw attention to specific elements in your presentation, and it’s a fun way to add a little extra flair to your slides. So, if you want to make an object in your presentation spin like magic, you can do it with Google Slides! Did You Know?

It Yourself 3A

How do animations add life to videos and presentations?

1 To animate text, first click on Slide and then Animation

2 Click on the Play button to check how that animation effect works on the selected object.

Applying Transitions

Transitions in presentations refer to the visual effects that occur when you move from one slide to another within a presentation. Using transitions in presentations enhances flow, engages the audience, and adds visual appeal.

The way one slide follows the other on the screen in a presentation is called transition.

To add transitions to your presentations:

1. Open Google Slides: In Google Slides, open a new presentation or an existing one.

2. Select a slide: Click on the Slide in the Slide Navigation on the left-hand side of the screen. This is the slide to which you want to add a transition.

3. Transition panel: In the menu bar, click on Slide and then select Transition. A sidebar on the right will appear with various transition options. Alternatively, you can right-click on the selected slide from the Slide Navigation pane and click on the Transition option.

4. Choose a transition: In the Transition sidebar, under “Transition,” you can select the type of transition effect you want from the drop-down menu. You can choose from options like “Dissolve”, “Fade”, “Cube” and more.

5. Set transition options (optional): Depending on the transition you choose, you may have additional options to customise the transition. For example, you might be able to select the duration of the transition by dragging the slider.

6. Apply the transition: If you want the transition to apply to all slides, click the “Apply to all slides” button. If you do not click this button, the transition will be applied to the current slide only.

7. Preview the transition: You can preview the transition by clicking the Play button in the Transition sidebar to see what it will look like when you move from one slide to another.

Did You Know?

Whatever you do on Google Slides gets automatically saved.

Discuss!

Explore More!

To know how to apply transitions, scan this QR code.

When you make a presentation on Google Slides, what is the most common transition that you use and why is it your favourite?

Do It Yourself 3B

Advanced Features of Google Slides

Google Slides offers advanced features to boost productivity and creativity. Some of these advanced features include using action buttons, importing data from various sources, using a dictionary to use content with good vocabulary, adding comments for collaborative feedback, using the ink annotation feature to mark or highlight important information in a presentation, etc.

Let us first create a presentation in Google slides on the topic Monuments of India to learn its advanced features.

After creating this presentation, let us now add some interesting elements in it to make it more interactive.

Using Action Buttons

Action buttons are used to move from one slide to another and play media files. They help in opening external content, such as a website, another PowerPoint presentation, a document, a spreadsheet, and much more.

Follow the given steps to use action buttons:

1. Open your presentation in Google Slides.

2. Click on the slide where you want to add an action button. This is the slide where the button will appear.

3. Click on Insert in the menu bar.

4. Choose Shape from the drop-down menu.

BHARAT

5. Select a shape that you want to use as an action button. For example, you can use rectangles, circles, arrows, or any other shape you like. Here, we have chosen the Arrows shape.

6. Click and drag on the slide to draw the shape. This will be the action button.

7. With the button selected, click on Insert in the menu bar. Choose Link from the drop-down menu. In the Link dialog box, you can add a link to a specific slide such as the Previous Slide or Slide 1 in your presentation. You can also add a link to websites by pasting its URL in the Search bar.

8. To test the action button, click on the Slideshow button at the top right-hand corner of Google Slides and go to the slide containing the action button that you have created. Click on this button to see it in action.

Did You Know?

You can use action button in Google Slides not only for navigation but also to create interactive games and quizzes.

Do It Yourself 3C

1 Name the menu you click to select an action button.

2 What should you do in Google Slides to test if your action button works properly?

Importing Data

Importing data into a presentation is the process of bringing external content or data into your own presentation. Importing slides helps to add slides from another presentation to your current presentation. You can also import data from Google Sheets into your Google Slides presentation.

Follow the given steps to import data from Google Sheets:

1. Open the presentation where you want to import data from Google Sheets.

2. Open the Google Sheet from where you want to insert the data.

3. Copy the data you want to insert in your presentation from Google Sheets by selecting Copy option from the Edit menu.

4. Click on the slide where you want to import your data.

5. Click on Edit > Paste

6. A Paste table dialog box will appear on the screen. Click on the Link to spreadsheet radio button and then click on the Paste button. The data from the spreadsheet will be displayed on the selected slide.

7. A linked table appears on the slide as shown.

Think and Tell

Write T for True and F for False.

1 Importing slides helps to add slides from another presentation to your current presentation.

2 You cannot import data into Google Slides from any other data source other than Google Slides. Do It Yourself 3D

Adding Comments

Adding comments is a helpful feature for collaboration and feedback. It allows you to annotate your presentation slides with notes, feedback, or explanations. Comments facilitate collaboration among multiple authors or reviewers working on the same presentation

To add comments in a presentation:

1. Click on the slide where you want to add a comment.

2. Click on Insert in the menu bar.

3. Choose Comment from the drop-down menu.

4. A comment box will appear on the right-hand side of the slide. Type your comment in the box.

5. Click the Comment button to save your comment.

6. You can see all the comments on the right-hand side of the slide. To reply to a comment, click on it and type your response in the comment box. Click the Reply button.

Discuss!

In your opinion, what is more beneficial while giving feedback or taking notes, written comments or verbal comments?

Dictionary

Using the Dictionary feature in presentations can help you learn more about words or phrases used in your presentation. This allows you to quickly access definitions, explanations, and other relevant information about a word or phrase within your presentation.

Follow the given steps to access dictionary:

1. Click on the word or phrase in your slide that you want to look up.

2. Right-click on the selected word or phrase. Choose Define from the context menu.

3. A sidebar on the right-hand side will open with search results from the web.

4. To close the Dictionary sidebar, click the “X” button in the top-right corner of the sidebar.

Write T for True and F for False.

1 To access the Dictionary feature, right click on the word and choose “Define” from the context menu.

2 To close the Dictionary sidebar, click the “-” in the top right-hand corner of the sidebar.

Ink Annotation

Ink annotation in presentations is like drawing or writing on the slides with colourful pens, just like we do on paper. It helps to make your presentation interactive and interesting because you can draw or highlight things to show everyone what is really important.

Follow the given steps to use the ink annotation:

1. Click on View in the menu bar. Choose Slideshow from the drop-down menu.

2. At the bottom left of the screen, click the three-dots menu and select the Turn on the pen option to activate the ink annotation tool.

3. Dr (if you are using a computer) or use your finger or a stylus (if you are using a touch-enabled device) to draw or write directly on the slide.

4. Y tool in the bottom left viewer menu.

Explore More!

To learn how to use the Annotation tool, scan this QR code.

Slide Zoom Feature

Slide zoom in presentation makes a small part of your slides look enlarged on the screen. It is like using a magnifying glass to show something important.

Follow the given steps to use the Slide Zoom feature:

1. Click on View in the menu bar. Choose Zoom menu from the drop-down menu.

2. Select zoom sizes:

Zoom In: To make the content on a slide appear larger, choose the Zoom in option. Or Press the “=” key again and again while you hold the “Ctrl” key. This action will increase the zoom in percentage.

Zoom Out: To make the content on a slide appear smaller, choose the Zoom out option. Or Press the “–” key again and again while you hold the “Ctrl” key. This action will increase the zoom out percentage.

Rearranging Slides

Explore More!

To learn how to use zoom options, scan this QR code.

Rearranging slides means changing the order of your slides in your presentation.

Follow the given steps to rearrange slides in a presentation.

1. At the bottom left-hand corner of the screen, click on the Grid view icon. This is the Slide Sorter view.

2. Click on the slide you want to move. It will be outlined or highlighted when selected.

3. Click and hold the selected slide. Drag and drop it to the new position where you want it to be in the presentation.

You can rearrange your slides by selecting the slide in the Slide Navigation pane and using the keyboard shortcuts (Ctrl + Up/Down arrows) to rearrange slides in Google Slides. This makes it even faster and easier to organise your presentation. Did You Know?

Viewing a Presentation

Viewing a presentation means to watch the slides in action. It is when you sit and watch what is on the screen or the board while someone talks about it. The presenter might show pictures, talk about a topic, or share a story. You can pay attention, listen, and may ask questions if you are curious. It is an opportunity to learn, be entertained, or gain insights from what is being shared by the presenter.

Follow the given steps to view a presentation:

1. Click on View in the menu bar. Choose Slideshow from the drop-down menu.

2. To move to the next slide, you can click anywhere on the slide, press the Spacebar key, or use the right arrow key on your keyboard.

3. To end the slideshow, press the Esc key on your keyboard or click the “X” button at the top of the screen.

4. When you are done with your presentation, you can close Google Slides by clicking the “X” button of the tab.

Arrange the following steps for viewing a presentation in the correct order.

Run a slideshow

Click on View.

Navigate through slides

Open your presentation in Google Slides

End the slideshow

Chapter Checkup

A. Fill in the blanks.

1 To zoom in a slide, first click on in the menu bar and then choose the option from the drop-down menu.

2 The feature of Google Slides allows you to quickly access definitions, explanations, and other relevant information about a word or phrase.

3 To add a comment, click on the Insert menu and then choose .

4 The Grid view icon at the bottom left corner of the screen enables the view.

B. Write T for True and F for False.

1 To start the slideshow in Google Slides, click on “View” and then “Motion”.

2 Importing data is the process of bringing external content or data into your presentation.

3 Viewing a presentation means to watch the slides in action.

4 One cannot add comments in slides.

C. Explain the functions of the icons. 1

D. Answer the following questions.

1 Explain the Dictionary feature of Google Slides.

2 What is the use of Action buttons?

3 How is the ink annotation feature helpful while presenting a presentation?

4 What do you mean by importing data in a presentation?

E. Apply your learning.

1 Mahima is presenting her slides in the classroom. She wants to write and highlight a few points with the mouse directly in her slide. Name the feature of Google Slides that can help her achieve this.

2 Keerat wants to zoom in on her presentation slide. What shortcut key must she use to do so?

3 Reena wants to give a presentation to her students. She gets caught on a word she does not understand while giving a presentation. Which feature of Google Slides will be helpful to her?

4 Tina has created a presentation in Google Slides. She then sends the presentation to her teacher for her to review. The teacher leaves comments on the slides for Tina. How can Tina respond to those comments?

Editing and Formatting Data in Google Sheets 4

Google Sheets

Before the arrival of computers, people used to arrange information using pen and paper. In Google Sheets, we do it electronically, but the basic idea is the same.

Google Sheets is a web-based application program that helps you to manage information, do calculations, and display data graphically using charts. This program is like a digital notebook where data is organised neatly into rows and columns, which is called a worksheet. Google Sheets has its own tools to create, edit, and format.

A Google Sheets file is known as a spreadsheet, that contains multiple separate sheets. Within each sheet, data is structured in columns running vertically and rows running horizontally.

A letter identifies each column, and a number identifies each row.

Features of Google Sheets

The features of Google Sheets are:

 Easy editing and formatting of data

 Use of formulas and functions

Starting Google Sheets

To open Google Sheets on your computer:

 Printable sheets

 Use of charts for data analysis

1. Ensure that your computer is connected to the internet.

2. Open a web browser such as Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, or Mozilla Firefox.

3. Sign in to your Google account.

By default, the total number of rows and columns in Google Sheets is 1,000 and 26, respectively. Did You Know?

4. Type sheets.google.com and then press Enter, or click the Apps icon (represented by nine grid dots) in the top right corner and then select Sheets from the list.

5. To create a new sheet, click the Blank option.

Apps icon

A blank Untitled spreadsheet is displayed. Let us learn about it various components.

Components of Google Sheets

Google Sheets has various components that make it an easy tool for creating, managing, and analysing data. Here are the main components of Google Sheets:

1. Spreadsheet title: The primary workspace in Google Sheets is the spreadsheet itself. The box with the spreadsheet name is in the top left-hand corner. The default name of the Google Sheets spreadsheet is Untitled spreadsheet. You can click on Untitled spreadsheet and assign a new name to your worksheet.

2. Menu bar: The menu bar contains a range of drop-down menus, including File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Data, and more. These menus offer access to a wide variety of functions and tools for working with your spreadsheet.

3. Toolbar: The toolbar is located at the top of the Google Sheets interface and provides quick access to various commands and formatting options. The toolbar includes buttons for common actions like formatting, inserting, and editing.

4. Formula bar: Located just below the toolbar, the formula bar displays the contents of the currently selected cell. You can use it to input and edit cell contents, including formulas.

5. Cells: The intersection of a column and a row is called a cell. A cell is the basic unit of a sheet in which you can input data, formulas, and text to create and organise your information. A cell is identified as the intersection of a column and a row in which it is located. For example, the intersection of column B and row 5 is referred to as cell B5, which is called a cell address. Cells may contain three types of data: labels (text), values (numbers), and formulas (expressions).

6. Name box: It is a box that shows the cell address when a cell in a sheet is selected.

7. Sheets tab: Google Sheets supports multiple sheets within a single spreadsheet. You can use the sheet tabs at the bottom of the interface to switch between different sheets, making it easy to organise and categorise data.

Entering Data

The first task that you perform after making a spreadsheet is to enter data. You can enter numbers or text. To enter data in a cell, you can simply click inside it and start typing. As you enter data in cells, notice that the numbers are right aligned and the text is left aligned.

To enter data:

1. Open your Google Sheet.

2. Click the cell in which you want to enter data.

3. Type what you want to store. The information you typed is displayed in the cell and the formula bar.

4. Press Enter to move down to the next cell in the column and Tab key to move to the next cell in the row.

5. To move around and enter more data, use the Arrow keys.

6. Repeat steps 2 to 4 until you finish entering complete data.

Selecting Cells

Google Sheets allows you to select a cell, row, column, or an entire sheet. This program also allows you to select a row range or a column range. You can do this by using a mouse or a keyboard.

 To select a cell

Click the cell you want to select or use the Arrow keys to move to the required cell. When a cell is selected, it becomes active and a dark border is displayed around it. Its address is shown in the Name box on the top left.

Formula Bar

 To select a row

Click the number of the row or the row heading you want to select or press Shift + Spacebar keys.

 To select a column

Click the letter of the column or the column heading you want to select or press the Ctrl + Spacebar keys.

 To select a group of cells

Place your mouse pointer over the first cell you want to select and then drag the mouse until you highlight all the desired cells.

To select multiple groups of cells, press and hold the Ctrl key and then repeat the above process.

Did You Know?

Multiple users can work on the same Google Sheets file simultaneously, making it easy to collaborate with other classmates or employees.

Do It Yourself 4A

1 Match the following.

Column A

Ctrl + Spacebar key

Shift + Spacebar key

Enter key

Default Title

2 Define the following:

a Menu bar:

b Formula bar:

Column B

Untitled spreadsheet

Used to move down to the next cell

Used to select a row

Used to select a column

Editing in a Google Sheet

Editing means changing data values in your sheet. You can do this to fix mistakes or update information. For example, you may need to change numbers or add text to a cell.

To edit data:

1. Double-click the cell you want to change (or press F2). The cell becomes editable, and you see a blinking cursor where you can make changes.

2. Use the Arrow keys on your keyboard to move to the location where you want to add or remove data.

3. To erase what is to the left of the blinking line, press Backspace.

4. To add new data where the blinking line is, type it.

5. After making all the changes, press Enter.

Copying and Moving Cell Data

In Sheets, you can use commands such as Cut, Copy, and Paste to duplicate or shift information and share it with others. For instance, you may want to move a row to another worksheet or make a copy of the data in one cell to another cell in the same worksheet. You can also move data within a worksheet by dragging and dropping it.

Moving data helps you rearrange information; and when you move it, it disappears from its original place.

Copying data lets you repeat information in your worksheet without retyping it. When you copy data, it shows up at both the original and new locations.

Here is how you do it:

1. Select the cell or cells that have the data you want to move or copy.

2. Click Edit menu and then select Cut or Copy.

 Cut (press Ctrl + X) to move data.

 Copy (or press Ctrl + C) to duplicate data.

3. Click the cell where you want to put the data.

4. Select the Paste option after right-clicking the cell (or press Ctrl + V) to place the data at the new place. The data now appears in the new location.

Changing the Column Width and Row Height

You may need to make columns wider or rows taller in sheets to fit your data better. This is helpful when the information in the cells is too wide to fit within the regular column size.

To adjust a column’s width:

1. Bring your mouse over the right edge of the column heading.

2. Your mouse pointer turns into a double-sided arrow.

3. Drag the column’s edge until a grey line shows the width you want. The column will now be the new width you have set.

You can also change the height of rows, just like the column width, in your worksheet. This option provides various uses and can help improve what your sheet looks like. The default row height is 21 pixels and the default column width is 120 pixels.

Using Undo and Redo

Google Sheets remembers the last changes you made to the spreadsheet. If these changes were made by mistake, you can cancel them using the Undo feature. To undo the last performed action, click the Undo button on Toolbar or press Ctrl + Z. It cancels the last change you made to your spreadsheet.

To reverse the results of using the Undo feature, click the Redo button from Toolbar or press Ctrl + Y.

Inserting Cells, Columns, and Rows

To insert cells:

1. Select the cell where you want to insert a new cell.

2. Right-click the cell and then select Insert cells. After clicking, you get two options:

 Insert cells and shift right: This option inserts a new cell and shifts the currently selected cell to the right.

 Insert cells and shift down: This option inserts a new cell and shifts the currently selected cell down.

To insert columns:

1. Select the column where you want to insert a new column.

2. Right-click the column. You get two options of inserting a column:

 Insert 1 column left: This option inserts a new column to the left of the selected column.

 Insert 1 column right: This option inserts a new column to the right of the selected column.

To insert rows:

1. Select the row where you want to insert a new row.

2. Right-click the row. You get two options of inserting a row:

 Insert 1 row above: This option inserts a new row above the selected row.

 Insert 1 row below: This option inserts a new row below the selected row.

Deleting Cells, Columns, Rows

To delete cells:

1. Select the cell that you want to delete.

2. Go to the Edit menu and then select Delete

3. Select the Values option to remove the text of the cell or the Cells and shift up or Cells and shift left option to remove the cell.

Or you can right-click the cell, select Delete cells, and then select the desired option.

 Delete cells and shift left: This option deletes the selected cell and shifts the next cell to the left.

 Delete cells and shift up: This option deletes the selected cell and shifts the next cell to the up.

To delete columns:

1. Select the column which you want to delete.

2. Go to the Edit menu and then choose Column ‘Name’, where ‘Name’ is the column letter like ‘A’.

Or right-click the column and then select the Delete column option.

To delete rows:

1. Select the row which you want to delete.

2. Go to the Edit menu and then choose Row ‘Number’.

Or right-click the row and then select the Delete row option.

Do It Yourself 4B

1 Write the shortcut key used to perform the following operations.

a To make a cell editable

b To copy a cell

2 Write the use of the following two options.

a Insert 1 row above

b Insert 1 row below

Discuss!

What happens if we press the Delete key after selecting a cell, row, or column?

Formatting in a Google Sheet

Formatting in a Google Sheet refers to changing the appearance of cells, text, and data, such as adjusting fonts, colours, borders, and number styles to make the sheet more organised and easier to read.

Applying Text Effects

You can apply various effects on the text in the cells. Let us learn how to apply text effects.

Changing Font

You can change the font in a Google sheet to improve the readability and appearance of your text.

To change the font:

1. Select the cells containing data.

2. Click the Font drop-down from Toolbar, to display a list of the available fonts.

3. Click the font you want to apply. Google Sheets immediately applies the new font.

Changing Font Colour and Size

You can change the font size and colour of data.

To change the font size:

1. Select the cells containing data.

2. Click the ‘+’ sign of Font size, to increase the font size or ‘–’ sign to decrease the font size. The selected size will be applied to the text. You can also type the number to set the font size.

To change the text colour:

1. Select the cells containing data that you want to change.

2. Click the Text color button on Toolbar, to display a list of the available colours.

3. Select the desired colour from the list. The selected colour will be applied to the data.

Applying Bold Effect

To apply the bold effect on the cell data:

1. Select the cells containing data you want to make bold.

2. Click the Bold button on Toolbar, or press Ctrl + B keys. The selected text is changed to bold.

Applying Italics Effect

To apply the italics effect on the cell data:

1. Select the cells containing data that you want to italicise.

2. Click the Italic button on Toolbar, or press the Ctrl + I keys. The selected text is italicised.

Adding and Formatting Cell Borders

To add borders around cells:

1. Select the cells containing data where you want to put a border.

2. Click the Borders button from Toolbar.

3. Choose the type of border you want to apply. The selected cells will have border around them.

Freezing Row and Column

Freezing rows in Google Sheets allows you to pin data in place so that you can see it while scrolling.  To freeze a row/column:

1. Select the row/column you want to freeze.

2. Click the View menu.

3. Click the Freeze option.

4. Select the number of rows or columns you want to freeze.

You can also freeze multiple rows by moving the grey line further down the spreadsheet. When you hover over the grey line, the cursor turns to a hand icon.

Do It Yourself 4C

1 Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence to apply border in Google Sheets. Click the Borders button from Toolbar.

Select the cells containing data where you want to apply borders. Choose the type of border you want to apply.

2 Write the use of the following shortcut key combinations.

a Ctrl + B

b Ctrl + I

Chapter Checkup

A. Fill in the blanks.

Hints scrolling   worksheet   cell   Ctrl+Z   Font

1 In Google Sheets, a spreadsheet file is known as a

2 The intersection of a column and a row is called a .

3 To undo the last action in Google Sheets, you can press the key.

4 To change the font of selected data in Google Sheets, you can click the down arrow of the option.

5 Freezing rows in Google Sheets allows you to pin data in place so you can see it while

B. Tick () the correct option.

1 What is the primary purpose of Google Sheets?

a Sending emails

c Organising and analysing data

2 What identifies each column in Google Sheets?

a Numbers

c Letters

3 How can you reverse the action of undo in Google Sheets?

a By pressing Ctrl + Z

c By pressing Ctrl + C

b Creating digital art

d Playing video games

b Symbols

d Colours

b By pressing Ctrl + Y

d By pressing Ctrl + P

4 Which of the following is the basic unit in Google Sheets where data is entered?

a Cell b Row

c Column d Sheet

5 Which of the following shows the cell address when a cell is selected in a sheet?

a Formula bar b Name box

c Toolbar

C. Who am I?

d None of these

1 I am a web-based application program that helps you to manage information, do calculations, and display data graphically using charts.

2 You can find me at the intersection of a column and a row.

3 I am a component of Google Sheets that displays the contents of the currently selected cell.

4 I am a key that is used to select multiple groups of cells in Google Sheets.

5 I let you repeat information in your worksheet without retyping it.

D. Write T for True and F for False.

1 Google Sheets is a digital program used for organising, calculating, and visualising data in rows and columns.

2 Each column in Google Sheets is identified by a number, whereas each row is identified by a letter.

3 To undo the last action in Google Sheets, you can press Ctrl + Z.

4 You cannot move data in Google Sheets.

5 The Borders button on the Toolbar lets you apply a border in Google Sheets.

E. Answer the following questions.

1 What are the features of Google Sheets?

2 Identify the row and column in the cell address, H5.

3 What types of data can you type in a cell?

4 How do you select a row in Google Sheets?

5 What is the purpose of formatting in Google Sheets?

F. Apply your learning.

1 Your teacher has provided you with a list of 10 problems and their solutions. Create a simple Google Sheets spreadsheet to list these problems in one column and their corresponding solutions in another.

2 You are planning a small class event, and you need to keep track of the number of students attending it along with their food preferences (vegetarian or non-vegetarian). Use Google Sheets to create a registration form and record the responses from your classmates.

3 You collected data on the number of books read by each student in your class over the past month. Create a Google spreadsheet to display the names of the books read by all the students.

4 Type the information Names, Hobbies, Games, etc., of any four of your classmates using Google Sheets. Rename the sheet as Classmates. The details of each classmate should be in a different colour.

Learn to Think Using Algorithms 5

Have you ever made a sandwich for yourself? If you did, then you would have followed a step-by-step process for making it. Let us see the steps that you would have followed:

1. Collect the ingredients like two slices of bread, butter, chopped vegetables, cheese, and seasoning.

2. Apply butter on both the slices of bread.

3. Arrange the chopped vegetables on one slice of bread.

4. Sprinkle seasoning on the vegetables.

5. Keep a slice of cheese on top of the vegetables.

6. Keep the other slice of bread close to the sandwich.

7. Take an elder’s help to grill the sandwich.

8. Your sandwich is ready.

Observe that to create a sandwich, you have followed a step-by-step process. This process is known as an algorithm. Let us learn more about it.

What is an Algorithm?

An algorithm is a set of step-by-step instructions designed to perform a specific task or solve a particular problem. Algorithms provide a systematic approach to problem-solving. They are not limited to computer science only; rather, they are prevalent in our daily lives, guiding various processes and decision-making. Note that the order of the steps in which the algorithms are executed is the most important as changing the order will not result in the expected output.

Let us write an algorithm to find the sum of two numbers.

Step 1: Start.

Step 2: Input the first number, num1.

Step 3: Input the second number, num2.

Real-life Examples

Some real-life examples of algorithms are as follows:

Step 4: Add the two numbers like sum=num1+num2.

Step 5: Display the sum.

Step 6: Stop.

Getting ready for school: The steps you follow every morning to get ready for school—brushing your teeth, getting dressed, having breakfast—are the steps of the ‘Getting ready for school’ algorithm.

Packing your school bag: While packing your school bag, first you check your timetable and then pack the books and notebooks according to that timetable. You also pack the necessary stationery items, your school diary, etc. Thus, for packing your bag, you follow a step-by-step algorithm.

Organising books in the library: When you go to the library next time, observe the librarian organise the books. She looks at the genre and the number of the book. After that, she finds the shelf number, and then finally keeps the book at its place. The librarian needs to do this for every book. This is also an example of an algorithm.

Cooking a simple recipe: You read about the recipe for the sandwich at the beginning of this chapter. That was a step-by-step procedure to prepare a sandwich. Cooking by following a recipe is an example of an algorithm. Traffic lights on the road: Traffic lights follow a set pattern—red, yellow, green—to control traffic. This algorithm helps manage the flow of vehicles and keeps everyone safe.

Do It Yourself 5A

1 Write a step-by-step algorithm for going on shopping with your mother.

[Hint: You need to prepare a list of items to be bought, to get ready, to carry a shopping bag, to walk or drive to the shopping store, etc.]

2 Write an algorithm to bake a cake.

[Hint: Gather all the ingredients... Prepare the baking tin... Mix the dry ingredients... and wet ingredients separately... Combine them... Pour the batter... Bake until...]

What is a Flowchart?

A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm.

A flowchart uses symbols and shapes to represent various elements such as inputs, outputs, and decisions.

These symbols are connected by arrows to show the logical flow of the process.

Explore More!

A flowchart helps us in various real-life situations.

Here are some of the most commonly used flowchart symbols:

Symbol

Name

Purpose

TerminatorTo show the start or stop of the flowchart

Input/OutputTo show input or output.

Process

Decision

Flow line

To show a process step. For example, sum = a+b

To show a decision statement where the program can take one of the two paths based on the yes/no answer.

To show the direction in which the process flows.

Did You Know?

Frank Gilbreth, an American engineer, and his wife Lillian were the first to introduce flowcharts.

Explore More!

There are many tools available for creating flowcharts. One such tool is Lucidchart. Scan the QR code to know more.

Gather the ingredients—flour, sugar, eggs, milk, and baking powder.

Sieve the flour to ensure a smooth texture.

Add and mix sugar, baking powder and milk to form a batter.

Pour the batter into a cake pan.

Put the pan in the oven. Cook it until it is golden brown.

Take the cake out of the oven and let it cool for a bit.

Spread a layer of frosting on top of the cake.

The cake is ready to be eaten. Stop

Real Life Examples

Some real-life examples of flowcharts are as follows:

Customer Service: A customer service complaint resolution process. The flowchart would show steps like receiving the complaint, evaluating it, providing a solution, and following up with the customer.

Education: A student registration process. The flowchart could include steps like filling out registration forms, verifying information, paying fees, and receiving confirmation.

Medical Procedures: A patient diagnosis process. The flowchart would include steps from initial symptoms assessment to diagnostic tests, diagnosis, and treatment planning.

Manufacturing Process: A product delivering process. The flowchart would include steps like assembling parts, quality inspection, packaging, and shipping.

Project Management: A project planning process. The flowchart could include steps such as project initiation, planning, execution, monitoring, and closure.

Find the mistake in the following flowchart. Draw the correct flowchart in the space provided.

When driving a vehicle or walking on the street, it’s crucial to obey traffic light rules. With numerous vehicles on the road, not following these rules can cause accidents. Create an algorithm and flowchart based on this scenario.

Complete this flowchart to check if a number is even or not. Write instructions in the empty boxes and draw appropriate shapes around the steps which are not inside a shape.

Chapter Checkup

A. Fill in the blanks.

Hints start  pictorial  flow lines  stop  problem-solving

1 Algorithms provide a systematic approach to

2 A flowchart is a representation of an algorithm.

3 are used to show the direction in which the process flows.

4 Terminators are used to show the or of the flowchart.

B. Tick () the correct option.

1 Which symbol is used to represent the start and end of a flowchart?

a Rectangle

c Oval

2 Flowcharts are the best representations for:

a Customer Service

c Education

3 What does a decision symbol in a flowchart typically represent?

a Processing step

c End of the flowchart

b Parallelogram

d Rhombus

b Manufacturing Process

d All of these

b Start of the flowchart

d Decision-making statement

4 What is the first step in the algorithm to find the sum of two numbers?

a Input the first number

c Start

C. Write T for True and F for False.

1 Flowcharts provide a visual representation of an algorithm.

2 Decision symbols in a flowchart are represented by a rectangle.

b Add the two numbers

d Display the sum

3 An algorithm is a set of step-by-step instructions designed to solve a particular problem.

D. Answer the following questions.

1 Define algorithm.

2 What is a flowchart?

3 Give an example of a real-life situation where algorithms can be applied.

4 How do flowcharts help in project management? E. Apply your learning.

1 Myra wants to find the factorial of a number. Write an algorithm to find the factorial of a number.

2 Prerna had saved ₹2,000 in the bank for 5 years at the rate of 15% interest per year. Draw a flowchart to calculate the simple interest.

3 Dr. Mehta is treating a patient who has shown various symptoms. He needs to outline the steps from assessing these symptoms to conducting tests, diagnosing the condition, and planning the treatment. What tool can he use to organise this process clearly?

4 What is wrong with the following flowchart?

Let us Design in Canva! 6

Introduction to Canva

Canva is a user-friendly online tool that allows you to create and edit images, design cards, and make various visual projects. You can use Canva to customise your designs using various tools and features.

Let us learn why Canva has become so popular with the designers and the beginners.

Why Use Canva?

Here are some reasons why Canva is so popular:

Easy to Use: Canva is very easy to use. You can drag and drop pictures and shapes to create your design.

Lots of Choices: Canva has a huge library of pictures, shapes, and fonts to choose from. You can make your design look exactly how you want.

Fun and Creative: Canva makes designing fun! You can play around with different colours, fonts, and layouts to create something unique.

Things You Can Make in Canva

Canva lets you make a variety of designs. Here are a few examples: Posters: Create posters for school projects or events.

Invitations: Design invitations for birthdays, parties, or any special occasion.

Social Media Posts: Make eye-catching posts for Instagram, Facebook, or other social media.

Photo Collages: Combine your favourite photos into a beautiful collage. Cards: Create personalised greeting cards for holidays, birthdays, or just to say thank you.

Opening Canva

Follow the given steps to start Canva.

1. Open your web browser like Google Chrome or Microsoft Edge.

2. Type www.canva.com in the Address bar and press Enter. Following screen will appear.

Did You Know?

Canva was co-founded by Melanie Perkins and Cliff Obrecht. They started Canva in 2012.

Creating a Poster

Imagine your school is hosting an event to highlight the value of learning beyond the classroom. Let us design an engaging poster to spread the word about this important event.

Follow the given steps to create a poster:

1. On the Home page of Canva, click on the Create a design button.

2. Select any design from suggested list. Here, we are selecting Poster. Again, click on create new design.

3. The Canva editor window with a blank canvas for designing will open:

Components of Canva Editor Window

1. Canvas: This is the central workspace where you design your card. It is a blank or customisable area where you add and arrange card elements.

2. Design: There is a design tool having different types of templates and styles to make your card beautiful. It provides access to a wide range of professionally designed templates and style options.

3. Elements: The Elements section offers a wide range of design elements, including photos, videos, stickers, shapes, and icons. You can search and browse for elements to enhance the visual appeal of your project.

4. Text tools: These tools allow you to add and edit text on your card. You can change fonts, sizes, styles, colours, and alignment for your card’s text.

5. Zoom controls: You can use Zoom controls to get a closer look at your card design or to see the entire card at once.

6. Notes: You can add notes to your project to keep track of ideas, reminders, or specific instructions. Notes are useful for collaborating with others on your project.

7. Preview: The Preview option allows you to see how your design will appear after finishing. It is a useful tool for reviewing your design before finalising it, ensuring everything looks just right.

8. Draw tool: This tool allows you to create freehand drawings or sketches directly on your canvas. You can choose different brush sizes, colours, and opacities to customise your drawings.

Applying Templates in Canva

Templates are the ready-made designs available in Canva to help you start your project. It is similar to colouring in a colouring book where the outlines are already there, and you add your colours and details. Follow the given steps to create a design using a template:

1. Click on the Design option in the left-hand side bar.

2. Click on the Templates tab.

3. Click on the category of templates. You can get more categories by clicking on the ‘>’ button. You can also search a particular category by typing the name in the Search templates box.

4. Click on a template that you like for your card. The template applies to the canvas with default text and design. Here, a template for Educational Poster has been selected.

5. You can make the changes to personalise the design following your requirements.

Applying Styles in Canva

Styles provide a unique look to your project. Canva provides you with special colour combinations and font styles that you can use to make your project look appealing and special.

Follow the given steps to apply styles:

1. Click on a particular shape or text to which you want to apply the style.

2. Now, click on the Styles tab in the left-hand panel.

3. Select any colour combination from the Color palettes and font style from the Font sets sections, respectively.

4. The changes will be applied to your design as shown.

Match the component of Canva with its correct description.

1 Notes Different types of templates and styles

2 Design Wide range of design elements

3 Canvas Used to keep track of ideas, reminders, etc.

4 Elements Central workspace

Adding Shapes and Graphics

By adding lines, shapes, and graphics in Canva, you can design and modify the template used in your design. These can be lines that go straight or curvy, shapes like circles or stars, and pictures or icons that make your work interesting.

Follow the given steps:

1. Click on the Elements tab on the left-hand side of the screen. You will find a variety of options, including lines, shapes, and graphics.

2. Click on the one you want to add.

3. Click on the desired element that you want to add in your design. The selected element will appear on the canvas. You can click on it and drag it to the desired place where you want to keep it.

4. Move and resize the element as needed to fit your design.

5. You can also change its colours and other details to match your project.

Discuss!

Imagine you are designing a Christmas card for your best friend. What elements would you include in the card, and how would you make it special?

Editing an Image

Editing an image in Canva means making changes to a picture to make it look better or different. It includes editing the colour scheme and style, cropping, and flipping an image. Canva offers tools to help you enhance images for your card or project.

Changing Colour Scheme and Style

To make any changes to an image, you need to upload it to your canvas. The Uploads tab allows you to upload an image saved on your computer to the canvas. Follow the given steps to do so:

1. Click on the Uploads tab from the left-hand panel.

2. Click on the Upload files button. The Open dialog box will appear.

3. Select the image you want to edit in Canva and click on the Open button. Your image will appear below the Upload files button.

4. Click on the uploaded image. The image will appear on the Canvas.

5. Select the image on the Canvas to open the editing menu.

6. Click on the Edit image button on the editing menu. On the left-hand side, a pane will appear containing effects and filters.

8. A list of different filters and effects will appear. Click on the one you would like to apply to your image.

9. Experiment with different filters and effects until your image looks the way you want it.

Flipping an Image

Flipping an image means creating a mirrored or reversed version of the original image

Following are the steps to flip an image:

1. Select the image you want to flip.

2. Click on the Flip button.

3. Choose whether you want to flip the image horizontally or vertically by clicking on Flip horizontal or Flip vertical. The image will flip according to your choice.

Auto-adjust, Foreground, Background

There are many options that you can apply to your design to make it attractive. You can change the foreground and background of the image. Also, you can select the option to auto-adjust various aspects of your image. Let us apply these effects to the image that you have added in your design.

Steps to follow:

1. Select the image you want to edit.

2. Click on the Edit image button.

3. Click on the Adjust tab. You will find options like Auto-adjust, Foreground, Background, and more.

4. Click on the option you want to use.

5. Canva will automatically adjust the photo based on the option you selected.

6. You can finetune the adjustments if needed.

White Balance, Light, Colour

To adjust the brightness of the image, various options are available. Follow the given steps:

1. Select the photo you want to edit.

2. Click on the Edit photo option.

3. Click on the Adjust tab.

4. Look for the options like Whites, Blacks, Light, and Colour. Click on the option you want to adjust.

5. Use the sliders or settings to change the white balance, brightness, colours, or texture of the photo.

Explore More!

Learn how to use texture and pattern in Canva.

Cropping and Rotating an Image

You can also crop and rotate your image in Canva. Cropping means to remove the unwanted parts from your image so that you can focus on the important area of your image. Follow the given steps to crop the image:

1. Select the image you want to crop in Canva.

2. Click on the Edit image button to open the editing menu.

3. Click on the Crop tab. You will see handles or corners around the image.

4. Click and drag these handles to select the part of the image you want to keep.

5. Adjust the cropping area until it looks the way you want.

6. You can choose Smart Crop to automatically adjust the cropping for the best look. Or, you can pick an Aspect Ratio to crop the photo in a specific shape.

7. To rotate the photo, use the Rotate option and rotate the image according to your requirement.

Think and Tell

Suppose you have taken a picture using your digital camera. How could you use Canva to enhance it or add a creative touch?

Note: In Canva, your design is automatically saved as you work on it. You don’t need to manually save it.

What is the difference between flip and crop operations in Canva?

Chapter Checkup

A. Fill in the blanks.

Hints

Design   zoom   flipping   text   Canva

1 In , you can drag and drop pictures to create engaging graphics.

2 tools allow you to add and edit text on your card.

3 The tab provides access to a wide range of professionally designed templates and style options.

4 You can use controls to get a closer look at your design.

5 an image means creating a mirrored or reversed version of the original image.

B. Tick () the correct option.

1 What is Canva primarily used for?

a Creating and editing images

c Playing video games

2 What does cropping an image in Canva involve?

a Removing all parts of the image

c Changing the image’s size

3 What is canvas in Canva?

a It is a toolbar

c It is a set of elements

b Baking cakes

d Sending emails

b Selecting the part you want to keep

d Adding new elements to the image

b It is a sidebar

d It is the working area where you create your project

4 Which tab in Canva allows you to add lines, shapes, and graphics to your project?

a Draw

c Elements

b Text

d Design

5 Which tab allows you to upload an image from your computer to Canva?

a Uploads

c Templates

C. Who am I?

1 I am useful for collaborating with others on your project.

b Design

d None of these

2 I am a tool in Canva that allows you to create freehand drawings.

3 I allow you to create a mirror image of your design.

4 I am the space where you create your design.

5 I can automatically adjust the cropping for the best look.

D. Write T for True and F for False.

1 Canvas is not a part of the Canva editor window.

2 You cannot specify the dimensions of the canvas in Canva.

3 Templates are ready-made designs.

4 You can change colours and fonts in Canva templates to make your project unique.

5 Cropping an image means selecting the part you want to remove.

E. Answer the following questions.

1 What is Canva primarily used for? 2 What does editing an image mean?

3 Differentiate between flipping and cropping an image.

4 What is the purpose of applying templates in Canva?

5 What are the two flipping options in Canva?

1 Lisa is designing a birthday card for her friend using Canva. What steps should she follow to create a blank canvas?

2 Jake is adding a picture of his pet dog to his Canva project. Which option should he use to flip the image horizontally to create a mirrored effect?

3 Mike is editing a photo of his vacation in Canva. He wants to make the image brighter and adjust the colours. Which Canva tool should he use for this purpose?

4 James has designed a fantastic birthday card for his sister, but he wants to change the font style and colour of the text. Where can he find the options to achieve this in Canva?

5 Sofia wants to adjust the cropping of a picture in Canva. Explain the steps she should follow to crop the image to focus on a specific part.

Creating Mind Maps with Canva 7

Introduction to Mind Maps

Consider that your school is planning a day trip to a historical site. You know that before going on any trip, proper planning is required. Let us create a list of things that are required for this planning:

Idea: ‘Field Trip to a Historical Site’

1. Decide the destination: Name and location

2. Date and time: Proposed date and times

3. Transportation: Bus arrangements and seating assignments

4. Activities: Guided tour, exhibits, and programs

5. Lunch: Lunch packets

Noting down this information and reading it out is a cumbersome task. Instead of writing the steps, we can use mind maps to make it clearer.

Mind maps provide a creative way to visually organise and connect ideas using text, shapes, colours, and lines.

Let us draw a mind map for the above description:

Note that by looking at the mind map, the information is clear and planning for the trip can be done efficiently. You can use Canva to create mind maps. Let us learn how to do it.

Decide on the Destination

Field Trip to a Historical Site

Date and Time Lunch Activities Transportation

Creating a Mind Map in Canva

Canva is an interesting tool to create mind maps. It helps in easy idea sharing, planning, and communicating. You can use Canva tools and templates for creating these visual mind maps.

Did You Know?

Mind mapping in Canva is not limited to just text. You can also add images, icons, and charts to enhance the visual representation of your ideas.

Creating a Blank Canvas

Creating a blank canvas in Canva for mind mapping means starting a new, empty workspace where you can design your mind map from the start.

Follow the given steps to create a blank canvas:

1. Open Canva and type ‘mindmap’ in the Search box. A list of options appears.

2. Select the Mind Map option from the list.

3. Select the Create blank option from the Mindmap templates window, as shown in the figure.

4. A blank canvas appears.

Did You Know?

Canva offers a wide range of predesigned mind map templates for various themes and purposes which makes it easy to kick-start your creativity.

Adding Shapes

Adding shapes to a mind map helps visually represent and categorise ideas. It enhances the organisation and clarity in the mind map.

Follow the given steps to add shapes in a mind map:

1. Click the Elements tab on the left menu.

2. Select the shape of your choice. For example, rectangle.

3. The shape appears on the canvas.

4. You can resize the shape by dragging the side handle of the shape, as shown in the figure.

5. You can also change the colour of the shape. Click on the Shape to select it and then click the Color icon at the top of the canvas. Select the desired colour to fill in the shape.

6. Add more shapes and make the changes, as required, for creating the mind map.

Adding Text

Adding text is an essential step while creating a mind map, as it allows you to convey your ideas clearly. Follow the given steps to add text:

1. Click the Text option in the left-hand menu.

2. Click Add a text box.

3. A text box appears on the canvas. Drag and drop it at the place you want to write the text.

4. Click the text box that appears to select it and then type the text that you want to add. Add more text boxes for other shapes, as required.

Discuss!

Discuss the role of a background in a mind map. How does it contribute to the overall design?

Editing and Formatting Text

Editing text means making changes to the text. Editing and formatting text in a mind map allows you to customise the appearance of your text for better clarity and visual appeal. Formatting includes moving and resizing the text box and applying the font style, font size, font colour, and other effects such as bold, italic, and underline. Let us discuss each of these one by one.

Applying a Font Style

You can apply various font styles to your text that are available in Canva to change the overall appearance of the text in the mind map.

To change the font style, follow the steps:

1. Click the text box and look for the option of changing the font style at the top of the canvas.

2. Click it and then multiple font style options appear. Select any font type from these options.

3. You will note that the previous font style is changed to a new one that you just selected. You can apply the new font style to all the text by clicking on Change all option.

Changing the Font Size

To increase or decrease the font size:

1. Click the text box and look for the font size option at the top of the canvas.

2. Click the font size and then select the appropriate size you want.

3. The size is changed, as shown in the figure.

Changing the Text Colour

To select a specific colour for your text to match your design’s colour scheme, follow the steps:

1. Click the text box. The Text colour option appears on the top bar.

2. Click it and then the colour palette appears in the left-hand side panel.

3. Select any colour of your choice by clicking it. The selected colour is applied to the text.

Applying Text Formatting

You can also apply bold (B), Italic (I), and underline (U) options (if they are available in the applied font style) for formatting your text.

Bold (B): The Bold option makes the text appear thicker and stand out from the rest. You can select the bold B icon from the top bar to apply the bold effect to regular text or remove the bold effect from already bold text.

Italic (I): The Italic (italicised) text is slanted to the right. Italicising text is often used to emphasise certain words or phrases. You can select the italic I icon to apply the italic effect to regular text or remove the italic effect from italicised text.

Underline (U): Underlined text has a horizontal line beneath it. Underlining is commonly used for headings or to emphasise specific points. If you cannot find the Underline option in the top bar, then click the More icon on the right side of the top bar. Select the underline U icon to apply the underline effect to the required text.

Strikethrough (S): When the Strikethrough formatting option is applied to a text, a horizontal line is shown passing through the middle of the text. It is used to indicate that a word or phrase is no longer valid or has been replaced. If you cannot find the Strikethrough option in the top bar, then click the More icon on the righthand side of the top bar. Select the Strikethrough S icon to apply the strikethrough effect to the text.

Change case (aA): The Change case option is used to make all the letters capital if they are small and vice versa. The capital letters can be used for headings or to convey a strong message in your mind map. Click the More icon on the right side of the top bar. Select the Change case aA icon to apply the desired text case.

Match the following. Column

Adding Branches to a Mind Map

Adding branches to a mind map means creating links between the main topic and the subtopics. A branch connects the main idea of a mind map with other related aspects or its subtopics. Branching helps us understand the topic better. You can add various types of arrows and lines for creating branches.

To add branches, follow the given steps:

1. Click the Elements tab on the left menu.

2. Type ‘Arrow’ in the search bar and then press Enter.

3. All the shapes, graphics, photos, and videos related to the arrows appear.

4. You can choose any type of arrow according to your mind map, when you click on it, the arrow will appear on your canvas.

5. Add and place more arrows in your mind map to make it clearer.

6. You can change the colour of the arrows, by clicking on the arrow > Line color > selecting the color.

Using Canva, create a mind map to display your family tree.

Chapter Checkup

A. Fill in the blanks.

Hints

Editing   formatting   Elements   workspace

1 Blank canvas means starting a new, empty where you can design your mind map from scratch.

2 text means making changes to the text.

3 You can add shapes by clicking on tab.

4 Text options in Canva allow you to make your text bold, italic, or underline it.

B. Tick () the correct option.

1 What is the purpose of adding shapes in a mind map in Canva?

a To add colours

c To add animations

b To enhance organisation and clarity

d To create sounds

2 Which tab in Canva allows you to add arrows and lines for creating branches in mind maps?

a Fonts b Elements

c Colours d Layouts

3 What is the first step to create a blank mind map in Canva?

a Choose a pre-designed template b Type ‘mindmap’ in the Search box

c Click the Elements tab

4 tab is used to add text to the mind map.

d Select Create blank from Mind Map options

a Templates b Elements

c Text d Uploads

5 Adding to a mind map means creating links between the main topic and the subtopics.

a Templates b Branches

c Elements d Designs

C. Who am I?

1 I am an option in a text box that allows you to change the case of the text.

2 I am applied to text in mind maps to make them visually appealing.

3 I am a formatting option applied to text. I can make text appear thicker and stand out from the rest.

4 I help connect the main idea of a mind map with various aspects or subtopics.

D. Write T for True and F for False.

1 Mind mapping in Canva uses only text to represent ideas.

2 You can add only one shape in the mind map.

3 The Italic (italicised) text is slanted to the right.

4 Branching helps us understand the topic better.

E. Answer the following questions.

1 What do you mean by a mind map?

2 What is the use of Strikethrough feature?

3 Describe the significance of adding branches to mind map.

4 What is the underline effect?

F. Apply your learning.

1 Raj wants to make his mind map visually appealing. How can he change the font style and size of the text in the Canva mind-mapping tool?

2 Maya needs to add a shape to her mind map. Tell her how she can do this.

3 Sushmita wants to add text in the mind map. But dont know how to do that. Help her by mentioning the steps to do so.

4 Vaibhav wants to make the text italic in his mind map. Which option can he use to do so?

Introduction to Python 8

Have you ever observed the traffic lights at a crossing? You stop when the light is red, you prepare to go when the light is yellow and then you start when the light turns to be green.

Let us try to show this as a sequence of statements.

Step 1: Turn on the red light.

Step 2: Wait for 30 seconds.

Step 3: Turn off the red light.

Step 4: Turn on the yellow light.

Step 5: Wait for 5 seconds.

Step 6: Turn off the yellow light.

Step 7: Turn on the green light.

Step 8: You can go now.

Step 9: Turn off the green light.

Now, if you want to simulate this in the computer, then you need to write this as a program and in a language that a computer can understand. This language is called programming language.

What Is Programming?

Programming is the process of giving instructions to tell a computer to perform a specific task. But instead of giving the instructions verbally, you write them down in a structured manner in a language that a computer can understand. This language is called a programming language. A programming language has its own vocabulary and syntax or rules just like we have in English, Hindi, and other languages. There are many computer languages, such as C, C++, Java, Python, and so on. Let us learn about Python in this chapter.

Python

Python is a high-level programming language that is easy to learn and simple to use. It is a powerful language used for general-purpose programming.

It was created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.

Features of Python

Let’s learn about some of the features of Python.

1 Easy to code: The language used to write Python codes is similar to the English language, making it easy for programmers to write and understand code.

2 Cross-platform compatibility: Python can be used on various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.

3 Open-source language: An open-source language is the one which can be easily improved and distributed by anyone. Python is available for download and use at no cost.

4 GUI application creation: Python also supports the creation of Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications.

Python is named after a famous British comedy group called Monty Python. Did You Know?

5 Interactive execution modes: Python offers script and interactive modes for running programs. The code can be interactively tested and debugged in the interactive mode. In this mode, only one statement is executed, whereas the script mode allows you to execute a set of statements at a time.

6 Interpreted language: Python is an interpreted programming language, which means that the code is executed line by line. This can make it easier to identify and correct errors as they occur. So you do not need to wait for the entire program to be compiled before running it.

7 Dynamic typing: Python defines data type dynamically for the objects according to the value assigned. Also, it supports dynamic data type checking.

Applications of Python

Python is a versatile programming language with a wide range of applications across various domains. Some of the key applications of Python are:

• Programming and coding: Python is a versatile programming language used to create software, games, and applications.

• Web development: Python is used to build web applications and websites.

• Data analysis: Python helps analyse data for making decisions in various fields, including science and business.

• Artificial intelligence: Python helps create computer programs that can chat with you, recognise your voice, etc., making computers smarter.

• Scientific research: Scientists use Python to process and analyse data in research, from studying diseases to exploring space.

Syntax

Programming languages have their own set of rules for writing. These rules called syntax tell us how to define structure and organise code in a programming language.

Python too has its own rules. One important rule in Python is that it is case-sensitive. This means that ‘num’, ‘Num’, and ‘nUm’ have different meanings.

Built-in Functions

Think and Tell

Will a syntax error stop a program from running?

A function is a block of code used to perform a specific task. Built-in functions are the functions that are already defined in Python. You can use them as many times as you want without defining them again.

In Python, there are numerous built-in functions readily available. These functions help simplify and accelerate the development of programs.

One such built-in function is the input() function.

The input() Function

The input() function of Python is used to read input from a user.

Syntax: input(prompt)

The prompt is a message that is displayed on the screen to instruct the user on what input is expected. The input() function always returns a string value (text) even if you entered a number as input.

Example:

Code Output

name = input(‘Enter your name:’)

Enter your name: Neha

In this example, a user is prompted with ‘Enter your name:’, and the user’s input is ‘Neha’.

Let us now learn about another built-in function of Python: the print() function.

The print() Function

The print() function helps you to see the results of your code and understand how it is working.

Syntax: print(prompt)

Example: Code

print(‘Hello World!’) Hello World!

Do It Yourself 8A

What will be the output of the following code?

Code Output

message = input(“Enter your message”) print(“Here is your message:”) print(message)

Data Types

A data type specifies the type of value a variable can contain. A data type also determines how data is stored in memory. For example, a student’s name should be stored as a string value because a string data type is used to represent text or a sequence of characters. A student’s age should be stored as an integer as the value of age must be a whole number. Also, the student’s weight should be stored as a floating-point number because the weight may have a decimal part.

Data types in Python are:

1 int: Positive or negative whole numbers (without any fractions or decimals).

Examples: 30, 180, 89, etc.

2 float: Any real number with decimal points.

Examples: 6.3, 9.5, 320.0, etc.

3 string: A string value is a collection of one or more characters put in a single or double quotes.

Examples: ‘Python’, ‘hello’, ‘1495’, etc.

Variables

A variable is a reference name given to a location in a computer’s memory. The names given to the variables are known as identifiers. Variables allow you to store a value on that location and refer to it as needed. Variables are dynamic, meaning their values can be changed as the program runs.

Creating a Variable

• In Python, variables are declared and initialised by assigning a value to a variable.

Syntax: variable_name = value

Example:

number = 5 word = “Stars” print(number, word)

5 Stars

• You can also assign a single value to multiple variables at the same time.

Syntax: var1 = var2 = value

Example:

Code

number1 = number2 = 10

print(“number 1 =”, number1) print(“number 2 =”, number2)

number 1 = 10 number 2 = 10

• You can also initialise multiple values to multiple variables in one line.

Syntax: var1, var2 = value1, value2

Example: Code

number, word = 5, “Stars” print(number, word) 5 Stars

Rules for Naming a Variable

There are certain rules to name a variable. Let us learn about these rules.

1 Spaces are not allowed when naming variables. You can instead use an underscore (_) symbol.

2 A variable name can contain only alphanumeric characters (all the letters of the alphabet and numbers) and underscores (_).

3 Variable names cannot contain any special character or symbol. For example, v@lue is an invalid name for a variable.

4 A variable name must start with a letter or an underscore (_) symbol. This name cannot start with a number. Examples of valid names for a variable:

My_variable_1

_my_variable2

Examples of invalid names for a variable:

1myvariable

2_myvariable

5 Variable names are case sensitive.

For example, value, Value, and VALUE are three different variables.

Example:

my_variable = 10

My_Variable = 20

MY_VARIABLE = 30

print(my_variable)

print(My_Variable)

print(MY_VARIABLE)

Dynamic Typing

Dynamic typing in Python means that you can assign a value to a variable, and the variable automatically takes the data type of that assigned value at runtime. In other words, you do not have to specify the data type of a variable when you declare it; Python figures it out for you based on the value assigned to it.

The type() Function

In Python, we use the type() function to check the dynamic data type assigned to a variable. It is a built-in function that returns the type of an object. The object can be a variable, a value, or an expression.

Syntax: type(object_name)

Example:

text1 = input(“Enter your name:”) num1 = input(“Enter your age:”) print(type(text1)) print(type(num1))

Enter your name: Grisha

Enter your age: 10

<class ‘str’> <class ‘str’>

The input() function always returns a string value, even if it takes a number, string, or any other value as input. And, as you have assigned user input to the two variables, both the variables are of the string type.

Example:

Code Output

x = 5 y = “Hello” z = 3.14 result = x + 2.5 print(type(x)) print(type(y)) print(type(z)) print(type(result))

<class ‘int’>

<class ‘str’>

<class ‘float’>

<class ‘float’> Chapter 8 • Introduction to Python

In this example, we use the type() function to check the data types of the variables x, y, and z, as well as the result of an expression. The dynamic data typing in Python makes the variables change their data type based on the assigned value.

Do It Yourself 8B

1 What will be the output of the given code?

Code

a = 10

print(type(a))

b = 4.2

print(type(b))

c = a + b

print(type(c))

2 What is the full form of GUI?

Chapter Checkup

A Fill in the blanks.

Output

1 Python was created by  .

2 In Python, we use the function to check the dynamic data type assigned to a variable.

3 The names given to the variables are known as  .

4 The input() function always returns a value.

5 are the rules that tell us how to define structure, format, and organisation of code in a programming language.

B Tick () the correct option.

1 The language used to write Python codes is similar to the language. a  Chinese b  German c  English d  French

2 Which of the following is a data type in Python? a  int b  float c  string d  All of these

3 Which of the following is a valid variable name?

4 function helps you see the results of your code.

print()

5 A is a reference name given to a location in the computer’s memory.

Data type

C Write T for True and F for False.

1 Python is a low-level programming language.

2 Python offers the script and interactive modes for running programs.

3 Python helps create computer programs that can chat with you, recognise your voice, etc.

4 Any real number with decimal points has the string data type.

5 A variable name can start with a number

D Answer the following questions.

1 Define a prompt.

2 State any two features of Python.

3 Differentiate between the int and float data types.

4 Explain dynamic typing.

5 What are the applications of Python in the field of AI?

1 What will be the output of the following program?

a   x = input (‘Enter your name:’)

y = input (‘Enter your height:’)

z = input (‘Enter your contact number:’)

print(type(x))

print(type(y))

print(type(z))

b   fruit = ‘apple’ Fruit = ‘orange’ print(fruit)

2 Rohan wants to declare a variable in his program, but he is unaware of the rules for naming a variable. Help him by mentioning all the rules you have learnt.

3 Shivam is creating a Python program. He has heard that Python has built-in functions to simplify and speed up the development of programs. Name any two built-in functions that he can use.

4 What will be the data type of the values that these variables hold?

a   num1 = 10

b   var1 = ‘How are you?’

5 Find the errors in the following statements:

a   123var1=10

b   Name1=Seema

Operators in Python 9

Operators

Python is a language in which you can perform various operations. To perform these operations, operators and operands are required.

An operator is a symbol that is used to perform operations on variables or on values.

The values or variables are called operands.

The combination of operands and operators is called an expression.

In the adjoining picture, x, y, and z are operands. The ‘+’ and ‘=’ symbols are called operators. The combination of x, y, z, ‘+’, and ‘=’ is called an expression.

Types of Operators

The Python language supports the following types of operators:

• Arithmetic operators

• Assignment operators

• Relational/Comparison operators

• Logical operators

Let us discuss all the operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators

Operators

Operands

Operand

These operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations.

Arithmetic operators supported by Python are listed in the following table.

For the examples given below, consider the values x = 100 and y = 3.

Operator Name

Description Example Output

+ Addition Adds two operands. x + y 103

Subtraction Subtracts the value of one operand from the other. x − y 97

* Multiplication Multiplies two operands. x * y 300

/ Division Displays the quotient when the first operand is divided by the second. x / y 33.3333…

Operator Name Description

// Floor Division Divides the operand on the left by the operand on the right and returns the quotient by removing the decimal part. Sometimes, it is also called integer division.

% Modulus (Remainder) Displays the remainder when the first operand is divided by the second.

** Exponentiation (Power) Raises the first operand to the power of the second.

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The following table summarises the various assignment operators:

Operator Description

= Assigns the right-hand side value to the left-hand side variable.

+= Adds the right operand to the left operand and then assigns the result to the left operand.

−= Subtracts the right operand from the left operand and then assigns the result to the left operand.

*= Multiplies the right operand with the left operand and then assigns the result to the left operand.

/= Divides the left operand with the right operand and then assigns the result to the left operand.

%= Calculates the modulus using two operands and then assigns the result to the left operand.

//= Performs floor division on operators and then assigns the value to the left operand.

**= Performs exponential calculation on operators and then assigns the value to the left operand.

Relational/Comparison Operators

These operators are used to compare two values. The comparison operators are also known as Relational Operators. The following table summarises the various types of relational operators used in Python.

Consider the values x = 100 and y = 3 for the examples in the following table:

Operator Description Example Output

= = Returns true if the left-hand side value is equal to the right-hand side value; otherwise, it returns false.

!= Returns true if the left-hand side value is not equal to the righthand side value; otherwise, it returns false.

Operator Description Example Output

> Returns true if the left-hand side value is greater than the right-hand side value; otherwise, it returns false. x > y True

< Returns true if the left-hand side value is smaller than the right-hand side value; otherwise, it returns false. x < y False

>= Returns true if the left-hand side value is greater than or equal to the right-hand side value; otherwise, it returns false. x >= y True

<= Returns true if the left-hand side value is smaller than or equal to the right-hand side value; otherwise, it returns false.

Logical Operators

<= y False

These operators are used to combine conditional statements. Logical operators evaluate to True or False based on the operands on their either side. There are three logical operators in Python, as summarised in the following table.

Consider the value x = 2 for the examples given below:

Operator Description Example Output and Returns true if the statements on the left-hand side as well as the right-hand side are true.

x < 5 and x < 10 True or Returns true if any one of the statements is true. x < 5 or x < 1 True not Reverses the result and returns false if the result is true. not(x < 5 and x < 10) False

Operator Precedence

If there are more than one operator in an expression, then we need to follow operator precedence to evaluate the expression.

Operator precedence describes the order in which operations are to be performed on the operand.

You need to follow the PEDMAS rule for evaluating the mathematical expressions. The PEDMAS rule is as follows:

• P—Parentheses

• E—Exponentiation

• D—Division

• M—Multiplication (Multiplication and division have the same precedence.)

• A—Addition (Addition and subtraction have the same precedence.)

• S—Subtraction

The following table describes the precedence level of the operators from the highest to the lowest:

Precedence Level Operator

4 *, /, //, %

5 +, −

6 <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=

7 not

Explanation

Multiplication, division, floor division, modulu

Addition, subtraction

Less than, less than or equal, greater, greater or equal, equal, not equal

Boolean Not

8 and Boolean And 9 or Boolean Or

Let us evaluate the following expression to understand operator precedence.

Evaluate: 16 / 4 + (8 – 3)

Solution:

Step 1: 16 / 4 + (8 – 3)

Step 2: 16 / 4 + 5

Step 3: 4 + 5

Step 4: 9

Observe in this example that the order of precedence is changed using parentheses (), as it has higher precedence than the division operator. Therefore, the subtraction operation ‘–’ is performed prior to the division operation as ‘–’ is within the parentheses.

Did You Know?

Python gives more precedence to arithmetic operators than comparison operators. Within comparison operators, every operator has the same precedence order.

What will be the output of the following expressions?

1 (10 + 15 /5 * 8 // 2)

2 (10 > 6 + 3 − 1)

Algorithms

Any problem can be solved if a specific sequence of steps is followed. An algorithm can be defined as a logical, step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

You need to provide a set of inputs to the algorithm, and the algorithm provides you the output.

Let us understand using an example. Do you know, trees play a very important role in our lives. Have you ever planted a tree?

Let us look at the steps that you follow:

1 Take a pot and put soil in it. The soil should be of good quality.

2 Loosen the soil with a small trowel.

Do It Yourself 9A

3 Dig a small hole in it and place the seed in the hole. Cover the seed with the soil.

4 Take care to not dig too deep a hole. The hole should be shallow and the seed not too tightly covered with the soil.

5 Water the soil to make it moist.

6 The seed is planted and it is ready to germinate and grow.

Rules for Writing an Algorithm

While writing an algorithm, there are rules that you must follow:

1 Start with a clear goal.

2 Use a simple and precise language.

3 Break tasks into smaller steps.

4 Provide clear and logical instructions.

5 Ensure that you get a tangible output at the end.

Let us now write an algorithm for calculating the sum of two numbers.

1 Start.

2 Input the first number, say num1.

3 Input the second number, say num2.

4 Use another variable to store the sum, say sum.

5 Initialise sum to 0, i.e., sum = 0.

6 Calculate sum: sum = num1 + num2.

7 Display sum.

8 Stop.

Flowcharts

Did You Know?

The term “algorithm” originates from the name of a Muslim mathematician and scientist, Muhammad al-Khwarizmi. He introduced the concept of algorithms and is also known for inventing algebra.

A flowchart is a graphical or visual representation of an algorithm that uses various symbols, shapes, and arrows to show a process or program. A flowchart helps a user readily understand a problem. The primary goal of using a flowchart is to evaluate various ways to solve a problem.

Symbols Used for a Flowchart

A flowchart consists of a number of standard symbols. The following symbols indicate various elements of a flowchart: Name of the Symbol Shape of the Symbol

It is used at the beginning and end of a flowchart.

Input/Output

It is used to provide input and output information.

Name of the Symbol Shape of the Symbol

Purpose of the Symbol

Process It is used for processing and calculating statements.

Decision It is used when a condition is applied in the process.

Arrow It represents the direction of the process.

Example: Write an algorithm to convert temperature value from Fahrenheit (°F) to Celsius (°C) and draw a flowchart for the same.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start.

Step 2: Read temperature in Fahrenheit, say F.

Step 3: Apply the formula to calculate the value in Celsius, i.e., C=5/9*(F−32).

Step 4: Display the value of C.

Step 5: Stop.

Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to calculate the perimeter of a rectangle.

Flowchart:

Writing a Python Program

When you communicate with your friends, you use a language. Every language has a grammar that you need to follow to make proper sentences. Similarly, in the Python language, you need to follow certain rules for writing programs. These rules are called syntax.

Syntax is like the grammar rules for writing code in a programming language. In the previous chapter, you learnt about input() and print() functions. Let us create some programs using these functions and see how they work.

1 Write a Python program to display Hello World on the screen.

Code Output

print(“Hello World”)

Let us analyse the code:

Hello World

The print() function is used to print the statement given inside the double quotes, that is, the string ‘Hello World’ is displayed in the output area.

2 Write a Python program to get a string input from the user and display it.

Code Output

str = input(“Enter any string:”)

print(str)

Let us analyse the code:

Enter any string: Ritu Singh Ritu Singh

Line 1: The input() function is used to take input from the user. On the output screen, the message ‘Enter any string:’ is displayed, and the console waits for the user to enter any string. The value entered is stored in the variable ‘str’.

Line 2: The print() function is used to display the value stored in the variable ‘str’ on the output screen.

3 Write a Python program to add two numbers.

Code

val1 = 100.99

val2 = 76.15

sum = float(val1) + float(val2)

print(“The sum of given numbers is:”, sum)

Let us analyse the code:

Output

The sum of given numbers is: 177.14

Lines 1 and 2: Two variables val1 and val2 are assigned the values 100.99 and 76.15, respectively.

Line 3: The two numbers are added, and their sum is stored in the sum variable.

Line 4: The print() function displays the statement, “The sum of given number is:” along with the value of the sum.

Think and Tell

Write a Python program to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit.

Using Math Library in Python

In the previous section, you have learnt about the basic arithmetic operators. Apart from using these arithmetic operators, there are various mathematical operations for which Python has many built-in methods. These methods or functions are stored in a library known as the math library of Python. Let us learn some of these functions.

Built-in Math Functions

The min() and max() functions: The min() and max() functions can be used to find the lowest or highest value.

x = min(5, 10, 25)

y = max(5, 10, 25)

The abs() function: The abs() function returns the absolute (positive) value of a specified number.

x = abs(−7.25)

The pow() function: The pow(x, y) function returns the value of x raised to the power of y (xy).

x = pow(4, 3)

The sqrt() function: The sqrt() function returns the square root of a given number.

Code

1 Write a Python program to find the minimum of five given numbers.

2 Write a Python program to find 6 raised to the power of 3. Do It Yourself 9D

Chapter Checkup

A Fill in the blanks.

Hints pow(x, y) operator algorithm logical precedence

1 The is a logical step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

2 An is a symbol that performs mathematical operations on variables or on values.

3 Operator describes the order in which operations are performed.

4 operators are used to combine conditional statements.

5 The  function returns the value of x to the power of y (xy).

B Tick () the correct option.

1 Which is the correct operator for calculating the power(xy)?

2 Which of these is the floor division operator?

3 What is the order of precedence of operators in Python?

i   Exponential ii   Parentheses

iii   Multiplication iv   Division

v   Addition vi   Subtraction

a   i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi

b   ii, i, iii, iv, v, vi

c   i, ii, iv, iii, v, vi d   i, ii, iii, iv, vi, v

4 What is the answer of this expression: 22 % 3?

5 Which of the following has the highest precedence in an expression?

a   Exponential b   Addition c   Multiplication d   Parentheses

C Who am I?

1 I’m a set of rules to be followed for writing Python programs.

2 I’m a built-in Math function that returns the square root of a number.

3 I’m at the highest precedence of arithmetic operators.

4 I’m the operator which compares two values.

5 I’m the arithmetic operator which returns the remainder of two values.

D Write T for True and F for False.

1 The expression 2 ** 3 ** 2 is equivalent to 2 ** (3 ** 2).

2 Operands (values) operate on operators and return a result.

3 The value of the expression 100/25 is 0.

4 A flowchart is a graphical or visual representation of an algorithm that uses various symbols, shapes, and arrows to show a process or program.

5 Python gives arithmetic operators more precedence than comparison operators.

E Answer the following questions.

1 What is the difference between the * and ** operators in Python?

2 What do you mean by an assignment statement?

3 What is the order in which operations are evaluated? Write the order of precedence.

4 Give an example each of the min() and max() functions.

5 Explain the concept of floor division.

F Apply your learning.

1 What will be the output of the following? 100 + 200 / 10 − 3 * 10

2 Write a Python program to convert the distance entered in metres to kilometres.

3 Write a Python program to calculate your body mass index (BMI).

4 Write an algorithm for making a vegetable sandwich.

5 Draw a flowchart for showing the progress of a plant’s growth.

Introduction to HTML 10

The internet has become an inseparable part of our daily lives. We use the internet to visit various websites using a mobile phone, a laptop, or a computer. Have you ever thought how these websites are created?

Websites are a collection of many web pages. We use various computer languages or technologies to create these web pages. HTML is one of the technologies that is used to create web pages of a website. This chapter will introduce you to HTML.

HTML

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It helps you to display colourful text, images, and attractive backgrounds to your web page.

Did You Know?

HTML was designed and released by Tim Berners-Lee in the year 1993.

Advantages

of HTML

Some advantages of HTML are:

• Easy to learn and use: HTML is a simple and easy language to learn.

• Platform-independent: HTML can create web pages that run on any device (computers, mobiles, and tablets).

• Helps to add graphics: HTML helps add video, image, and audio files to web pages. This feature enhances the experience for website visitors.

• Helps to create hyperlinks: Using HTML, you can link various web pages with each other. It allows users to click text or images and navigate to various websites.

Disadvantages of HTML

Some disadvantages of HTML are:

• Lack of interactivity: It cannot be used to create dynamic web pages with features such as user input and forms. However, you can enhance this capability with the use of Cascading Style Sheets, or CSS.

• Security concerns: HTML pages are vulnerable to security risks, such as SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting.

• Version dependence: New versions of HTML are regularly released as the language changes constantly. This implies that websites built using earlier HTML versions might not function properly with more recent browsers.

Below are some of the advantages and disadvantages of HTML. Write A for Advantage and D for Disadvantage.

1 Platform-independent

2 Security concerns

3 Easy to learn and use

4 Used to create hyperlinks

5 Lack of interactivity

Web Browsers

A web browser is a software application that processes HTML and other web technologies to display web pages to users. When a user types any website address in the address bar of a web browser, the browser sends a request to the server asking for the HTML code of the specific web page. The browser then processes the HTML markup and displays the required web page.

Some examples of web browsers are:

Basic Structure of an HTML Document

HTML documents contain two sections:

Header section: It contains information about HTML documents, such as page title, HTML, and meta tags.

Body section: It contains all the visible elements that will be displayed on the web page.

Designing Web Pages in HTML

Basic steps for designing a web page in HTML are:

1 Open an editor: There are many editors that can be used to write HTML code such as Notepad, Notepad++, and TextEdit. You can use any of these to write your HTML code.

2 Write HTML code: Use the basics of HTML to write the code for your web page. There are many tags in HTML to help you add colourful text, images, and audio, in your web page.

3 Save file: After writing the complete HTML code, save the file as ‘file_name.html’, using the Save as option.

4 Open a browser and check the web page: Test the result of the HTML code by opening the HTML file using a web browser such as Microsoft Edge or Google Chrome.

Do It Yourself 10B

Match the following.

Structure of an HTML Document

To create an HTML document, you need to know about a few essential elements. These elements are fundamental to creating a basic HTML document structure. Let us learn about them.

<!DOCTYPE html>

The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration is part of HTML5 and is used to indicate that you are using the HTML5 standard. It is not a tag in HTML; however, it is an important component of the HTML document.

• The <!DOCTYPE html> tag is referred to as the document type declaration (DTD). Technically, <!DOCTYPE > is neither a tag nor an element.

• This tag informs the browser about the document type.

• This tag is an empty element that does not have a closing tag and must not contain any content.

<html> Tag

The <html> tag is the root element of an HTML document. This tag contains all other HTML elements and is the starting point for creating an HTML page. You can see this tag at the beginning of an HTML document.

• The <html> tag informs the browser that this is an HTML document.

• The <html> tag is a container tag which requires the beginning and ending tags.

<head> Tag

The <head> tag contains metadata (data about data) and other information about the HTML document.

• The head of an HTML document is a section of the document whose content is not displayed in the browser when the page loads.

• It contains the 'behind the scenes' elements for a web page.

• It contains information about the HTML document.

• The head section of an HTML document contains the title of the web page it opens to, with the help of the <title> tag.

<title> Tag

When you visit a website, the title is shown at the top of your browser and contains the title of the active web page. The <title> tag provides a suitable title for the entire HTML document.

• When a web page is saved as a favourite or a bookmark, it appears at the top of the browser window and provides the page with a suitable name.

• A strong page title on a website ensures a higher position in search results. As a result, we must always include appropriate keyword phrases.

• The <title> element must be positioned between the <head> and </head> tags.

• There can only be one title element per document.

<body> Tag

The primary content of an HTML document that displays on the browser is specified by the <body> tag. Headings, text, paragraphs, images, tables, links, videos, etc., can all be included in a <body> tag.

• The <body> tag must appear immediately following the <head> tag.

• All HTML documents must have this tag, which should be used only once overall in a document.

Here is an example of how these elements are used:

<!Doctype html> <html> <head> <title>My Web Page</title> </head> <body> … … </body> </html>

Note that the <html> element encloses the whole document, the <head> element contains metadata, the <title> sets the page title, and the <body> element holds the visible content.

Chapter 10 • Introduction to HTML

Basic Terminologies in HTML

Before you start writing your HTML code, you need to know about a few terms that you can use in your HTML code. Let us look at these one by one.

Tags

A tag is a keyword that tells the browser how to display a piece of text or content. Tags are written in pairs, with an opening tag and a closing tag. The opening tag starts with < and ends with >, while the closing tag includes </ followed by the tag name and then >.

Example: <p>, </p> <b>, </b>, <br>, etc., are the tags in HTML.

Elements

An element is a building block of an HTML. This element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag. The content of the element can be text, other HTML elements, or a combination of both.

Example: <title>…</title> is an element in an HTML document.

Attributes

HTML attributes are the modifiers of HTML elements. They are the keywords that hold extra information about an element or a tag. An attribute is always placed in the opening tag of an element, and it provides additional styling (an attribute) to the element.

Syntax: <tag attribute=”value”> …content of tag… </tag>

Example: <font color= ‘’red’’> This is my first HTML document. </font>

Types of Tags

There are mainly two types of tags in HTML: Container tags and Empty tags.

Container Tags: These tags consist of an opening tag as well as a closing tag. This start tag and end tag pair are known as the ON and OFF tags and are used to open and close the document.

Syntax: <tag_name>.......</tag_name>

Example: <B> tag is a container tag in HTML.

Empty Tags: An empty tag is a tag without a closing tag.

Syntax: <tag_name>

Example: <img> tag is an empty tag in HTML.

Basic Tags in HTML

Let us learn about some basic tags in HTML through an interactive project on the topic, "The Life Cycle of a Butterfly."

Paragraph: The <p> tag in HTML is used to define a paragraph of text. This tag is one of the text formatting tags in HTML and is used for structuring and formatting text content on a web page.

Syntax: <p>…</p>

Example:

<p>A butterfly is a beautiful insect.</p> A butterfly is a beautiful insect.

Heading tags: These tags are used to create headings. The headings are used to arrange the contents of a web page so that the users can easily read and understand the content flow on the web page. There are six heading tags in HTML, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6> for various levels of headings.

Syntax: <hn>…</hn>, where n can be any number from 1 to 6

Example:

<h1>Discover the Life Cycle of a Butterfly</h1> Discover the Life Cycle of a Butterfly

Bold: This tag is used to highlight an important text. The bold text is typically displayed in a darker font.

Syntax: <b>…</b>

Example:

<p><b>butterfly</b></p> butterfly

Italic: The italic tag is used to highlight specific words or phrases. The italic element is displayed as a slanted font.

Syntax: <i>…</i>

Example:

<p><i>vibrant colours</i></p> vibrant colours

Underline: This tag is used to indicate that the text between the opening and closing tags should be displayed with an underline.

Syntax: <u>…</u>

Example:

<p><u>delicate wings</u></p> delicate wings

Line break: This tag is used to insert a new line into the text. The line break tag is also known as the <br> tag.

Syntax: <br>

Example:

Code Output

<h1>Discover the Life Cycle of A Butterfly</h1>

<p>The journey begins as a tiny egg.<br>

The egg hatches into a larva.<br>

The caterpillar transforms into a pupa.<br>

Finally, the pupa emerges as a butterfly.<br> </p>

Discover the Life Cycle of A Butterfly

The journey begins as a tiny egg.

The egg hatches into a larva.

The caterpillar transforms into a pupa.

Finally, the pupa emerges as a butterfly.

Horizontal Line: This tag is used to insert a horizontal line on a web page. The horizontal line element is used to create divisions on a web page.

Syntax: <hr>

Example:

Code

<p>A normal horizontal line:</p> <hr>

<p>A horizontal line with a height of 10 pixels:</p> <hr style=”height:10px”>

Discuss!

Output

A normal horizontal line:

A horizontal line with a height of 10 pixels:

Discuss the role of a background in a mind map. How does it contribute to the overall design?

Match the tags with their meanings.

Italics br Horizontal rule b Underline i Line break u Bold Do It Yourself 10C

Did You Know?

A style in CSS is a set of rules that define the appearance of HTML elements.

More HTML Tags

You have learnt about some basic tags in the previous section. Now, let us learn about some more HTML tags.

<em> Tag: This tag is used to emphasise text and is typically displayed in italics.

Syntax:

<em>Block of text</em>

Code Output

<p>This transformation is called <em>metamorphosis</em>. <br> It is like a magical change!</p>

This transformation is called metamorphosis It is like a magical change!

<strong> Tag: This tag is used to represent strongly emphasised text and is typically displayed in bold.

Syntax:

<strong>Block of text</strong>

Code Output

<p>A <strong>butterfly</strong> is a beautiful insect.</p>

A butterfly is a beautiful insect.

<sub> Tag: This tag is used to represent text as a subscript. A subscript is the text that is below the baseline of the surrounding text. For example, 2 in H2O is a subscript.

Syntax:

_{Block of text}

Code

<p>The journey begins as a tiny _egg attached to a leaf.</p>

Output

The journey begins as a tiny egg attached to a leaf.

<sup> Tag: This tag is used to represent text as a superscript. A superscript is the text that is above the baseline of the surrounding text. For example, 2 in E = mc2 is a superscript.

Syntax:

^{Block of text}

Code Output

<p>Finally, the pupa emerges as a fully grown ^adult butterfly.</p>

Finally, the pupa emerges as a fully grown adult butterfly.

<section> Tag: This tag is used to define the grouping of content in a document. This tag makes the content more organised and meaningful, which then helps understand the content in a better way.

Syntax:

<section>Block of text</section>

Chapter 10 • Introduction to HTML

Code Output

<section>

<h3>What is a Butterfly?</h3>

<p>A butterfly is a beautiful insect <br> known for its vibrant colours and delicate wings.</p> </section>

<section>

<h3>How it starts?</h3>

<p>But did you know that a butterfly goes through<br> several stages in its life?</p> </section>

What is a Butterfly?

A butterfly is a beautiful insect known for its vibrant colours and delicate wings.

How it starts?

But did you know that a butterfly goes through serveral stages in its life?

<article> Tag: This tag is used to represent a self-contained composition, such as a blog post or a news article. Syntax:

<article>Block of text</article>

Code Output

<article> <h3>Metamorphosis</h3>

<p>This transformation is called <em>metamorphosis</em>.<br> It is like a magical change!</p> </article>

Metamorphosis

This transformation is called metamorphosis. It is like a magical change!

Let us combine all these snippets of code and develop our project, The Life Cycle of a Butterfly.

Code

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head>

<title>The Life Cycle of a Butterfly</title> </head> <body>

<h1>Discover the Life Cycle of a Butterfly</h1> <section> <h2>Introduction</h2> <article>

<h3>What is a Butterfly?</h3> <p>A <b>butterfly</b> is a beautiful insect known for its <i>vibrant colours</i> and <u>delicate wings</u>. But did you know that a butterfly goes through several stages in its life?

</p> </article> <article> <h3>Stages of a Butterfly</h3>

Code

<p>A butterfly’s life consists of four main stages:</p> <p><strong>Egg:</strong> The journey begins as a tiny _egg attached to a leaf. <br></p> <p><strong>Larva:</strong> The egg hatches into a <strong>larva</strong>, also known as a caterpillar.<br></p> <p><strong>Pupa:</strong> The caterpillar transforms into a <strong>pupa</strong>, enclosed in a chrysalis.<br></p> <p><strong>Adult:</strong> Finally, the pupa emerges as a fully grown ^adult butterfly.<br></p> </article>

<article> <h3>Metamorphosis</h3> <p>This transformation is called <em>metamorphosis</em>. It is like a magical change!</p> </article> </section> </body> </html>

Output

Discover the Life Cycle of a Butterfly

Introduction

What is a Butterfly?

A butterfly is a beautiful insect known for its vibrant colours and delicate wings. But did you know that a butterfly goes through several things in its life?

Stage of a Butterfly

A butterfly’s life consists of four main stages:

Egg: The journey begins as a tiny egg attached to a leaf.

Larva: The egg hatches into a larva, also known as a caterpillar.

Pupa: The caterpillar transforms into a pupa, enclosed in a chrysalis.

Adult: Finally, the pupa emerges as a fully grown adult butterfly. Metamorphosis

This transformation is called metamorphosis. It is like a magical change!

Coding Challenge

Create an HTML web page on the topic: India–A Sub-continent. The web page should contain information about our country, its history, some prominent states and their capitals, the culture followed in our country and the heritage for which our country is known.

Use the tags that you have learnt so far.

Arrange the information on the web page beautifully.

Chapter Checkup

A Fill in the blanks. Hints

1 Tags are special lines or words of code in HTML, enclosed in

2 Attributes provide extra information about HTML .

3 Some examples of web browsers are Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and .

4 The tag contains the main content of the web page.

5 The <p> tag is used for .

B Tick () the correct option.

1 What is HTML?

a  A programming language

c  A style sheet

2 Which of the following is a valid HTML tag?

a  <p>

c  <br>

3 What is the purpose of the <hr> tag?

a  To create a paragraph

c  To create a link

4 What is an attribute?

a  starting point for creating an HTML page

c  Additional information that can be added to a tag

b  A markup language

d  A framework

b  <h1>

d  All of these

b  To create a heading

d  To create a horizontal line

b  A piece of text that appears outside a tag

d  None of these

5 Which tag is used to define grouping of content in a document?

a </p>

c  <section>

b  <strong>

d  <head>

1 I’m used to view web pages.

2 I’m a tag referred to as the document type declaration, or DTD.

3 I’m used to provide data about an HTML element.

4 I’m a markup language.

5 I’m a tag used to display the text in italic.

D Write T for True and F for False.

1 HTML is a markup language for creating web pages.

2 Browsers such as Chrome and Firefox are used to display web pages.

3 HTML document is written using special syntax within square brackets.

4 The <b> tag is used to create line breaks in an HTML document.

5 The closing tag should have a closing bracket at the end.

E Answer the following questions.

1 What is HTML? Write its features.

2 What is a web browser?

3 Differentiate between container tags and empty tags.

4 Write the basic structure of an HTML document.

5 Differentiate between the <sub> tag and the <sup> tag.

F Apply your learning.

1 Shreya wants to underline text in the HTML code. What does she need to do?

2 Anmol wants to divide his web page into several sections. Which tag can he use to do so?

3 You are asked to create a web page on the topic ‘Renewable Energy Resources’. What basic tags will you make use of to make the web page visually appealing?

4 Create a web page showing information about your favourite sports persons. Separate each section of the web page sport-wise and then display the information.

5 Create an HTML page with the title as ‘Formulae in Maths’. The page should contain the area of a circle, square, rectangle, and a triangle.

Introduction to CSS 11

When you write a story, you create a clear plot, interesting characters, and a series of events to keep the readers engaged. But what if the story was presented in a plain text document, with no formatting or visuals? It would not be interesting, right? This is also the case with the web pages created using HTML only. HTML provides the content and structure, but to add a style – the colours, fonts, layouts, and everything that makes a web page visually appealing and engaging, CSS is required.

Cascading Style Sheets

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a language used to define the presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML. This includes aspects like background colour, font colour, font size, layout, margins, borders, text decorations, and many more things. CSS is mainly used to enhance the look of web pages by applying various formatting styles to the elements or the entire web page. It allows us to apply a style to a specific element of a web page, an entire web page, or all the web pages of a website. It makes it easy to add or change the look and feel of web pages without re-creating them. The main purpose of CSS is to separate the styles from the structure of web pages.

Syntax of CSS

Did You Know?

Håkon Wium Lie proposed CSS at CERN on October 10, 1994.

CSS consists of style rules. Style rules are made up of selectors, properties, and values. All style rules are enclosed within curly brackets {}.

The syntax for using CSS is as follows: selector{property: value;} where,

• a selector is any HTML element to which you want to apply a style, like <p>. Always remember that an HTML element is written without angle brackets while creating CSS style rules.

• a property is like an HTML attribute, like colour, which adds additional features to an element.

• a value is similar to an attribute’s value assigned to a CSS property. Every CSS property has a value associated with it. The colon (:) sign is used to assign a value to a property. When using multiple properties in a style rule, each property-value pair is separated by a semicolon (;) sign.

Let us now create a CSS style rule to change the font size and font colour of the <p> element.

p{font-size: 14px; color: blue}

In the preceding CSS rule, p is an HTML element, font-size and color are the CSS properties, and 14px and blue are the values assigned to these properties.

Methods to Use CSS

There are three methods to use CSS in an HTML document: inline, internal, and external.

Inline CSS

The purpose of inline CSS is to apply CSS style rules only to a particular element in an HTML document. The style attribute is used within the opening tag of the element to which you want to apply CSS. In this method, there is no need to use curly brackets. For example:

Code Output

<p style=”font-size: 20px; color: green”> I am a paragraph.

</p>

Internal CSS

I am a paragraph.

If you want to apply CSS style rules to multiple elements or an entire web page, then the internal CSS method is used. The <style> and </style> tags of HTML are used for this purpose. You should use the <style> tag within the <head> and </head> tags. It improves the loading process of the web page. However, you can use the <style> tag anywhere on a web page. For example:

Code Output

<html>

<head>

</head> <style>

p {font-size: 20px; color: green;} </style> <body>

<p> I am a paragraph. </p> </body>

</html>

External CSS

I am a paragraph.

The external CSS method allows you to apply style rules to multiple web pages of a website. In this method, the CSS style rules are written in a separate file, and this file is saved with the .css extension. You need to add the reference to this CSS file to the web page, using the <link> tag. The <link> tag can be written in the <head> section of the web page. For example: <link rel=”stylesheet” href = “style.css”>

The rel attribute of the <link> tag is used to specify that the linked document is a stylesheet. For this purpose, a stylesheet value is assigned to this attribute. The href attribute is used to specify the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the CSS file. Ensure that the CSS file is saved at the same location where you had saved the HTML file. Otherwise, you need to provide the complete path of the CSS file.

Write the following code in the editor and save the file by assigning it the name “style.css”.

p{font-size: 20px; color: green;}

Let us create an HTML web page containing the <link> tag:

Code

<html>

<head>

<link rel=”stylesheet” href = “style.css”> </head> <body>

<p> I am a paragraph. </p> </body> </html>

Discuss!

Do It Yourself 11A

Output

I am a paragraph.

Which method of adding CSS to an HTML document is better in your point of view?

1 Write T for True or F for False.

a   CSS stands for Cascading Style Selector.

b   CSS is used to define the structure of a web page.

c   The colon (:) sign is used to assign a value to a property.

2 Identify the mistake in the following code and rewrite it correctly.

<link href=”stylesheet” rel = “style.css”>

CSS Colour Properties

CSS provides two colour properties: color and background-color.

Property

Description

Example

color It applies colour to the text of an element. This property takes the name of the colour as a value. color: red

background-color It applies a colour to the background of an HTML document. background-color: green

You can also provide the hexadecimal code of the colour instead of the colour name. The hexadecimal code starts with the # symbol and is made up of six characters (including 0–9 and A–F). They represent the intensity of red, green, and blue (RGB) components of a colour.

In the 6-digit code, the first 2 digits are used for the red colour, the next two digits are used for the green colour, and the last 2 digits are used for the blue colour. For example, the following hexadecimal code represents the black colour, as all the values are 0:

#000000—black

The following table contains both types of codes for some colours:

Colour Name 6-digits Hexadecimal Code

Black #000000

White #ffffff

Red #ff0000

Blue #0000ff

Green #00ff00

Yellow #ffff00

CSS Font Properties

Did You Know?

Hexadecimal codes can be of 3-digits if both the digits of red, green, and blue are the same. For example, #556677 can be written as #567 #ffaabb can be written as #fab.

CSS font properties are used to format text on web pages. Some of the font properties are as follows:

Property Description Example

font-family It applies various font styles to the text according to the specific font family, like Arial and Comic Sans MS.

Arial or Comic Sans MS

font-size It sets the size of the text in pixels, points, percentage, or em. 20px or 20pt or 20% or 1.5em

font-weight It specifies the thickness of characters. normal or bold or bolder or lighter

text-align It aligns the text. left or right or justify or center

text-decoration It sets the decoration of text. underline or overline or line-through

line-height It maintains the spacing between the lines. pixels or points or percentage or em

Example:

Code

p{

font-family: comic sans ms; font-size: 25px; font-weight: bolder; text-align: right; text-decoration: underline; line-height: 1.5 em; }

CSS Border Property

Output

I am a paragraph.

The border property allows you to add a border around an HTML element. It is a shorthand property that allows you to set the width, style, and colour of all four borders (top, right, bottom, and left). The syntax of the border property is:

div {

border: border-width border-style border-color;

}

For example, the following code sets a 5-pixel solid black border around all sides of the <div> element.

div {

border: 5px solid #333333;

}

Did You Know?

The <div> tag in HTML is a generic container used to group other HTML elements together.

You can also specify border-width, border-style, and border-colour properties individually. For example:

Code

div {

border-width: 5px; border-style: solid border-color: #333333

}

Output

This is div

You can also provide various border styles, like dotted, double, dashed, and solid, to an element. Some 3-dimensional border styles are groove, ridge, inset, and outset.

Let us create a web page using some of the properties you have learnt so far.

Code

<html>

<head>

<title>English Word Meanings</title>

<style>

body {

font-family: comic sans ms;

Code

line-height: 1.6;   }

h1 {    text-align: center; color: #0066cc;   }

h2 {    color: #009933;   }

</style> </head> <body>

<h1>Word Meanings</h1>

<h2>Word 1: Curious</h2>

<p>Meaning: Eager to know or learn something.</p>

<p>Example: The students were curious about the new lesson.</p>

<h2>Word 2: Magnificent</h2>

<p>Meaning: Extremely beautiful, elaborate, or impressive.</p>

<p>Example: The castle had a magnificent view of the mountains.</p>

<h2>Word 3: Ponder</h2>

<p>Meaning: To think about something carefully and thoroughly.</p>

<p>Example: She sat by the window, pondering the mysteries of the universe.</p> </body> </html>

Output

Word Meanings

Word 1: Curious

Meaning: Eager to know or learn something.

Example: The students were curious about the new lesson.

Word 2: Magnificent

Meaning: Extremely beautiful, elaborate, or impressive.

Example: The castle had a magnificent view of the mountains.

Word 3: Ponder

Meaning: To think about something carefully and thoroughly. Example: She sat by window, pondering over the mysteries of the universe.

Do It Yourself 11B

Match the CSS property with its possible value.

CSS Property Value

background-color 14pt font-size red text-align double text-decoration justify border-style overline

Chapter Checkup

A Fill in the blanks.

Hints .css # style font-weight structure

1 The main purpose of CSS is to separate the styles from the of the web pages.

2 rules are made up of selectors, properties, and values.

3 CSS file is saved with the extension.

4 The property of CSS specifies the thickness of characters.

5 The symbol is used at the beginning of hexadecimal code.

B Tick () the correct option.

1 Which of the following brackets is used to enclose style rules with a selector? a  {} b  [] c  () d  <>

2 Which of the following is not a method of using CSS in an HTML document? a  Inline b  Outline c  Internal d  External

3 Hexadecimal codes are made up of: a  six characters b  four characters c  two characters d  eight characters

4 What does R stand for in RGB? a  Rich b  Red c  Real d  Rose

5 The property sets the size of the text in pixels, points, percentage, or em. a  font-family b  font-size c  font-weight d  text-align

1 I’m a sign used to assign a value to a CSS property.

2 I’m a method used to add CSS to an HTML file to apply the style to a single element.

3 I’m a CSS property that is used to apply colour to the text of an element.

4 I’m one of the font properties used to maintain spacing between lines.

5 I’m the method of applying CSS in which the style rules are defined in a separate file.

D Write T for True and F for False.

1 A property is like an HTML attribute.

2 The purpose of inline CSS is to apply CSS style rules only to a particular element in an HTML document.

3 The rel attribute is used to specify the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the CSS file.

4 The border property allows you to add a border around an HTML element.

5 You cannot save the CSS style in a separate file.

E Answer the following questions.

1 What is CSS?

2 What does CSS consist of? Mention the syntax of CSS.

3 Write the CSS style rule to set the font colour of the <H1> tag.

4 Mention the various values of the border-style property.

5 Name the three methods of using CSS style sheets.

F Apply your learning.

1 Create a web page to display the text within the <div> tag. The background colour of the <div> should be red, and the font family should be Arial.

2 Sangeeta has created a website with 20 web pages. After creating the website, she realised that the look and feel of the website were not up to the mark. She decided to change the look and feel of all web pages. Suggest her the best method to quickly apply CSS to all the web pages.

3 Romi wants to align the text on to the right edge on a web page. Which CSS property should she use to do so?

4 Create a .css file and specify the properties of the <font> element in it. Use the external method to use this file in the HTML code.

5 Sharvi wants to create an HTML document and apply the border property to it. Which CSS property should she use to do so?

Test

A. Fill in the blanks.

1 are superfast and the largest of all types of computers.

2 The is a network that connects computers all over the world.

3 Importing data into a presentation is the process of bringing external into your own presentation.

4 are step-by-step instructions designed to solve a particular problem.

B. Tick () the correct option.

1 are high-performance computers used for specialised tasks like professional photo and video editing.

a  Mainframe computers

c  Workstations

b  Minicomputers

d  Supercomputers

2 help people find addresses, get directions, and navigate unfamiliar places effortlessly.

a  Online Shopping

b  Online Payment

c  Maps and Navigation d  Online Learning

3 Using the feature in presentations can help you learn more about the words or phrases used in your presentation.

a  Dictionary

c  Ink Annotation

4 The intersection of a column and a row is called a

a  Toolbar

c  Sheets tab

C. Write T for True and F for False.

b  Comments

d  Slide Zoom

b  Cell

d  Formula bar

1 A computer language can be defined as a set of instructions that computers can understand and follow.

2 A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm using standardised symbols.

3 Ink annotation helps you watch the slides in action.

4 To select a row, press Ctrl + Spacebar keys.

D. Answer the following questions.

1 Give an example of a real-life situation where flowcharts can be applied.

2 What is a Google Drive?

3 What is the purpose of adding comments in a presentation?

4 Write the difference between Undo and Redo.

E. Apply your learning.

1 Nitin’s brother works at a large organisation that needs to process and manage massive amounts of data daily, with a focus on reliability and security. What type of computer is he most likely using?

2 Observe the following statement: “Check if 6 is divisible by 2 or not.” Which flowchart symbol should we use for the statement?

3 Girdhari wants to keep the header row visible at the top of the screen while scrolling a spreadsheet. Which feature should you use to achieve this?

Test

A. Fill in the blanks.

1 The combination of operands and operators is called an .

2 is the central workspace where you can create your designs.

3 A is a software application that is used to display web pages.

4 In the 6-digit hexadecimal code for a colour, the first 2 digits are used for the colour.

B. Tick () the correct option.

1 Which CSS property is used to specify the thickness of characters.

a  Font-family b  Font-size

c  Font-color d  Font-weight

2 Which tag is used to emphasise text and display text in italics?

a  <h2> b  <p>

c  <em> d  <strong>

3 Which of the following has the highest precedence in an expression?

a  Exponential b  Addition

c  Multiplication d  Parentheses

4 function helps you see the results of your code.

a  print() b  input()

c  type() d  output()

C. Write T for True and F for False.

1 Python is case-sensitive.

2 You need not follow the operator precedence in Python.

3 The decision box is used in a flowchart when a condition is applied in the process.

4 Templates are ready-made designs available in Canva to help you start your project.

D. Answer the following questions.

1 What do you mean by cross-platform compatibility in Python?

2 What do you mean by flipping an image in Canva?

3 Differentiate between empty and container tags in HTML.

4 What are mind maps?

E. Apply your learning.

1 Ayushi wants to remove unwanted areas from her photo. Which option should she use in Canva to do so?

2 Preeti has created a web page on the topic, “Soil and its types.” She has used HTML tags. However, she feels that there is no style applied to the text of the web page. What can she do to improve the aesthetics of the web page?

3 Riya’s teacher has asked her to create a web page for the Robotics club in the school. She wants to give a nice background colour to the web page and a border around the text. Which CSS properties she can use to enhance the looks of her web page?

4 Manisha wants to underline some text in her mind map. Which option can he use to do so?

Computer Vision

Computer Vision (CV) is a domain of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers and machines to interpret and understand visual information from the real world, typically through cameras. It involves the analysis of images or video streams to identify objects, detect patterns, track movement, and make sense of the visual data. CV is often used for applications like facial recognition, object detection, autonomous vehicles, and medical image analysis.

Applications of Computer Vision

These are some of the prominent applications of computer vision technology across various industries and fields.

Object Recognition: Computer vision helps identify and classify objects in images and videos for uses in security, manufacturing, and retail.

Face Recognition: It is used to recognise individuals based on their facial features in applications, such as security and surveillance systems.

Autonomous Vehicles: Computer vision enables self-driving cars and drones to navigate safely by recognising road signs, pedestrians, and other vehicles.

Medical Imaging: It is a boon for the medical industry as it assists doctors to analyse medical images to diagnose diseases and locate abnormalities.

Robotics: Robots use various technologies for movement and perception. Computer vision allows robots to perceive their surroundings for tasks like object manipulation and navigation.

Computer vision plays a crucial role in the working of two more impressive technologies these days: Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR).

Augmented Reality

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that blends digital content with the real world in realtime. It enhances the user’s perception of reality by overlaying virtual elements on their view of the physical environment.

• AR is commonly used in applications like mobile apps, smart glasses, and heads-up displays to provide additional information or interactive experiences related to the user’s surroundings.

• Some examples of AR include Pokémon Go, where virtual creatures are superimposed on the real world through a smartphone camera, or AR navigation apps that display directions on the road ahead.

Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that immerses users in a completely digital or virtual environment. It often involves the use of a headset or goggles that block out the real world and replace it with a computer-generated world.

• VR is used to create fully immersive experiences for gaming, training, simulations, education, and entertainment.

• Users in VR can interact with and navigate through a computer-generated world, making them feel as if they are inside that environment.

About the Book

Uolo has introduced a comprehensive program, Hexa, for grades 1 to 8, to empower young minds with the knowledge and the skills they need to thrive in the digital age. From the basics of how computers function to the tools that shape our digital landscape, this series opens the door to a world of endless possibilities. This series will build a strong foundation, helping shape the next generation of digital citizens and innovators. It aims to demystify the world of computer science, making it accessible and engaging for young learners, while preparing them for future academic and professional pursuits in the field.

Special Features

• AI Annexures: To offer a basic understanding of specific domains of Artificial Intelligence.

• Discuss: A multi-faceted probing question, related to the concept, that arouses curiosity.

• Think and Tell: Analysis, reflection, and text-to-self connection based prompts for discussion in class.

• Did You Know? Interesting facts related to the application of a concept.

• Do It Yourself: Short exercises between the chapter to pause and assess comprehension.

• Chapter Checkup: Chapter-end practice exercises aligned to different levels of Bloom's Taxonomy.

About Uolo

Uolo partners with K-12 schools to bring technology-based learning programs. We believe pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 15,000+ schools across India, South East Asia, and the Middle East.