AWARE_G06_GK_MB_AY25_Ebook

AWARE

Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

AWARE

Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

Acknowledgements

Academic Authors: Kashika Parnami, Arpit Agarwal, Urmi Maitra, Anuj Gupta

Creative Directors: Bhavna Tripathi, Mangal Singh Rana, Satish

Book Production: Rakesh Kumar Singh, Sanjay Kumar Goel

Project Lead: Chandani Goyal

VP, Learning: Abhishek Bhatnagar

All products and brand names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names of their respective owners.

© Uolo EdTech Private Limited

First impression 2024

Second impression 2025

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book.

Book Title: Aware General Knowledge 6

ISBN: 978-81-980193-9-4

Published by Uolo EdTech Private Limited

Corporate Office Address:

85, Sector 44, Gurugram, Haryana 122003

CIN: U74999DL2017PTC322986

Illustrations and images: www.shutterstock.com, www.stock.adobe.com and www.freepik.com

All suggested use of the internet should be under adult supervision.

To Parents and Teachers

In the dynamic and ever-changing world of the 21st century, knowledge is a beacon that guides us through the myriad challenges and opportunities that come our way. In this age of information, possessing a keen sense of general knowledge and awareness has become more critical than ever before. This awareness becomes a compass that helps us navigate through the complexities of our modern existence, allowing us to make informed decisions, think critically, and appreciate the world’s diversity.

The NEP (National Education Policy) 2020 emphasises the need to develop in learners the respect towards fundamental duties and constitutional values, generate awareness on one’s roles and responsibilities in a dynamic world, foster a sense of national pride and global citizenship.

On that note, we are delighted to present this comprehensive and engaging General Knowledge and Current Affairs book, designed specifically for learners in grades 1 to 8. This book, which spans nine thoughtfully curated themes, will serve as a constant companion in the quest for knowledge and awareness.

The world is evolving at an unprecedented pace, and it’s crucial that young minds are well-informed about the happenings around them. Topics in The Year Gone By theme offer insights into the significant events and milestones of the previous year.

In Science and Technology, learners explore groundbreaking innovations and discoveries that are actively defining and shaping our future.

In Earth and Environment, learners explore topics related to sustainability and environmental conservation. Recognising the delicate balance in our planet’s ecosystem and the paramount importance of preserving it are vital 21st-century skills.

In International Affairs, learners explore landmark global events of the past and the present, and developments across the world.

The theme Incredible India will help learners to explore the rich tapestry of our nation’s history, culture and heritage.

In Sports, learners explore the world of games, athletes, and the importance of teamwork and physical fitness.

The theme, Art and Culture enables the learners to appreciate human creativity, celebrate diverse traditions and discover the rich heritage of human expression across the world.

Life Skills and Financial Literacy provide learners with valuable practical skills essential for navigating their lives with confidence and competence.

This book is crafted to offer informative and enjoyable learning experiences, incorporating clear explanations, captivating visuals and abundant questions for interactive classroom engagement.

This book is supplemented by a digital and interactive learning platform. QR codes in each topic facilitate compatibility with smart classrooms and enable at-home access. The digital resources include topic-specific videos and learning experiences on current affairs and developments around the world.

Welcome to the world of General Knowledge and Current Affairs! We wish the best to all the teachers and learners!

Key Elements of a Topic — a Quick Glance

Smart devices are electronic gadgets that connect to the internet or other networks. They can do things on their own or be controlled from far away using a phone or a remote. Here are some examples of smart devices available today. 3

1 Fill in the blanks.

a can measure your water intake and remind you to drink water.

b use technology to make it easier to control who can enter your home.

c are commonly used at homes to keep an eye on front doors, gardens and garages.

d can display the weather, news, traffic and your schedule.

e display information for us to see and can be controlled by voice command or by touch or gestures.

A smart lock is an electronic door lock that can be controlled without using a regular key. Instead, you can lock and unlock the door using a smartphone app, a code, a fingerprint, face recognition or even voice commands. S mart locks make it easier to control who can enter our homes. They can even s end alerts to our phone when someone opens the door.

A smart mirror is a special mirror that has an electronic display behind the glass. It can tell us about the weather, time, current news traffic and our schedule. It connects to the internet and other smart devi ces, allowing us to control them as well. It can also help us keep tr ack of our fitness and suggest clothing options and how to improve our posture.

2 Write True or False.

a Smart mirrors can connect with other devices and can control them too.

b Smart security cameras do not record footage easily.

c Smart locks can unlock doors using fingerprints and facial recognition.

d Smart water bottles have sensors to track our water intake.

e Smart glasses allow us to control traffic on road.

3 Who am I? a send you alerts when someone tries to open the door of your house.

b keep track of your posture and give you clothing options.

c give you a live feed of places at your home.

d display your social media updates in front of your eyes.

e remind you to drink water and can also play music for you.

A smart water bottle is a high-tech way to stay hydrated. It can measure how much water we are drinking. These bottles remind us to dri nk, have cool sensors to track our water intake and can even play music. They help us drink more water, are leak-proof and simple to clean.

Smart Glasses are special glasses that display information for us to see. These glasses can help us with lots of things, such as finding ocations, discovering nearby places, showing our social media updates and searching for information. Most of them display information wit h a touch to the frame or a gesture. Some can even respond to voice comma nds.

Smart security cameras are commonly used at home to keep an eye on front doors, gardens and garages. They can connect to the internet using Wi-Fi. They allow us to see live feeds and receive a notification if s omeone arrives or if they sense any movement. They also allow us to record footage and s ave it easily.

make cities smarter by improving services fo r people, enhancing transportation and

more efficiently.

Themes

The Year Gone By

Earth and Environment

Art and

Creativity

The NEP Tags

The National Education Policy (NEP) outlines essential skills, values, dispositions and learning approaches necessary for learners to thrive in the 21st century. Aware incorporates these elements throughout its content, tasks, and projects. Referred to as ‘NEP Tags,’ they are defined as follows:

21st SKILLS

Bringing creativity and fun into learning by combining music, drama and art

Higher-Order

Thinking

Encouraging higher-order skills such as analyzing, evaluating, problem-solving and fostering deep understanding

Green Living

Unwavering commitment to generating awareness of a green, peaceful and prosperous world

21st–Century Skills

Fostering skills and knowledge—such as critical thinking, communication, and digital literacy—that are essential for success in today’s rapidly changing world

Health and Wellness

Promoting practices that support physical, mental, and emotional well-being for a balanced and healthy lifestyle

Moral and

Values

Building strong character, guiding towards ethical decision making, and developing respect, kindness, and a sense of responsibility

Global Female Leaders, 2024

Many amazing women have taken on leadership roles. These female leaders are making important contributions, breaking down barriers and inspiring future generations. Let us learn about some of them.

Droupadi Murmu

She has been the president of India since July 2022. She is the youngest and the second woman to hold this position. She is also the first person from a tribal community in this post. Previously, she served as the governor of Jharkhand from 2015 to 2021.

Nirmala Sitharaman

She has been the finance minister of India since May 2019. She is the second woman to hold this position. During her tenure, India became the fifth-largest economy in the world in 2022. She has also served as the defence minister of India from 2017 to 2019.

Claudia Sheinbaum

She became the president of Mexico in October 2024. She is the first woman to hold this position. She previously served as the mayor of Mexico City from 2018 to 2023. She won almost 60% of the votes in the 2024 Mexican presidential elections.

Sima Sami Bahous

She has been the executive director of UN Women since September 2021. She has also been an advocate for women’s rights and served as the permanent representative of Jordan to the United Nations in New York.

Giorgia Meloni

She has been the prime minister of Italy since October 2022. She was the first woman to hold this position. She has made significant contributions to improve the political and economic position of Italy in the world.

Harini Amarasuriya

She became the prime minister of Sri Lanka in September 2024. She is only the third woman to hold this position. Previously, she was an academician and an activist.

Sit in a group and discuss the qualities that are needed to be a leader. Also, share some leadership qualities that you think you have.

Practice Time

1 Match the leaders and the dates when they entered their leadership roles.

a Droupadi Murmu October 2022

b Nirmala Sitharaman September 2021

c Harini Amarasuriya October 2024

d Giorgia Meloni May 2019

e Sima Sami Bahous July 2022

f Claudia Sheinbaum September 2024

2 Fill in the blanks.

a Droupadi Murmu is the first Indian president from a community.

b Nirmala Sitharaman has also served as the of India from 2017 to 2019.

c Claudia Sheinbaum won almost of the votes in the 2024 Mexican presidential elections.

d Harini Amarasuriya has been an academician and .

e Sima Sami Bahous has served as the permanent representative of to the United Nations in

3 Name the following women leaders.

a She is the first woman prime minister of Italy.

b She is the youngest president of India.

c She is the third woman prime minister of Sri Lanka.

d She is the executive director of UN Women.

e She is the first woman president of Mexico.

f She is the finance minister of India.

Amazon Rainforest

The Amazon Rainforest is a massive forest in South America. It plays a very important role on our planet. It has one of the largest varieties of flora and fauna in the world. A lot of people depend on this forest for their livelihoods. Let us read more about it.

Climatic Conditions

The Amazon Rainforest has a tropical climate throughout the year. It receives at least 180 cm of rain each year. The climate contributes to the control air pollution and curbs the rise in global temperature.

Location

The Amazon Rainforest extends across nine countries in South America: Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. The largest part lies in Brazil. It covers a huge area of more than 6 million square kilometres. The Amazon River flows through the Amazon rainforest.

Fauna

The Amazon Forest is home to diverse and unique animals. Some land animals include jaguars, pumas, tapirs, sloth bears, howler monkeys and anacondas. There are piranhas, pink river dolphins and giant otters in the rivers. Parrots, toucans and harpy eagles are some unique birds found there.

Flora

There are hundreds of thousands of plant species in the Amazon Forest. Tall trees like Brazil nut, rubber and kapok trees are common. Cocoa trees grow in the Amazon. Their seeds are used to make chocolate. There are also many kinds of orchids and many medicinal plants.

People

The Amazon Rainforest is home to many tribes, such as the Yanomami, Kayapo and Munduruku. All these tribes depend on the rainforest for hunting, fishing and farming. Their traditional knowledge in using the forest’s resources helps protect this vital ecosystem.

Importance of the Amazon Rainforest

· It is often called the ‘Lungs of the Earth’ as it absorbs a massive amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

· It has a major impact on weather and rainfall patterns, which affects farming and water resources for millions of people.

· It has many plants with medicinal properties.

Forests play an important role in maintaining Earth’s water cycle and keeping our water resources clean. We should plant more and more trees to maintain the ecological balance of the Earth.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Tick () the countries across which the Amazon Rainforest extends.

a Brazil

b Argentina

d Uruguay e Colombia

2 Write the names of the following.

a Any three tribes of the Amazon Rainforest: , and

b Any three trees found in the Amazon Rainforest: , and

c Any three birds found in the Amazon Rainforest: , and

d Any three animals found in the Amazon Rainforest: , and

3 Fill in the blanks.

a The Amazon Rainforest is located in .

c Peru

f Ecuador

b The river flows through the Amazon Rainforest.

c The Amazon spreads over a huge area of about square kilometres.

d The major part of the Amazon Rainforest is located in the country of .

e The seeds from the cocoa plant are used to make .

f The Amazon Rainforest receives at least of rain each year.

g dolphins are found in the Amazon River.

h The Amazon Rainforest has many plants with properties.

Smart Devices

Smart devices are electronic gadgets that connect to the internet or other networks. They can do things on their own or be controlled from far away using a phone or a remote. Here are some examples of smart devices available today.

A smart lock is an electronic door lock that can be controlled without using a regular key. Instead, you can lock and unlock the door using a smartphone app, a code, a fingerprint, face recognition or even voice commands. Smart locks make it easier to control who can enter our homes. They can even send alerts to our phone when someone opens the door.

A smart mirror is a special mirror that has an electronic display behind the glass. It can tell us about the weather, time, current news, traffic and our schedule. It connects to the internet and other smart devices, allowing us to control them as well. It can also help us keep track of our fitness and suggest clothing options and how to improve our posture.

A smart water bottle is a high-tech way to stay hydrated. It can measure how much water we are drinking. These bottles remind us to drink, have cool sensors to track our water intake and can even play music. They help us drink more water, are leak-proof and simple to clean.

Smart Glasses are special glasses that display information for us to see. These glasses can help us with lots of things, such as finding locations, discovering nearby places, showing our social media updates and searching for information. Most of them display information with a touch to the frame or a gesture. Some can even respond to voice commands.

Smart security cameras are commonly used at home to keep an eye on front doors, gardens and garages. They can connect to the internet using Wi-Fi. They allow us to see live feeds and receive a notification if someone arrives or if they sense any movement. They also allow us to record footage and save it easily.

Smart devices help make cities smarter by improving services for people, enhancing transportation and using energy more efficiently.

1 Fill in the blanks.

a can measure your water intake and remind you to drink water.

b use technology to make it easier to control who can enter your home.

c are commonly used at homes to keep an eye on front doors, gardens and garages.

d can display the weather, news, traffic and your schedule.

e display information for us to see and can be controlled by voice command or by touch or gestures.

2 Write True or False.

a Smart mirrors can connect with other devices and can control them too.

b Smart security cameras do not record footage easily.

c Smart locks can unlock doors using fingerprints and facial recognition.

d Smart water bottles have sensors to track our water intake.

e Smart glasses allow us to control traffic on road.

3 Who am I?

a I send you alerts when someone tries to open the door of your house.

b I keep track of your posture and give you clothing options.

c I give you a live feed of places at your home.

d I display your social media updates in front of your eyes.

e I remind you to drink water and can also play music for you.

Fabrics and Patterns of India

Since ancient times, India has been known for its fabrics and patterns. Textiles have always played an important role in trade and business in India. Let us learn about some of the beautiful fabrics, patterns and embroidery of India.

Ikat is a fabric made by dyeing the threads rather than the woven fabric. The threads are tied and dyed using different colours. After the threads are dyed, they are woven into different geometric patterns. Today, Telangana is one of the main hubs for ikat weaving in India.

Chanderi is a traditional fabric from the small town of Chanderi in Madhya Pradesh. It is known for its light weight, sheer texture and a very fine feel. It is produced by weaving silk and golden zari together. Chanderi fabric is used to make saris, kurtas, duppattas, etc.

Phulkari is a pattern which originated in Punjab. Phulkari work is usually done on dupattas and shawls. It is a type of thread embroidery that is created with colourful silken thread. It is known for its geometric patterns and natural motifs.

Kalamkari is a type of handpainted or block-printed cotton fabric produced in Andhra Pradesh. There are two styles of Kalamkari art in India. The Srikalahasti style is done using a pen for freehand drawing of patterns and filling in the colours. The Machilipatnam style involves block printing using vegetable dyes.

Banarasi silk is produced in Banaras, or Varanasi, in Uttar Pradesh. Its history can be traced back to the Mughal era. It is known for its vibrant colours, luxurious textures and detailed designs. Banarasi silk saris are famous all over India for their fine quality.

Pashmina is a fabric made from the finest cashmere wool. It comes from the Changthanghi goat, also known as Kashmir goats. Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir is famous for its Pashmina shawls, which are known for their softness, warmth and beauty. These shawls are hand-embroidered, making them one of the most expensive fabrics.

Bandhani, also known as Bandhej, is a type of tie-and-dye textile made from superfine cotton. It involves dyeing the fabric which is tied with threads at various points to produce a variety of designs and patterns. It is an ancient art that is mainly practised in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Chikankari is a fabric known for its delicate white thread work done on fine cotton fabric to create beautiful patterns. It is believed to have been introduced in India during the Mughal era. It is a popular choice for clothing, accessories and home furnishings. Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh is known worldwide for this kind of embroidery.

The creation of different kinds of fabrics and patterns is also a form of art. These contribute to the artistic tradition of India.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz. Practice Time

1 Fill in the blanks.

a Bandhani is also known as

b Chikankari was introduced in India during the era.

c The wool from the goat is used to make Pashmina.

d is a form of Kalamkari which involves block printing with vegetable dyes.

e is known for its light weight, sheer texture and a very fine feel.

f Phulkari is known for its and natural motifs.

g The style of Kalamkari is done using a pen for freehand drawing and filling in of colours.

h Phulkari work is usually done on and .

2 Write True or False.

a Banarasi saris originated in Bangladesh.

b Machilipatnam is a style of Chikankari.

c Bandhani is a type of tie-and-dye textile.

d Chanderi is produced by weaving silk and golden zari together.

e Ikat involves dyeing of the fabric and not the threads.

3 Complete the crossword.

ACROSS:

1. It is mainly practised in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

2. Telangana is the main hub for the weaving of this fabric.

DOWN:

1. It is produced in Kashmir.

2. It originated in Punjab.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

UNESCO World Heritage Sites, located in 168 countries, include 1,223 places of remarkable cultural or natural importance. Here are some of the popular UNESCO World Heritage Sites as of 2024.

The Pyramids of Giza are in Egypt. There are three pyramids, which were the royal tombs built for three kings of Egypt. They have collectively been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. The largest one, the Great Pyramid, is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It took almost 1,00,000 workers and 20 years to build it.

The Colosseum is an ancient structure in Rome. So far, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built. It is also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, as it was built under the Flavian emperors. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.

The Great Barrier Reef is on the north-eastern coast of Australia and is the world’s biggest coral reef system. It is spread over 900 islands and is visible from space! It is the world’s largest single structure made by living organisms. In 1981, it became a World Heritage Site and is one of the seven natural wonders of the world.

The Taj Mahal is a beautiful monument on the banks of the River Yamuna in India. It is made of white marble. It was built between 1631 and 1648 by Emperor Shah Jahan during the Mughal period. The Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.

The Statue of Liberty is one of the most famous landmarks in the United States and is recognized around the world. It stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbor and symbolises freedom, inspiration and hope. In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Machu Picchu is a famous ancient Inca site situated in the Andes Mountains of Peru.

This ancient citadel was built in the 15th century and lies over 2,400 metres above the sea level. Its name means ‘Old Peak.’ It is also one of the Seven Wonders of the World. In 1983, UNESCO declared Machu Picchu as a World Heritage Site.

The Great Wall of China is the world’s largest man-made structure. It was built by emperors to protect their territory. The entire route stretches approximately 20,000 kilometres. It starts in the east in the Hebei province and stretches all the way to the Gansu province in the west. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites encourage tourism, which supports the economic growth of countries and cities.

Practice Time

1 Fill in the table.

Landmark

a Statue of Liberty

b Pyramids of Giza

c Taj Mahal

d Colosseum

e The Great Wall of China

f Machu Picchu

g Great Barrier Reef

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

The year it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site The country it is located in

2 Write the names of the World Heritage Sites.

a It is situated on the bank of the River Yamuna.

b The name of this place means ‘Old Peak.’

c It is also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.

d It is the largest single structure made by living organisms.

3 Fill in the blanks.

a The Taj Mahal is a beautiful monument made of .

b is the largest amphitheatre in the world.

c was built by 1,00,000 workers in 20 years.

d The Statue of Liberty symbolises , and hope.

e Machu Picchu is a famous ancient site situated in the of Peru.

f is a long wall built by the Chinese rulers to protect their territory.

g is one of the seven natural wonders of the world and is the biggest coral reef system.

Basketball

Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is a team game. The ball used in this game is referred to as a ‘basketball’. Let us learn more about the game.

History of Basketball

Basketball was invented by James Naismith in 1891. He was a physical education instructor at the International Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) training school in Springfield, Massachusetts.

International basketball became more popular when men’s basketball became an Olympic sport in 1936.

How to Play Basketball

Basketball is played on a rectangular court, with a basket or hoop on both sides. The hoop is about 3 metres above the ground. It is played by two teams of five players each. The players have to throw the ball into the other team’s hoop to score points. It is played for a total of 48 minutes, with four quarters of 12 minutes each. The team with the most points at the end of the game is the winner.

Some Important Organisations of Basketball

Women’s basketball was introduced in 1892 by Senda Berenson.

The National Basketball League (NBL)-United States was a professional basketball league formed in the year 1937.

The Basketball Association of America (BAA) was established in 1946. It later merged with the NBL-United States in 1949 to form the National Basketball Association (NBA).

The association of national organisations that governs the sport of basketball is called the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). It makes the rules and sets up basketball tournaments like the World Cup.

Basketball is a game that requires high energy levels. It helps improve physical strength and keeps us fit.

Practice Time

1 Mention the years of the following milestones.

a The year in which the NBL-United States was set up:

b The year in which the NBA was formed:

c The year in which basketball was invented:

d The year in which international basketball became an Olympic sport:

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

e The year in which women’s basketball was introduced:

2 Write the full forms of the following abbreviations.

a YMCA

b NBL

c BAA

d FIBA

3 Fill in the blanks.

a A basketball court is in shape.

b There are players in each basketball team.

c Basketball was invented by .

d Women’s basketball was introduced by

e sets up basketball tournaments like the World Cup.

f and National Basketball League-United States merged to form the NBA in 1949.

g A game of basketball is played for a total of minutes with four quarters of minutes each.

h The basket is about above the ground.

Emergencies and First Aid

Injuries like fractures and sprains require immediate care and attention. First aid, in case of these emergencies, can provide quick help to the injured person. Let us learn how to give first aid in some of these cases.

Fracture

In a fracture, bones may crack or break. The injured part cannot be moved normally. It is painful when touched or if pressure is applied and becomes swollen. Here are the steps to provide first aid in case of a fracture.

1. Do not move the injured part.

2. Tie a splint on the broken part. A splint supports and keeps the bone in place.

3. Apply an ice pack but not directly on the skin. It helps to reduce the swelling and the pain for a little while.

Sprain

4. Take the injured person to the doctor.

A sprain is when the ligaments (tough, elastic-like bands) that connect one bone to another is damaged. Someone who misses a step while walking may twist their ankle and sprain it. It can be treated easily if you remember the steps called RICE.

1. Rest the injured part.

2. Apply an ice pack for not more than 20 minutes at a time. Perform this for four to eight times a day.

3. Apply sprays or creams that reduce pain and wrap the area with a bandage. This keeps the area compressed and still to help it heal faster.

Fainting

4. Keep the injured part raised, or elevated, and rest it on a pillow/ cushion.

When there is not enough blood flowing to the brain, it may cause a person to lose their balance and fall. He/she may no longer respond. This is called fainting. Follow these steps to help the sick person:

1. Lay the person on his/her back.

2. Elevate the legs to restore blood flow to the brain.

3. Loosen any tight clothing.

4. Try to wake up the person. At the same time, call for an ambulance to quickly take the person to the nearest doctor.

We should spread awareness about first aid as it helps to prevent the symptoms from worsening. One should visit a doctor even after being given the emergency aid to ensure proper treatment. HEALTH

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Correctly number the steps of first aid (1–4) in case of a sprain.

a Apply an ice pack.

c Elevate the injured part.

b Rest the injured part.

d Apply a compression bandage.

2 Correctly number the steps of first aid (1–4) for fainting.

a Try to wake up the person.

c Elevate the legs.

b Lay the person on his/her back.

d Loosen any tight clothing.

3 Correctly number the steps of first aid (1–4) in case of a fracture.

a Apply an ice pack.

b Keep the injured part still.

c Take the injured person to the doctor. d Use a splint to support the broken bone.

4 Fill in the blanks.

a We should the legs of a person who has fainted.

b A is when the bones of a person have cracked or broken.

c We should lay a fainted person on their .

d A person does not when he/she faints.

e A sprain can occur if a is damaged.

f An ice pack should be applied to a sprain for not more than at a time.

g A helps to keep the bones in place in case of a fracture.

h RICE stands for , , ,

Superlatives of India

The superlatives of India include things such as the highest mountain, the longest river, the largest lake, island, desert and plateau. Let us learn about them.

Kanchenjunga is the highest mountain peak in India. At an altitude of 8,586 metres, it is the third highest peak in the world. Kanchenjunga is located in Sikkim and is part of the Great Himalaya range.

The Ganga River is India’s longest river. It originates in the Himalayas and flows down into the Bay of Bengal. The river flows through many states like Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The overall length of the Ganga River is about 2,525 km.

The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is the largest desert in India. It is mostly located in Rajasthan but also spreads to parts of Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat. The Thar Desert covers an area of over 2,00,000 square kilometres.

The Deccan Plateau is the largest plateau in India. It lies south of the River Narmada and covers 8 states. It is triangular in shape. The Satpura range forms its northern point, while it is bound on the east and west by the Ghats. The plateau’s climate varies from tropical to dry, depending upon the region.

The Wular Lake is the largest freshwater lake in India. It is located in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The lake is the second largest freshwater lake in Asia. It lies at the north end of the Kashmir valley. The Wular lake spreads over an area of 200 square kilometres.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is the largest island group in India. These islands are located in the Bay of Bengal. The Andaman has more than 300 islands, while the Nicobar consists of 19 islands. The total area of this island group is about 8,249 square kilometres.

Use the internet to find out which is the largest forest in India.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Where are these superlatives located in India?

a Lake Wular

b Thar Desert

c Mount Kanchenjunga

d Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2 Write the correct numbers.

a Thar Desert covers an area of about square kilometres.

b Wular Lake spreads over an area of square kilometres.

c Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a total area of about square kilometres.

d The Kanchenjunga mountain peak is at an altitude of metres.

e The length of River Ganga is approximately kilometres.

f The Deccan Plateau covers states.

3 Which superlative of India is it?

ACROSS:

1. Desert is known as the Great Indian Desert.

2. It is the highest mountain peak in India.

DOWN:

1. It is the longest river in India.

2. Plateau is the largest plateau in India.

3. It is the largest freshwater lake in India.

Global Conflicts, 2024

There were many serious conflicts in the world in 2024. Let us learn more about them.

Russia-Ukraine War

Russia and Ukraine are neighbouring countries. A conflict between them began in 2014. In February 2022, this conflict turned into a war when the Russian army invaded Ukraine. This conflict was still going on in 2024. Many people were killed in this war and thousands of people left Ukraine to escape the war.

Bangladesh Political Unrest

In June 2024, there was a series of anti-government protests in Bangladesh. The protests broke out in response to a decision by the Supreme Court that 30% of jobs in government services would be reserved for the descendants of freedom fighters who fought in Bangladesh’s War of Independence in 1971. The situation became violent. The Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, had to resign and leave the country.

Sudanese Civil War

A civil war is a war between citizens of the same country. Sudan is a country in Africa. A civil war broke out in Sudan in April 2023 between two rival groups. This conflict was still ongoing in 2024. Thousands of people were killed in this war. Millions of people have been displaced from their homes and have had to escape the country.

Myanmar Civil War

In February 2021, a civil war broke out in Myanmar when the country’s military overthrew the elected leaders of the government. This civil war was still going on in 2024. Thousands of citizens of Myanmar have had to leave the country because of the political situation. It has been estimated that over 5,000 people have been killed during this war.

Use the internet to find out about any one other major global conflict that took place in 2024.

Practice Time

1 Complete the table.

Reason for the Conflict

The Russian Army invaded a neighbouring country.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Name of the Conflict

A civil war broke out between two rival groups.

There were protests against a decision to reserve 30% of jobs in government service for the descendants of freedom fighters.

The military overthrew the elected leaders of the government.

2 Write when each of these conflicts began.

a Myanmar Civil War

b Russia-Ukraine War

c Bangladesh Political Unrest

d Sudanese Civil War

3 Write True or False.

a The conflict between Russia and Ukraine began in February 2024.

b Sheikh Hasina was the prime minister of Bangladesh who had to resign and leave the country due to political unrest.

c The military in Myanmar overthrew the elected leaders of the government.

d The civil war in Sudan began in May 2021.

Animals of Extreme Places

There are places on Earth with extreme conditions: too hot or cold, or deep underwater. However, there are animals that have adapted to live in such extreme conditions. Let us learn about some such animals.

Emperor penguins live on the permanently frozen continent of Antarctica. They have two layers of feathers and a thick layer of fat under their skin, called blubber, which help them stay warm. They huddle together in a large group to protect themselves from the freezing cold.

Wood frogs live in the northern part of North America, where winters are freezing. To survive the cold, these frogs let the winter freeze them without killing them. Their bodies produce large amounts of glucose which prevents ice from freezing in their cells. This prevents any damage when they are frozen in winter. They get back to their normal state in spring.

Camels are animals found in the hottest places on the planet—deserts. These places have very little food and even less water, but camels can go without food and water for weeks at a time. Camels store fat in their hump which gives them energy for that period of time. It also helps them change their body temperature to survive the desert. Their toes have evolved to walk on sand without sinking. This is why a camel is also called the ‘ship of the desert’.

The Saharan silver ant can survive in the scorching hot desert because tiny silver hairs protect its body from the extreme heat. It also has long legs that help it move quickly on the hot sand.

The Deep-sea anglerfish lives close to the ocean floor where it is extremely cold and dark. Because food is scarce and hard to find in the dark, they have a rod-like growth whose tip is filled with bacteria that glow and attract their prey. They also have large mouths and stomachs that help them catch whatever they find to eat.

The Pompeii worm lives near underwater volcanoes where water temperatures can go up to 80°C. Their bodies have hairlike spines which have a layer of bacteria. These bacteria help the worms to survive in very hot water near the underwater volcanic vents.

Global warming is leading to the loss of natural habitats for animals like penguins. We should adopt more sustainable practices in our daily lives in order to reduce global warming.

Practice Time

1 Identify the animals in the pictures below.

2 Fill in the blanks.

b c Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

a Camel is also known as the .

b The lives near underwater volcanic vents.

c The two layers of feathers and a thick layer of fat called under the skin help emperor penguins stay warm.

d The tiny of the Saharan silver ant protect them from heat.

e The bodies of wood frogs produce to prevent ice from freezing in their cells.

f The male deep-sea anglerfish have large and stomachs to help them catch and digest prey.

3 Guess the animals and write their names.

a Frogs that can be frozen and still survive in the cold:

b An animal with a hump that lives in the desert:

c A worm that has a layer of bacteria which helps it to survive in hot water:

d Birds that huddle together in large groups to stay warm in Antarctica:

e An ant that can survive in extremely hot temperatures:

f The rod of this fish is filled with a special bacteria that glows to attract its prey:

Modern Energy Resources

Energy is what makes things work. In the past, we relied on limited resources like coal and petroleum, but now we have modern methods for producing heat, electricity and power. Let us learn about some modern energy resources.

Solar energy is the heat and light from the Sun that is converted into electricity. The energy is stored using solar panels, which convert it into electricity. A single solar panel can only generate a small amount of electricity, but a group of solar panels can produce enough electricity for a building.

Wind energy is the energy obtained from fast-moving wind that can be used to generate electricity. Wind energy is generated using wind turbines. A wind turbine has blades which are connected to a rod or a shaft. This shaft is connected to a machine called a generator which produces electricity.

Hydroelectric energy uses the force of moving water to generate electricity. It is the world’s biggest source of renewable energy. Hydroelectric energy is mostly produced in dams. In a dam, water is stored at a height, and when it is released, it flows down. This flowing water spins water turbines that power a generator to produce electricity.

Biomass energy is the power generated from organic materials like wood and crop waste. By burning in a boiler, these materials produce high-pressure steam or heat. For example, wood can be burnt to generate heat. This heat can then be used in a power plant to run machines called generators, which produce electricity.

Geothermal energy is the heat energy that comes from the Earth and is used to generate electricity. Usually, hot water reservoirs are used as geothermal resources. It is one of the oldest types of resources still in use. Power plants are built in places where hot water or steam is found underground. These plants use the heat to produce energy.

Modern energy resources are important because they reduce the use of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, which pollute the environment and contribute to climate change.

Solar Panels

1 Write any four types of modern energy resources.

2 Fill in the blanks.

a In the process of generating solar energy, the energy from the Sun is stored using .

b are used to generate electricity through fast-moving wind.

c The wind turbine shaft is connected to a machine called a which produces electricity.

d Hydroelectricity is mostly produced in .

e The downward flowing water makes the water turbine , which produces electricity.

f Biomass energy is generated by burning materials like wood.

g are usually used as geothermal resources.

3 Which modern energy resource is it?

a It is the heat and light from the Sun that is converted into electricity.

b It is the heat energy from the Earth that can be converted into electricity.

c It uses organic materials to generate electricity.

d It uses moving water to generate electricity.

e It is the energy obtained from fast moving wind that can be used to generate electricity.

Get Your Money

Banks not only keep our money safe but also allow us to take it out when we need it. Let us learn some of the ways to withdraw money from bank accounts.

ATM

ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine. It is a machine that lets us do our banking tasks and complete basic transactions without going into a bank. Banks provide ATM services by installing cash machines at various locations. We can withdraw cash, check our balance and transfer money at an ATM.

Here are some important steps that we need to follow when withdrawing money:

1. We need a debit or a credit card to use an ATM.

2. We should place the card into the right slot of the machine.

3. We can navigate the options using the keypad or the touchscreen.

4. We should remember our PIN (Personal Identification Number) to use an ATM.

5. We should remember to take back our card after withdrawing money.

We should not share our PIN with anyone. We should also not forget the receipt of our transaction in the ATM.

Cheque

A cheque is a document issued to the bank to pay the specified amount from the drawer’s account to the payee. We need to write the amount of money, the date and the name of the payee on the cheque. We can withdraw money using a self-cheque. A self-cheque is a cheque that is written by individuals to themselves. This layout shows the format of a cheque.

Write the name of the payee.

Write the amount in words.

Account number.

Write the date.

Write the amount in numbers.

Signature

We should be very careful while writing a cheque. We should not issue a cheque without filling in an amount as it can be misused by anyone if lost. We should not overwrite on a cheque.

Both ATMs and cheques are effective for managing money. Learning to use them, as we grow up, can help us manage our finances efficiently.

Practice Time

1 Write True or False.

a We can insert the debit card anywhere in the ATM.

b We can transfer money using an ATM.

c We can navigate the options using the ATM keypad.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

d We can withdraw money from an ATM without entering the PIN.

e We can withdraw money with a cheque.

f We should issue a cheque without writing the amount.

g We don’t need a signature on the cheque.

h We should not share our banking PIN with anyone.

2 Choose the correct answers.

a ATM stands for

i Automated Teller Machine

ii Automatic Time Machine

b An ATM allows you to do tasks on your own.

i investment

ii banking

c We need a to use an ATM to withdraw money.

i debit or credit card

ii cheque

d We can write a to withdraw money.

i self-cheque

ii letter

e A cheque pays the specified amount from the account to the .

i payee’s, drawer

ii drawer’s, payee

f PIN stands for .

i Phone Identification Number

ii Personal Identification Number

3 Nisha has to withdraw money from her bank. She visits a few ATMs in her neighbourhood, but is not successful. Some ATMs did not have enough funds, while others were out of order. Nisha needs the money urgently. What should she do next?

The UN Headquarters

The United Nations (UN) is an international organisation founded in 1945. Let us learn more about it.

The Purpose of the UN

The UN was founded with an aim to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations, and promote social progress and better living standards for the future world. The UN’s membership has grown from 51 Member States (countries) in 1945 to 193 Member States by 2024.

The UN has six main organs:

1. The General Assembly

3. The Economic and Social Council

5. The International Court of Justice

2. The Security Council

4. The Trusteeship Council

6. The Secretariat

The UN Headquarters is in New York, United States of America and operates from 4 major buildings. The buildings, from which the above bodies operate, were built on land donated by John D. Rockefeller Jr, an American businessman.

The Secretariat Building

The Secretariat Building houses the offices of the UN Secretary-General and his staff, as well as other UN departments and offices. António Guterres is the current SecretaryGeneral of the UN. He was appointed as the 9th Secretary-General on 1 January 2017.

The General Assembly Hall

It is the main meeting place of the United Nations General Assembly. The General Assembly is the main policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations. The General Assembly meets annually in New York City from September to December. All 193 Member States of the UN are a part of the General Assembly. They meet to discuss and work together on a wide variety of issues.

The Dag Hammarskjöld Library

It is the central library of the UN. It provides information, research and journals. It also holds the documents and publications of the UN. It was founded in 1946 and is named after the 2nd Secretary-General of the UN. The library’s collection includes over 1.5 million books. The library is not open to the public. However, it can be accessed with a valid pass and is used mainly for research purposes.

The Conference Building

It is one of the main buildings of the United Nations Headquarters. The Conference Building is used for a variety of meetings and conferences, including those of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the Trusteeship Council. The building is open to the public for guided tours.

Do you think an organisation like the United Nations is necessary to maintain peace and harmony between countries? Think of any two reasons why the UN is important.

Practice Time

1 Tick () the names of the main bodies of the UN.

a The General Assembly

b Food and Agriculture Organization

c The Security Council

d The Trusteeship Council

e World Health Organization

f The Secretariat

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

2 Write the names of the four major buildings of the UN Headquarters.

3 Read the text and fill in the details.

a The 9th Secretary-General of the UN

b The 2nd Secretary-General of the UN

c The central library of the UN Headquarters

d The city where the UN Headquarters is located

e The building where main policymaking of the UN takes place

f The building which is used for a variety of meetings of the UN

g The building which houses the office of the UN Secretary-General

h The person who donated land for the UN Headquarters

Major Mines of India

India is rich in mineral resources, and it has a wide variety of ores and mines spread across the country. Some of the major mines in India include:

Kolar Gold Fields (K.G.F) was founded in 1880 by a British company, John Taylor & Sons. It is located in Kolar district in Karnataka. It was once one of the deepest gold mines in the world, reaching a depth of over 3 km. It was also the oldest gold mine in India. Due to economic and environmental reasons, the mine was closed down on 28 February 2001.

Panna Diamond Mine in Majhgawan, Panna, Madhya Pradesh, started mining diamonds in 1971-72. It is the only diamond mine in India that uses machines for mining. Panna is famous for its coloured diamonds. The mine is managed by the National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC).

Jharia Coalfield is one of the largest coalfields in India. It is located in Jharia, Dhanbad district, Jharkhand. It lies in the Damodar River Valley. Coal mining began in Jharia in 1894. Dhanbad is also known as the ‘Coal Capital of India’. Most of India’s coal comes from Jharia.

Raniganj Coalfield, located in West Bengal, is one of the oldest and largest coal mines in India. It was first opened in 1774. In the 1800s, it supplied about 88% of India’s coal, but now it contributes less than a tenth of the country’s total coal. The mine is currently operated by Eastern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited.

Malanjkhand

Copper Mine in Madhya Pradesh was established in 1982. It is located near Kanha National Park. It is one of the largest copper mines in India, owned by Hindustan Copper Limited. It produces nearly 70% of the country’s reserve.

Bailadila Iron Ore Mine is a surface mine located in Chhattisgarh. It was established in 1968. It is owned by NMDC and is known for its high-grade iron ore reserves. Bailadila Iron Ore Mines is one of the largest iron ore mines in India.

Mining is harmful for the environment since it leads to deforestation and soil erosion. Countries should adopt sustainable mining practices in order to prevent environmental decline.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Write the years in which the following mines were established.

a Bailadila Iron Ore Mine:

b Malanjkhand Copper Mine:

2 Write the states of India in which the following mines are located.

a Jharia Coalfield:

b Bailadila Iron Ore Mine:

c Raniganj Coalfield:

d Kolar Gold Fields:

e Panna Diamond Mine:

f Malanjkhand Copper Mine:

3 Fill in the blanks.

a The Bailadila Iron Ore mine is owned by

b is also known as the Coal Capital of India.

c is located near Kanha National Park.

d Raniganj Coalfield is currently operated by .

e Panna Diamond Mine is currently managed by the .

f shut down on 28 February 2001.

g is famous for producing coloured diamonds.

4 Which mine am I?

a This mine lies in the Damodar River Valley.

b This mine was founded by a British company, John Taylor & Sons.

c This mine is owned by Hindustan Copper Limited.

d This is the only diamond mine that uses machines for mining.

Famous Books Made into Films

Many authors and playwrights have made significant contributions to literature. Many such works have been adapted into films. We will learn about some of these books and the films that are based on them.

Harry Potter

The Book: Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy books written by J. K. Rowling. The story is about a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends who study at Hogwarts—a school of witchcraft and wizardry. These seven novels have been translated into more than 80 languages.

The Films: The seven books were adapted into a series of eight popular films. Two films were created from the seventh book. All the films were released between 2001 and 2011.

Life of Pi

The Book: Life of Pi is a fantasy novel written by Yann Martel. The book became a bestseller and won the Booker Prize in 2002. The story revolves around a boy who manages to survive a shipwreck and finds himself on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger, an orangutan, a zebra and a hyena.

The Film: The story was adapted into a film in 2012. This adventure film became a huge hit worldwide. The film won many awards at various film festivals. It was nominated in 11 categories at the Oscars and won 4 Oscars, including Best Direction.

The Lord of the Rings

The Book: The Lord of the Rings is an epic fantasy series of three books written by J. R. R. Tolkien. The books became bestsellers soon after they were published and have been translated into more than 57 languages so far. The story revolves around a powerful ring and the struggles faced by kings, elves, wizards and hobbits to destroy the ring.

The Films: The books were adapted by the director, Peter Jackson, into three films, a trilogy, which became popular across the globe. The series has won many awards, including 17 Oscars. The films were released between 2001 and 2003.

The Jungle Book

The Book: The Jungle Book is a collection of stories by the English author, Rudyard Kipling. It was published in 1894. A young boy named Mowgli is the main character of the book, who wanders into the jungle. Baloo, the bear, and Bagheera, the black panther, are two animal friends of Mowgli, whereas Shere Khan, the Bengal tiger, is his enemy. This story is about adventure, friendship and survival.

The Film: The book was released as a film for the first time in 1967 by Walt Disney. It was recreated and released again in 2016. Both films were produced by Walt Disney Pictures and are very popular and successful worldwide.

Use the internet to find out about any two books written by Indian authors that have been turned into films.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Who wrote these books?

a The Lord of the Rings

b Harry Potter

c The Jungle Book

d Life of Pi

2 Write True or False.

a Life of Pi was a bestselling book as well as a successful film.

b Shere Khan is Mowgli’s best friend in The Jungle Book.

c The fourth book of the Harry Potter series was made into two films.

d Three films were made based on The Lord of the Rings books.

3 Read the text and name these books.

a This book won the Booker Prize in 2002.

b This series is about destroying a powerful ring.

c The leading character in this book lives in a jungle with animals.

d It is a series of books about a boy attending a school named Hogwarts.

e This book is about a boy who survived a shipwreck with a Bengal tiger and three other animals.

4 Read the text and name these films.

a The series was released as eight films between 2001 and 2011.

b It was released first in 1967 and again in 2016 by Walt Disney.

c This film adaptation was nominated for 11 Oscars and won 4 of them.

d It is an epic fantasy trilogy that was released between 2001 and 2003 and won 17 Oscars.

Indian Sports Stars, 2024

India has always been home to many talented athletes. In 2024, many Indian athletes showcased their skills and determination in various sports, making the country proud on the international stage. Let us learn more about some of them.

Rohan Bopanna — Tennis

At 43, he became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam title in the Open Era of tennis (since 1968). He won the men’s doubles title at the 2024 Australian Open with his partner, Matthew Ebden. He achieved the World No. 1 ranking in the men’s doubles after this victory.

Avani Lekhara — Para-Shooting

She became the first Indian woman to win two gold medals at the Paralympics. She won the gold medals in the 10m air rifle shooting event at the 2020 Tokyo and the 2024 Paris Paralympics. She also holds the Paralympic record in the 10m air rifle shooting event.

Jasprit Bumrah — Cricket

He was awarded the ‘Man of the Tournament’ at the 2024 ICC Men’s T20 World Cup, held in the USA and the West Indies. He is only the second Indian to receive this award. He took 15 wickets in 8 matches and played a crucial role in helping India win its second T20 World Cup.

Manu Bhaker — Shooting

She became the first Indian woman to win a medal in shooting at the Olympics. She is the first Indian to win two medals in a single Olympic edition. She won bronze medals in the women’s 10m air pistol event and the 10m air pistol mixed team event with her partner, Sarabjot Singh at the 2024 Paris Olympics.

Gukesh Dommaraju — Chess

He became the youngest player to win the FIDE Candidates Tournament and qualify as a ‘Challenger’ at the 2024 World Chess Championship. He is the third-youngest Grandmaster in history. He was also a part of the team that won the 2024 FIDE Chess Olympiad.

The commitment of athletes to physical fitness, proper nutrition and strong mental health highlights the importance of a balanced lifestyle. It promotes overall health and wellness.

Practice Time

1 Match the athletes and their achievements in 2024.

a Manu Bhaker

b Rohan Bopanna

c Avani Lekhara

d Jasprit Bumrah

e Gukesh Dommaraju

2 Fill in the blanks.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Won gold in the 10m air rifle event at the 2024 Paralympics

Won the 2024 FIDE Candidates Tournament

Won the ‘Man of the Tournament’ award in the 2024 ICC Men’s T20 World Cup

Won bronze in the 10m air pistol event at the 2024 Olympics

Won the 2024 Australian Open men’s doubles title

a Rohan Bopanna won the men’s doubles title at the 2024 Australian Open with his partner .

b Rohan Bopanna is the oldest man to win a grand slam in the of tennis.

c The 2024 ICC Men’s T20 World Cup was held in the and the .

d Avani Lekhara won gold medals in the 10m air rifle shooting event at the and Paralympics.

e Manu Bhaker is the first Indian to win two medals in a of the Olympics.

f Gukesh Dommaraju qualified as a at the 2024 World Chess Championships.

3 Name the athletes.

a He is the third-youngest Grandmaster in the history of chess.

b She is the first Indian woman to win a medal in shooting at the Olympics.

c He achieved the World No. 1 ranking in the men’s doubles after the 2024 Australian Open.

d She holds the Paralympic record in the 10m air rifle shooting event.

e He took 15 wickets in 8 matches at the 2024 ICC Men’s T20 World Cup.

Surya Namaskar

Surya Namaskar is a popular yoga practice in India. It is also known as the Sun Salutation and is usually practised early in the morning. Let us learn more about it.

Traditionally, Surya Namaskar was practised to pay respect to the sun. The practice of Surya Namaskar dates back to the Vedic Period, which was many thousands of years ago. It is thought that it was to worship the Sun God.

Variations in Surya Namaskar

• Hatha Surya Namaskar : It is the traditional form of Surya Namaskar practised since ancient times. It has 12 poses. It is performed at a slow pace, with pauses between every pose.

• Ashtanga Surya Namaskar: This is a more intense form of yoga. It has two types: Type A: It has 9 poses. Type B: It has 17 poses.

12 Poses of the Hatha Surya Namaskar

12. Namaskarasana (Prayer Pose)

11. Hastottanasana (Raised Arms Pose)

10. Padahastasana (Hands to Feet Pose)

9. Ashwasanchalanasana (High Lunge Pose)

8. Parvatasana (Mountain Pose)

1. Namaskarasana (Prayer Pose)

7. Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose)

Some benefits of Surya Namaskar

2. Hastottanasana (Raised Arms Pose)

3. Padahastasana (Hands to Feet Pose)

4. Ashwasanchalanasana (Lunge Pose)

5. Santolanasana (Plank Pose)

6. Sastanga Namaskara (Eight-limbed Pose)

• Helps one to stay physically fit, mentally alert and emotionally balanced.

• Strengthens and stretches the muscles.

• Strengthens the heart.

• Improves digestion.

• Makes one calm and strong.

• Boosts energy.

Yoga practices such as the Surya Namaskar help boost concentration and mindfulness. They relax our mind.

HEALTH

Practice Time

1 Fill in the blanks.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

a Surya Namaskar is also known as .

b Traditionally, Surya Namaskar was done to pay respect to the .

c is the traditional form of Surya Namaskar.

d Type A and Type B Surya Namaskars are a part of Surya Namaskar.

e is the first and last posture of Hatha Surya Namaskar.

f Surya Namaskar dates back to the period.

2 Write True or False.

a Hatha Surya Namaskar has been practised since ancient times.

b Surya Namaskar strengthens our heart.

c Surya Namaskar weakens our muscles.

d Type A of Ashtanga Surya Namaskar has 9 poses.

e The aim of Surya Namaskar is to make one feel tired.

3 Number the poses of Hatha Surya Namasker (1–12) in the correct order.

a Santolanasana g Padahastasana

b Namaskarasana h Namaskarasana

c Sastanga Namaskara i Ashwasanchalanasana

d Bhujangasana j Parvatasana

e Hastottanasana k Hastottanasana

f Ashwasanchalanasana l Padahastasana

Life on Earth

Life on Earth began around 3.8 billion years ago. Let us learn about how life first began and what keeps life going on Earth.

What Sustains Life on Earth?

Earth is the only planet in our solar system which can sustain life. Our planet’s atmosphere is like a warm and safe blanket. It is formed by gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. We breathe in oxygen, which we need to survive. Nitrogen helps to create proteins that build our muscles and are essential for our bodies to grow. There are also a few other gases, like argon, carbon dioxide and water vapour. These gases help control Earth’s temperature, the weather and the water cycle, which in turn, ensure that we have the water we need to live.

The Birth of Earth: Around 4.5 billion years ago, Earth was formed from a spinning cloud of dust and gas. The small particles collided and joined together to form a larger body. This larger body came to be known as Earth. It was very hot and rocky.

The Dawn of Life: Life began around 3.8 billion years ago with microscopic organisms in the oceans. These organisms were able to survive in the presence of rocks and water.

Dinosaurs’ Reign: Around 250 to 200 million years ago, dinosaurs ruled the land. They are believed to have been big creatures! Earth’s climate was warm, and the continents were joined together in one big landmass (supercontinent) called the Pangaea.

The Rise of Mammals: The earliest known mammals emerged around 210 million years ago.

The Saga of Humanity: Around 6 million years ago, our ancestors, known as hominins, appeared on Earth. Humans evolved over time.

Life Today: Earth is now home to humans and a variety of plants and animals, from the smallest insects to the largest whales. We have built cities, developed technology and have a better understanding of our world than ever before.

Earth is unique because it is the only planet in our solar system which can sustain life. It is our home. We should protect it and keep it clean.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Answer the following questions in one word or phrase.

a When did Earth form?

b When did mammals first appear?

c When did life begin on Earth?

d When did dinosaurs first appear on Earth?

e When did hominins first appear on Earth?

2 Fill in the blanks.

a Nitrogen helps create that build our muscles.

b Gases like water vapour, argon and help control Earth’s temperature, weather and water cycle.

c The continents were joined together in one big landmass called the .

d Our planet’s is like a warm blanket.

e The first life forms on Earth were found in the

f Breathing in is necessary for our survival.

3 Write True or False.

a Modern humans evolved from hominins.

b The first life organisms on Earth were fish.

c Earth was formed from a cloud of dust and gas.

d Earth is the only planet in the solar system which can sustain life.

e Earth’s atmosphere is mainly made up of nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

Indian Space Missions

India has a great history of exploring space. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has sent more than 125 spacecraft into space through 97 launch missions. Let us read about some of ISRO’s milestone missions.

Aryabhata was India’s first satellite, launched on 19 April 1975. It was created by India’s space agency, ISRO, and named after the famous Indian astronomer, Aryabhata. The Soviet Union (Russia) helped ISRO launch it into space. Aryabhata was used to study Earth’s atmosphere and the Sun.

AstroSat is India’s first space telescope or space astronomy observatory that studies black holes, stars and galaxies using the visible and invisible light emitted by these bodies. It was launched on 28 September 2015 and is still functional.

The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) was India’s first mission to Mars. The spacecraft was launched by ISRO on 5 November 2013. The ISRO became the 4th space agency in the world to successfully send a spacecraft into Mars’ orbit. MOM was inserted in the orbit on 24 September 2014.

Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22 July 2019. It had an orbiter, a lander and a rover. The orbiter successfully entered the lunar orbit, but the lander and rover failed to land.

Chandrayaan-1 was India’s first mission to the Moon, launched on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Andhra Pradesh. The satellite orbited the Moon more than 3,400 times and played an important role in the discovery of water molecules on the Moon. ISRO lost communication with it in August 2009.

Chandrayaan-3 was India’s first mission to successfully land on the moon. It was launched on 14 July 2023 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Andhra Pradesh. It had a lander, Vikram, and a rover, Pragyan. The lander safely landed near the South Pole of the Moon and released the rover to explore the Moon’s surface.

Space exploration is a long and difficult process. It requires a lot of hard work, perseverance, patience and cooperation.

Practice Time

1 Write the launch dates of these spacecraft.

a Aryabhata:

b Chandrayaan-1:

c Chandrayaan-2:

d AstroSat:

e MOM:

f Chandrayaan-3

2 Fill in the blanks.

a MOM was inserted in Mars’ orbit on .

b Chandrayaan-1 lost communication with ISRO in .

c The Chandrayaan-3 mission’s lander and rover were and

d Chandrayaan-1 was launched from , Andhra Pradesh.

e With MOM, India became the country in the world to reach Mars’ orbit.

f ISRO launched Aryabhata with the help of the

3 Who am I?

a India’s first satellite

b India’s first mission to the Moon

c India’s first mission to Mars

d India’s first space astronomy observatory

e India’s first mission to successfully land on the Moon

f India’s mission that failed to land on the Moon

Food Nutrients and Health

The nutrients in food play an important role in maintaining good health. The human body requires a variety of nutrients to function properly. Consuming a balanced diet with the right mix of nutrients is essential for overall well-being. Different types of nutrients can be divided into seven main categories. Let us learn about them.

Carbohydrates are our main source of energy. They keep us active during physical activities such as running and playing. We get carbohydrates from food sources such as wheat and rice, vegetables like potatoes and corn, and fruit like bananas, apples and mangoes.

Proteins help our body grow, stay strong and repair our muscles. They are also essential for our hair and skin health. We need proteins to build and maintain strong bones. We can get protein from food sources such as eggs, meat, fish, milk, beans and nuts.

Healthy fats help us keep our skin healthy and give us energy. They keep our blood pressure in check and regulate our blood sugar levels. Fats from sources such as avocados, nuts and olive oil are healthy fats. Eating unhealthy fats, such as those found in fried chips and pizzas, can be injurious to our health and may affect the heart.

Fibre is found in food sources such as whole grains, fruit and vegetables. It helps with digestion, keeps our weight balanced and decreases the risk of getting diabetes or becoming constipated.

Minerals such as calcium and iron make our bones, muscles and teeth strong and help the nervous system function well. Different foods contain different minerals. Milk contains calcium, and bananas and green vegetables contain potassium.

Vitamins are nutrients that help to boost our immune system and help our body to function properly. For example, vitamin C from oranges and lemons helps to heal wounds, and vitamin D from the sun makes our bones strong.

Water is essential for life and is important for our health. The human body is made up of about 60% of water. It helps control our body temperature, carries food, transports nutrients and removes waste that our bodies do not need.

A nutrient-rich diet helps to promote overall health and wellness. It helps us to grow, boost our energy and strengthen our immunity.

Practice Time

1 Fill in the blanks.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

a and help to keep our skin healthy.

b help our body grow and repair our muscles.

c are the main source of energy in our body.

d helps to digest our food and balance our weight.

e help to boost our immune system.

f is a vitamin that keeps our bones strong.

g makes up 60% of the human body.

2 Write any three food sources from which we get these nutrients.

a Carbohydrates: , ,

b Proteins: , ,

c Healthy fats: , ,

d Minerals: , ,

e Fibre: , ,

3 Write True or False.

a We get vitamin D from oranges and lemons.

b Eating fibre lowers the chances of being constipated.

c Fats remove the waste that our body does not need.

d Bananas are rich in potassium.

e Water helps to maintain our body temperature.

f Carbohydrates help to repair muscles.

g Proteins help to transport nutrients throughout our body.

New Silk Road

The New Silk Road is a massive infrastructure and economic development project launched by the Chinese government in 2013.

New Silk Road

The New Silk Road is a project to improve trade, connectivity and communication across Eurasia, Africa and Latin America. It helps connect China to many parts of the world through big construction projects. It links China with places like Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and Europe by land. By sea, it connects China with coastal regions in Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Africa.

One Belt, One Road

In 2013, China announced the Silk Road Economic Belt, a plan to build roads, railways and other infrastructure to connect different countries over land. It was inspired by an ancient trade route that connected China to countries in the West.

Later, China announced the Maritime Silk Road, which aimed to improve connections between Asia and East Africa using ocean routes.

Together, these projects were named One Belt, One Road. Later, in 2015, the name was changed to the Belt and Road Initiative.

Objectives of the BRI

• Improving connectivity through transportation projects like roadways, railways and shipping routes.

• Boosting trade to bring about better economic growth.

• Fostering diplomatic and cultural ties to encourage the exchange of ideas, people and knowledge.

• Building energy facilities in participating countries to facilitate trade and generate economic prosperity.

• Promoting environmental cooperation.

Projects like the New Silk Road enable different countries to cooperate on important issues such as trade, economic challenges, environmental protection and establish peaceful relations between nations.

1 Name the three regions connected by the plan of the New Silk Road.

2 Fill in the blanks.

a The New Silk Road was launched in the year

b The New Silk Road was launched by the government of

c Together, the initiatives, and , are called One Belt, One Road.

d The project aimed to improve connectivity by building infrastructure on land.

e The project aimed to improve connectivity using ocean routes.

3 Write True or False.

a Boosting cultural ties is not an objective of the BRI.

b Some parts of Africa are a part of the BRI.

c The New Silk Road connects the UK with the USA.

d The New Silk Road was built to enhance economic cooperation between China and India.

e The Silk Road Economic Belt includes a variety of components, like ports and shipping routes.

f The BRI promotes environmental cooperation.

4 Name the regions that are connected to China via the following routes.

a By Land:

b By Sea:

Indian Handicrafts

Indian handicrafts are a vibrant and diverse reflection of the country’s culture and history. Skilled artisans create a wide range of crafts. Let us learn more about them.

Pottery is a form of art using clay. It has been part of the Indian culture since ancient times. Different regions have different styles and designs of pottery. For example, Uttar Pradesh uses bright colours, Himachal Pradesh uses dark colours, and Rajasthan has various unique pottery traditions. The people who make pottery are called potters. They are highly respected in India’s artistic tradition.

Woodwork involves crafting things from wood and is skilfully practised in various regions of India. Wood from sal, teak, sheesham and oak trees is used to make furniture which lasts for a long time. Rosewood and sandalwood are used for carving and artwork. These carved items are highly praised throughout the world.

Jute craft in India includes various items made from jute, such as bags and jewellery. It is popular in West Bengal, Assam and Bihar. People worldwide visit India to purchase these crafts at fairs.

Shell work is a craft in which sea shells are used to create intricately crafted items. They are used to make jewellery and items of decoration. States like Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Goa are famous for jewellery and other items made of shells.

Brass is a durable material and is ideal for handicraft. In India, people use brass to make various items such as statues, vases, lamps and jewellery boxes. Moradabad in Uttar Pradesh is famous for its brass work and handicrafts. It is called the Brass City of India. Other states where brass handicraft is done are Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal.

Bamboo handicrafts are popular all over India, especially in West Bengal, Assam and Tripura. The items are eco-friendly and durable. Various items like baskets, dolls and even furniture are made of bamboo. These crafts preserve India’s heritage while embracing innovation and culture.

Bidri art comes from a place called Bidar, Karnataka which is famous for making special metal handicrafts. This art began in the 14th century. The metal used is a blackened mix of copper and zinc, with beautiful designs made from pure silver. People make many items with Bidri art, like pitchers, bangles, boxes, statues and buttons. Traditional designs include leaves, flowers, human figures, patterns and poppy plants with flowers.

Handicrafts are an important part of Indian culture. We should support the artisans who make them in order to preserve these old craft-making traditions.

Practice Time

1 Fill in the blanks.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

a is a form of art using clay.

b Pottery from Himachal Pradesh has colours.

c is known as the Brass City of India.

d In the coastal regions, are used to create beautiful jewellery.

e Bidri art uses a mix of and metal, with designs made from pure silver.

f and are usually used for making wood carvings.

2 Write any one location in India where these handicrafts are practised.

a Clay pots:

b Bidri:

c Jute bags:

d Brass:

e Bamboo handicraft:

f Shell work:

3 Write True or False.

a Bamboo handicrafts are eco-friendly.

b Moradabad is famous for its brass work.

c Bidri art began in the 16th century.

d Shell work is popular in mountainous regions.

Reserve Bank of India

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s central bank. Let us learn more about it.

Reserve Bank of India

The creation of the RBI was in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The RBI was established on 1 April, 1935. It is responsible for regulating India’s currency, money supply and banking system. It oversees all other banks in the country and ensures that they follow the rules.

The RBI is owned by the Government of India. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Kolkata. The headquarters were permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The RBI also has branches in various locations across the country, including most of the state capitals.

Issuing Currency

In India, all currency is issued by the RBI.

• The RBI decides how much currency to print.

• It ensures that there is enough money in circulation for the public to use.

• It designs the notes, but the printing of notes is done by the Government of India. RBI ensures that there are security features, like watermarks, on the notes to prevent people from printing fake notes.

The RBI is not responsible for issuing coins. The Government of India is responsible for designing and minting coins of various denominations.

Regulating Banks

The RBI is in charge of the banking system of the entire country. It ensures the safety and smooth operation of the banking system.

• All banks need a license from the RBI in order to operate in India.

• The RBI sets rules about how banks should operate and how much money they must keep.

• It regularly inspects banks to make sure that they are following the rules.

• It issues guidelines to ensure that the money deposited by people in the banks is safe. It ensures that banks have enough funds to return people’s deposits, if needed.

• It provides loans to banks in emergency situations.

Why do you think an organisation like the RBI is required to oversee the banking system of a country? Discuss with your classmates.

Practice Time

1 Fill in the blanks.

a The full form of RBI is

b The RBI is India’s bank.

c The headquarters of the RBI is located in .

d The RBI was established on .

2 Tick () the functions performed by the RBI .

a Designing currency notes

b Lending money to people directly

c Setting rules for banks to follow

d Deciding how much currency will be printed

e Collecting taxes

f Providing loans to banks in emergency situations

3 Write True or False.

a All banks need a license from the RBI to operate in India.

b The RBI is owned by the private banks.

c All banks are allowed to issue their own currency notes.

d Currency notes have security features to prevent people from making fake notes.

e The RBI decides the amount of money that a bank must keep.

f The RBI issues chequebooks to all citizens of India.

g The RBI is responsible for printing notes and minting coins.

h The headquarters of the RBI is in Kolkata. Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Renowned Poets and Authors

The world has numerous renowned poets and authors. Let us read about some of them.

ASIA

Rūmī (1207–1273): Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, often referred to as simply Rumi, was a 13th-century Persian poet. His poetry is widely read and admired for its themes of love and devotion.

Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941):

He was an Indian poet, playwright, composer and philosopher. He was the first Asian to be awarded a Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1913 for his collection of poems, Gitanjali

AFRICA

Chinua Achebe (1930–2013):

He was a Nigerian author best known for his novel Things Fall Apart, which was a groundbreaking work in African literature.

Wole Soyinka (1934–Present):

He is a Nigerian playwright, poet and essayist who became the first African to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1986.

NORTH AMERICA

Toni Morrison (1931–2019):

She was an acclaimed author known for her works like Beloved and Song of Solomon. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.

EUROPE

William Shakespeare (1564–1616):

Often considered as one of the greatest playwrights in English, he was also the national poet of England. He wrote at least 37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 narrative poems. His works include the famous Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and Othello

Jane Austen (1775–1817):

She was an English novelist who wrote about emotions and society. Her renowned works include Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility

AUSTRALIA

Patrick White (1912–1990): He was a novelist and playwright, and the first Australian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1973. His novels, Voss and The Tree of Man, are important works of Australian literature.

Banjo Paterson (1864–1941): He was one of Australia’s most famous and beloved poets. He is known for his iconic ballads, including Waltzing Matilda and The Man, from Snowy River

SOUTH AMERICA

Gabriel García Márquez (1927–2014):

He was known to write in a way that combined the real and the magical. He wrote classics like One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera.

With the help of the internet, find out about one renowned poet and one author from India.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Sort the given authors/poets based on their continent of origin.

Patrick White

Rabindranath Tagore Wole Soyinka

Toni Morrison Jane Austen Gabriel García Márquez

2 Write the year when these authors/poets received the Nobel Prize in Literature.

a Wole Soyinka:

c Patrick White:

3 Name the authors/poets of these works.

a Beloved

b Hamlet

c Waltzing Matilda

d Things Fall Apart

e Gitanjali

f Pride and Prejudice

g The Tree of Man

h One Hundred Years of Solitude

4 Fill in the blanks.

b Toni Morrison:

d Rabindranath Tagore:

a was a 13th century Persian poet, who was widely admired.

b was the first Asian to be awarded a Nobel Prize in Literature.

c was the first Australian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.

d was the first African to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

e ’s novels explored the themes of emotions and society.

f The style of combining the magical and the real can be found in the works of .

Space Missions of 2024

In 2024, there were many important space missions. Let us learn about some of them.

XPoSat

XPoSat, short for X-ray Polarimeter Satellite, is a satellite launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on 1 January 2024. Serving as a space observatory satellite, XPoSat was launched aboard the PSLV-C58 spacecraft. This satellite plays an important role in helping ISRO study the x-rays emitted by stars and other celestial objects.

Chang’e 6

On 3 May 2024, the China National Space Administration successfully launched its Chang’e 6 spacecraft on the far side of the moon. It landed in the South Pole region on 1 June 2024. The aim of the mission was to collect samples of rocks and soil from the surface. The spacecraft successfully returned to Earth with the samples on 25 June 2024. These samples will help scientists learn more about the history and formation of the moon.

Polaris Dawn

On 10 September 2024, SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket launched the Polaris Dawn mission into low-Earth orbit. Four astronauts travelled 1400 km away from Earth. The aim of the mission was to study the effects of space radiation and spaceflight on human health. The crew also performed the first ever commercial spacewalk.

Europa Clipper

On 14 October 2024, NASA launched a spacecraft named the Europa Clipper. Its aim is to study one of Jupiter’s moons named Europa and to find out whether there is an ocean under the surface of Europa, in which life may exist.

Do you think space exploration is important for humankind? Discuss with your classmates and think of two reasons why it is important.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Write down which mission was launched on these dates.

a 14 October 2024

b 3 May 2024

c 1 January 2024

d 10 September 2024

2 Write the names of the organisations which launched the following missions.

a XPoSAt

b Europa Clipper

c Polaris Dawn

d Chang’e 6

3 Write True or False.

a The aim of the Europa Clipper is to study Jupiter’s moon, Europa.

b XPoSat studies the effects of space travel on human health.

c The first ever commercial spacewalk was conducted by the crew of Polaris Dawn.

d Chang’e 6 brought back soil samples from the Moon.

e The Europa Clipper was launched by the China National Space Administration.

4 Fill in the blanks.

a Chang’e 6 collected samples of and from the far side of the moon.

b The full form of XPoSat is

c The Europa Clipper aims to find out if there is an under the surface of Europa.

d astronauts were a part of the crew of Polaris Dawn.

Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals, established by the United Nations in 2015, are a group of 17 worldwide objectives for all UN member nations. The entire scope of sustainability includes cultural, social, technical, economic, political and environmental aspects. These goals will help the world to become a better place by 2030.

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals are:

• Goal 1: To end poverty in all its forms, everywhere.

• Goal 2: To end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

• Goal 3: To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all, at all ages.

• Goal 4: To ensure quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

• Goal 5: To achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

• Goal 6: To ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

• Goal 7: To ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

• Goal 8: To promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all.

• Goal 9: To build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industries and encourage innovation.

• Goal 10: To reduce inequality within and among countries.

• Goal 11: To make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

• Goal 12: To ensure sustainable use of the available resources (consumption and production).

• Goal 13: To take urgent action to prevent climate change and its impact.

• Goal 14: To conserve and sustainably use the world’s oceans, seas and marine resources.

• Goal 15: To protect endangered species, prevent deforestation and biodiversity loss, and to restore damaged environments and ecosystems.

• Goal 16: To promote peaceful and inclusive societies, provide access to justice for all and build effective and inclusive institutions at all levels.

• Goal 17: To strengthen the global partnership between countries and organisations for sustainable development.

We should spread awareness among people to encourage them to contribute as much as they can towards achieving the SDGs.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Number the SDGs correctly.

a It aims to end hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition. SDG

b It aims to end poverty in all its forms, everywhere. SDG

c It aims to strengthen global partnership for sustainable development. SDG

d It aims to ensure sustainable use of available resources. SDG

e It aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy. SDG

f It aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water. SDG

g It aims to promote sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work. SDG

h It aims to take urgent action to prevent climate change and its impact. SDG

2 Match the following.

a No poverty

b Reduce Inequalities c Good Health and well-being

3 Write any two ways to conserve life on land.

Wireless Technologies

Wireless technologies are methods and systems that transfer data, information or signals without any physical wires. Let us learn about some of the wireless technologies in use.

Wi-Fi, which is short for Wireless Fidelity, is a wireless technology. It allows devices such as smartphones and laptops to connect to the internet without any physical cables. This is achieved by transmitting signals from a device known as a router.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology used for data exchange between devices within short distances. Bluetooth devices must be paired before they can transfer data. You can find Bluetooth in devices like mobile phones, laptop, smartwatches and some speakers.

Cellular network is a communication system that allows wireless communication between devices over a large area. It help us in making calls, sending messages, using the internet and enabling machines to connect with each other. It works by dividing a large area into smaller sections called ‘cells’. Each cell has a cell tower that connects to the devices in the area.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a technology that functions with the help of a network of satellites. These satellites send signals to devices on Earth, like mobile phones, to give the exact location of any place on the map. It also gives the realtime location of the device using it.

Mobile hotspots are virtual routers that allow you to share internet with your computers, smartphones and other smart devices. With the help of mobile hotspots, people can share the internet wirelessly, with their family and friends in coffee shops, restaurants, airports, etc.

It is important to use wireless technology responsibly to stay connected, learn and make life easier. However, remember to balance screen time with real-world connections.

Practice Time

1 Fill in the blanks.

a Wi-Fi stands for .

b is a wireless technology used for data exchange between devices within short distances.

c enable us to make calls, send messages and use the internet, through cell towers.

d is a technology that uses a network of satellites in space to locate you on a map.

e are virtual routers that allow you to share internet.

2 Write True or False.

a Cellular networks do not help us make video calls.

b GPS helps to connect devices and transfer data safely.

c Wi-Fi helps us use the internet without cable connections.

d A router is a device that helps to transmit signals.

e You can connect your tablet to the internet using your mobile phone.

f You can connect your smartwatch to your phone using Bluetooth.

3 Which wireless technology will they use in the following cases?

a Rohan wants to know the exact location of a restaurant.

b Ishaan and Om are together. Om wants a picture from Ishaan’s mobile.

c The internet at Urmi’s house is not working. She connects to the internet using her mobile phone.

d Ayushi needs a wireless internet connection for her house.

Chess

Chess is one of the oldest and most popular board games in the world. In ancient India, it was known as Chaturanga. It is an indoor game that enhances problem-solving skills. Two players are required to play chess. The person who captures the opponent’s king, wins. Let us learn more about it.

Chessboard and Pieces

Chess is played on a checkerboard. It is made up of 64 squares. They are arranged in 8 rows and 8 columns.

The chess pieces used in the game are usually black and white. There are 32 chess pieces in all: 16 white pieces and 16 black pieces.

There are six different types of chess pieces. Each colour has 8 pawns, 2 bishops, 2 knights, 2 rooks, 1 queen and 1 king.

King:

Moves of Chess Pieces

Queen: Moves any number of squares in any direction (diagonally, horizontally or vertically).

Rook: Moves any number of squares horizontally or vertically.

Bishop: Moves any number of squares diagonally.

Knight: Moves in an L-shape. It is the only piece that can jump over other pieces.

Pawns: Moves one square forward. On its first move, it can move two squares.

The Chess Olympiad

The Chess Olympiad is one of the the biggest worldwide chess events where top countries participate.

At the 2024 Chess Olympiad, which took place in Budapest, Hungary, India won the gold medal for the first time in both the Open and Women’s categories.

Indian Chess Personalities

Vishawanathan Anand is an Indian Chess Grandmaster. He earned this title in 1988. He started learning chess from the age of six. He won the International Chess Federation (FIDE) World Championship five times—in 2000, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2012.

Koneru Humpy is the youngest Indian woman ever to achieve the title of Grandmaster. She achieved it at the age of 15, in 2002. She won the 2019 Women’s World Rapid Chess Championship and won a silver medal in 2023.

Chess is a challenging game which promotes critical thinking, problem-solving skills and reduces stress, thus enhancing the mental well-being of an individual.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Identify the chess pieces. a b c

2 Fill in the blanks.

a players are required to play chess.

b There are a total of squares on a chessboard.

c chess pieces are used in the game.

d Chess was known as in India in ancient times.

e Chess pieces are usually and in colour.

f To win a game of chess, one needs to capture the .

g won the FIDE World Championship five times.

h is the youngest Indian woman ever to achieve the title of Grandmaster.

i India won the gold medal in both the and categories at the 2024 Chess Olympiad.

3 Which chess piece is it?

ACROSS:

1. This piece moves in an L-shape.

2. This piece can move any number of squares diagonally.

DOWN:

1. This piece can move two steps in the first move.

2. This piece can only move one square in any direction.

SAARC Nations

International governmental organisations are very useful. They work to ensure that the member countries work peacefully in their regions. One such organisation is the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Let us learn more about the SAARC.

About the SAARC

The SAARC was established on 8 December 1985. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka were the founding member countries. They signed the SAARC Charter in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 8 December 1985.

The objective of the SAARC is to promote regional cooperation, economic growth, improve living standards and address common challenges faced by the member countries. Afghanistan became the newest member of the SAARC in 2007.

The Headquarters and the Secretariat of the association are in Kathmandu, Nepal. The Secretariat of the association was set up on 17 January 1987.

SAARC Specialised Bodies

• South Asian University (SAU), India

• South Asian Regional Standards Organisation (SARSO), Bangladesh

• SAARC Development Fund (SDF), Bhutan

• SAARC Arbitration Council (SARCO), Pakistan

Some of the Achievements of the SAARC to Promote Trade

• The SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) was signed in 1993 to promote trade among member countries.

• The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) came into effect in 2006. It was signed to reduce the taxes paid on the goods and services traded between SAARC member countries.

• The SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS) came into effect in 2012. It was signed to promote economic cooperation amongst the SAARC member countries.

SAARC nations also work together to improve health and education in the member countries. They also ensure there is enough food for everyone in these countries.

1 Write the correct years of the following events.

a The SAARC was established:

b Afghanistan joined the SAARC:

c SAPTA was signed to promote trade:

d SAFTA came into effect:

e The Secretariat of the SAARC was set up:

2 Fill in the blanks.

a SARSO is located in .

b SARCO is located in

c The newest member of the SAARC is .

d The SDF is located in

e The founding members of the SAARC met for the first time in .

f The Headquarters and the Secretariat of the SAARC is in , Nepal.

3 Complete the crossword.

ACROSS:

1. It was signed in 1993 to promote trade among SAARC members.

2. It came into effect in 2006 to reduce taxes on trade between SAARC members.

DOWN:

1. It is the arbitration council of the SAARC, located in Pakistan.

2. It came into effect in 2012 to promote economic cooperation between SAARC members.

Folk Music and Dances of India

India is a diverse country. Each state has its own language, cuisine, dance and music. There are many traditional dances and music styles in India. Let us learn about a few of them.

Garba is a dance form from Gujarat. It is performed during Navratri and other festivals. Men and women dress in traditional outfits and colourful garments to perform Garba. Women wear Chaniya Choli while men wear Dhoti and Kurta It is performed in groups by going around in circles. Garba dance is included in UNESCO’s representative list of ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity’ in 2023.

Lavani is a combination of folk dance and music from Maharashtra. It is performed by women dressed in their traditional nine-yard saris (nauvari). This dance is performed to the beats of dholki. Through this dance, the artists present various engaging themes and subjects such as politics, social issues or romance.

Bhangra is a folk dance and music from Punjab. It is performed during Baisakhi—the harvest festival, and also on different occasions, such as weddings. It involves groups of men and women in traditional attire dancing to the beats of dhol or bhangra music. Male dancers wear kurta, dhoti, jacket and turban. Female dancers wear salwar kameez.

Ghoomar is a folk dance from Rajasthan. The Bhil tribe started performing this dance, and it was gradually adopted by other communities in Rajasthan. It is performed by a large group of women dressed in a full-length skirt (ghagra), top and dupatta. The word ghoomar is derived from the word ghoomna, which means twirling.

Baul Sangeet is sung by the Bauls, the wandering singers from West Bengal and Bangladesh. The Bauls are famous for their heartfelt music. Baul sangeet, expresses devotion to God. These songs have strong ties to Bengali literature. Bauls are often invited to perform at various events, including religious ceremonies and weddings. Players use a single-stringed instrument, Ektara.

Maand is a type of Rajasthani folk music. It involves singing, dancing and storytelling through songs. Initially, it was only performed in royal courts to praise the Rajput rulers and local heroes. Allah Jilai Bai, from Bikaner, was a famous Maand singer who was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1988.

Folk music and dances are a very important part of Indian culture and tradition. It is important to preserve these forms of music and dance.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Which state of India do these dance forms belong to?

a Bhangra:

b Ghoomar:

c Garba:

d Lavani:

2 Name the dance forms these dresses are associated with.

a Turban:

b Chaniya Choli:

c Nauvari saree:

d Ghagra:

3 Fill in the blanks.

a Maand is a type of Rajasthani folk music that involves singing, dancing and through songs.

b Ghoomar was first performed by .

c The Bauls are a group of wandering

d When women perform Lavani, they dance to the beats of .

e During the festival of , people perform Garba in groups.

f Bhangra is performed by both men and women to the beat of .

g Baul sangeet is performed by playing an instrument called a

h The word ghoomar is derived from the word ghoomna, which means .

i Bhangra is performed during the festival of to celebrate the harvest season.

Digital Citizenship

Digital citizenship refers to the responsible and ethical use of technology, especially the Internet and online platforms. Let us learn more about what digital citizenship includes.

Staying Safe Online

• We should not share our personal information online such as our full name, address and our contact details.

• We should not share our passwords with anyone except our parents. We should ensure that our passwords are difficult to guess by using a combination of letters, numbers and symbols.

• We should never talk to a stranger online.

• We should not click on links or download files sent by unknown people. They could lead to harmful websites or leave a virus on our devices.

Digital Etiquette

Digital etiquette involves how we should behave while using the internet. These are some practices that we should follow while using the internet:

• We should be kind to the people that we talk to online. We should not say things that might hurt other people in messages or comments. Our tone and language should be appropriate.

• We should not post anything that can hurt other people’s feelings.

• We should not share other people’s private messages, photos or information online without their permission.

• When we are chatting with someone online, we should not send unnecessary messages or repeat the same thing continuously. Keep your messages concise and to the point.

It is important to follow digital etiquette while we are using technology and the internet. These practices keep us safe and help us use technology responsibly.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Tick () the practices that we should follow while using the internet.

a We should share our personal details online.

b We should not share other people’s private messages without their permission.

c We should not talk to strangers online.

d We should share our passwords with our friends.

e We should be kind while chatting with people on the internet.

f We should download files sent by unknown people.

2 Write True or False.

a Digital citizenship refers to the ethical and responsible use of technology and the internet.

b We don’t need to be kind to people online since we are not interacting with them in person.

c Files sent by unknown persons may leave a virus in our devices.

d If a person is not replying to us online, we should send them the same message continuously.

e We should share our personal information online.

3 Write yes if the person is being a good digital citizen, and no if they are not.

a Revati posted a picture of her friend online without asking her.

b An unknown person sent Satish an internet link but he did not click on it.

c Aastha made a password for her email that consists of letters, numbers and symbols.

d Sujit sent hurtful messages to his friend on an online chat.

e Gautam shared his address and contact number on a website.

f Prasansha received an online message from a stranger but she did not reply to it.

70th National Film Awards, 2024

The National Film Awards are the most prestigious honours in Indian cinema. They are given annually to individuals based on their contributions to Indian cinema. The 70th National Film Awards were presented by the President of India, Droupadi Murmu, on 8 October 2024. Let us look at some of the winners of this award.

Dadasaheb Phalke Award

Mithun Chakraborty received the ‘Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award’ for his contributions to Indian cinema. It is the highest honour given in Indian cinema.

Sooraj R. Barjatya received the ‘Best Director’ award for his film Uunchai. He is an Indian filmmaker and the chairman of Rajshri Productions.

Aattam received the award for ‘Best Feature Film’. It is a Malayalam language thriller film. It was written and directed by Anand Ekarshi.

Rishab Shetty received the ‘Best Actor’ award for his film Kantara. He is an actor, film producer, film director and screenwriter who works in Kannada cinema.

Nithya Menen received the ‘Best Actress’ award for her film Thiruchitrambalam. She is an actress and singer. Thiruchitrambalam is a film in Tamil.

Manasi Parekh received the ‘Best Actress’ award for her film Kutch Express. She is an actress, producer, singer and a content creator. Kutch Express is a film in Gujarati.

Which film was your favourite film in 2024? Discuss why you liked it with your classmates.

Best Actor

Best Director

Best Feature Film

Best Actress

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Name the personalities or the films that won the following awards.

a Dadasaheb Phalke Award:

b Best Director:

c Best Feature Film:

d Best Actor:

e Best Actress:

2 Match the personalities and the films.

a Sooraj R. Barjatya Thiruchitrambalam

b Anand Ekarshi Uunchai

c Rishab Shetty Kutch Express

d Nithya Menen Aattam

e Manasi Parekh Kantara

3 Fill in the blanks.

a The 70th National Film Awards ceremony was held on

b Sooraj R. Barjatya is the chairman of the

c Kutch Express is a -language film.

d Thiruchitrambalam is a -language film.

e Rishab Shetty works in cinema.

f Aattam is a -language film, written and directed by .

Natural Disasters

A natural disaster is a naturally occurring event that causes a lot of damage and loss of lives.

Earthquakes

An earthquake is the sudden shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by the movement of plates under the surface of Earth. Its intensity is measured on a special scale called the Richter scale. Earthquakes on a scale of more than 6 can cause infrastructure damage, loss of lives and fatalities.

On 6 February 2023, two earthquakes of 7.8 and 7.5 in magnitude struck near the Turkey-Syria border. These led to the death of more than 50,000 people and huge loss of property.

Tsunamis

Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions in the sea. As they approach the shore, they cause floods and widespread damage to human life, property and landscape.

On 26 December 2004, an earthquake in the Indian Ocean of 9.1 in magnitude, triggered a tsunami. This was one of the world’s largest natural disasters, killing more than 2,30,000 people across Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, the Maldives and Thailand.

Volcanic Eruption

A volcano is a mountain with a crack that allows lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape. Lava is the melted form of rock and can have a temperature of up to 1,200 °C. Volcanic eruptions can cause mudslides, air pollution and wildfires.

On 3 June 2018, the Volcan de Fuega in Guatemala erupted. The flow of volcanic matter and hot gas caused by the eruption led to the deaths of almost 200 people.

Wildfires

A wildfire is an uncontrolled fire in a forest or grassland. In nature, they can be caused by lightning, excessive heat in a dryland or due to a volcanic eruption. Human activities also cause wildfires. They can cause damage to forests, animals and humans. The smoke adds to air pollution.

In 2024, there was a major outbreak of wildfires in South America. The series of wildfires spread to many countries including Brazil, Peru and Bolivia.

Droughts

A drought occurs when there is no rain for a long period of time. It leads to a shortage of water as a result of low rainfall and high temperatures. Droughts cause a loss of vegetation and a shortage of food, leading to people dying of starvation. People may be forced to migrate to other places.

In 2011, a severe drought hit East Africa. The drought created a food crisis in many countries including Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya. It is estimated that between 50,000 to 2,50,000 people died due to this drought.

The occurrence of natural disasters around the world is increasing because of the effects of climate change. It is important for us to follow more sustainable practices in our daily lives to fight climate change.

Practice Time

1 Write the names of the natural disasters.

a Sudden shaking of the Earth’s surface

b Sudden, uncontrolled fires in forests or grasslands

c Giant ocean waves triggered by an earthquake

d Extended periods of extremely dry weather causing water shortages

e Lava, gases and volcanic ash escaping from a volcano

2 Write the correct dates on which these natural disasters took place.

a Volcan de Fuega eruption in 2018

b Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004

c Turkey–Syria earthquake in 2023

3 Write down the correct numbers for the following.

a Magnitude of Turkey–Syria earthquakes: and

b The magnitude of the earthquake that triggered the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004:

4 Read the text and write the correct information.

a Two natural events that can cause a wildfire: and

b Two things that come out of an erupting volcano: and

c Two causes of a tsunami: and

d Two factors that cause a drought: and Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

Medical Inventions

Some important medical inventions have made healthcare more efficient and helped save people’s lives. Let us learn more about them.

Vaccine

The world’s first successful vaccine was the smallpox vaccine, created in 1796 by Edward Jenner. Vaccines contain a small, harmless part of a germ. When we are injected with a vaccine, our body learns how to fight this germ. Thus, if we are infected with the disease later, our body can fight it. Vaccines help us fight many deadly diseases like polio, Covid-19 and rabies.

X-ray Machine

X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 and were later adapted for use in medicine. An X-ray machine helps doctors see inside your body without surgery. It sends out X-rays (invisible light), which can go through your skin and tissues, but are blocked by bones. This creates an image of the bones that doctors can use to check for problems such as fractures.

Dialysis Machine

The first dialysis machine was invented by Dr Willem Kolf in 1943. A dialysis machine helps people whose kidneys are not working properly. Normally, kidneys filter waste and extra fluid from the blood. When the kidneys stop working, the dialysis machine does the job of the kidney.

Inhaler

The world’s first inhaler was created in 1956 by Riker Laboratories. An inhaler is a device that helps people with asthma or other breathing problems. It contains medicine that they can breathe in. This medicine helps open up their airways, making it easier to breathe.

Pacemaker

The first implantable pacemaker was developed by engineer, Rune Elmqvist. A pacemaker is a device for people who have heart problems. It helps control our heartbeat. It’s placed inside a person’s chest and sends electrical signals to their heart to help it beat regularly. On 8 October 1958, the surgeon Ake Senning implanted the first pacemaker, in the chest of Arne Larsson.

We should always seek proper medical help when we catch a disease. We should not try to diagnose and treat ourselves. Regular health check-ups help track your well-being and detect issues early. This proactive approach supports a healthier, longer life.

1 Match the inventions and their inventors.

a X-ray Riker Laboratories

b Vaccine Dr Willem Kolf

c Dialysis machine Edward Jenner

d Inhaler Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

2 Name the medical technology.

a This helps our body learn how to fight certain diseases.

b This filters waste and extra fluids from blood.

c It sends electric signals to a person’s heart to help it beat.

d It helps doctors see inside our bodies without surgery.

e This contains medicines that people can inhale to help them breathe.

3 Write True or False.

a An inhaler helps people who have stomach problems.

b X-rays do not show people’s skin and tissues.

c The first implantable pacemaker was developed by Rune Elmqvist.

d A vaccination is when we are injected with a germ.

e A pacemaker is implanted in a person’s brain.

f A dialysis machine does the job of the kidneys.

Embassies and Ambassadors

Embassies are the official headquarters of a country’s diplomatic work in another country. They are headed by an ambassador, who is the country’s highest-ranking representative in the host country. Let us learn more about it.

Role of an Embassy

Embassies represent their home country in a foreign country. They are usually located in the capital city of the host country. Some of the things that embassies do are:

• They act as a bridge between their home country and the country they are located in. They work to bring about cooperation between the two countries on trade, global and other issues.

• An embassy helps the citizens of its home country living, working or travelling abroad. If a citizen has a problem or needs information, they can turn to the embassy.

• They help nations sort out their problems peacefully.

More about Embassies

• As of 2023, there are 122 Indian embassies located all over the world.

• The United States Embassy in New Delhi is one of the largest embassies in India.

• The Embassy of the United States of America in Baghdad, Iraq is the largest embassy in the world.

• The Embassy of Spain to the Holy See (Vatican City) is the oldest embassy in the world. It was set up in 1480.

Role of an Ambassador

An ambassador is a country’s top official in another country. They are chosen by their home government. Their role and position are highly respected.

Ambassadors have a number of important responsibilities, such as:

• Coordinating with the host country to help their citizens who live in that country.

• Representing their country at official events and ceremonies.

• Working to prevent conflicts between nations and help resolve disputes through peaceful talks.

More About Ambassadors

• The position of ambassador was first granted by the United States in 1893.

• K. Asaf Ali was the first Indian ambassador to the US from 1947-1948.

• Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was the first Indian woman ambassador to USA from 1949-1952.

Embassies play an important role in keeping the world connected and peaceful by promoting cooperation between countries.

Practice Time

1 Fill in the blanks.

a As of 2023, there are Indian embassies located all over the world.

b The position of ambassador was first granted by the US in

c The Embassy of to the Holy See is the oldest embassy in the world.

d The Embassy of in is one of the largest embassies in India.

e The Embassy of in is the largest embassy in the world.

2 Write True or False.

a Embassies are mostly located in the capital city of the host country.

b Embassies are not involved in trade between two nations.

c We can visit our home country’s embassy in a country for help.

d Ambassadors are the highest-ranking representatives of a home country in the host country.

e Ambassadors do not help nations to resolve disputes.

3 Read the text. Write the correct details.

a The head of an embassy who represents a country:

b Country that started the position of ambassador:

c The first female Indian ambassador to the US:

d The first ambassador of Independent India to the US:

e The official headquarters of a country’s diplomatic mission to another country:

Dance Forms Around the World

Dance is a universal form of expression. It has a variety of styles and forms across different cultures and regions. Let us learn about some of the popular dance forms around the world.

Ballet is a theatrical dance form. It originated in Italy in the 15th century. The name Ballet is derived from the Italian word “ballare” which means “to dance”. It features precise movements, costumes and is often accompanied by classical music.

Kathak is a classical dance form from Uttar Pradesh, India. The word Kathak is derived from Katha, meaning story. This dance form emphasizes storytelling through footwork, facial expressions and gestures. The footwork is highlighted by the bells worn around the dancers’ ankles.

Salsa is a lively and energetic dance style. It originated in Cuba and Puerto Rico and gained popularity in New York. This dance features intricate footwork and dynamic movements with a partner. Most of the movements in salsa occur below the waist.

Flamenco is a Spanish dance form that combines singing, dancing and handclaping to create a dramatic art form. It is usually accompanied by a singer and a guitar player. UNESCO recently included it in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Hip-Hop emerged in the United States of America. This dance form was the result of a cultural movement. It includes dance styles like breaking, popping and locking. It is characterized by its urban and modern music and fashion.

Samba is a traditional African-Brazilian dance. It is the national dance of Brazil. It is a fun and lively dance that includes elaborate costumes. This dance form is usually performed during street festivals, parades and other celebrations.

Dance forms like salsa and hip-hop require a lot of energy and fitness. Many people learn and perform these dances as a form of exercise.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Name the countries from which the following dances originated or belong to.

a Flamenco

c Ballet

e Hip-Hop

2 Match the following.

b Kathak

d Samba

f Salsa

a Flamenco

b Kathak

c Ballet

d Hip-hop

3 Which dance forms are the following?

a It is the national dance of Brazil.

b It includes singing, guitar playing, dance and handclaping.

c It includes dance styles like breaking, popping and locking.

d The name of this Indian dance is derived from a word which means storytelling.

e Most of the movement in this dance form occurs below the waist.

f It involves elaborate costumes and is performed during street festivals.

Credit and Debit Cards

We can use both debit and credit cards for making payments. But they work differently. Let us learn more about them.

Debit Card

A debit card is a payment card that deducts the amount for a purchase directly from our bank account. The amount is instantly withdrawn from the available funds in our bank account.

Credit Card

A credit card is a payment card that allows us to borrow money from the bank to make a payment. The bank pays the amount directly, and we are required to repay the bank later.

Elements in Credit and Debit Cards

Chip: It protects our data and makes the transactions safer.

Card Number

Magnetic Strip: This contains the details about the cardholder and their account.

Cardholder’s Name

Expiry Date

Hologram: It allows you to check whether the card is real or not.

Differences Between Debit and Credit Cards

Credit Card

CVV Code: It stands for Card Verification Value. It adds a layer of security and helps to prevent credit and debit card frauds.

Debit Card

We borrow money from the bank to make a payment. We use the money in our bank account to make a payment.

We can spend money under the credit limit given by our bank. We can spend money that is available in our bank account.

We have to pay interest if we fail to return the money to the bank within the given time. No interest is payable.

We should use both debit and credit cards responsibly. The choice between a credit card and a debit card depends on your financial habits and goals. Understanding how each card works can help you make informed decisions about spending and saving money.

1 Fill in the blanks.

a CVV stands for .

b is an element of a card that contains the details about the cardholder and their account.

c A is a payment card that deducts money directly from our bank account.

d A is a payment card that allows us to borrow money from the bank to make a payment

e is an element of a card that protects our data and makes the transactions safer.

2 Identify the cards as Credit or Debit.

a We use the money in our bank account to pay.

b We borrow money from the bank to pay.

c We have to spend money under the credit limit.

d We do not have to pay any interest on this card.

e We have to pay interest if we don’t return the money to the bank in time.

3 Label the following.

Answers

1. Global Female Leaders, 2024

1. a. July 2022  b. May 2019

c. September 2024  d. October 2022

e. September 2021  f. October 2024

2. a. tribal  b. defence minister  c. 60%

d. an activist  e. Jordan, New York

3. a. Giorgia Meloni  b. Droupadi Murmu

c. Harini Amarasuriya  d. Sima Sami Bahous

e. Claudia Sheinbaum  f. Nirmala Sitharaman

2. Amazon Rainforest

1. a.  b.  c.  d.  e.  f. 

2. a. Yanomami, Kayapo and Munduruku

b. Brazil nut, rubber and kapok

c. Parrot, toucan and harpy eagle

d. Jaguar, puma and tapir

3. a. South America  b. Amazon  c. 6 million

d. Brazil  e. chocolate  f. 180 cm

g. Pink river  h. medicinal

3. Smart Devices

1. a. Smart water bottles  b. Smart locks

c. Smart security cameras  d. Smart mirrors

e. Smart glasses

2. a. True  b. False  c. True  d. True  e. False

3. a. Smart lock  b. Smart mirror c. Smart security camera  d. Smart glasses e. Smart water bottle

4. Fabrics and Patterns of India

1. a. Bandhej  b. Mughal  c. Changthanghi d. Machilipatnam  e. Chanderi   f. geometric patterns  g. Srikalahasti h. dupattas, shawls

2. a. False  b. False  c. True  d. True  e. False

3. ACROSS  1. BANDHANI 2. IKAT DOWN  1. PASHMINA 2. PHULKARI

5. UNESCO World Heritage Sites

1. a. 1984, USA  b. 1979, Egypt  c. 1983, India d. 1980, Italy  e. 1987, China  f. 1983, Peru g. 1981, Australia

2. a. Taj Mahal  b. Machu Picchu c. Colosseum  d. Great Barrier Reef

3. a. white marble  b. The Colosseum

c. The Great Pyramid  d. freedom, inspiration

e. Andes Mountains  f. The Great Wall of China

g. The Great Barrier Reef

6. Basketball

1. a. 1937   b. 1949   c. 1891

d. 1936   e. 1892

2. a. Young Men’s Christian Association

b. National Basketball League

c. Basketball Association of America

d. International Basketball Federation

3. a. rectangular  b. five

c. James Naismith  d. Senda Berenson

e. International Basketball Federation (FIBA)

f. Basketball Association of America (BAA)

g. 48, 12  h. 3 metres

7. Emergencies and First Aid

1. a. 2  b. 1  c. 4  d. 3

2. a. 4  b. 1  c. 2  d. 3

3. a. 3  b. 1  c. 4  d. 2

4. a. elevate  b. fracture  c. back

d. respond  e. ligament  f. 20 minutes

g. splint  h. Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

8. Superlatives of India

1. a. Jammu and Kashmir

b. Rajasthan and some parts of Punjab, Haryana  and Gujarat

c. Sikkim   d. Bay of Bengal

2. a. 2,00,000  b. 200  c. 8,249

d. 8,586  e. 2,525  f. 8

3. ACROSS 1. THAR 2. KANCHENJUNGA

DOWN 1. GANGA 2. DECCAN 3. WULAR

9. Global Conflicts, 2024

1. a. Russia-Ukraine War

b. Sudanese Civil War

c. Bangladesh Political Unrest

d. Myanmar Civil War

2. a. February 2021  b. February 2022

c. June 2024  d. April 2023

3. a. False  b. True  c. True  d. False

10. Animals of Extreme Places

1. a. Wood frog

b. Saharan silver ant

c. Deep-sea anglerfish

2. a. ship of the desert  b. Pompeii worms

c. blubber  d. glucose  e. mouths

3. a. Wood frogs  b. Camel

c. Pompeii worm  d. Emperor penguins

e. Saharan silver ant  f. Deep-sea anglerfish

11. Modern Energy Resources

1. Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydroelectric energy, Geothermal energy

2. a. solar panels  b. Wind turbines

c. generator  d. dams  e. spin

f. organic  g. Hot water reservoirs

3. a. Solar energy  b. Geothermal energy

c. Biomass energy  d. Hydroelectric energy

e. Wind energy

12. Get Your Money

1. a. False  b. True  c. True  d. False

e. True  f. False  g. False  h. True

2. a. Automated Teller Machine

b. banking

c. debit or credit card

d. self-cheque

e. drawer’s, payee

f. Personal Identification Number

3. She should write a self-cheque.

13. The UN Headquarters

1. a.  b.  c.  d.  e.  f. 

2. Secretariat building, General Assembly Hall, Dag Hammarskjöld Library, Conference Building

3. a. Antonio Guterres  b. Dag Hammarskjöld

c. Dag Hammarskjöld Library  d. New York

e. General Assembly Hall  f. Conference Building

g. Secretariat Building  h. John D. Rockefeller Jr

14. Major Mines of India

1. a. 1968  b. 1982

2. a. Jharkhand  b. Chhattisgarh

c. West Bengal  d. Karnataka

e. Madhya Pradesh  f. Madhya Pradesh

3. a. NMDC  b. Dhanbad

c. Malanjkhand Copper Mine

d. Eastern Coalfields Limited

e. National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC)

f. Kolar Gold Fields

g. Panna Diamond Mine

4. a. Jharia Coalfield

b. Kolar Gold Fields

c. Malanjkhand Copper Mine

d. Panna Diamond Mine

15. Famous Books Made into Films

1. a. J.R.R. Tolkien  b. J.K. Rowling

c. Rudyard Kipling  d. Yann Martel

2. a. True  b. False  c. False  d. True

3. a. Life of Pi  b. The Lord of the Rings

c. The Jungle Book  d. Harry Potter  e. Life of Pi

4. a. Harry Potter  b. The Jungle Book

c. Life of Pi  d. The Lord of the Rings

16. Indian Sports Stars, 2024

1. a. Won bronze in the 10m air pistol event at the 2024 Olympics

b. Won the 2024 Australian Open men’s doubles title

c. Won gold in the 10m air rifle event at the 2024 paralympics

d. Won the ‘Man of the Tournament’ award in the 2024 ICC Men’s T20 World Cup

e. Won the 2024 FIDE Candidates Tournament

2. a. Matthew Ebden

b. Open Era

c. United States of America, West Indies

d. 2020 Tokyo, 2024 Paris

e. single edition

f. Challenger

3. a. Gukesh Dommaraju

b. Manu Bhaker

c. Rohan Bopanna

d. Avani Lekhara

e. Jasprit Bumrah

17. Surya Namaskar

1. a. Sun Salutation  b. sun

c. Hatha Surya Namaskar

d. Ashtanga Surya Namaskar

e. Namaskarasana  f. Vedic period

2. a. True  b. True  c. False  d. True  e. False

3. a. 5  b. 1  c. 6  d. 7  e. 2  f. 4

g. 3  h. 12  i. 9  j. 8  k. 11  l. 10

18. Life on Earth

1. a. 4.5 billion years ago  b. 210 million years ago

c. 3.8 billion years ago

d. 250 to 200 million years ago

e. 6 million years ago

2. a. proteins  b. carbon dioxide  c. Pangaea

d. atmosphere  e. oceans  f. oxygen

3. a. True  b. False  c. True  d. True  e. False

19. Indian Space Missions

1. a. 19 April 1975  b. 22 October 2008

c. 22 July 2019  d. 28 September 2015

e. 5 November 2013  f. 14 July 2023

2. a. 24 September 2014  b. August 2009

c. Vikram, Pragyan  d. Satish Dhawan Space Centre

e. 4th  f. Soviet Union

3. a. Aryabhata  b. Chandrayaan-1

c. Mars Orbiter Mission  d. AstroSat

e. Chandrayaan-3  f. Chandrayaan-2

20. Food Nutrients and Health

1. a. Proteins, healthy fats  b. Proteins

c. Carbohydrates  d. Fibre  e. Vitamins

f. Vitamin D  g. Water

2. a. Rice, Potatoes, Bananas  b. Eggs, Meat, Milk

c. Avocados, Nuts, Olive Oil

d. Milk, Bananas, Green vegetables

e. Whole grains, Fruit, Vegetables

3. a. False  b. True  c. False  d. True

e. True  f. False  g. False

21. New Silk Road

1. Eurasia, Africa, Latin America

2. a. 2013    b. China

c. Silk Road Economic Belt, Maritime Silk Road

d. Silk Road Economic Belt  e. Maritime Silk Road

3. a. False  b. True  c. False

d. False  e. False  f. True

4. a. Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Europe

b. Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East,  Eastern Africa

22. Indian Handicrafts

1. a. Pottery  b. dark

c. Moradabad  d. sea shells

e. copper, zinc  f. Rosewood, sandalwood

2. a. Himachal Pradesh  b. Bidar, Karnataka

c. West Bengal  d. Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh

e. Assam  f. Odisha

3. a. True  b. True  c. False  d. False

23. Reserve Bank of India

1. a. Reserve Bank of India  b. central

c. Mumbai  d. 1 April, 1935

2. a.  b.  c.  d.  e.  f. 

3. a. True  b. False  c. False  d. True

e. True  f. False  g. False  h. False

24. Renowned Poets and Authors

1. a. Jane Austen  b. Gabriel Garcia Márquez

c. Rabindranath Tagore  d. Toni Morrison

e. Patrick White  f. Wole Soyinka

2. a. 1986  b. 1993  c. 1973  d. 1913

3. a. Toni Morrison  b. William Shakespeare

c. Banjo Paterson  d. Chinua Achebe

e. Rabindranath Tagore  f. Jane Austen

g. Patrick White  h. Gabriel Garcia Márquez

4. a. Rūmī  b. Rabindranath Tagore

c. Patrick White  d. Wole Soyinka

e. Jane Austen  f. Gabriel Garcia Márquez

25. Space Missions of 2024

1. a. Europa Clipper  b. Chang’e 6

c. XPoSat  d. Polaris Dawn

2. a. Indian Space Research Organisation

b. NASA    c. SpaceX

d. China National Space Administration

3. a. True  b. False  c. True  d. True  e. False

4. a. rocks, soil  b. X-ray Polarimeter Satellite

c. ocean  d. Four

26. Sustainable Development Goals

1. a. 2  b. 1  c. 17  d. 12

e. 7  f. 6  g. 8  h. 13

2. a. Reduce Inequalities

b. Good Health and well-being

c. No poverty

3. a. Ban hunting of animals  b. Aforestation

27. Wireless Technologies

1. a. Wireless Fidelity  b. Bluetooth

c. Cellular Network

d. Global Positioning System (GPS)

e. Mobile hotspots

2. a. False  b. False  c. True d. True  e. True  f. True

3. a. Global Positioning System (GPS)  b. Bluetooth c. Mobile Hotspots

d. Wi-Fi    e. Cellular Network

28. Chess

1. a. Bishop  b. Queen  c. Pawn

2. a. Two  b. 64  c. 32 d. Chaturanga  e. black, white f. opponent’s king  g. Vishawanathan Anand h. Koneru Humpy  i. Open, Women’s

3. Across:  1. KNIGHT 2. BISHOP

Down: 1. PAWN 2. KING

29. SAARC Nations

1. a. 1985  b. 2007  c. 1993 d. 2006  e. 1987

2. a. Bangladesh  b. Pakistan  c. Afghanistan d. Bhutan  e. 1985  f. Kathmandu

3. Across  1. SAPTA 2. SAFTA

Down 1. SARCO 2. SATIS

30. Folk Music and Dances of India

1. a. Punjab  b. Rajasthan   c. Gujarat  d. Maharashtra

2. a. Bhangra  b. Garba

c. Lavani  d. Ghoomar

3. a. storytelling  b. Bhil tribe  c. singers d. dholki  e. Navratri  f. dhol  g. Ektara

h. twirling  i. Baisakhi

31. Digital Citizenship

1. a.  b.  c.  d.  e.  f. 

2. a. True   b. False   c. True

d. False   e. False

3. a. no  b. yes  c. yes  d. no  e. no  f. yes

32. 70th National Film Awards, 2024

1. a. Mithun Chakraborty

b. Sooraj R. Barjatya

c. Aattam

d. Rishab Shetty

e. Nithya Menen and Manasi Parekh

2. a. Uunchai  b. Aattam  c. Kantara

d. Thiruchitrambalam  e. Kutch Express

3. a. 8 October 2024  b. Rajshri Productions

c. Gujarati  d. Tamil  e. Kannada

f. Malayalam, Anand Ekarshi.

33. Natural Disasters

1. a. Earthquake  b. Wildfire  c. Tsunami

d. Drought  e. Volcanic Eruption

2. a. 3 June  b. 26 December  c. 6 February

3. a. 7.8, 7.5  b. 9.1

4. a. lightning, volcanic eruption

b. lava, volcanic ash

c. earthquake, volcanic eruption

d. low rainfall, high temperature

34. Medical Inventions

1. a. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen  b. Edward Jenner

c. Dr Willem Kolf  d. Riker Laboratories

2. a. Vaccine  b. Dialysis Machine

c. Pacemaker  d. X-ray Machine  e. Inhaler

3. a. False  b. True  c. True

d. True  e. False  f. True

35. Embassies and Ambassadors

1. a. 122  b. 1893  c. Spain

d. The United States of America, New Delhi

e. The United States of America, Baghdad, Iraq

2. a. True  b. False  c. True  d. True  e. False

3. a. Ambassador

b. The United States of America

c. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit

d. K. Asaf Ali

e. Embassy

36. Dance Forms Around the World

1. a. Spain  b. India  c. Italy  d. Brazil

e. The United States of America

f. Cuba and Puerto Rico

2. a. Ballet  b. Hip-hop  c. Flamenco  d. Kathak

3. a. Samba  b. Flamenco  c. Hip-hop

d. Kathak  e. Salsa  f. Samba

37. Credit and Debit Cards

1. a. Card Verification Value  b. Magnetic strip

c. debit card  d. credit card  e. Chip

2. a. Debit  b. Credit  c. Credit

d. Debit  e. Credit

3. a. Expiry Date  b. Magnetic Strip

c. Hologram  d. CVV Code

About the Book

Introducing Aware, a comprehensive and engaging General Knowledge and Current Affairs book designed specifically for learners in grades 1 to 8. It empowers learners with general knowledge, awareness of global developments, functional competencies and the 21st-century skills essential for life today. This book spans nine thoughtfully curated themes.

About Uolo

Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-enabled learning programs. We believe that pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 15,000+ schools across India, Southeast Asia and the Middle East.

ISBN 978-81-980193-9-4