WIS_G03_EMEG_SEM1_SS_AY25 by Uolo

3 Wisdom

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Wisdom

3 Semester 1

English Mathematics

General Knowledge Science

Social Science

Acknowledgements

Academic Authors: Melanie Grobler, Chandani Goyal, Neena Aul, Animesh Mittal, Muskan Panjwani, Sneha Sharma, Anuj Gupta

Creative Directors: Bhavna Tripathi, Mangal Singh Rana, Satish

Book Production: Sanjay Kumar Goel, Tauheed Danish, Amisha Gupta

Project Lead: Chandani Goyal

VP, Learning: Abhishek Bhatnagar

All products and brand names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names of their respective owners.

First impression 2025

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book.

Book Title: Wisdom 3 Semester 1

ISBN: 978-81-980824-9-7

Published by Uolo EdTech Private Limited

Corporate Office Address: 85, Sector 44, Gurugram, Haryana 122003

CIN: U74999DL2017PTC322986

Illustrations and images: www.shutterstock.com, www.stock.adobe.com and www.freepik.com

All suggested use of the internet should be under adult supervision.

Preface

In this 21st–century world, just “knowing” is not enough. Our dynamic and ever-changing world demands “thinking” skills. Learners need to be able to not just consume knowledge but also acquire higher-order thinking skills in various domains—be it in language, mathematics or general awareness—to apply that knowledge. This is the spirit and the recommendation of the NEP (National Education Policy) 2020.

It is in this context that UOLO has designed WISDOM, a 21st–century product for primary grade learners (grades 1 to 5) that includes all curricular areas—English, Mathematics, Science, Social Science and General Knowledge. WISDOM strongly aligns with NEP 2020 in terms of its design principles and fulfils all recommendations of the NCF (National Curriculum Framework) 2022–23.

English: This section not only focuses in listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar and vocabulary, but also hones the ability to interpret, analyse and communicate confidently. The task-based approach and frequent opportunities for collaborative learning provided in this section encourage learners to express ethical views, interact constructively, solve problems creatively, apply their knowledge in new situations, and take responsibility for their own learning.

Mathematics: This section introduces mathematical concepts through real-life situations and storytelling, connecting them to children’s experiences and transitioning smoothly from the abstract to the concrete. Clear explanations and simple steps are provided for problem-solving. This section supports learners at all learning levels. It includes extensive practice aligned to the levels in Bloom’s Taxonomy—from basic practice questions to thought-provoking and higher order thinking questions.

Science: This section focuses on conceptual understanding, critical thinking, application, and problem-solving skills, making science learning highly relevant in the context of the 21st century. Each chapter is filled with vibrant illustrations, relatable examples, interactive activities, hands-on experiments and stimulating exercises. All of these instil a scientific temper in young learners and make learning a joyous experience.

Social Science: This section is designed to fascinate students about social science, both as a subject and as a practical experience, in their everyday lives, while also making them well-rounded individuals. Observations, inquiries and community-based learning experiences have been embedded throughout the book to develop an evaluative mindset and make learning a relatable and enjoyable journey for them.

General Knowledge: This section focuses on enabling the learners to be well-informed individuals so as to navigate through the complexities of the modern existence, make informed decisions, think critically and appreciate the world’s diversity. This section is crafted in keeping with the principles of NEP 2020, emphasizing the need to develop in learners the respect towards fundamental duties and constitutional values, generating awareness on one’s roles and responsibilities in a dynamic world, and fostering a sense of national pride and global citizenship. It offers an informative and enjoyable learning experience, incorporating clear explanations, captivating visuals and abundant questions for interactive classroom engagement.

Key NEP Recommendations

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, introduced by the Government of India, represents a transformative shift in the country’s education system. It aims to create a more holistic, dynamic and multidisciplinary approach to education. NEP 2020 focuses on fostering conceptual understanding, skills, values, and competencies that align with the demands of the 21st–century, while also preserving India’s rich cultural heritage. UOLO is fully committed to actualising the vision of NEP 2020 by meticulously adhering to its outlined recommendations.

1. Focus on conceptual understanding

2. 21st-century skills values, and dispositions

3. Critical thinking and problem-solving

4. Application in real life

5. Holistic and integrated learning

6. Experiential learning

7. Enjoyable and engaging

8. Inquiry- and discovery-based approach

9. Technology-based solutions

10. Knowledge of India

Competency-based Education

NEP Pages 12, 17, and 22

Teaching and Learning Pedagogy

NEP Pages 3, 11, 12, and 27

National Pride

NEP Pages 15, 16, and 43

11. Assessment of core concepts and application skills Assessments

NEP Pages 12, 18, and 22

Our Key Features: Aligning with NEP 2020

Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking

Intellectually stimulating questions designed to encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes

1 2 3 11

Digital Aids

Talking books with animations, interactive quizzes for additional practice, and curated learning videos to make learning fun and engaging

1 2 3 7 9 11

Experiential and Applicative Learning

Projects and activities are set in real-life context, like lab activities and community projects, to enable the development and practice of life skills 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11

Rootedness to India

Examples from India’s unique culture and history have been linked to each topic to inculcate a sense of pride and love for the nation

5 7 10

Model Assessments

Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and application of skills in learners

1 2 3 11

The NEP Tags

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 outlines essential skills, values, dispositions and learning approaches necessary for learners to thrive in the 21st century. Wisdom incorporates these elements throughout its content, tasks and projects. Referred to as ‘NEP Tags,’ they are defined as follows:

Art Integration & Creativity

Bringing creativity and fun into learning by combining music, drama and art with other subjects

GAMES

Sports Integration

Using physical activities, sports and games to make learning active and fun

INTEGRATED

BHARAT

Cross-curricular

Cross-curricular linkages to make the learning experience more holistic, joyful and meaningful

Indianness

Texts and tasks are rooted in the Indian context and culture to develop a sense of national pride

Rational Thinking

Using facts, logic and reasoning to understand problems and make smart decisions THINK RATIONAL

Communication & Teamwork

TEAMWORK

Embracing the spirit of mutual collaboration, communication and cooperation while working together or engaging in a guided conversation

SDG

Sustainable Development Goals

Unwavering commitment to generating awareness of a green, peaceful, prosperous, equitable and inclusive world

Socio-Emotional Learning

Developing the skills to understand and manage emotions, build positive relationships and make responsible choices

Experiential Learning

HANDS-ON

Engaging actively in hands-on tasks to acquire knowledge and skills

Higher-Order Thinking

HOTS

Encouraging higher-order skill such as analyzing, evaluating, problem-solving and fostering deep understanding

Green Living

Generating awareness of a green, peaceful and prosperous world

Scientific Temper

Developing a mindset rooted in curiosity, critical-thinking, problem-solving and evidence based-reasoning

21st-Century Skills

21st SKILLS

Fostering skills and knowledge—such as critical thinking, communication, and digital literacy—that are essential for success in today’s rapidly changing world

Health and Wellness

Promoting practices that support physical, mental, and emotional well-being for a balanced and healthy lifestyle

Value Development

Building a strong character, guiding towards ethical decision making, and developing respect, kindness, and a sense of responsibility

Chapter at a Glance A Walkthrough of Key Elements

Friendship

1 The Tiffin Gang

Living things grow over time. A small plant grows into a big plant. A child grows into an adult.

Non-living things do not grow.

A small plant grows

—Shweta Ganesh Kumar

Draw or paste pictures of any three things that you love sharing with your friends.

Warm Up: A short and fun activity to assess the learners’ pre-knowledge and get them excited about the new topic

Investigate and Discover

Aim: Growing plants from seeds

Materials Needed: A plastic tub, soil, seeds,

Method:

Step 1: At home, look for a plastic tub that has

Step 2: Take the help of an adult and make bottom of the tub.

Elements: Interesting elements like Did You Know, Error Alert, Remember, and Think and Tell to keep the learners hooked

Do you think sharing is important? Why? Discuss in pairs.

Plants reproduce through seeds. When you plant a seed and the seed gets air, water and minerals, it grows into a new plant. For example, a mango seed grows into a mango tree.

Did You Know?

Some plants reproduce with their body parts such as roots, stems and leaves.

Step 3: Soak the seeds in water overnight in can germinate easily.

Step 4: Fill the tub with soil and sow the seeds.

Non-living things do not reproduce. A table cannot make another table on its own.

Vocabulary: Meanings of difficult words

Meenu is tired of eating idli-podi for lunch every day, and Kamlesh cannot eat another bite of bhakri-bhaji! What do the classmates do to solve this problem? Let us read the story to find out.

Living Things Grow

Living things grow over time. A small plant grows into a big plant. A child grows into an adult.

Pause and Answer

Non-living things do not grow.

Tick (✓) the correct statements.

6. Long-answer questions.

Check for Understanding: Short exercises between the

1. Maps are flattened representations of the Earth.

2. A physical map shows countries and boundaries.

3. North is located to the opposite of South.

4. Directions can be found using a compass.

Do and Learn

other team.

Investigate and Discover Chapter • germinate: to start growing

A small plant grows into a big plant. A baby grows into an adult.

A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet?

B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird.

C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

Aim: Growing plants from seeds

6. Long-answer questions.

Materials Needed: A plastic tub, soil, seeds, water Method:

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your new bird.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet?

B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird.

7. Picture-based question.

A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet?

Step 1: At home, look for a plastic tub that has not been in use.

C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird.

C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your new bird.

Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions.

Step 2: Take the help of an adult and make small holes in the bottom of the tub.

The team that finds all the objects first, wins.

7. Picture-based question.

Visual Prompts: Special questions featuring visual stimuli to foster comprehension, interpretation and critical thinking

Aryabhata was a

A. Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your new bird.

Step 3: Soak the seeds in water overnight in a container so that they can germinate easily.

7. Picture-based question.

Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions.

A. Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions.

A. Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

germinate: to start growing

HOTS: Intellectually stimulating questions designed for higher order thinking and analysis

Step 4: Fill the tub with soil and sow the seeds. Water it from time to time.

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

Challenge (HOTS)

If a bird with webbed feet were to live in a desert, what challenges might it face?

Life Skills

If a bird with webbed feet were to live in a desert, what challenges might it face?

Life Skills

21st–century Focus: Simple activities and tips to develop a diverse set of essential skills for living well in the 21st century

Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow these simple steps to create your very own bird feeder.

Life Skills

• Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.

Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow these simple steps to create your very own bird feeder.

• Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.

• Thread a piece of string or yarn through the hole in the toilet paper roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop.

Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow these simple steps to create your very own bird feeder.

• Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder.

• Thread a piece of string or yarn through the hole in the toilet paper roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop.

• Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder.

• Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.

• Thread a piece of string or yarn through the hole in the toilet paper roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop.

• Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder.

Birds migrate

where they can lay eggs and raise their babies. The Siberian crane migrates to India from Russia during the winters.

Wonders of Bharat

Think and Tell Do birds migrate back to their original places? If so, when and how?

and warmer places where they can lay eggs and raise their babies. The Siberian crane migrates to India from Russia during the winters.

Think and Tell Do birds migrate back to their original places? If so, when and how?

Word Splash

Wonders of Bharat

Salim Ali was a famous Indian scientist who studied birds. He was popularly called the “Birdman of India”. He wrote important books about

pectoral muscles: strong muscles located in the chest area migration: movement of birds from colder places to warmer places

Word Splash

pectoral

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about birds.

Points to Remember

• Birds have wings and feathers, which are useful for flying.

•

• Birds use their beaks to catch and eat food.

• Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food.

Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food.

There are only five oceans on the Earth, not six. Pacific Ocean is written twice on the map. Error Alert!

• Birds live in nests. They lay eggs in them and also protect themselves from predators or harsh weather. Explore More! Scan the QR code to know more about birds.

Explore

Scan

• Birds live in nests. They lay eggs in them and also protect themselves from predators or harsh weather.

Points to Remember: Summary of the chapter

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about different types of animals.

Points to Remember

Wild animals live by themselves in nature. They find their food and live in the natural surroundings.

• Pet animals are domestic animals that are kept by human beings for companionship.

Pet animals are domestic animals that are kept by human beings for companionship.

• Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat the flesh of other animals, and omnivores eat both plants and other animals.

• A food chain shows how living things depend on each other for food

Chapter Checkup: Chapter-end practice exercises aligned to different levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy

Error Alert!

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of these eats both plants and animals?

Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore All of these

B. Which of these animals is a carnivore?

There are only five oceans on the Earth, not six. Since the Earth is round, the Pacific Ocean is written twice on the map.

B. Which of these animals is a carnivore?

Rabbit Deer Lion Cow

C. Which animal is most likely to be found in a farm?

Wolf Horse Elephant Shark

Oceans are very important. They are home to many aquatic plants and animals. People can also travel from one continent to another by crossing oceans through ships. Oceans also support industry

Each continent and ocean has its unique features and wildlife. We must not pollute the oceans so that we don’t harm the aquatic plants and animals.

Oceans are very important. They are home to animals. People can also travel from one continent oceans through ships. Oceans also support the fishing industry. Each continent and ocean has its unique features and wildlife. We must not pollute the oceans so that we don’t harm the aquatic plants and animals.

Do and Learn

Wolf Horse Elephant Shark

D. What type of animal is a zebra if it eats only plants? Carnivore and wild Omnivore and farm

D. What type of animal is a zebra if it eats only plants? Herbivore Carnivore and wild Omnivore and pet Omnivore and farm

Experiential Learning: Multidisciplinary, holistic, and fun activities / projects to understand the concept better

With the help of your teacher, draw the world map on the ground. The teacher will then call out the name of a continent or ocean and you will take turns to go and run towards the correct location on the map. Whoever gets the maximum correct markings wins.

Do and Learn

With the help of your teacher, draw the world

The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world. It is named after our country, India.

The teacher will then call out the name of you will take turns to go and run towards map. Whoever gets the maximum correct

Model Test Paper - 1

Name of the Student: Time: 1 Hour

1 Write

Wonders of Bharat

Total Marks: 50

The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world. It is named after our country, India.

Grammar Worksheets

Social Science

Comprehension

Picture description

Introducing others

Listen and fill in key details

Sentences Questions ( wh–words & do questions)

Synonyms

Informal letter

Discuss the importantc of exercising

Listen and match

nouns

Kinds of

Articles

Word pairs Singular to plural

Homophones

Write a new ending of a story

Spot the differences

Listen and label the pictures

Adjectives of quantity & quality

Adjectives of comparison

Antonyms Dictionary hunt

Diary entry

Talking about a favourite holiday

Listen and sequence

Personal & possessive pronouns

Travel-related vocabulary

Poster making

Group discussion

Listen and fill in key details

Prepositions of time, place and movement

One word for the word group

Ordering Analysisng characters’ actions Making predictions Making inferences & connections ph and gh words with f sound –ph one, lau gh

Magic e words–taptape, pin-pine

Hard and soft th sound wordsth ink , th at

Factual questions

Realistic story

The Tiffin Gang Shweta Ganesh Kumar

1. Friendship

Factual questions

Summarising Identifying problems and solutions Analysisng character Making connections

Factual questions Making inferences

Folktale

The Weighlifting Princess Sowmya Rajendran

2. Health and Hygiene

3. Health and Hygiene The Toothbrush Brigade M.E. Stokes Poem

Project 1: Fitness TrackerMy Smart Plan

Factual questions

Ordering Describing characters Making predictions Making connections

Magical realism

Doctor, Doctor Sudha Murthy

4. Kindness and Humility

Short and long vowel ( a, e ) sounds–mat, mate, fell, feel

Factual questions Identiying setting Identifying problems and solutions Identifying chracters’ feelings Making connections

Realistic fiction

5. Travel and Tourism Sailing Home Subhadra Sen Gupta

Factual questions Identifying setting Poetry appreciation– inferring mood

Poem

Travel for Fun Santhini Govindan

6. Travel and Tourism

Project 2: My Travel Journal

Short and long vowel (i,o,u) sounds–fit, side, hot, pole, sun, tune

Factual questions Analysing character’s feelings Inferring message Making connections

Biography

The Story of Helen Keller

7. Teamwork

Friendship

1 . The Tiffin Gang

—Shweta Ganesh Kumar

Get Set

Draw or paste pictures of any three things that you love sharing with your friends.

Do you think sharing is important? Why? Discuss in pairs.

Meenu is tired of eating idli-podi for lunch every day, and Kamlesh cannot eat another bite of bhakri-bhaji! What do the classmates do to solve this problem? Let us read the story to find out.

Let’s Read

TRRRRRRRIIIIIING.

The school bell rings. It is tiffin time. Meenu finds idli and podi in her tiffin box. When will Amma pack something new? Meenu hates lunch break. Yummy smells waft towards her from other tables. Meenu’s tummy growls and her mouth waters. She pushes her lunch away.

Did You Know?

waft: gently float through the air

Talking Book

Think and Tell

Why does Meenu hate lunch break?

When you smell tasty food, your mouth starts to make more saliva. This is your body’s way of getting ready to eat, even if you’re not hungry!

Three rows behind,

Kamlesh is sulking. Meenu thinks Kamlesh’s tiffin looks yummy. Does she not like it?

Kamlesh looks up and sees Meenu with her tiffin box. ‘Amma has sent me idlis again,’ says Meenu. Kamlesh shrugs at her own box. ‘Jowar bhakri and bhaji. Again.’

Meenu’s tummy rumbles.

GUR! GUR!!!

‘Can I taste it?’ asks Meenu.

Kamlesh brings her tiffin to Meenu and grabs Meenu’s box. Kamlesh gobbles up Meenu’s idlis. Meenu wolfs down Kamlesh’s jowar bhakri.

Think and Tell

How do you think Kamlesh felt when she saw Meenu’s tiffin?

The next day, Meenu counts the minutes to tiffin time. Amma has packed extra idlis for Kamlesh. Trrrrrring! The bell rings. Lunch break!

Kamlesh slides over to make space for Meenu. Today, Kamlesh’s box is filled with mutke. Sachi comes over with her tiffin box. ‘I have pakhala bhata with potatoes. I saw both of you sharing your tiffin yesterday,’ she says. ‘Can I join in?’

‘Yes, yes, Sachi!’ says Meenu.

She stands up and bangs her tiffin box lid on the desk.

sulking: being sad and angry shrugs: lifts shoulders to show that the person is not interested gobbles up: eats food very quickly because it tastes very good wolfs down: eats food very quickly when hungry

‘Attention, everyone! Kamlesh, Sachi and I are having a tiffin party. Today we will eat idlis, mutke and pakhala bhata. Who wants to join us?’

Think and Tell

What are all the different types of food you read about in this story?

There is a scramble. The whole class crowds around Kamlesh’s desk for the tiffin party. Some tiffin boxes have a little food in them, some have lots. Some have spicy food, some sweet. Some have tangy pickles and some bitter karela. But there is enough to fill all the hungry tummies in the room.

Meenu loves tiffin time now. Why would she not when every day is a party?

New dishes we read about:

Idli podi: Idli served with ghee and spicy powder

Pakhala bhata: Rice soaked in water and served cold

Jowar bhakri and bhaji: Indian bread made with jowar served with cooked vegetables

scramble: a rush to get somewhere quickly crowds around: comes together at one place tangy: a sharp, sour taste like that of a lemon

Mutke: This is a Maharashtrian dish. It is made with lentils and bottle gourd.

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Circle the correct answers.

a What does Meenu bring for lunch?

i Idli and podi ii Jowar bhakri and bhaji

iii Mutke iv Pakhala bhata

b Who brings mutke for lunch?

i Meenu ii Kamlesh iii Sachi iv Shamit

c What do Meenu and Kamlesh decide to do?

i Eat their own lunches ii Exchange their lunches

iii Throw away their lunches

iv Buy some new food

d What does Meenu’s mother do for Kamlesh?

i Packs a few extra idlis

ii Packs a few extra rotis

iii Packs her dinner iv Sends pakhala bhata

e Who brings pakhala bhata with potatoes?

i Shamit ii Kamlesh iii Meenu iv Sachi

2. Number the events 1–5 the way they happen in the story.

a Kamlesh shares her jowar bhakri and bhaji with Meenu.

b Meenu finds idli and podi in her tiffin box.

c All the children in the classroom enjoy sharing their tiffins.

d Meenu’s mother packs three extra idlis in a tiffin box.

e Sachi brings pakhala bhata with potatoes in her tiffin.

3. Answer the questions in one to two sentences.

a Which words tell us that Meenu is hungry?

b How does Kamlesh feel when she opens her tiffin?

c What problem do Meenu and Kamlesh have?

d How does the class react to the tiffin party?

e Why does Meenu love tiffin time by the end of the story?

Think and Answer

1. Read the actions of the people in the story. Tick () the reason for the actions.

Meenu’s mother packs idlis for her every day.

Kamlesh shares her tiffin with Meenu.

Meenu’s mother packs extra idlis for Kamlesh the next day.

Sachi wants to join Meenu and Kamlesh.

Meenu’s mother thinks Meenu likes idlis.

Meenu’s grandmother likes idlis.

Meenu forces her to do so.

Kamlesh does not like jowar bhakri and bhaji.

Meenu told her mother that Kamlesh liked them.

Meenu’s mother wants her to finish all the idlis.

She likes eating by herself.

She thinks sharing food is a good idea.

2. Meenu, Kamlesh and all the other students help each other by sharing their food. In your notebook, write two things that might happen next.

a A new student in school forgets to bring lunch.

b A friend falls and is hurt during sports class.

Big Idea

What do we learn from the story The Tiffin Gang? How will you apply this in your life?

Pronounce Well Listen to the words here.

Read the words aloud. Note that the letters ph and gh make the f sound. phone dolphin laugh photo elephant cough phrase sphere rough graph alphabet tough

Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. Read the sentences aloud.

a Meenu likes to take pictures with her . i phone ii fone

b The zoo has a big . i elefant ii elephant

c We draw a in the maths class. i graff ii graph

d My favourite animal is a . i dolphin ii dolfin

e Meenu took a lovely of the tiffin party. i photo ii foto

Vocabulary

1. Some words have the same or similar meanings. These words are called synonyms. Match the words that mean the same. friend

noisy

hates

gobble

smart

2. Complete the sentences with words that mean the same. Use the words in the box.

Hint Box: draw strong hungry middle little

a There is a (small) bird in that nest.

b Rihaal and Nita like to (sketch) during their free time.

c The table is in the (centre) of the room.

d A (powerful) wind blows across the ocean.

e The students are (starving) because they did not eat anything.

Go Grammar

We can break a sentence into 2 parts.

Sentences

Subject (Naming part): The first part is who or what the sentence is about. It can be a person, a place, an animal, or a thing.

Remember!

A sentence is a group of words that has a complete thought. Questions are sentences that ask something.

Predicate (Doing part): The second part is about what the first part does or is. It is about the action in the sentence, so it has a verb (doing word).

For example:

Meenu hates lunch breaks. Meenu (The sentence is about Meenu.)

Subject hates lunch breaks. (This tells us what Meenu does.)

Predicate

1. Circle the subjects and underline the predicates in the sentences. Double underline the verbs.

a Kamlesh shrugs at her own box.

b Meenu wolfs down Kamlesh’s jowar bhakri.

c The whole class crowds around Kamlesh’s desk.

d Sachi comes over with her tiffin box.

e Meenu loves tiffin time now.

2. Match the subjects and the correct predicates. Amma waft towards Meenu. Meenu’s mouth looks yummy.

Kamlesh’s tiffin gobbles up Meenu’s idlis.

Yummy smells packs idli and podi in the tiffin box.

Kamlesh waters.

Questions

A question asks us something. We can make questions in two ways.

Wh-words: We use wh-words to start questions. These words are what, why, when, who, where, and how.

Wh-words Use

When asks about time

Where asks about a place

What asks about things, animals and actions

Why asks about the reason

Who asks about a person

Which asks about a choice

How asks about the way something happens

Example

When will the bell ring for lunch?

Where is Kamlesh sitting?

What is in your tiffin?

Why is Meenu tired of idlis?

Who is eating idli?

Which is my tiffin?

How does Meenu look at her tiffin?

Do-words: These words are do, does and did. Questions with do-words can have yes or no as answers.

Word Use Example

Does Does is used to ask about he, she or it. It is used in sentences about everyday events. Does Meenu eat Idli podi every day?

Do Do is used with I, you, we and they. It is used in sentences about everyday events. Do the girls have a tiffin party every day?

Did Did is used in sentences about the past. Did you eat your food yesterday?

Look at how we use the simple form of the verb (doing word) after Does and Did.

Meenu eats idli every day. Does Meenu eat idli every day?

Meenu ate an idli yesterday. Did Meenu eat an idli yesterday?

3. Use the correct WH words to form the questions.

a Sachi has pakhala bhata in her tiffin. has pakhala bhata in her tiffin?

b There is mutke in Kamlesh’s tiffin. is in Kamlesh’s tiffin?

c The tiffin party is around Kamlesh’s desk. is the tiffin party?

d The red tiffin has sandwiches and noodles. tiffin has sandwiches and noodles?

e The girls meet at lunch time. do the girls meet?

4. Use the correct DO words to form questions.

a Meenu and Kamlesh shared their tiffin.

Meenu and Kamlesh their lunch?

b The tiffin boxes have lots of food.

the tiffin boxes have lots of food?

c Sachi joins Meenu and Kamlesh.

Sachi join Meenu and Kamlesh?

d Amma packed extra idlis for Kamlesh.

Amma pack extra idlis for Kamlesh?

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the text and fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Sonu is new in town and feels nervous about making new . One day, he decides to go to the to play. In the park, Sonu meets . They play together, laugh and have fun. They ride on the and go down the slide. Sonu feels because he has made a new friend.

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

Sit in pairs. Ask each other questions and then use the answers to introduce your partner to the class.

For example:

Hi, everyone! I want to introduce you to my friend. This is Meena. Meena likes to draw and paint. An interesting thing about Meena is that she has a pet dog named Tiger.

Write

Well

Look at the picture carefully. Write four sentences to describe the picture.

Health and Hygiene

2 . The Weightlifting Princess

Get Set

Which events would you like to take part in on Sports Day? Tick () them.

Princess Nila is preparing herself for the Surya Championship. She is training very hard. Why is it so important for her to win? Let us read the story to find out.

—Sowmya Rajendran

Let’s Read

Princess Nila is worried.

The Surya Championship, the famous weightlifting contest in her kingdom, is only a month away. But according to the rules, she must weigh 55 kilos. She still has to put on two kilos!

Talking Book

The Surya Championship was named after the greatest athlete in all the seven kingdoms of the east. Nila has waited all her life to participate.

Nila loves to lift weights. As a child, she would lift dogs, chairs, tables, and cupboards… and even the King!

‘How did practice go?’ asks the Queen.

Think and Tell

Out of the things Nila lifted, which one do you think was the most difficult to lift? Why?

weightlifting: a sport where people pick up heavy things to show they are strong contest: a competition where people take part and try to win athlete: someone who plays a sport, often running participate: take part in

‘Fine,’ says Nila. ‘But I still have to put on two kilos!’

The Queen gives her a bowl of dal and a banana. ‘Eat well,’ she says. ‘You will get there.’

As she eats, Nila remembers the last championship. That was four years ago, when she was just twelve. Prince Vikram of Nethil had won then. He had been far ahead of everyone else.

Nila knows Prince Vikram will also be there. She knows she will have to win. After all, she has big plans. Nila wants to go to Taibar, the land of snow. It has the best sports school in the entire kingdom.

‘May I have another banana?’ she asks the Queen.

The Queen laughs. Many years ago, she had been like Nila—wanting to run, swim, ride horses and win the championship. But that was a long, long time ago.

Did You Know?

Protein is one of the building blocks for your body. It helps to build muscles and bones. Some protein sources are: beans, lentils, nuts and paneer.

As the days pass, Princess Nila trains hard. She runs up and down the mountain. She swims in the river. She eats foods that are rich in protein, like curd and dal. Her skin turns golden brown, the colour of sunset.

The week before the Championship, she stands on a weighing scale. Fifty-five kilos at last! Nila is thrilled. She flexes her muscles. She cannot stop smiling. ‘I have done it!’

Think and Tell

Why is Nila thrilled?

championship: a big contest to find the best player or the best team weighing scale: a machine to check your weight thrilled: excited flexes: shows muscles by bending arms and legs

On the day of the Championship, Nila is ready. This year, the competition is tougher. Nila marks out the strong weightlifters—the boy with the yellow turban, the girl with the tight braid, and of course, Prince Vikram.

They lift rocks, logs, treasure chests and cupboards. The judges watch. Is the arm shaking? Is the leg steady? Is the stance correct? Nila clenches her teeth. She can feel every muscle in her body and every drop of sweat. Vikram is in the lead, but Nila is right behind him. The final round begins. They have to lift the ancient iron throne. The others are good, but Nila is better. She applies every ounce of her strength. She grunts, biting back the pain. When she almost gives up, she thinks of Surya, and Taibar. The iron throne rises in the air.

The final scores are displayed. Princess Nila has won! Princess Nila smiles and says, ‘I am the champion.’

Did You Know?

Karnam Malleswari was the first Indian woman to win a medal in weightlifting. She won a bronze medal at the Olympics in 2000.

marks out: notices carefully stance: the way someone stands clenches: presses together tightly ancient: something which is very, very old ounce: a small unit used to measure weight grunts: makes a noise through the teeth when trying very hard to do something displayed: showed

Think and Tell

Apart from working very hard, what else made Nila the champion?

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Complete the summary of the story with the words in the box.

Hint Box: throne heavy weights Taibar fifty-five Surya Championship

Princess Nila loves to lift . She wants to take part in the . For the weightlifting competition, Nila has to weigh kilos. She wants to win the competition and go to . On the day of the competition, Nila lifts an ancient iron . Princess Nila wins the competition.

2. Answer the questions in two to three sentences.

a What is the Surya Championship? Why does Princess Nila want to take part?

b Why does the queen understand her daughter’s wish to win?

c What does Princess Nila do to prepare for the championship?

d Who are the other athletes competing against Princess Nila?

e What do the judges watch for when the participants lift weights?

Think and Answer

1. In your notebook, write how Princess Nila solves these problems.

a She has to increase her weight.

b She finds the iron throne very heavy.

2. Use the sentence starters to write about Princess Nila.

The main person in the story is...

In the beginning she worries about...

I say so because...

She likes...

I say so because...

Her dream is to...

I know it because... She is a... girl.

Big Idea

Imagine that your school is organising a competition. You wish to take part and do well. Complete the table to write your plan.

To participate in the competition, I will follow a timetable.

I will study from to .

(time) (time) (time)

I will start practising at .

I will ask for help. (who can help you)

I will need more energy. I will eat healthy food.

(Name the things you will add to your diet.)

I will and to relax. (activities you will do to relax)

Pronounce Well Listen to the words here.

The magic e makes a short sound long. Rip–ripe, tap–tape, cut–cute, cop–cope.

Read these words aloud. ripe tape cute cope pipe cape tube rope wipe made robe hope site fate note spine

Look at the pictures. Circle the magic e words in the word grid. Then, write them and say the words aloud.

k l t a p e i f s h a m t p i n e c e u i f d o t d w o i n s h r o p e

Vocabulary

1. Match the words that go together. Fill in the blanks with the pairs. tea butter bread pepper salt fork knife paper pen biscuits

a Princess Nila makes her diet chart using and .

b Princess Nila does not include and in her diet plan.

c Princess Nila likes to eat and for breakfast.

d Princess Nila eats her food with a and .

e Princess Nila adds and to her salad.

Singular (One) to Plural (Many)

We add -s or -es at the end, to make most words plural.

For example: cat – cats, block – blocks, park – parks

We add -es to words that end in -s, -x, -z, -ch, or -sh.

For example: box – boxes, bus – buses, crash – crashes

Remember!

Plurals (Many) — When we talk about more than one person, animal or thing, we use plurals.

2. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct plural forms.

a The (princesss/princesses) wore sparkling dresses to the ball.

b The weight-lifting (matchs/matches) were tough.

c Princess Nila ate (sandwichs/sandwiches) after the competition.

d The (judgs/judges) announced the final decision.

Kinds of Nouns

Common nouns are the names of any person, animal, thing or place.

Proper nouns name a specific person, animal, thing or place. A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.

Common Nouns

She is a girl.

Remember!

Nouns (Naming Words) are words for people, things, actions and places.

Proper Nouns

She is Nila. She lives in a town. She lives in Taibar.

Collective nouns are words used to describe groups of people, animals, or things as a single unit.

For example:

I bought a bunch of roses for my mother. I saw a flock of birds flying.

People

Animals/Birds Things

an army of soldiers a colony of ants a galaxy of stars a choir of singers a herd of sheep a stack of books a team of players a school of fish a deck of cards

1. Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in the sentences.

a The Surya Championship is a famous contest.

b The Queen of Taibar eats a banana every day.

c Princess Nila lifted tables and even the throne.

d There is a sports school in Taibar.

e Nila swims in the Brahmaputra river.

Did You Know?

The Brahmaputra River is one of the longest rivers in India. It starts high up in the mountains in Tibet, travels through India, and finally flows into Bangladesh.

2. Fill in the blanks with one of the collective nouns in the box.

Hint Box: swarm herd bunch class flock

a a of grapes

c a of birds

b a of students

d a of bees

e a of elephants

Articles (a, an, and the)

We use a and an when talking about any one thing, person or group for the first time or if the noun is not specific. For example: I met a kind woman today. She is an athlete. (one of many)

I saw a herd of cows. (not a specific herd)

We use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds.

We use the when talking about a specific thing or person. It is used for something that is one-of-a-kind or something that is known. For example: She is the Queen of England, Princess Nila lifted the golden throne. Here, we are talking about a specific queen or throne.

3. Fill in the blanks using a, an and the.

a People are watching Surya Championship.

b King is sitting on his iron throne.

c She eats orange everyday.

d Prince Vikram is strong man.

e Princess Nila is good athlete. Listen to the text here.

Listen Well

Listen carefully to the text, and tick () the images that match the tips on how to stay healthy.

Drink water

Brush your teeth

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

If we want to stay healthy and fit, we need to exercise. Talk about ‘The Importance of Exercising’ with your partner.

Make eye contact with your partner.

Take turns to ask more questions about the topic.

Listen carefully to your partner’s ideas.

Write Well

We write informal letters to people who are close to us, like our friends and family. An informal letter has the following sections:

Model Answer

123, Block B

Raj Garden Road

Hyderabad 500001

15 July 2025

Dear Grandma,

How are you? I hope you are well and that you are eating healthy food and getting enough rest after getting out of hospital. I am doing well. I am studying hard at school. I am also practising every day to get ready for the school athletics competition.

Take care, and see you soon.

Love, Avinash

Your home address with pincode

Date of writing the letter

Greeting

Body, the main part of the letter

Closing and your signature

Write a letter to a friend who has been sick and absent from school for some time now. In your letter, ask about their health and give some advice.

Health and Hygiene

. The Toothbrush Brigade

—M.E. Stokes

Write five things you do every day to keep yourself clean. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Discuss why it is important to stay clean.

A group of friends come together to form a club. They decide to brush their teeth every day, but why is it so important? Let us find out from the ‘Toothbrush Brigade.’

Let’s Read

The toothbrush brigade is a happy club We boys and girls have made, We try to care for our teeth So they’ll not be decayed. And so we have promised one and all, At morning and at night, To brush them clean and white.

brigade: a group of people who do something together decayed: rotten and full of holes

Talking Book

First across we’ll brush them, Well then up and down we go, Then open wide the mouth, you see, And do just as before. So carefully we’ll rinse them, too, You’ll see a healthy sight. Our teeth so clean and white.

And now my friends a word to you Before we leave the stage, If your teeth you would preserve, Down to a nice old age, Get your toothbrush and water, too, And start this very night To brush them clean and white.

Did You Know?

Eating too much candy and drinking too many soft drinks can give you holes in your teeth. This is called tooth decay, and it can be very painful!

rinse: to wash and clean with water preserve: to keep safe and healthy for a long time

Think and Tell

What are the steps in the poem that tell you how to brush your teeth properly?

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Choose the correct answers.

a What do the boys and girls form?

i A club to take care of their hair

ii A club to take care of their teeth

b What do the boys and girls promise to do in the morning and at night?

i Brush their teeth

c How do they brush their teeth?

i Up and down

ii Eat candy

ii Across/up and down

d What do they do after brushing their teeth?

i Go to sleep

ii Rinse their teeth

e What do they want their teeth to look like?

i Clean

ii Yellow

2. Answer the questions in two to three sentences.

a Why do the boys and girls form the Toothbrush Brigade?

b What happens if we do not take care of our teeth?

c What are the correct steps to brush our teeth?

d What is the message at the end of the poem?

Idea

In a poster, we give a heading, a drawing and a slogan. A slogan is a short and catchy message that helps people remember something important. For example:

Smiling Teeth

Brush right,

Smile bright!

Heading

Drawing Slogan

Make a fun poster to tell your friends and family about the importance of brushing their teeth. You can choose a heading and a slogan from those given or make your own.

Heading

Smiling Teeth

Healthy Teeth

Keep a Bright Smile

Brush for a Healthy Mouth

Keep Teeth Sparkling

Vocabulary

For example:

Slogans

Brush twice a day, keep the rot away! Brush twice a day, keep the dentist away! Be a good boss, brush and floss! Don’t rush, brush, brush brush! Healthy habits start with brushing!

Homophones

We had a great time at the school fair. (Here fair means an event with games and rides.)

Our mother is fair and listens when we speak. (Here fair means someone who does not take sides.)

Remember!

Homophones are words that have the same spelling and sound, but can have different meanings in different sentences.

Fill in the blanks with words in the box. Each word can be used twice.

Hint Box: can well match light park

a Please pass me the of paint.

b She sing beautifully.

c I hope you get soon.

d The room is filled with .

e We watched a cricket yesterday.

f Let’s go to the and have a picnic.

g The suitcase is very .

h In my grandfather’s village, people get water from the .

i Don’t the car in front of the store.

j Father needs a to light the campfire.

Poetry Appreciation

The title of a poem helps the reader understand what the poem is about. It is used to get the reader interested.

a Think about the title ‘Toothbrush Brigade’. What came to your mind when you first read the title?

b Did your idea change after reading the poem?

c If you could change the title, what would you choose as the title?

Project 1

Fitness Tracker — My Smart Plan

You will track your physical activities and the healthy food you eat, for two weeks! This project will help you see how staying active and eating well can make you strong and healthy.

• A pencil or a pen

• Your English notebook

Materials Required:

• The Fitness Tracker

Steps:

1. Think about the physical activities you do every day, like playing outside, riding your bike, dancing, running, or even walking your dog.

2. Also, think about the healthy food you eat, like fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and dairy products.

3. Practise a healthy lifestyle for two weeks. Each day, do at least one activity and eat healthy and nutritious food.

4. Every day, write down the date, what activity you did, for how long you did it, what healthy food you ate, and how you felt afterwards (happy, tired, strong, energised, etc.).

5. After two weeks, write a few sentences in your notebook about what you learnt from tracking your fitness and eating habits. Did you feel better when you were active and ate healthy food?

W ould you like to try any new activities or food?

Share your fitness and food tracker with your class and talk about what activities and food you enjoyed the most.

* Turn the page to see the Fitness Tracker.

Healthy food you ate How you felt during the day

Date Physical activity you did

Dance 30 minutes Apple, dal rice, salad bowl Active and energised

If you miss a day, do not give up and continue to follow a healthy lifestyle. Use colours and stickers to make your chart look attractive.

Kindness and Humility

4 . Doctor Doctor

Get Set

Talk to your friend about a time when you saw someone in need of help and how you helped them. Look at the pictures for ideas or talk about your own experience.

Injured animal

Struggling old man

Crying friend

Discuss what happened, what you did and how they felt.

Ravi is not a doctor, but he has a gift for healing people. Soon Ravi loses his blessing. Let us read to find out what happens.

—Sudha Murthy

Talking Book

On a hot summer afternoon, an old man hobbled down a village road. He was very thirsty. He saw a tiny grocery store in the distance. When he reached the store, he sat down on a bench outside and uttered only one word, ‘Water!’

The village hadn’t had any rain for two years leaving everyone with very little stored water. But Ravi, the shopkeeper, was kind. He gave the old man a cup of water from his pot. The old man finished it in one gulp. He asked for more and then, without waiting for Ravi, took the pot and drank all the water in it.

Ravi was shocked; but he thought, ‘Never mind. After all, I did help someone in need.’

Think and Tell

How do you know that the old man was really thirsty?

Did You Know?

A long dry period for months or years without rain is called a drought. It is not good for our health, environment or agriculture.

hobbled: walked in small steps with limp gulp: (here) big swallow

The old man, now feeling better, smiled and said, ‘My son, always be kind like this. Help everyone like you helped me, and you will be blessed.’ He then slowly walked away.

Soon after, young Karim limped into Ravi’s shop. He was also thirsty, and his leg hurt him. While Ravi was packing Karim’s groceries, Karim ate his lunch sitting on the bench. When he asked Ravi for some water. Ravi said, ‘I’m sorry, Karim. I have no water left.’

‘But your pot is full!’ said Karim.

Ravi looked at the pot in disbelief—it was filled with water. Karim took some water and drank it, sighing with relief. As Karim left, it seemed as if his limp had almost gone. Ravi’s eyes widened in surprise.

Did the water really heal Karim’s leg? He wondered if the old man’s words were coming true. Was he really blessed?

Think and Tell

Do you think Ravi is daydreaming or has he been blessed?

Soon, news spread in the village about Ravi’s pot of magic water. The villagers gathered outside Ravi’s shop every day. He gave each of them some water from his pot and never charged a single paisa. After all, what was better than the blessings of the people?

A year passed. Once again, on a hot summer day, an old, thirsty man visited Ravi’s shop, begging for a drop of water. At the same time, a messenger came from the king—the queen had been bitten by a mosquito and needed the magic water.

Ravi was tempted by the handsome reward he would get. He took his pot of water to the royal palace without helping the old man.

limped: walked with difficulty widened: grew big wondered: thought

gathered: came together tempted: attracted reward: prize given for help or work

When the queen asked for the magic water, Ravi tried to pour it into the tumbler. The pot was as dry as a bone! The king was furious. He threatened to banish Ravi from the village.

Scared and ashamed, Ravi left the palace and returned to his shop.

Think and Tell

Why did Ravi choose to help the Queen?

He searched for the old man everywhere but could not find him. He realised his mistake— his greed had cost him the magic water. He sadly remembered how much joy and love he had received from helping people out of kindness, and not for money.

From that day on, he again walked to the faraway stream and filled his pot with ordinary water. He waited for the old man to return. Until then, he decided he would help people by bringing a doctor to the village.

dry as a bone: very dry furious: very angry banish: send away

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Choose the correct answers.

a How long had the village been without rain?

i six months ii one year

iii two years iv ten years

b What happened when Karim drank water from Ravi’s pot?

i Karim’s limp became better. ii He got sicker.

iii There was no change. iv He fell asleep.

c How much did Ravi charge for his magic water?

i one Rupee

iii five Rupees

ii three Rupees

iv nothing

d Who needed the magic water from the palace?

i the King

iii the Prince

ii the Queen

iv the Princess

e What did Ravi decide to do after losing his magic water?

i He left the village.

ii He bought a new pot.

iii He stopped helping people. iv He brought a doctor to the village.

2. Number the events 1–5 in the correct order.

The old man blesses Ravi.

The queen is bitten by a mosquito.

Karim’s limp improves after drinking the water.

Ravi’s pot becomes dry at the palace.

News spreads about Ravi’s magic water.

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences.

a What problem did the people in Ravi’s village face?

b What did Ravi realise after Karim’s limp seemed better?

c Why did Ravi choose to help the Queen instead of the old man?

d Why did the king threaten to banish Ravi from the village?

e What did Ravi miss after he had lost his magic?

Think and Answer

1. Think about how Ravi changed from the beginning to the end of the story. Use adjectives to describe Ravi at the beginning, middle and end of the story.

2. Read about the characters’ actions. Write what the characters’ thoughts could have been.

Actions

Thoughts

The old man took the pot and drank all the water in it. Ravi thought that .

Karim drank water from the pot, and his limp went away.

Karim thought that .

The king called Ravi to the palace with his healing water. The king thought that .

Big

Idea

Think of the problems faced by the people in your neighbourhood. Imagine that you could develop magical powers to help. What power would you ask for? What problem would you solve?

People in my area face this problem:

I wish I had this power to help everyone:

I chose this power because:

Pronounce Well

Listen to the words here.

The Hard and Soft ‘th’ Sound

How to produce the hard and soft ‘th’ sound.

Hard ‘th’ sound Soft ‘th’ sound

• Place your tongue between your upper and lower teeth.

• Put your fingers on your vocal cords and say ‘this’.

• You should feel a buzzing sensation.

For example: this, that, these, those, brother, mother

• Place your tongue between your upper and lower teeth.

• Put your fingers on your vocal cords but this time say ‘think’.

• You will not feel the same buzz as the vocal cords do not vibrate.

For example: think, thin, thank, bath, both, month

Say the words aloud. Fill in the blanks with the ‘th’ words in the box.

Hint Box: mother those thank brother this think

a Rohan gave me apple.

b My helps me with Maths.

c Please your uncle for the gift.

d I need to before I make a decision.

e She prefers books to these ones.

f My drives me to school.

Vocabulary

Antonyms

Opposites or antonyms are pairs of words that have opposing meanings. For example: old is the opposite of young tiny is the opposite of huge

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct pairs of opposite words in the box.

Hint Box: kind/cruel hot/cold full/empty blessed/cursed rewarded/punished

a On a day, everyone wishes for weather.

b The pot was in the morning but by the evening.

c Ravi was to the villagers but the king was to them.

d Ravi felt when he had the healing water but when he lost it.

e Ravi was for his kindness, but the evil minister was for his unkind acts.

Dictionary Hunt

A dictionary is a special book that tells you the meaning of words. It also helps you learn how to spell and say words correctly.

How to Use a Dictionary:

• Words in a dictionary are listed in alphabetical order, A, B, C, and so on.

• To find a word, look for that letter in the dictionary. For example, if you are looking for apple, go to the A words.

• At the top of each dictionary page, there are two words called guide words. These words show the first and last words on that page.

• If your word comes between these two guide words alphabetically, it means your word is on that page.

2. Use a dictionary to arrange the following words in alphabetical order. Write them in your notebook.

empty dry magic everything never being near blessed drink mean

Go Grammar

Adjectives of Quality and Quantity

Adjectives of quality tell us what something is like or how it looks or feels. They tell us about the quality of a noun (naming word).

For example:

The brave king called Ravi. The brown dog ran fast.

Remember!

Adjectives (describing words) tell us something more about a person, place, animal or thing.

Ask ‘What kind?’ ‘How does it look?’

Adjectives of quantity tell us how many or how much there is of a noun.

For example: Ravi has one pot. Ajji knows many stories.

Ask ‘How much?’ ‘How many?’

1. Circle the adjectives of quality. Underline the adjectives of quantity.

Hint Box: Remember to ask: How? / What kind? or How much? / How many?

a Ravi was a helpful man.

b The tall man wanted more water.

c Many people came outside Ravi’s small shop.

d Karim’s injured leg had worried him for many years.

e Poor people would leave a few rupees or some food.

Adjectives of Comparison

The blue pot is small. The blue pot is smaller than the brown pot. The blue pot is the smallest of all the pots.

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

We do not compare the noun with anything. We compare two things. We compare three or more things. Add -er or more to the adjectives. Add -est or most to the adjectives.

We add -er or -est to short adjectives. For example:

Positive degree

Comparative degree Superlative degree brave braver bravest

We add more or most to longer adjectives with two or more syllables. For example:

Positive degree

Comparative degree Superlative degree difficult more difficult most difficult

2. Fill in the blanks with the comparative or the superlative form of the adjectives.

a Ravi is (helpful) than Kishan.

b Today is the (hot) day of the month.

c The man was (old) than Ravi.

d Raghu was (interested) in Maths than Meenu.

e Ravi’s shop is the (tiny) shop in the village.

f Water is (precious) than gold.

g The king will give the (handsome) reward you can imagine.

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the text and number the pictures from 1–6 in the correct order.

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

Sit in pairs. Look at the pictures and find the differences between them. After you have found at least four differences, tell your friend about them. Hint Box: There are six differences.

You can use sentences like:

• In the first picture, I see . But in the second picture, I see .

• In first picture but in the second picture .

Take your time to look at the pictures carefully.

Use simple, short sentences when you speak.

Sit in a group of four. Read the story together and summarise the key events of the story. In your notebook, discuss and write a new ending.

The Kind Woodcutter

In a village near a big forest, there was a poor woodcutter named Hari. One day, his axe fell into a river while he was working. Hari was very sad and started crying.

Suddenly, a river goddess appeared and asked, ‘Why are you crying?’

Hari told her about his lost axe. The goddess dived into the river and brought back three axes: one was gold, one was silver, and one was Hari’s old iron axe. She showed him the gold and silver axe and asked, ‘Is this your axe?’

Hari said, “No, that is not mine.”

When Hari chose his old iron axe, the goddess smiled. ‘Your honesty deserves all three axes,’ she said.

To summarise the story, each learner in the group can say one thing that happened in the story, in the proper order. If someone misses an event, the others in the group can help them out.

Travel and Tourism

5 . Sailing Home

Draw the path to help the children reach the ship. Get Set

Basava and Sundari’s father is a sailor. He has been out on the sea for months. They are waiting for him to return. Let us read to see when he comes back.

—Subhadra Sen Gupta

Talking Book

Basava and his sister Sundari sat on the sand, watching the sunrise over the sea. They were waiting for their father’s ship.

‘It’s been so many months,’ Sundari said sadly. ‘Appa has never been away for so long.’

‘Remember the big storm last week?’ Basava said worriedly. ‘I hope Appa’s ship is safe.’

After a while, they saw a ship. As it came closer, the children saw that it had black and green sails.

Their father’s ship had red sails with a flying eagle. They felt sad and went to help their mother.

Think and Tell

How do you think

Basava and Sundari felt when they saw the black and green sail?

She sold vegetables in the market. Sundari liked going to the market. Sailors from different lands came to buy and sell things.

Appa: father in Tamil sails: large pieces of cloth that catch the wind to drive the ship forward sailor: a person who works on the ship

A trader’s wife told Sundari and Basava to ask about their father’s ship at the jetty.

So, Basava and Sundari went to the jetty. There they saw three ships, including the one with the black and green sails. They met a soldier at the jetty.

‘We are looking for a ship from Kamboja,’ Sundari said to him. The soldier pointed to the ship with the black and green sails and said, ‘That ship came from there.’ The children ran to the ship, hoping to find some news about their father. The sailors on that ship did not speak their language.

‘Oh no!’ Basava sighed. ‘How do we talk to them?’

‘Easy!’ Sundari grinned. ‘We talk to them like Amma does when they come to buy vegetables.’

Think and Tell

What do you think Basava and Sundari should do now?

They went to an old sailor and asked, ‘Kamboja?’ He nodded. Basava pointed to the sail and Sundari’s red skirt, saying, ‘Ship? Red sail?’

The sailor gestured with his hands, mimicking the graceful motion of a bird in flight. Seeing his gestures, the children shouted, ‘Yes! A flying eagle on the sail!’

trader: a person who buys or sells things jetty: a wide stone wall at the shore, where ships and boats stop sighed: let out a deep breath to show sadness Amma: mother in Tamil mimicking: (here) using hand movements to show something

The man took them to the back of the ship and pointed out to the sea. They saw a ship coming closer and closer. Then they saw it—the red sails with a flying eagle. The children clapped and cheered with joy!

‘Your Appa is a sailor?’ the old sailor asked gently.

‘You can speak our language!’ Sundari exclaimed.

‘A little bit,’ the man laughed.

Basava and Sundari felt very happy. Finally, after many weeks, Appa was sailing back home.

‘Feeling blue’ means to feel sad. In the old days, when a captain or an important officer died during a journey, sailors flew a blue flag to tell other ships and show their sorrow. Did You Know?

exclaimed: (here) spoke loudly because of shock

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Choose the correct answers.

a How long had Basava and Sundari’s father been away from home?

i several weeks ii many months

iii a few days iv a year

b What did Sundari enjoy about visiting the market?

i seeing sailors from different places ii seeing interesting ships

iii selling vegetables iv watching the sunrise

c What colour were the sails of their father’s ship?

i red with a flying eagle ii black and green

iii blue with a dolphin iv white with stripes

d What did the old sailor at the jetty show the children?

i a map ii his ship

iii the fish he had caught iv their father’s ship

2. Write True or False.

a Basava and Sundari’s father had never been away for such a long time before.

b The children immediately found their father’s ship with red sails and a flying eagle.

c Sundari did not enjoy visiting the market where her mother sold vegetables.

d Sundari’s mother communicated with the sailors by using her hands to show what she meant.

e The sailor they met at the jetty spoke their language very well.

3. Answer the questions in one or two sentences.

a Describe the places that Basava and Sundari go to in the story.

b Why were Basava and Sundari sitting on the sand at the beginning of the story?

c How did Basava and Sundari feel about their father being away for so long?

d Where did Basava and Sundari go to ask about their father’s ship? What did they find out there?

e Describe how Basava and Sundari communicated with the sailor on the ship from Kamboja.

Think and Answer

1. Identify the problem and the solution in the story by answering these questions.

a What is the main problem that Basava and Sundari face in the story?

b What do they do to try and solve their problem?

c How is the problem solved at the end of the story?

2. For each event, choose how Sundari and Basava probably felt.

Hint Box: worried disappointed hopeful delighted

a Watching the sunrise while waiting for their father.

b Remembering the big storm from last week.

c Seeing the ship with the black and green sails.

d Finally, seeing their father’s ship with red sails and a flying eagle.

Big Idea

Think about a time when someone in your family went on a long trip.

a How did you feel while they were away? How did you feel when they came back?

b How was your experience similar or different to Sundari and Basava’s?

Pronounce Well Listen to the words here.

Work with a partner and take turns to read the words aloud. Then, underline the words that make the sound given in the heading. Some have been done for you.

Short a Long A sound

More long A words

Short e Long E sound More long E sounds

mat mate stray fell feel be

plan plane crayon met meet even

sack sake they swept sweep evening

rack rake prey guess geese female am aim lady bet beat thief

pad paid baby speck speak niece

ran rain break left leaf piece

man main great less least believe

Note: The magic e in words like mate make the short sound in mat long.

Fill in the blanks with correct letters to complete the words. Then, read the sentences aloud.

a The kids played in the s nd at the beach.

b The children were happy to m t new travellers.

c The kids felt s f when they saw their father’s ship.

d One traveller wore a r d hat.

e The ship had black and gr n sails.

Vocabulary

1. These are words related to travel. Match the words and the pictures.

ship

harbour

sailor

life jacket

cruise ship

Then, fill in the blanks with the words.

a Basava’s father is a . He spends most of his time at sea.

b Basava’s father’s faced a storm at sea.

c During the storm, everyone on board had to wear a for safety.

d The ship docked safely in the .

e After their father’s return, the family decided on a week-long vacation on a .

2. Arrange the following list of words in alphabetical order in your notebook. shouted sea soldier sand ship sails sell sailor storm safely

Personal Pronouns

Remember!

We use special words in the place of nouns so that we need not repeat the nouns. These words are I, you, he, she, they, we and it. These words are called pronouns.

Personal pronouns can be used in the place of names and of people, animals or things.

I, he, she, we, you, they, and it are personal pronouns.

For example:

Basava and Sundari saw a ship. They were excited. (Here, they is used for Basava and Sundari.)

Go Grammar

1. Imagine you are Basava. Fill in the blanks with the correct personal pronouns.

I am Basava. My father is a sailor and hasn’t been home for months. Sundari and I are worried and cannot help thinking about the storm last week. damaged quite a few ships. go down to the harbour and see a ship, but has the wrong sails and are disappointed.

Sundari and I go to the market where my mother works. sells vegetables to sailors from all over. have interesting stories to tell.

Possessive Pronouns

Some pronouns show belonging. They come at the end of a sentence and are not followed by a noun. They are used to show that the subject of the sentence owns or has something. Mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours and its are possessive pronouns.

For example: This sailor’s cap is mine. (Here, mine is used for Basava’s father.)

2. Write the correct possessive pronouns for the pictures.

a Whose father is this? He is . (theirs/their).

b She is saying the cap is . (her/hers)

c This is her father’s ship. It is . (his/hers)

d I wish all the gold on the ship were . (myself/mine)

e This boat is . (our/ours)

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen to the story carefully. Number the sentences in the correct order.

After setting up their tent, they went hiking.

Last summer, Sahil went on a trip to the mountains with his family.

Sahil had a wonderful time and couldn’t wait to go on another trip.

First, they packed their bags and got into the car.

In the evening, they ate hot chapatis and told stories.

Then, they drove for a few hours and reached the mountains.

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

Sit in a group of four. Tell your friends about a place you travelled to and what you did there. You can use these clues to help you.

Where? When?

With?

My parents and I went on a trip to Lansdowne last summer.

Give details Ending

We We also saw The day/thing I enjoyed most was because I wish that It was a lovely holiday and I was sorry we had to go home but

Use simple words and sentences when talking.

Look at your classmates while you are talking. Show that you are listening to your classmates when they speak.

Write Well

We keep a diary to write about what we do everyday and to express our feelings.

Model Answer

15 June 2025

9 p.m.

Monday

Dear Diary,

Today, I visited the zoo for the first time. I saw so many amazing animals, like lions and elephants. My favourite was the playful monkeys. They were so funny! I had a great time and can’t wait to visit again. I think I want to work with animals one day.

Goodnight, Sahil

Greeting

Thoughts and activities

Closure

Name

Write a diary entry about a place you visited. You can use the sentence starters in the box to help you.

Today, I visited... I saw... I did...

My favourite part was... I felt...

Travel and Tourism

6 . Travel for Fun

—Santhini Govindan

If you had a magical carpet and could travel anywhere in the world, where would it be and why? Discuss with your friends.

The poet loves to travel but does not want to travel by train or aeroplane. Let’s read the poem and see how the poet wants to travel and where to.

Let’s Read

I want to travel around the world for fun, And see different lands, one by one. But I would not like to travel by aeroplane, train, or by car –I would like to have a magic carpet that will take me afar. I will keep the carpet under my bed, rolled upright, So it will be easy to reach when I want to take a flight. I won’t need to get a passport, or buy a ticket when I want to fly, I’ll just sit on my magic carpet, and wave everyone good-bye!

Talking Book

afar: very far away upright: straight up

passport: a special identity card that allows us to travel to other countries

I’ll cross rivers and valleys, and the snowy Himalayas so tall, And fly to faraway China to see the Great Wall. Then I’ll float to Egypt, and visit the great Nile, And see the pyramids, and the Sphinx’s mysterious smile.

I’ll travel to the African jungles where wild animals roam, And visit European cities like London, Paris, and Rome But on my magic carpet, before I eagerly set out, There’s something that I’m a little worried about.

I keep thinking of it, again and again –What will happen if my magic carpet gets caught in the rain?

I’m sure that soaking wet carpets can’t fly far away –So, to travel for fun, I must find another way!

Did

You Know?

In Africa, the five largest and most dangerous animals are: lions, leopards, elephants, rhinoceroses, and Cape buffaloes. They are called the “Big Five”.

mysterious: hard to understand or explain roam: to move freely eagerly: excitedly soaking: completely filled with water

Listen

Read and Respond

1. Tick () the correct answers.

a How does the boy want to travel around the world?

i By train

ii By magic carpet

b Where does the boy keep the magic carpet?

i In a closet

ii Under the bed

c What does the boy not need if he travels on the carpet?

i A passport

ii His carpet

d Which famous place in China does the boy want to see?

i The Great Wall

ii The Forbidden City

e What is the boy worried about when using the magic carpet?

i It will get lost.

ii It will get caught in the rain.

2. Match the places and what the boy will see there.

Place What the boy will see

Egypt

Europe

China

Himalayas

Africa

snowy mountains

the River Nile and the Pyramids

jungles with wild animals

the Great Wall

London, Paris and Rome

3. Answer the questions in one to two sentences.

a Who is ‘I’ in the poem?

b Why does the boy keep the magic carpet rolled up under his bed?

c Why does the boy want to travel by magic carpet?

d Name all the places that the boy sees.

e Explain why a soaking wet carpet cannot fly.

4. Read these lines from the poem and answer the questions. I want to travel around the world for fun, And see different lands, one by one. But I would not like to travel by aeroplane, train, or by car –I would like to have a magic carpet that will take me afar.

a What does the boy want to do?

b How would the boy not want to travel?

c What does the boy wish to have?

Big Idea

You set out on an adventure on your magic carpet! Pack your bag with the most important items you will take with you. Write why you want to take them along.

My Magic Adventure!

For this adventure, I will need:

2. 3. The first item I need is... because...

The second item I need is... because...

The third item I need is... because...

When I go on my magic carpet adventure, I will feel...

Vocabulary

1. Match the travel words and the pictures. In your notebook, make sentences with the words.

passport

boarding pass

camera luggage taxi

TRAVELING ELEMENTS

2. Read the words aloud. Write the names in the correct line.

Land transport

Water transport

Air transport

Hint Box:

Poetry Appreciation

The mood of a poem is how it makes you feel.

What is the mood of the poem ‘Travel for Fun’?

The mood of the poem is . carefree imaginative playful jovial dreamy

List two lines from the poem that made you choose this word.

Project 2

My Travel Journal

You’re going to make a fun Picture Travel Journal to show where you went for your vacation. Whether it’s a trip to a museum, a tourist spot or a visit to your grandparents’ house, share what you saw, what you ate, and the special moments you had.

What you need for the project

• A4-size sheet

• Glue or tape

• Markers, crayons, or coloured pencils

• Scissors

• Photos or drawings of the places you visited

• Stickers or other decorations (optional)

Steps:

• Fold an A4-sheet to make a card. Decorate the front page with the title ‘My Travel Journal’ and your name. You can also draw or add a picture of the places you visited.

• On the inside, write about the places you visited, what you saw and interesting or fun things you did, on one side.

• On the other page, write about the food you ate, new things you tried, your favourite dishes, and how you felt about the trip.

• Paste or draw pictures of your trip in your journal.

• Make your journal colourful by adding doodles, stickers, or decorations.

Finally, present your travel journal in class.

Teamwork

7 . The Story of Helen Keller

Imagine your friend has broken an arm and was absent from school for a long time. Discuss in class how you would help your friend in the following situations.

Helen Keller was a little girl who fell sick at a young age. Her life changed forever but with time, she became stronger. Today, the story of her courage is known around the world. What did she do, and who helped her? Let us read about Helen Keller’s journey.

Helen Keller and her family lived in a small town in America. She was like any other child and loved to play, laugh, and explore the world around her. When she was almost two years old, she became very ill. She got better, but she could no longer see or hear.

Think and Tell

Talking Book

As Helen grew up, she realised that she was different. Her mother taught her to express herself by pointing and nodding or shaking her head. She was a clever child and was always learning new things. At the age of five, she knew how to fold clothes and where to put them. Sometimes, when people spoke, Helen would touch their lips. When she could not understand what they were saying or they did not understand her, she would kick and scream until she was exhausted.

Why do you think Helen would kick and scream?

express: say what she thought or wanted to exhausted: very tired

The third of March, 1887, was the most wonderful day of Helen’s life. She met an incredible teacher named Anne Sullivan. Miss Sullivan was kind and patient with Helen and soon she was learning numbers, letters and words. Miss Sullivan started off by using her fingers to spell words on the palm of Helen’s hand. For a long time, Helen did not understand and would pull back her hand or sometimes show anger but Miss Sullivan didn’t give up.

One day, while they were at the water pump, Miss Sullivan spelt ‘W-AT-E-R’ in Helen’s palm while letting water flow over it. Suddenly, Helen understood! She realised that the cool liquid flowing over her hand was called ‘water.’

‘W-A-T-E-R!’ Helen spelt back, a huge smile spreading across her face.

Helen was overjoyed! She quickly learnt more words by spelling them out. It was like learning a new secret language. Helen’s family joined in too. ‘Look, Helen, this is a D-O-L-L,’ her mother spelt , handing her a favourite toy. They practised spelling words with Helen every day. They were a team, working together to help Helen understand the world around her.

Sign language is a special way of talking using your hands and fingers to help people who cannot hear. September 23 is celebrated as International Sign Language Day every year. Did You Know?

incredible: extraordinary

When she was eight, Helen started attending the Perkins Institution where she learnt braille, a form of writing that can be read by feeling raised dots on a page. Once she could read, she was taught to speak by Miss Fuller. Now Helen could communicate with other children.

As Helen grew older, she faced many challenges, but she didn’t face them alone. With Miss Sullivan by her side, and with the support of her family, Helen completed school and went to college where she was one of the best students!

Helen became a well-known writer and speaker. She and Miss Sullivan travelled around the world, sharing Helen’s story and making people aware of what blind and deaf people could achieve. Miss Sullivan stayed at Helen’s side for 49 years as her guide and friend

In a note to Miss Sullivan Helen wrote, ‘Dear Teacher, You showed me that alone we can do so little and together we can do so much.’

Helen Keller became the first person with visual and hearing challenges to get a college degree. Did You Know?

Think and Tell

Why was Helen Keller so thankful to Miss Sullivan?

challenges: difficulties or problems achieve: good things they could do

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Write True or False.

a Helen Keller was born without the ability to see or hear.

b Miss Sullivan was a kind nurse who helped Helen.

c Helen understood the word ‘fire’ the first time Miss Sullivan spelt it on her hand.

d Helen learned to read and write with the help of her family and Miss Sullivan.

e Helen Keller went to college and later became a writer and a speaker.

2. Tick () the correct answers.

a How did Helen’s mother first teach her to express herself?

i By teaching her to read braille. ii By teaching her to speak.

iii By teaching her to point and nod or shake her head.

b What did Helen do when she could not understand what people were saying or when they did not understand her?

i She would touch their lips. ii She would kick and scream.

iii She would write notes to them.

c What message did Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan share with the world?

i Blind and deaf people cannot achieve much.

ii Blind and deaf people can achieve great things.

iii It is impossible to teach someone who is blind and deaf.

3. Answer the questions in one or two sentences.

a What happened to Helen when she was a baby?

b What was Miss Sullivan’s special way of teaching Helen?

c How did Helen’s family help her learn new words?

d What was Helen Keller able to achieve as she grew older?

e What did Helen write in the note to Miss Sullivan?

Think and Answer

Read the actions of the people in the story. Then, write what you think Helen thinks or feels.

Actions

When people spoke, Helen would touch their lips.

What Helen thinks or feels

what they are trying to say

Helen thinks about . Miss Sullivan used her fingers to spell words on Helen’s palm.

Helen thinks . Helen would not understand anything and pull back her hand.

Helen feels . Helen writes a letter to Miss Sullivan. Helen feels .

Big Idea

Helen, her family and Miss Sullivan teach us the important lesson of teamwork.

Write down a goal you want to achieve in the future. It could be learning a new sport, being more organised with school work or making a new friend. Then, list who can help you reach your goal and how.

For example:

Goal: Improve my grades in Maths.

People who can help me: My father, My teacher, My grandmother

1. My father can help me practise. He can give me some questions to work on every day and check my progress.

2. My teacher can help me by explaining the concepts again.

3. My grandmother can help me learn my tables.

Pronounce Well

Listen to the words here.

Short vowel sounds are: a in at, e in egg, i in ink, o in hot and u in up.

Long vowel sounds are said like the name of the letter in the alphabet –The A sound in ape, E in see, I in kite, O in old and U in tube.

Read these words aloud.

Short Vowel Sound

cat fish bed dog pig cup

Long Vowel Sound

kite bake boat team tube feast

If you slowly say a short vowel and a long vowel word, you will be able to notice the difference—mat and mate, set and seat, bit and bite, cot and coat, tub and tube.

Read the words in the box aloud. Then, write them in the correct box.

Hint Box: duty cope kind doll kick upset

Short Vowel Sounds

Long Vowel Sounds

Now, complete the sentences with the words in the box.

a Helen hugged her favourite when she was sad.

b Miss Sullivan was very to Helen.

c Helen’s teacher felt it was her to help Helen learn.

d Helen would and scream when she was .

e Helen learnt to with her fears.

Vocabulary

There are words that can be used to explain other words. For example: the word ‘fruit’ can be used for apples, oranges watermelons, and plums.

Find one word for the items below.

• car, truck, ship:

• sunny, rainy, windy:

• shirt, jeans, dress:

• square, circle, triangle:

• pen, paper, eraser:

Complete the sentences with the words.

a We should wear clean to school every day.

b I need some new when I go back to school.

c We can use different to make a drawing.

d The smoke from can cause air pollution.

e The is so pleasant today.

Go Grammar

Prepositions

Prepositions of time: These words tell us when something happens.

Prepositions of time

Meaning

Remember!

Prepositions (Position words) tell us where something is, where it is moving or when something happens.

Examples at

We use at for the exact time. Our school starts at 8 o’clock. on

We use on for days and dates. I play football on Wednesdays. I will see you on the 3rd of July. in We use in for months or years. My birthday is in September. I was born in 2016. before

We use before for things that happen first. I will say goodbye before I go. after

We use after for things that happen next. I will see you after the match.

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition of time.

a Miss Sullivan came (in/on) the morning.

b Helen’s mother helped Helen practise her spelling (on/at) noon.

c Her birthday is on 7 June, two days (on/before) mine.

d Helen hugged Miss Sullivan (in/on) her birthday.

e Helen went to college (at/after) school.

Prepositions of place: These words tell where something is placed.

Prepositions of place

Meaning Examples at

We use at to show a specific place. I will meet you at the station. on

We use on to show something touching the top of something else.

The ball is on the table. in We use in to show that something is inside. My father is in the kitchen. behind

We use behind to show something further back, usually hidden by something. The mouse is behind the clock, so I cannot see it. under

We use under to show something below another thing.

The dog is under the table.

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions of place.

a Helen is her library.

b There are many books the shelves.

c The trees are the water pump.

d Miss Sullivan and Helen are the water pump.

e Helen’s hand is the tap.

Prepositions of movement: These words tell us how something moves or in which direction.

Preposition of movement

Meaning up

We use up to show movement to a higher position. down

We use down to show movement to a lower position. around

We use around to show movement in a circular direction. through We use through to show movement from one end to another within something.

3. Match the pictures and the correct prepositions of movement. Hint Box: Look at the arrows to understand the direction.

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the text and fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Hint Box: water success river trees animals well

a The near the village had dried up.

b Villagers needed water for their crops and .

c The villagers dug channels to bring from another river.

d Some of the villagers built a to collect rainwater.

e The children helped by planting in the village.

f The villagers celebrated the of their teamwork.

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

Sit in groups of four. Share your thoughts on the words ‘Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much’.

You may use the sentence starters given below.

Sharing personal experiences:

• Once, when I worked with my friends, we .

Expressing ideas and opinions:

• I think teamwork is important because .

• When we help each other, it makes me feel .

Listening to others:

• I agree with what you said about .

Asking questions:

• How did you feel when we worked together?

• Why is it important to help each other?

Listen carefully to the other members and wait for your turn to speak.

Participate and share your ideas. Use kind words and listen to what others have to say, even if you don’t agree.

Stay on the topic of discussion.

Write Well

A poster should have three parts: Title, images and a message or a slogan.

Title: Give a title that is catchy and sounds good when it is read.

Images: Draw or paste in pictures on the topic. You may add one big picture or many smaller ones.

Message/Slogan: Write a short sentence or a phrase related to the theme. It should be crisp and catchy. It can include a rhyme.

Working Together

Form a group of four. Make a poster on ‘Teamwork’.

is Dreamwork

Teamwork

Grammar Worksheet 1 Sentences and Questions

1. Complete the sentences by adding the missing parts.

c d b

. lends Riya his pencil. They . and are shaking hands.

2. Read the sentences and make questions starting with wh-words.

The children come to school by bus. They are very active at school. They read, write and play at school. They choose the red ball to play catch and throw.

a How ?

b Who ?

c Where ?

d Which ?

Rohan

Aryan

3. Read the questions. Tick () if correct and cross () if incorrect. Write the correct word if the sentence is incorrect.

a Does you like poha?

b Did Kamala share her pencils with others?

c Does all the students want to play?

d Do they look happy?

e Do he want to join the game?

Grammar Worksheet 2 Kinds of Nouns

1. Fill in the blanks with the words in brackets. Use capital letters wherever needed.

a is a for sports. (school/gurukul)

b It was started by a named . (mohan/man)

c The does not allow in his school. (headmaster/boys)

d is very fit and she is a great . (runner/usha)

e She wants to be an and win . (athlete/awards)

2. Match the columns to find the collective nouns. Then, fill in the blanks with the collective nouns.

Column A Column B bunch of wood field of wipes bundle of bananas team of runners pack of players

a After the long trip, we shared a to clean our hands.

b The was ripening nicely.

c The coach gathered the for a final talk before the game.

d At the end of the race, the crowd cheered for the as they crossed the finish line.

e The campers bought a to make a fire.

Articles

3. Rewrite the correct sentences by using a, an, and the.

a A sun is the star.

b Swimming is the kind of sport.

c A athlete must eat healthy food.

d A Indian team wins a first match.

e A people cheer for a last participant.

Grammar Worksheet 3

Adjectives

1. Underline the adjectives of quality and circle the adjectives of quantity.

Today, Riya did three kind actions. She helped her elderly neighbour carry his heavy bags up the stairs. Then she donated a few toys, a warm blanket, and many old books for poor children. She also helped an old lady to cross a busy street. This made her feel great. Even little acts can make a huge difference.

2. Fill in the gaps.

3. Use the adjectives given below to make sentences.

a greedier:

b most generous:

c more careful:

d shortest:

e cleverer:

Grammar Worksheet 4

Personal and Possessive

Pronouns

1. Write the personal pronouns for this family.

a Our family:

b Bhushan:

c Sia:

d The dog:

e Mother, Father Bhushan and Sia:

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive pronouns.

a The suitcase belongs to Bushan. He says it is (he) and not (me).

b Our parents say we are (they).

c I also have a travel pillow. My friend says it is not as cute as (he). We

d These pieces of luggage are (us). We have to carry them.

e I may not play with my sister’s dolls. She says they are (she) and not (me).

3. Underline the personal pronouns and circle the possessive pronouns in the sentences.

a Basava and Sundari liked to go to the market. They went to buy groceries.

b Basava said, ‘I think my bike is faster than yours.’

c Sundari said, ‘We will see who reaches there first.’

d They parked their bikes and went to the shop.

e The shopkeeper asked them, ‘Are these bikes yours?’

Grammar Worksheet 5

Prepositions of Time, Place and Movement

1. Look at the pictures. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions of place.

Hint Box: on above in under between

a The dog is the box.

b The dog is the box.

c The dog is the box.

d The dog is the boxes.

e The dog jumps the box.

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition of time or place.

a Helen started reading books (after/before) a few years.

b Miss Tanya placed her bag (under/in) the chair.

c Before joining the team (in/by) January, Sam used to work alone.

d He had a great time with his team (before/on) the first day.

e The team is standing (behind/under) the coach in the picture.

3. Fill in the blanks using the words in the box.

Hint Box: around through up down behind

a She climbed the hill.

b The children must run the field twice.

c The train passed a tunnel.

d You can hide the ball the cupboard.

e The see-saw goes up and .

Name of the Student:

Class: 3

Roll Number:

Practice Time-1

Section:

Date:

Section – A (Reading and Vocabulary — 20 marks)

Read the story and answer the questions.

Ravi’s Secret Superpower!

Ravi loved watching cartoons. He could sit all day in front of the TV without moving. One day, his grandmother said, ‘Ravi, if you play outside and eat healthy food, you’ll discover you have a secret superpower!’

‘A superpower?’ Ravi asked. ‘What do I need to do?’

‘Simple!’ Grandma smiled. ‘Play, run, and eat fruit and vegetables.’

The next morning, Ravi decided to give it a try. He went to the park, played cricket, a skipping game, and ran with his friends. While climbing a tree, he found a ripe mango and ate it! Every day, Ravi did something fun—played football, rode his bike, and even learnt new games.

After a few weeks, Ravi felt different. He was faster, stronger, and full of energy. At school, he could finish his work quicker and concentrate better. Grandma asked, ‘How do you feel, Super Ravi?’

‘I feel amazing!’ Ravi laughed. ‘I have a superpower!’

‘That’s because you are healthy and active!’ Grandma smiled.

1. Choose the correct options. (5 marks)

a What did Ravi love doing at the beginning of the story?

i Playing outside

iii Reading books

ii Watching cartoons

iv Riding his bike

b What did Ravi’s grandmother promise he would discover if he played and ate healthy food?

i A treasure

iii A superpower

ii A pet

iv A secret toy

c Which fruit did Ravi eat from the tree?

i an apple ii a banana

iii a mango iv an orange

d How did Ravi feel after a week of activity and eating well?

i Tired and ready for bed ii Slow

iii Strong and full of energy iv Sleepy

e Why did Grandma call Ravi ‘Super Ravi’?

i He finished his homework in good time.

ii He felt stronger and could concentrate better.

iii He won a prize.

iv He helped Grandma cook.

2. Answer the following questions in one to two sentences. (2 marks)

a What fun things did Ravi learn or do?

b Why do you think Ravi felt stronger and happier after following his grandmother’s advice?

3. Tick () the correct meaning of the underlined words. (5 marks)

a Ravi’s grandmother said he would discover a secret superpower. i find out something new ii lose something iii forget about something

b Ravi ate a ripe mango straight from the tree. i rotten ii ready to eat iii sour

c After a week, Ravi felt amazing and full of energy. i sick ii wonderful iii sleepy

d Ravi learned to concentrate at school.

i pay attention ii fall asleep iii get distracted

e Ravi could solve puzzles quicker.

i faster ii slower iii more difficult

Read the following poem and answer the questions given below.

Wake up early, greet the sun, Morning’s here, it’s time for fun.

Stretch and bend, feel the air, Run around the park, without a care.

Do jumping jacks and a quick sprint, Feel the energy, don’t relent.

Fresh and strong, start the day, Morning exercise leads the way!

4. Write True or False.

a The poem teaches us to exercise in the evening.

b The poem tells us to run around the block.

c According to the poem, morning exercise is the best way to start the day.

d Jumping jacks are not included in the poem’s list of exercises.

(4 marks)

5. Unscramble the sentences below to make them correct. Write the sentences in the right word order. (4 marks)

a with / morning exercise / start / day / the

b up / early / wake / greet / and / the / sun

c park / in / run / feel/ the / energy / the/ and

d jumping / and / a / sprint / jacks / quick / do

Section – B (Grammar — 8 marks)

6. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct plural forms. (4 marks)

a Ravi played with his new (toy/toys) in the park.

b The teachers gave the (student/students) their report cards.

c The (cat/cats) slept on the couch all day.

d Ravi saw many (bird/birds) flying in the sky.

7. Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in the sentence. (4 marks)

a The students visited the National History Museum.

b Ravi saw an elephant at the zoo.

c Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

d Sarah likes to read books about space and planets.

Section – C (Writing — 12 marks)

8. Write a letter to your friend sharing a new fitness habit you have started, like not eating junk food. Tell your friend why this habit is important to you and how it makes you feel. (6 marks)

Dear , I wanted to tell you about my new fitness habit. I have started . It’s really important to me because . (tell what you do daily) (give reason)

Now, I feel every day.

(share feeling)

I hope you can try this too. You should also tell me about .

Looking forward to hearing from you!

Yours sincerely,

9. Use the phrases in the box to describe the picture given below in six sentences. (6 marks)

Hint Box: climbing a rope playing basketball swinging from a ladder cheering for the team happy faces school gym active children

Name of the Student:

Class: 3

Roll Number:

Practice Time-2

Section:

Date:

Section – A (Reading and Vocabulary — 20 marks)

Read the story and answer the questions.

Mariam and Priya went on a school trip to the desert. While exploring the desert, they found an old bottle buried in the sand. When they opened it, a whirlwind of sand swirled around them, and suddenly, they were riding on a giant camel made of sand! The camel took them on a wild ride through the desert, past sand dunes and ancient ruins. As they held on tight, the camel stopped at a hidden oasis with glowing flowers. They found a mysterious message written on the rocks: ‘Come back here when you need another adventure.’ Mariam and Priya knew they would be back someday.

1. Number the events 1 to 5 in the correct order. (5 marks)

a A whirlwind of sand swirled around them when they opened the bottle.

b The camel stopped at a hidden oasis with glowing flowers.

c Mariam and Priya found an old bottle buried in the sand.

d Mariam and Priya rode through the desert on a giant camel made of sand.

e They discovered a mysterious message written on the rocks at the oasis.

2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (5 marks)

a What did Mariam and Priya find buried in the sand?

b What happened when they opened the old bottle?

c Name three things that Mariam and Priya saw in the desert.

d Why did Mariam and Priya have to hold onto the camel tight?

e What did the message on the rocks at the oasis say?

3. Choose the correct synonym for the words in the story based on the given meaning. (2 marks)

a Which word in the story means the same as ‘twirled’ which means a fast and spinning circular movement.

i camel ii swirled iii oasis

b Which word in the story means the same as ‘shining’ which means giving out light?

i sand ii glowing iii ruins

Read the following poem and answer the questions. A journey begins with a map in hand, Through mountains high and golden sand. We sail on boats and climb up trees, Chasing the breeze and feeling the ease.

We find new friends and explore each land, With every step, the adventure is grand. From hidden caves to skies so blue, Each new place brings something new.

With hearts so brave and eyes so wide, Travelling is magic, a joyful ride!

4. Complete the summary of the poem. (6 marks)

The poem is about a which starts with a map in hand. It takes us through and . We travel on boats and climb trees, enjoying the and feeling at ease. Along the way, we meet and explore different lands. Each step makes the adventure grand, from discovering to seeing skies so blue. Every new place brings something new and exciting.

5. Find the opposite of these words from the poem. (2 marks)

a low:

b difficulty:

Section – B (Grammar — 8 marks)

6. Fill in the blanks with the correct personal pronouns. (3 marks)

a Mariam and Priya went on a school trip to the desert. were excited to explore the sandy landscape.

b They saw a camel. took them on a thrilling ride.

c They saw a rock with a message. It said, ‘Come back here when need another adventure.’

7. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb ‘to be’: is, was, or were. (2 marks)

a The giant camel made of sand.

b Mariam and Priya excited about their adventure.

c We saw the hidden oasis that full of glowing flowers.

d Our school planning an adventurous trip next month.

8. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions up, through, around, and down. (3 marks)

a The ride the mountain was beautiful.

b We walked the forest to reach the hidden waterfall.

c The river flowed the mountain, sparkling in the sunlight.

Section – C (Writing — 12 marks)

9. Mariam is writing about her adventure in her diary. She talks about what she did, saw and felt. Complete the diary entry (6 marks)

Dear diary,

Today was an amazing day! Priya and I went on a thrilling adventure. We went to . We saw so many wonderful things, like . We even had a chance to . I felt .

(where you went)

(what you saw) (fun activity you did)

(feeling words)

By the end of the day, we were tired but so happy. I can’t wait for our next adventure.

Good night!

Mariam

10. Read the story and write a different ending. (6 marks)

Riya and Arjun went on a boat trip across the lake. Suddenly, there was a big storm. Riya felt scared, but Arjun stayed calm and used his map to guide them to a small island. They found shelter and waited until the storm had passed. Once the weather cleared, they paddled back safely. They were relieved and happy to have made it through the adventure together. Their bravery made them feel like true explorers!

1 Place Value

All About 4-digit Numbers

Ajay has been collecting coins in his money bank for the past 2 years.

Ajay: Dad! I have been collecting coins in my money bank. It is very heavy now. I wonder how many coins I have collected.

Ajay starts counting and finds that he has 999 coins.

Dad: Here, take 1 more coin, Ajay!

Ajay: How many coins do I have now, Dad?

Understanding 4-digit Numbers

We have already learnt about 3-digit numbers. 999 is a 3-digit number. We can show 999 using place value blocks as:

Place Value and Expanded Form of 4-digit Numbers

When we add 1 to 999, we get:

tens = 1 hundred

Place Value and Face Value

Place value is the value that every digit in a number has, based on its position. The face value of a digit is the digit itself.

We already know the places ones, tens and hundreds. The place to the left of the hundreds is called the ‘Thousands’ place.

Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

Did You Know?

Numbers like 1001; 1221; and 7337 can be read the same forward and backwards. These are called palindromic 4-digit numbers.

Let us understand more about place value and face value using a 4-digit number 1536.

The number can be written using place value as:

or 6

Form

We already know that when we write a number as the sum of the values of its digits, the number is said to be in expanded form. Let us write the expanded form of 4257.

The place value and expanded form of the number 4257 can be written as given below:

Th H T O 4 2 5 7

7 × 1 = 7 or 7 ones

5 × 10 = 50 or 5 tens

2 × 100 = 200 or 2 hundreds

4 × 1000 = 4000 or 4 thousands

Number Names

4257 = 4000 + 200 + 50 + 7 Standard Form Expanded Form

Let us learn how to read a 4-digit number and write it as a number name.

2000 + 200 + 30 + 8 two thousand

2 thousands 2 hundreds 3 tens 8 ones two hundred thirty eight

Therefore, the number 2238 can be read as two thousand two hundred thirty-eight.

Example 1: Read and write the number formed by the blocks.

4000 + 100 + 10 + 6 four thousand one hundred sixteen

Note: 10 + 6 will be read as sixteen and not ten six.

The number 4116 can be read as four thousand one hundred sixteen.

Do not use ‘and’ while writing the number names.

seven thousand eight hundred and forty-two seven thousand eight hundred forty-two

4-digit Numbers on the Abacus

We have seen that blocks are useful when reading and writing numbers. We can also read numbers using an abacus. An abacus can have any number of rods. Here, we will be using an abacus that has 4 rods—ones, tens, hundreds and thousands.

Let us look at the steps to read a number on an abacus.

Step 1: Count the number of beads on each rod.

2 beads at the thousands place

3 beads at the hundreds place

5 beads at the tens place

4 beads at the ones place

Step 2: Write the corresponding number of beads in the place value table.

The number 2354 is read as two thousand three hundred fifty-four.

Example 2: Which number is formed by the beads on the abacus?

Count the number of beads on each rod and write in the place value table.

The number is 4057 and is read as four thousand fifty-seven.

Write the numbers by counting the blocks.

a b

c d

Count the beads. Read and write the number.

Show the numbers on the abacus by drawing circles for the beads.

a 1932 b 5358 c 3041

Write the numbers in words.

a 1532 b 3156 c 4811

d 6518 e 7294 f 8043

Write the place value and face value of the underlined digit.

a 3215 b 5362 c 7314

d 6892 e 8113 f 9686

Write the numerals.

a three thousand two hundred forty-five b five thousand three hundred eighty-six

c seven thousand forty d six thousand eight

Write the numbers in expanded form. a 2148 b 4036 c 6105 d 7203 e 8200 f 6566

The longest highway in India is NH44. Its length is 4112 kilometres. Write the length in words.

Comparing and Ordering Numbers

Ray and Jim are at their school library. Both of them are looking at the books in the library.

Ray: Look Jim! This book has 1235 pages.

Jim: My dad has two books that have 885 pages and 1145 pages.

Ray: Wow! I wonder which book has more pages.

Comparing, Ordering and Forming Numbers

We have learnt in our previous lessons that a number with more digits is greater than the number with fewer digits.

Comparing Numbers

As 1235 and 1145 are 4-digit numbers and 885 is a 3-digit number, 1235 and 1145 are greater than 885.

Let us now compare the 3 numbers 1235, 1145 and 885.

Step 1: Write the numbers in the place value chart.

1235 and 1145 are 4-digit numbers. 885 is a 3-digit number.

So, 1235 and 1145 are greater than 885.

Let us now compare 1235 and 1145.

Step 2: Compare the digits at each place starting with the thousands place.

Since 2 > 1 at the hundreds place, the number 1235 is greater than 1145.

Always compare the digits at each place from left to right.

Example 3: Compare the numbers 3174 and 3147.

Both numbers have the same number of digits. Both numbers have the same digits at the thousands and the hundreds place = 3 and 1.

Let us check the digit at the tens place.

3 1 7 4 3 1 4 7

As 7 > 4, 3174 > 3147.

Ordering Numbers

Let us now arrange the three numbers 1235, 1145 and 885 in ascending and descending order.

Ascending Order

number 4-digit number

1 = 1 2 > 1

Arrange the numbers from lowest to highest. Ascending order: 885 < 1145 < 1235

Descending Order

number 4-digit number

1 = 1 2 > 1

Arrange the numbers from highest to lowest. Descending order: 1235 > 1145 > 885

Example 4: Arrange the numbers in ascending and descending order. 510, 2168, 1321, 6344

Put the numbers in a place value chart and compare.

510 is the smallest number since it has 3 digits and the others have 4 digits.

2 1 6 8 1 3 2 1 6 3 4 4 1 < 2 < 6

Ascending order: 510 < 1321 < 2168 < 6344

Descending order: 6344 > 2168 > 1321 > 510

Forming 4-digit Numbers

Do you know that we can form the smallest and greatest 4-digit numbers, using all the digits in a given set of 4 digits without repetition? This can be done by arranging the given set of numbers in either ascending or descending order.

Let us use the digits 3, 5, 1, and 7 to form the smallest and the largest number.

Forming the smallest number

Forming the greatest number Th H T O 1 3 5 7 1357 is the smallest number.

H T O 7 5 3 1 7531 is the greatest number.

Let us now try forming the smallest number using the digits 4, 8, 0, 7 where one of the digits is 0.

Place the digits in ascending order. 0 is placed in the hundreds place.

If we place 0 in the thousands place, we get 0478 which is a 3-digit number.

So, 4078 is the smallest number formed using the digits 4, 8, 0, 7.

Even and Odd Numbers

Numbers that have 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 in their ones place are called even numbers.

24, 36, 78, 592, 5240, 4318 are even numbers.

Numbers that have 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 in their ones place are called odd numbers.

13, 77, 681, 179, 4525, 5297 are odd numbers.

Remember!

An even number of things can be put in pairs (groups of 2).

Odd numbers have one left over when you put the odd number of things in pairs.

Do It Yourself 1B

Group the numbers as even or odd numbers.

Compare the following numbers using the symbols >, <, =

a 614 1700 b 5092 7320 c 2184 2357

d 5720 5265 e 4126 4510 f 5271 5261

Arrange the following numbers in ascending and descending order.

a 1765, 4390, 7430, 7935 b 773, 7880, 9573, 2860

c 4853, 7943, 392, 3067 d 8546, 9404, 157, 6583

Form the smallest and the greatest numbers using the given set of digits.

a 4, 2, 7, 6 b 6, 1, 3, 7 c 5, 0, 2, 1 d 8, 6, 0, 5

e 2, 0, 9, 8 f 1, 5, 0, 7 g 2, 5, 7, 8 h 4, 2, 8, 9

Match the following.

a 9999

Smallest 4-digit number

b 1000 Greatest 4-digit number

c 9876

d 1023

Smallest 4-digit number using different digits

Greatest 4-digit number using different digits

The length of the river Nile is 6650 km, and of the river Amazon is 6575 km. Which river is longer?

The Indian Railways is one of the largest railway networks with 7325 stations. Form the largest number possible using the same digits.

Rounding off 3-digit Numbers

Lina goes to the shop with her mother to buy return gifts for her birthday party.

Mother: Take out the list of guests, Lina.

Lina: I forgot to bring the list!

Mother: No problem, Lina! I remember that there were about 30 names on the list.

When they get home, Lina finds that there were 27 names on the list.

Did you notice the word ‘about’ before the number 30? The number 30 is not the exact number but close to the exact number, 27. The number 30 is the rounded off number.

We use rounding off when we do not know the exact number but come close to the actual number.

Let us see how 27 is rounded off to 30.

Step 1: Draw a number line and write the numbers between 20 and 30.

Step 2: Look for the nearest 10 of the number.

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

27 is between 20 and 30 but is closer to 30.

Therefore, the number 27 is rounded off to 30.

Example 5: Round off 125 to the nearest 10.

Look for the nearest 10 of the number on the number line.

125 is exactly between 120 and 130. When the digit in the ones place is 5 or more, we round off to the higher 10.

Therefore, 125 is rounded off to 130.

Remember!

If the number is exactly in between, it is rounded off to the higher ten.

Fill in the blanks.

a There are 38 students in my class. 38 can be rounded off to .

b There are 73 trees in a park. 73 can be rounded off to .

c 44 is between 40 and 50 but is closer to .

d 123 is between 120 and 130 but is closer to .

Round off the numbers to the nearest 10.

a 32 b 67 c 81 d 137

e 256 f 321 g 442 h 547

Draw an arrow to match each number to its nearest 10.

a 273 230

b 227 370

c 370 270

d 358 360

A langar is a community kitchen in a gurudwara. Rina and Sia helped in the kitchen and served food to 632 people. To the nearest 10, about how many people did they serve?

The Delhi Metro connects Delhi with its neighbouring cities. It has 268 trains and 256 stations. Round off the number of trains and stations to the nearest 10.

Math Lab Setting: In groups of 4

Materials Required:

Experiential Learning & Cross Curricular

Mystery Number Hunt

Prepare a set of clue cards, each with a hint about a specific 4-digit number as mentioned below:

The year India got Independence.

The year in which COVID spread.

Smallest number with the digits 5, 0, 1, 7.

Largest number with the digits 7, 2, 9, 5.

Method:

1 Distribute the clue cards to each team.

2 The teams need to find the 4-digit number for each of the four hints.

3 The team that correctly identifies the mystery numbers wins!

Chapter Checkup

1 Write the numerals.

a one thousand four hundred forty-two

b three thousand eight hundred fifty-seven

c four thousand two hundred eight

d five thousand three hundred nine

e six thousand forty-five

f five thousand twenty-eight

2 Write the numbers in words.

a 2471

d 7308

b 4205

c 5374

e 7564 f 8421

3 Write the place value of the underlined digit.

a 1056

d 8379

b 3814

e 7291

4 Write the standard form of the numbers.

a 2000 + 100 + 80 + 5

c 8000 + 80 + 9

e 4000 + 600 + 0

b 3000 + 400 + 70 + 1

d 5000 + 700 + 20 + 5

f 6000 + 0 + 70 +

5 Write the expanded form of the numbers.

a 1382

d 6484

b 3641

c 5807

f 9092

c 5327

e 7500 f 9032

6 Form the smallest and the greatest 4-digit number using the following digits.

a 2, 0, 3, 1

d 4, 1, 0, 7

b 8, 6, 0, 5

e 3, 4, 2, 7

7 Draw abacuses to show the following numbers.

a 860

d 4856

b 4072

e 9030

c 5, 4, 2, 8

f 3, 6, 0, 8

c 3184

f 7465

8 Arrange the numbers in ascending and descending order.

a 565, 2390, 730, 8935 b 773, 880, 7573, 1860

c 5853, 6943, 792, 7081 d 7846, 8704, 657, 5683

e 8753, 2265, 8734, 4867 f 7428, 7354, 8754, 5436

9 Round off the numbers to the nearest ten.

a 64 b 97 c 393 d 421

10 The Great Hornbill is a colourful bird in India. It is called the 'farmer of the forest', There are 62 types of hornbill in the world. About how many types are there in the world?

11 Create your own word problem on comparing two 4-digit numbers.

1 2 Challenge

Aditya is looking for a 4-digit number. Help him find the number. These clues will help you. Write the number, its number name and expanded form.

a The thousands place is equal to the number of legs a spider has.

b The hundreds place is equal to the number of wheels in a car.

c The tens place is equal to the number of wings a bird has.

d The ones place is equal to the number of faces of a cube.

Fill the numbers 284, 43, 168, 905 in the empty circles such that they meet the conditions.

Mountain Peaks

Disha and her friends are planning to climb mountains as their summer vacation activity. They are reading about mountains and they find out the heights of 5 mountain peaks in the Himalayan range: Mount Everest—8848 m, K2—8611 m, Annapurna—8041 m, Mount Kailash—6638 m and Kedarnath—3583 m.

1 Which is the highest mountain peak from the given list?

a K2

c Mount Everest

b Annapurna

d Kailash

2 Arrange the mountains peaks from smallest to greatest.

3 Name the mountain peak which is the smallest. Write the length in expanded form and in words.

4 Have you ever climbed mountains? Share your experience in words.

2 Addition of 3-digit Numbers

Mental Addition

Som and his friend Max enjoyed going to the seashore. They collected seashells!

Som collected 5 blue seashells and 4 red seashells, while Max collected 4 blue seashells and 5 red seashells.

Adding 2-digit Numbers Mentally

Som uses a few tricks to quickly find the number of shells collected. Let us learn how to add numbers mentally using the properties.

Properties of Addition

Total number of seashells with Som = 5 blue seashells + 4 red seashells = 9 seashells

5 blue seashells

4 red seashells

Total number of seashells with Max = 4 blue seashells + 5 red seashells = 9 seashells

5 + 4 = 4 + 5 = 9

5 red seashells 4 blue seashells

So, both the boys collected the same number of seashells.

Order Property of Addition

Numbers can be added in any order. Their sum always remain the same.

For example: 2 + 3 = 5

3 + 2 = 5

Addition by 1

When 1 is added to a number, the sum is the number that comes after it. This next number is called the successor.

For example: 10 is the successor of 9.

Remember!

Addition with 0

When 0 is added to a number, the sum is the number itself.

For example: 10 + 0 = 10

When a number is added to another, the sum is always bigger than both the numbers. The only time this does not happen is when one of the numbers is 0.

For example, 4 + 5 = 9. 9 is greater than both 4 and 5.

However, 4 + 0 remains 4.

Example 1: Fill in the blanks.

a 7 + 11 = 11 + 7

b 14 + 19 = 19 + 14

Addition by Expanding Numbers

Expanding Both the Numbers

Example 2: Find the sum.

a 45 + 1 = 46

b 17 + 0 = 17

Som collects 45 marbles and Max collects 34 marbles. How many marbles do they collect in total?

Let us add by expanding the 2 numbers. Total marbles = 45 marbles + 34 marbles

Add by expanding the numbers.

Step 1: Expand both the numbers.

45 4 tens + 5 ones = 40 + 5

34 3 tens + 4 ones = 30 + 4

Step 3: Add the tens.

40 + 30 = 70

Expanding Only One Number

Step 2: Add the ones.

5 ones + 4 ones = 9 ones

Step 4: Add the tens and ones to get the sum.

70 + 9 = 79

Let us see how can we solve the same problem by expanding only 1 number.

Total marbles = 45 marbles + 34 marbles

45 can be written as 45.

Expand 34 30 + 4

Step 1: Add the tens in 34 to 45.

45 + 30 = 75

Example 3: Find the sum of the numbers.

1 Add 47 and 12 by expanding both the numbers.

47 40 + 7 (Split 47 into 40 and 7)

12 10 + 2 (Split 12 into 10 and 2)

Thus, 47 + 12 = 59.

2 Add 48 and 31 by expanding only one number.

Expand 31.

31 30 + 1

Thus, 48 + 31 = 79.

Adding by Counting Forward

Step 2: Add the ones in 34 to the answer.

75 + 4 = 79

Numbers can also be added mentally by counting forward.

Now, let us add 52 and 26 mentally.

Step 2: Skip count by the same number of tens as the tens in the second number 26. 26 has 2 tens.

52 62, 72

Step 1: Keep the bigger number in mind, 52.

Step 3: Count forward by the same number of ones as in the second number 26. 26 has 6 ones.

So, 52 + 26 = 78.

Example 4: Find the sum of 41 and 36 mentally. Keep the number 41 in mind.

Think and Tell What is the sum of the smallest 2-digit number and the largest 2-digit number? Put the correct symbol >, < or =.

Do It Yourself 2A

2 • Addition of 3-digit Numbers

3 Find the sum by expanding both the numbers.

a 14 + 41

d 24 + 55

b 46 + 23

e 64 + 33

4 Find the sum by expanding only one number.

a 17 + 32

d 30 + 59

b 44 + 21

e 57 + 22

c 27 + 11

f 35 + 33

c 71 + 10

f 63 + 25

5 Use the given grid to add 41 + 37. Fill in the missing numbers. Write the answer.

6 There are 48 species of butterflies in the Butterfly Park in Bannerghatta National Park. 30 more species were added to the park. How many butterfly species are there in total?

Addition of 3-digit Numbers

Som and Max now started collecting pebbles. After collecting different coloured pebbles, they put the pebbles in their buckets.

Som: I collected 234 pebbles.

Max: I collected 313 pebbles.

Adding 3-digit Numbers

We have learnt how to add two-digit numbers quickly. Now, let us learn how to add 3-digit numbers.

Addition without Regrouping

Som: How many pebbles did we collect in total?

Max: We should add the number of pebbles each of us collected.

Remember!

Always add from right to left—add the ones, then the tens, and finally the hundreds.

Now, add 234 and 313.

Step 1: Add the ones.

4 + 3 = 7

Write 7 in the ones column. H T O 2 3 4 + 3 1 3 7

Step 2: Add the tens.

3 + 1 = 4

Write 4 in the tens column. H T O 2 3 4 + 3 1 3 4 7

Example 5: Add 417 and 512.

Add the ones: 7 + 2 = 9

Add the tens: 1 + 1 = 2

Add the hundreds: 4 + 5 = 9

Example 6: What is the sum of 183 and 604? H T O 1 8 3 + 6 0 4 7 8 7

Thus, 183 + 604 = 787.

Addition with Regrouping

Som: I have 786 pebbles.

Max: I have 546 pebbles.

Som: How many pebbles do we have in total?

Step 3: Add the hundreds. 2 + 3 = 5

Write 5 in the hundreds column.

Max: Let us add 786 pebbles and 546 pebbles. + 786 546

Step 1: Add the ones.

6 ones + 6 ones = 12 ones

Regroup 12 ones as 1 tens and 2 ones.

H T O 1

7 8 6 + 5 4 6 2

Step 2: Add the tens.

8 + 4 + 1 = 13 tens

Regroup 13 tens as 3 tens and 1 hundred.

H T O

1 1

7 8 6 + 5 4 6 3 2

Step 3: Add the hundreds.

7 + 5 + 1 = 13 hundreds

Regroup 13 hundreds as 3 hundreds and 1 thousand.

H T O

1 1

7 8 6 + 5 4 6 1 3 3 2

So, 786 + 546 = 1332.

Example 7: Add 156 and 325.

Example 8: Add 368 and 489.

So, 156 + 325 = 481.

Remember!

So, 368 + 489 = 857.

When there are more than 9 tens, then regroup 10 tens into 1 hundred.

Error Alert!

ALWAYS remember to add the carryover.

Example 9: Add 189, 234 and 608.

Add 189 and 234 Add 423 and 608

So, the sum of 189, 234 and 608 is 1031.

Example 10: In a school, there are 145 students in Grade 1, 211 students in Grade 2 and 242 students in Grade 3. How many students are there in the three grades together?

Students in Grade 1: 145

Students in Grade 2: 211

Students in Grade 3: 242

Total number of students = 145 + 211 + 242

So, there are a total of 598 students in the three grades.

Adding 4-digit Numbers

Som and Max collected more pebbles and put them in their buckets.

Som: Max! I have a total of 1543 pebbles.

Max: I have a total of 2014 pebbles.

Som: How many pebbles did we collect?

Max: Let us add the numbers.

Total pebbles = 1543 pebbles + 2014 pebbles

Did You Know?

Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine called Pascaline that can add and subtract numbers, in 1642.

Let us add 1543 and 2014 to find the total number of pebbles.

Step 1: Add the ones.

Step 2: Add the tens.

Step 3: Add the hundreds.

Step 4: Add the thousands. 1543 + 2014 = 3557

So, Max and Som collected 3557 pebbles.

Example 11: Add 1234 and 8765.

So, 1234 + 8765 = 9999.

Example 12: Add 1254, 2121 and 2322. Add 1254 and 2121. Add 3375 and 2322.

So, 1254 + 2121 + 2322 = 5697.

Find the sum. a 456 + 232

2 Write True or False.

741 + 256

a The sum of 144 and 215 is 359.

c The sum of 541 and 145 is 786.

3 Find the missing numbers.

4 Find the sum. Fill in the blanks.

147 + 541

325 + 473

b The sum of 121 and 212 is 313.

d The sum of 614 and 314 is 928.

6 Answer the questions. a What is 1234 more than 5145? b What is 2174 more than 1211?

7 Jaspal bought a raincoat for his house helper for ₹456. He bought an umbrella for his guard for ₹235. How much money did he spend? Do you spend money to help people in need? How?

8 Draw place value blocks to show and add 209 and 108. Use for 1 hundred (H), for 1 ten (T) and for 1 one (O).

9 A farmer packs 1245 oranges in the first carton, 2311 oranges in the second carton and 1421 oranges in the third carton. How many oranges does he pack in total? Draw as many oranges as in the thousands place.

Estimating the Sum

Som and Max now collected coloured stones from the seashore. Som collected 37 stones and Max collected 42 stones.

Som: So, we have about 80 stones in total!

Max: How did you find that out so fast? Let us find out!

Step 2: Add the rounded-off numbers. 40 + 40 = 80

Thus, the estimated sum of 37 + 42 is 80.

Check how close the estimated answer is to the actual answer.

37 + 42 = 79

79 is close to 80.

Hence, the estimated answer is close to the actual answer.

Remember!

An estimate is a smart guess about something. Estimation is used to find quick answers that are very close to the actual answer.

While rounding off to the nearest tens, we round up when the digit at the ones place is 5 or more.

Example 13: Estimate the sum of 36 and 53 by rounding off to the nearest 10. Also, check how close the estimated answer is to the actual answer.

36 rounded off to the nearest 10 is 40.

53 rounded off to the nearest 10 is 50.

So, the estimated sum of 36 and 53 is 40 + 50 = 90.

36 + 53 = 89

89 is close to 90.

Thus, the estimated answer is close to the actual answer.

Find the estimated sum of the numbers by rounding off both numbers to the nearest 10.

17 and 34

2 Round off the numbers to the nearest 10 and find the sum. Check whether the answer is close to the actual answer.

31 + 36

3 Ria made 43 cookies and 66 puff pastries to give to the old age home. Estimate the food items she made in all? Do you help and respect the elderly in your house?

4 Coral Island in Andaman and Nicobar is famous for sea-life creatures. Nisha found 78 starfish and Rohit found 52 starfish. About how many starfish did they find together?

5 Round off the numbers to the nearest 10 and find the sum. AAlso find the actual sum of the numbers and round it off to the nearest 10. Check if the answer is the same in both cases.

Word Problems

Som and Max were collecting driftwood to build a sandcastle. Som collected 15 pieces of wood. Max collected 12 pieces of wood. How many pieces of wood did they collect in total?

We can solve a word problem in different ways. Let us use the CUBES method to find the answer.

CUBES

C: Circle the numbers.

U: Underline the question.

B: Box the keywords.

E: Evaluate/draw.

S: Solve and check.

Evaluate:

Solve:

Som collected 15 pieces of wood. Max collected 12 pieces of wood. How many pieces of wood did they collect in total ?

Underline the question. Box the keywords. Circle the numbers.

15 pieces of wood + 12 pieces of wood = 15 + 12

So, Som and Max collected 27 pieces of wood in total. Check the answer using the order property of addition. 12 + 15

Thus, the answer is correct.

Example 14: There are 654 cherry trees and 256 plum trees on Joseph’s farm. How many trees are there in total?

Let us apply the CUBES method to solve the word problem.

There are 654 cherry trees and 256 plum trees on Joseph’s farm. How many trees are there in total ?

Evaluate:

654 trees + 256 trees

Solve:

CUBES

C: Circle the numbers.

U: Underline the question.

B: Box the keywords.

E: Evaluate/draw.

S: Solve and check.

Check the answer using the order property of addition.

Thus, the total number of trees on Joseph’s farm is 910.

It Yourself 2D

A toy shop sold 134 toys in the month of January and 217 toys in the month of February. How many toys were sold in these two months together?

2 The cost of a bicycle is ₹4231, and the cost of a music system is ₹4566. What is the total cost of both the items?

3 The government of India has schemes like the Rashtirya Krishi Vikas Yojana to encourage the use of high-yielding seeds. Raju buys seeds for farming. He buys 2 packets of seeds. The first packet contains 28 seeds, and the second packet has 35 seeds. How many seeds are there in total?

4 In a new school, 218 students enrolled in Grade 2, 317 students enrolled in Grade 3 and 165 students enrolled in Grade 4. How many students enrolled for all the grades combined?

5 The length of Sankesula Barrage is 1300 m and the length of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is 250 m more than Sankesula Barrage. What is the length of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam?

6 Mr Saxena went to the market and purchased a few items. Look at the table and answer the questions that follow.

Item Price Quilt

Hair dryer

₹2150

₹3015

Perfume ₹900

Bag ₹220

a How much money in total did Mr Saxena spend on a hair dryer and a quilt?

b How much money in total did Mr Saxena spend on a bottle of perfume and a bag?

c What is the total amount spent by Mr Saxena if he bought all 4 items?

7 Create a word problem on adding two 3-digit numbers.

Math Lab

Setting: In pairs

Let’s Add

Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Materials Required: Place value stand, beads, three dice, paper and pencil.

Method:

1 Students in each pair take turns to roll the 3 dice together.

2 Form the largest number and the smallest number from the three digits.

3 Show the numbers using beads.

4 Add the beads in the hundreds place, tens place and ones place to find the sum.

5 Find the sum of the two numbers using the column method of addition.

6 Check the answer with the beads in the place value stand.

7 The pair that solves the addition first wins!

Chapter Checkup

1 Find the missing term.

a 45 + 1 =

d 5 + 3 = 3 +

b 14 + 0 =

e 1 + = 84

2 Find the sum by expanding the numbers.

a 35 + 61

d 21 + 48

3 Add without regrouping.

a 814 + 111

d 5164 + 2231

b 19 + 70

e 64 + 25

b 457 + 121

e 6170 + 3128

4 Estimate the sum to the nearest ten.

a 84 + 8

b 34 + 17

c 87 + = 48 + 87

f + 18 = 18

c 56 + 23

f 35 + 42

c 146 + 723

f 4517 + 4021

c 25 + 52

5 Find the sum of the numbers and then round off the result to the nearest 10.

a 56 + 11

6 Find the missing digits. a

b 23 + 49

c 45 + 36

7 Find the value of:

a 78 more than 361.

b 145 more than 456. c 847 more than 254.

d 325 more than 481. e 748 more than 369. f 415 more than 871.

8 The National Library of India, located in Kolkata, is India�s largest library. In a library, there are 1025 mathematics books, 987 science books and 689 Hindi books. What is the total number of books in the library?

9 At a carnival, there were 1547 men, 2048 women, 1023 boys and 1988 girls.

a How many boys and girls were there at the carnival?

b How many men and women were there at the carnival?

c What is the total number of people who went to the carnival?

10 Vishwa has just started collecting tazos. He has 47 tazos. His friend Ishan had 18 more tazos than Vishwa 2 weeks earlier. How many tazos does Ishan have now, if he collected 37 more tazos in the last 2 weeks?

11 Write a word problem on adding two 3-digit numbers with regrouping.

Challenge

1 Complete the magic triangle. Fill in the circles with the numbers 50, 100, 130, 80, 120 and 70 such that the 3 numbers along each side add up to 300.

2 The estimated sum of 2 numbers is 30. One of the numbers is 23 and the other number is a 1-digit number. Write all the numbers that can be the second number.

Real-Life Maths

Cross Curricular & Value Development

Endangered Species

Indian leopards are one of the most endangered species in India. They are protected by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The table shows the number of leopards in different states of India. State Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Kerala Odisha Bihar Goa

of Leopards

1 The estimated total number of leopards in Goa and Bihar is . a 30 b 70 c 100 d 103

2 Find the total number of leopards in Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.

3 Are the number of leopards in Andhra Pradesh and Kerala more than that in Chattisgarh? Say Yes/No.

4 How can you help protect endangered species?

3 Subtraction of 3-digit Numbers

Mental Subtraction

Hockey is one of the oldest games played in India. There are 22 players on the field in a hockey match.

Subtracting 2-digit Numbers Mentally

Amit and Anand love playing hockey! They organise hockey tournaments each year. This year, Amit sold 38 tickets and Anand sold 64 tickets.

Properties of Subtraction

Subtracting 1

When 1 is subtracted from a number, the difference is the number before it. This �before� number is called the predecessor.

For example, 10 – 1 = 9. 9 is the predecessor of 10.

Subtracting 0

When 0 is subtracted from a number, the difference is the number itself. For example, 34 – 0 = 34.

Subtracting the Same Number

When a number is subtracted from itself, the difference is 0.

For example, 56 – 56 = 0.

Example 1: 1 19 – 19 = 0 2 19 – 1 = 18

3 19 – 0 = 19

By Counting Forward on a Number Line

Remember, Amit sold 38 tickets and Anand sold 64 tickets. Let us see how many more tickets Anand sold than Amit.

We can also subtract 2-digit numbers by counting forward on a number line.

Subtract 38 from 64 using the number line.

2 + 10 + 10 + 4 = 26

64 – 38 = 26

Thus, Anand sold 26 more tickets than Amit.

Example 2: Subtract 42 from 78 using the number line.

8 + 10 + 10 + 8 = 36.

78 – 42 = 36.

The difference of 78 and 42 is 36.

By Expanding the Smaller Number

We can also subtract 2-digit numbers by expanding the smaller number.

Let us subtract 38 from 64 using this method.

Step 1

Identify the smaller number.

The smaller number is 38.

Step 3

Subtract the tens in the smaller number from the larger number.

64 – 30 = 34

The difference of 64 and 38 is 26.

Example 3: S ubtract 25 from 84.

84 – 20 = 64

64 – 5 = 59

The difference of 84 and 25 is 59.

Step 2

Expand the smaller number into tens and ones.

Step 4

30 8 64 – 38 = ?

Subtract the ones in the smaller number from the number you got in Step 3.

34 – 8 = 26

5 84 – 25 = ?

Write True or False.

a 27 – 0 = 27 b 64 – 64 = 0 c 76 – 0 = 75

d 82 – 1 = 81 e 93 – 93 = 93 f 43 – 0 = 0

2 Subtract by counting forward.

a 21 – 13 = b 45 – 36 = c 56 – 27 =

3 Subtract by expanding the smaller number.

a 41 – 17 = b 63 – 26 = c 71 – 24 =

4 Jagadish Chandra Bose Aquarium in Gujarat is the first underwater aquarium in India. There were 43 species of fish in one section. Due to some re-construction, 15 species of fish were shifted to a new home. How many jumps of ten will you take to find the number of species of fish left in the section?

5 Jaya had 61 roses, and she gave 46 roses to her sister. Draw as many roses as the number of tens that remain with Jaya. 1 rose = 1 tens.

6 Danish is subtracting 46 from a number. He takes 2 jumps of 10 and one jump of 3. What is the number that Danish is subtracting 46 from?

Subtraction of 3-digit Numbers

We saw how to subtract two 2-digit numbers. Now, let us learn how to find the difference between two 3-digit numbers.

Subtracting 3-digit Numbers

A read-a-thon is a contest of reading books! The Orchid School arranges an annual read-a-thon for primary (1 to 5), middle (6 to 8) and secondary (9 to 12) grade students. The table below shows the number of books read by the students in each category and the total number of books they need to read in all.

Students are curious to know the least number of books they need to read to reach their goal.

Subtraction without Regrouping

Primary grade students want to find the least number of books they need to read to reach their goal.

They have read 513 books and their goal is to read 925 books. We can subtract to find out how many more books the students need to read to reach their goal.

So, let us subtract 513 from 925.

Step 1: Write the numbers in column.

Step 2: Subtract the ones.

Step 3: Subtract the tens.

Step 4: Subtract the hundreds. Thus, 925 – 513 = 412

Remember!

We always begin subtraction from the ones place.

So, the students in primary grade at Orchid School need to read a minimum of 412 more books to reach their goal.

Example 4: Subtract 325 from 837.

Example 5: Subtract 120 from 682.

So, 837 – 325 = 512.

Subtraction with Regrouping

Let us subtract 457 from 742.

Step 1

Write the numbers in the columns.

Step 2

Subtract the ones.

7 ones cannot be subtracted from 2 ones.

So, 682 – 120 = 562.

So, regroup 4 tens and 2 ones as 3 tens and 12 ones. Write 12 over the 2 in the ones column, and 3 over the 4 in the tens column.

12 – 7 = 5 ones

Write 5 in the ones column.

Step 3

Subtract the tens.

5 tens cannot be subtracted from 3 tens.

So, regroup 7 hundreds and 3 tens as 6 hundreds and 13 tens.

13 – 5 = 8 tens

Write 8 in the tens column.

Step 4

Subtract the hundreds.

6 – 4 = 2 hundreds

Write 2 in the hundreds column.

So, 742 – 457 = 285. Never forget to change the digits in case of a

Example 6: Subtract.

1 238 from 894. 2 293 from 548.

Adding and Subtracting

Together

Addition can be used to verify the difference from subtracting two numbers. The sum of the difference and the smaller number should be equal to the larger number.

Let’s solve 679 – 458:

Step 1 Subtract 458 from 679.

Step 2 Add the difference with the smaller number.

The sum will be the same as the larger number. So, 679 – 458 = 221 and 221 + 458 = 679.

GREATER NUMBER – SMALLER NUMBER

DIFFERENCE

DIFFERENCE + SMALLER NUMBER

GREATER NUMBER

Example 7: Solve 302 – 239 and verify.

Do It Yourself 3B

1 Subtract to find the answer.

2 Arrange the following numbers in columns and subtract them in your notebook.

a 758 − 426 b 689 − 566 c 483 – 150

3 Write in columns and find the difference by regrouping.

a 624 − 276 b 570 − 383 c 600 − 257

d 704 − 239 e 300 − 114 f 801 − 568

4 Yukti collected 469 bottles for recycling. Priya collected 227 fewer bottles than Yukti. How many bottles did Priya collect? Do you recycle plastic bottles and paper?

5 Read the data on the number of tickets for a play sold by 3 friends. Read the table and answer the questions.

a Akhil sold 159 fewer tickets than Joginder and Mohan sold together. How many tickets did Akhil sell?

b How many more tickets would each of them need to sell so that each of them sells 350 tickets?

Name Number of Tickets

Joginder 282

Mohan 178

Prasad 331

6 Deer have 327 bones. Cats have 235 bones. How many more bones do deer have than the cat? Verify your answer.

Subtracting 4-digit Numbers

Let us see how to subtract 1s, 10s, 100s and 1000s from a 4-digit number.

Subtract 6 from 5469

Subtract the digits in the ones place.

9 – 6 = 3

So, 5469 – 6 = 5463

Subtract 40 from 5469

Subtract the digits in the tens place and retain all other digits.

6 – 4 = 2

5469 – 40 = 5429

Subtract 300 from 5469

Subtract the digits in the hundreds place and retain all other digits.

4 – 3 = 1

5469 – 300 = 5169

Subtract 2000 from 5469

Subtract the digits in the thousands place and retain all other digits.

5 – 2 = 3

5469 – 2000 = 3469

Now what if we want to subtract bigger numbers? Let us learn through an example.

Let us subtract 7564 from 9687.

The steps remain the same.

Step 1: Subtract the ones.

Step 2: Subtract the tens.

Step 3: Subtract the hundreds.

Step 4: Subtract the thousands.

So, 9687 – 7564 = 2123.

Example 8: Subtract.

1 4 from 9127

7 – 4 = 3

So, 9127 – 4 = 9123.

Example 9: Subtract 1102 from 4325.

2 400 from 8654 6 – 4 = 2 So, 8654 – 400 = 8254.

So, 4325 – 1102 = 3223.

Subtract.

a 3468 – 5 b 5296 – 40 c 6807 – 600 d 8547 – 7000

2 Write in columns and find the difference.

a 3735 − 2524 b 6398 – 2202 c 7957 − 1542 d 9853 − 1540

3 Find the difference and arrange in ascending order.

a 4561 – 1230 b 8184 – 5173 c 9427 – 1327 d 9936 – 1121

4 The government has set up schools across the states to provide education to millions of children. There are 3872 government schools in Mizoram and 2702 in Nagaland. Find the difference in the number of government schools in the two states.

5 Amit is arranging funds for donating school books to underprivileged children. He needed ₹6987 and was able to arrange ₹5860. How much more money does he need to arrange?

Estimating the Difference

Veena, Manisha and Sonia are selling tickets for the play.

About how many more tickets do each of them need to sell to reach 50 tickets?

We can estimate to find out how many more. We can round off 28 to the nearest tens which is 30. 28 30 20

Thus, 50 – 30 = 20 tickets. So, Veena needs to sell about 20 tickets more to reach the goal of selling 50 tickets. Similarly, we can round off 17 to the nearest tens which is 20.

Remember!

When we don’t need an exact answer, we can estimate by rounding off numbers.

Thus, 50 – 20 = 30 tickets.

So, Manisha needs to sell about 30 tickets more to reach her goal of selling 50 tickets.

Finally, we can round off 33 to the nearest tens which is 30. 33

Thus, 50 – 30 = 20 tickets.

So, Sonia needs to sell about 20 tickets more to reach her goal of selling 50 tickets.

Let us look at some more examples.

Example 10: Round off 53 and 29 to the nearest tens and then estimate their difference.

53 is rounded off to 50.

29 is rounded off to 30.

Estimated difference = 50 – 30 = 20.

So, the estimated difference is 20.

Use rounding off to estimate the difference.

2 Round off the numbers to the nearest tens. Find the estimated difference.

3 Marari is a beach in Kerala that is famous for its beautiful seashells. Ajay collected 42 seashells at the beach. He gave 23 seashells to Vijay. About how many seashells does Ajay now have?

4 Arun used the rounding off strategy to find 43 – 19. He rounded off 43 to 50 and 19 to 20 and then estimated the difference. Was Arun right? Why or why not?

5 Navin and Darshana are twins who went to an orphanage to celebrate their birthday. They took 96 chocolates with them. Navin distributes 17 chocolates. Darshana distributes some chocolates. About how many chocolates did Darshana distribute if there were 68 chocolates left?

Word Problems

Vijay was surprised to know that Jacob reads a lot of storybooks. There were a total of 728 books in a bookcase in Jacob’s bedroom until he sold 193 of them. Can you help Vijay count the number of books left in the bookcase?

Here’s a trick to solve such problems. Let us start finding the total number of books left in the bookcase.

Remember!

We subtract when we need—

• to find out how much is left.

• to find out the difference between two numbers.

Let us rewrite the problem.

CUBES

C: Circle the numbers.

U: Underline the question.

B: Box the keywords.

E: Evaluate/draw.

S: Solve and check.

Underline the question. Box the keywords. Circle the numbers.

Vijay was surprised to know that Jacob reads a lot of storybooks. There were a total of 728 books on a bookcase in Jacob’s bedroom, until he sold 193 of them. How many books were left in the bookcase?

Evaluate: 728 – 193 =

If 728 – 193 = 535, then 193 + 535 should be equal to 728.

728 – 193 = 535 So, the answer is correct. So, 535 books were left in the bookcase.

Example 11: Write a word problem on subtracting two 3-digit numbers. Many such word problems are possible. One such word problem is given.

Ramu collected 801 ceramic dolls. Chandru collected 763 ceramic dolls. Who collected more dolls and by how much?

Ravi has 478 stickers, and his friend, Shashi, has 689. Who has more stickers, and how many more?

2 In a cricket match, Team A scored 435 runs and Team B scored 146 runs less than Team A. How many runs did Team B score?

3 Amisha went on a picnic with her friends. She had ₹700 with her and she spent ₹592 out of it. How much money was left with her?

4 There are 5397 bags of wheat in the warehouse. If 3075 bags are taken out, how many bags will remain in the warehouse?

5 Nikhil bought 5788 pairs of shoes for his newly opened shop in January. On 1st February, he had 1475 pairs left. How many pairs of shoes did he sell in January?

6 Amit collects stamps from all over the world. He has 467 stamps in his stamp collection. His father gives him another 133 stamps. How many more stamps must he collect if he wants to have 800 stamps in his collection? Do you have a hobby of collecting rare things?

7 Narendra has 442 packages to deliver. David has 464 packages to deliver. Narendra delivers 174 packages, and David delivers 188. Who is closer to finishing his deliveries?

8 Laila went on a trip with her family. She spent ₹3142 out of ₹5275. How much money does she have left?

9 Create a word problem on subtracting two 3-digit numbers. Creativity

Math Lab

Setting: In groups of 3.

Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Chit Game for Subtraction!

Method:

Materials Required: Number chits from 0 to 9.

1 Make chits for numbers 0 to 9 using sheets of paper.

2 Shuffle the chits.

3 Player 1 picks 3 different chits and forms a 3-digit number. Everyone must pick chits at random

4 Player 2 picks 3 chits from the remaining ones and forms a 3-digit number. Hint: Try forming the biggest possible numbers!

5 Player 3 finds the difference of these numbers correctly.

6 The team with the smallest difference wins.

Chapter Checkup

1 Fill in the blanks using the subtraction facts.

a − 64 = 0 b 59 – 0 = c − 1 = 92 d 23 – 23 = e 16 − = 16 f 75 – 1 =

2 Subtract by counting forward.

a 52 – 29 = b 61 – 46 = c 64 – 35 = d 92 – 67 = e 43 – 24 = f 71 – 42 =

3 Subtract by expanding the smaller number.

a 52 – 27 = b 84 – 55 = c 76 – 29 = d 23 – 14 = e 68 – 49 = f 62 – 21 =

4 Arrange the following numbers in columns and find the difference.

a 456 – 234

b 842 − 587 c 210 − 187

d 734 – 542 e 863 − 185 f 2456 – 1214

5 Round off to the nearest tens and then find the estimated difference.

a 96 − 12 b 82 – 29 c 61 − 44

6 In an office, 678 pages were kept for printing in a month, out of which 259 pages have been printed. How many pages are still left for printing?

7 985 people came to watch a hockey match. 197 people left after one hour and another 668 left before half-time. How many people watched the whole match?

8 A vegetable vendor bought 925 kg of potatoes from the market. 123 kg of potatoes were rotten. He could sell only 678 kg. How many kg of potatoes does he have left?

9 The first crewed landing on the Moon was in 1969. The last crewed moon-landing mission took place in 1972. How many years� gap was there between the 2 landings?

10 An artist collected 915 cardboard rolls for an art exhibition. He used 268 cardboard rolls for his first exhibit, and 380 cardboard rolls for his second exhibit. How many cardboard rolls did he have left?

11 Create a word problem on subtracting two 4-digit numbers.

Challenge

1 Which two numbers will have the least and the highest difference? 962 473 609

2 Solve the crossword. Across a 247 – 133 c 9795 – 2735 Down b 9789 – 8432 d 689 – 421

Real-Life Maths

Cross Curricular & Value Development

The Indian Post is one of the most widely distributed postal systems in the world. The operation of the office includes banking, communication, transport of goods and many more activities. The table shows the number of post offices in some states.

State Number of Post Offices

1 How many tens will you jump to find the difference between the number of post offices in Goa and Nagaland? a 0 b 3 c 7 d 10

2 Write True or False.

a There are 82 fewer post offices in Nagaland than in Mizoram.

b There are 154 more post offices in Goa than in Mizoram.

3 How much more is the number of post offices in Haryana than in Jammu and Kashmir?

4 What is the difference in the number of post offices in Nagaland and Haryana?

5 We can even deposit money in the post office as we do in banks. Do you have a habit of saving money?

4 Multiplication Tables

Understanding Multiplication

Raghu, a farmer, wants to plant some saplings on his farm. He plants an equal number of saplings in different rows. He also has to take care of the saplings by watering them.

Multiplication Facts

Let us look at the ways in which Raghu can arrange the saplings.

= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8 saplings

= 4 + 4 = 8 saplings

In both arrangements, the number of saplings in each row is different but the total number of saplings in the field is equal.

We can write this addition sentence using multiplication as:

Multiplication symbol Equals

These are called the Multiplication Facts

Multiplication facts show us the properties of multiplication.

Order Property of Multiplication Multiplicative Property of One Multiplicative Property of Zero

We can multiply two numbers in any order, and the product always remains the same.

Example: 4 × 2 = 2 × 4 = 8

When multiplying a number by 1, the product is always the number itself.

Example: 4 × 1 = 4

When multiplying a number by 0, the product is always zero.

Example: 4 × 0 = 0

Repeated addition of a number makes a multiplication fact.

Example 1: Fill in the blanks.

4 × 0 = 0

6 × 5 = 5 × 6

1 × 15 = 15

Example 2: Find the product.

5 × 2 = 10

9 × 0 = 0

19 × 1 = 19

Do It Yourself 4A

Fill in the blanks.

4 • Multiplication Tables

State True or False.

a When you multiply any number by 1, you get the same number.

b When you multiply a number by 0, you always get 1.

c Order matters when multiplying numbers.

What is 8 added 9 times?

a 8 + 9 b 9 × 8 c 9 – 8

Find the missing numbers.

9 × 3 = × 9

5 × 8 = 8 ×

× 7 = 7

47 × = 47 × 94

Thrissur Pooram is a grand festival in Kerala. It has customs involving elephants. Two rows of 15 elephants stand face to face. Write the repeated addition and multiplication sentence for two rows of 15 elephants.

Sophie is helping her mom bake cookies. The recipe is for 3 batches of 4 cookies each. Sophie wants to know if the total number of cookies will be the same if she makes 4 batches of 3 cookies each. Can you help Sophie determine the correct order of multiplication? In what ways do you help your parents in the kitchen?

Building Multiplication Tables

Do you remember Raghu who owns a field? Raghu also owns a flower shop. Raghu sells the flowers in batches of 1, 2, 3 and so on. The number of petals in each types of flower also varies. Let us see the number of petals in different batches of flowers.

Table of 6

The first type of flower has 6 petals. The number of petals in different batches can be given as:

1 ﬂower with 1 × 7 = 7

1 flower with 6 petals 1 × 6 = 6 1 ﬂower with 1 × 7 = 7

1 ﬂower with 1 × 7 = 7

2 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 2 × 7 = 14

2 flowers with 6 petals each 2 × 6 = 12

2 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 2 × 7 = 14

3 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 3 × 7 = 21

3 flowers with 6 petals each 3 × 6 = 18

4 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 4 × 7 = 28

5 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 5 × 7 = 35

4 flowers with 6 petals each 4 × 6 = 24

5 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 5 × 7 = 35

6 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 6 × 7 = 42

7 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 7 × 7 = 49

8 ﬂowers with

8 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 8 × 7 = 56

7 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 7 × 7 = 49

8 ﬂowers with

Example 3: Multiply.

Table of 7

6 × 6 = 36

7 petals each 3 × 7 = 21

7 petals each 2 × 7 = 14

7 petals each 3 × 7 = 21

3 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 3 × 7 = 21

4 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 4 × 7 = 28

5 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 5 × 7 = 35

5 flowers with 6 petals each 5 × 6 = 30

5 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 5 × 7 = 35

6 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 6 × 7 = 42

6 flowers with 6 petals each 6 × 6 = 36

6 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 6 × 7 = 42

7 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 7 × 7 = 49

7 flowers with 6 petals each 7 × 6 = 42

7 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 7 × 7 = 49

8 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 8 × 7 = 56

8 flowers with 6 petals each 8 × 6 = 48

9 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 9 × 7 = 63

10 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 10 × 7 = 70

9 flowers with 6 petals each 9 × 6 = 54

10 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 10 × 7 = 70

10 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 10 × 7 = 70 10 flowers with 6 petals each 10 × 6 = 60

7 × 6 = 42

The second type of flower has 7 petals. The number of petals in different batches can be given as:

1 ﬂower with 1 × 7 = 7

2 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 2 × 7 = 14

3 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 3 × 7 = 21

4 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 4 × 7 = 28

5 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 5 × 7 = 35

6 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 6 × 7 = 42

7 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 7 × 7 = 49

8 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 8 × 7 = 56

9 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 9 × 7 = 63

10 ﬂowers with 7 petals each 10 × 7 = 70

Example 4: Find the product.

1 5 × 7 = 35 2 8 × 7 = 56 3 3 × 7 = 21

Table of 8

The third type of flower has 8 petals. The number of petals in different batches can be given as:

1 ﬂower with 1 × 8 = 8

2 ﬂowers with 2 × 8 = 16

3 ﬂowers with 3 × 8 = 24

4 ﬂowers with 4 × 8 = 32

5 ﬂowers with 5 × 8 = 40

6 ﬂowers with 6 × 8 = 48

7 ﬂowers with 7 × 8 = 56

8 ﬂowers with 8 × 8 = 64

9 ﬂowers with 9 × 8 = 72

10 ﬂowers with 8 petals each 10 × 8 = 80

Example 5: Find the product.

1 4 × 8 = 32 2 9 × 8 = 72 3 5 × 8 = 40

Table of 9

The last type of flower has 9 petals. The number of petals in different batches can be given as:

1 ﬂower with 1 × 9 = 9

2 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 2 × 9 = 18

3 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 3 × 9 = 27

4 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 4 × 9 = 36

5 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 5 × 9 = 45

3 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 3 × 9 = 27

4 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 4 × 9 = 36

5 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 5 × 9 = 45

6 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 6 × 9 = 54

7 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 7 × 9 = 63

8 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 8 × 9 = 72

9 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 9 × 9 = 81

10 ﬂowers with 9 petals each 10 × 9 = 90

Example 6: Find the product. 1 6 × 9 = 54 2 9 × 9 = 81

Tables of 10, 20, …, 90

Multiplication by 10

A flower has 10 petals. How can we find the numbers of petals in 8 such flowers?

Number of flowers = 8

Total number of petals = 8 × 10 petals = 80 petals

Did You Know?

Samarth Bhagyesh Patel, a 7-year old boy from India, holds the record for solving 10 random multiplication problems correctly the fastest, with a time of 1 minute 30.6 seconds.

To multiply any number by 10, write 0 at the ones place and multiply the number by 1. Examples:

Multiplication by 20, 30, 40, …, 90

To multiply any number by 20, 30, 40, ...,90 write 0 at the ones place and multiply the remaining numbers. Examples: 5 × 20 = 100 3 × 70 = 210

Error Alert!

NEVER place zeroes in the wrong place when multiplying by 10.

15 × 10 = 105 15 × 10 = 150

Example 7: Multiply.

1 9 × 70

Add zero at the end and multiply 9 with 7.

9 × 7 = 63

9 × 70 = 630

2 14 × 10

Add zero at the end and multiply 14 with 1.

× 1 = 14

× 10 = 140

Remember!

On multiplication by 10, 20, 30, …, 90, there is always 0 in the ones place.

3 10 × 90

Add 0 at the end and multiply 10 with 9.

10 × 9 = 90 10 × 90 = 900

Tables of 100, 200, ..., 900

Multiplication by 100

To multiply any number by 100, write 0s at the ones place and the tens place, and then multiply the number by 1.

4 × 100 = 400 44 × 100 = 4400

× 100 = 44400

Note: A product of 100 will always have two zeroes at the end.

Multiplication by 200, 300, 400, …, 900.

To multiply any number by 200, 300, …, 900 write zeroes in the ones and tens places. Multiply the remaining numbers.

3 × 200 = 600

Example 8: Multiply.

65 × 100

Add 2 zeroes at the end and multiply 65 by 1.

65 × 1 = 65

65 × 100 = 6500

9 × 500 = 4500 7 × 800 = 5600

100 × 300

Add 2 zeroes at the end and multiply 100 by 3.

100 × 3 = 300

100 × 300 = 30000

800 × 9

Add two zeroes at the end and multiply 8 with 9.

8 × 9 = 72

800 × 9 = 7200

Fill in the blanks.

a 9 weeks = days

b 5 days = hours

c 1 hour = minutes

d weeks = 70 days

Compare using >, < or =.

a 8 × 8 60

b 9 × 10 100 × 1

c 4 × 99 400

d 6 × 7 42

Find the product.

Complete the multiplication facts.

Raj gives 6 candies to each of his 9 friends. How many candies did he distribute altogether? Do you share things with your friends?

A cricket player has scored 5 centuries in one day internationals. How many runs has he scored in centuries? (1 century = 100 runs)

Math Lab

Setting: In groups of 3.

Materials Required: Two dice, a number grid as shown below

Method:

Roll the dice together.

Multiply your two numbers.

Colour the product on the grid.

The first person to colour four numbers in a row wins.

Chapter Checkup

1 Write (T) for True and (F) for False. a 45 × 8 = 8 × 45

4 × 6 = 24 c 89745 × 0 = 89745

e 9 × 8 = 72

5 × 8 = 40

6 × 600 = 3600

2 Find different ways to multiply and get make the number in the centre.

3 Look at the pattern. Add or multiply to complete the pattern.

a 8, 16, 24, , , , ,

b 13, 26, 39, , , , ,

c 30, 40, 50, , , , ,

d 18, 27, 36, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

e 14, 28, 42, , , , ,

f 200, 400, 600, , , , ,

4 Compare using >, <, or =. a 5 × 70

c 44 × 100

48975 × 1 0

5 Use multiplication to fill in the spaces.

× 5

6 Rajesh has 10 cookie boxes. There are 7 cookies in each box. How many cookies does he have in total? Draw the boxes using rectangles and cookies using circles.

7 Wild roses have 5 petals. There are 6 wild roses in a bouquet. How many petals are there in the bouquet? Do you take care of plants at home?

8 A female German Shepherd gives birth to 8 puppies in a litter. There are 3 German Shepherds in a dog shelter. How many puppies will be born in the shelter?

9 Vivan bought 9 chocolates, each worth ₹6. He paid the shopkeeper ₹100. How much money did he get in return?

1 Complete the puzzle

2 There are 9 layers in a fruit desert. Each layer needs 8 fruits for the outer decoration. The even numbered layers will have grapes, and the odd numbered layers will have blueberries. How many grapes and how many blueberries are required?

Real-Life Maths

Wooden Toys!!

Channapatna toys are traditional wooden toys that come from the town of Channapatna in Karnataka. Traditionally, ivory wood is used to make the famous dolls.

1 A wooden stacker toy has 6 rings. There are 2 such toys. The multiplication sentence for the number of rings is . Cross Curricular & Art Integration

2 A wooden dog toy needs 4 wheels. How many wheels do 7 wooden dog toys need? a 11 b 28 c 3 d 14

3 The cost of a wooden rattle is ₹90. If there are 4 wooden rattles in a box, what is the total cost?

4 A wooden kitchen set has a pair of plates, a pair of tumblers, a pair of spoons, a pair of pans, a pair of baskets and a pair of pots. What is the total number of pieces in the kitchen set?

5 Create and draw your favourite wooden toy.

Multiplication by 2-digit Numbers 5

Multiplying Numbers

Rahul: Hi, Aisha! Do you have recipes for baking cakes?

Aisha: Hi, Rahul! Yes, I have a recipe that makes 1 cake.

Rahul: But we have an order for 24 cakes. How can we bake 24 cakes?

Aisha: Don’t worry, Rahul! We can multiply all the amounts of the ingredients by 24! So, if for 1 cake we need 1 cup of sugar, for 24 cakes, we will need 24 × 1 = 24 cups of sugar.

Remember!

On multiplying a number by 1, the product is always the number itself.

Multiplying by Expanding the Bigger Number

We saw how Rahul and Aisha found the amount of sugar needed for 24 cakes. What if each cake required 2 cups of flour? What would they have done then? They would use multiplication again! In this case it would be, 24 × 2 cups. But how can we calculate that? Let us learn.

Using the Box Method

We can multiply bigger numbers by 1-digit numbers by expanding the bigger number.

Step 1

Expand the bigger number. 24 = 20 + 4

Step 2

Write the numbers as done below.

20 4 2 ×

Step 3

Multiply the smaller number with the ones and then the tens.

20 4

2 × 2 × 20 = 40 2 × 4 = 8

Step 4

Add all the products.

40 + 8 = 48

So, they need 48 cups of flour for the cakes!

Now, what if Rahul and Aisha wanted to make 240 cakes? How would they find the amount of flour needed?

Each cake requires 2 cups of flour. In this case it would be 240 × 2 cups.

Step 1: Expand the bigger number.

240 = 200 + 40 + 0

Step 2: Write the numbers as shown below.

Step 3: Multiply the smaller number with the ones, tens and the hundreds.

Step 4: Add all the products.

400 + 80 + 0 = 480

So, they need 480 cups of flour.

Remember!

The product of any number with zero is always 0.

Let us see more examples of multiplication by expanding the bigger number.

Example 1: Solve by expanding the bigger number.

1 92 × 2

90 2

2 × 2 × 90 = 180 2 × 2 = 4

180 + 4 = 184

So, 92 × 2 = 184.

Using the Lattice Method

2 221 × 4

800 + 80 + 4 = 884

So, 221 × 4 = 884.

4 × 1 = 4

The lattice method of multiplication uses a grid to multiply 2 numbers.

Let us multiply 43 by 7 using the lattice method.

Chapter 5 • Multiplication by 2-digit Numbers

Number of rows is the same as the number of digits in the multiplier

Step 1: Make a grid with 2 columns and 1 row and draw diagonals across each box in the grid. Write the numbers.

Step 2: Multiply 4 and 3 by 7 and write the products.

Number of columns is the same as the number of digits in the multiplicand

Step 3: Extend the diagonal and add the digits along the diagonals to get the result. Regroup 2-digit numbers in any diagonal and carry over to the next left diagonal.

So, 43 × 7 = 301.

Now, let us multiply 6 × 283.

1: Draw the grid and write the numbers.

2: Multiply 2, 8 and 3 by 6 and write the products.

3: Extend the diagonal and add the digits along the diagonals to get the result.

4: Regroup the 2-digit numbers in diagonals and carry over to the next left diagonal if required.

So, 283 × 6 = 1698.

Example 2: Multiply 71 by 9

Example 3: Multiply 421 by 4

So, 71 × 9 = 639.

So, 421 × 4 = 1684.

Multiply the following using the box method.

a 32 and 3 b 20 and 4 c 21 and 4 d 124 and 2 e 111 and 4 f 223 and 3

Find the product using the lattice multiplication method.

a 16 and 3 b 41 and 6 c 55 and 8

d 185 and 3 e 502 and 7 f 716 and 9

Annie wants to multiply 123 by 3 by expanding the bigger number. How many tens will she multiply by 3?

423 = and 8 = . Draw the symbols to show the digits of the product.

The first ropeway in India the Rajgir ropeway is 333 m long. If the cabin makes 3 trips, how much distance has the cabin travelled? Find out using the lattice method.

Multiplying by 1-digit Numbers

We have learnt to multiply by expanding the bigger number.

Let us now learn to multiply by the vertical multiplication method.

Multiplying by 1-digit Numbers without Regrouping

Let us multiply 122 by 3 using the vertical multiplication method.

Step 1

Multiply by the digit in the ones place.

3 × 2 ones = 6

We get 122 × 3 = 366.

Step 2

Multiply by the digit in the tens place.

Step 3

Multiply by the digit in the hundreds place.

Example 4: Multiply 232 by 2.

Did You Know?

232 × 2 = 464

Multiplying by 1-digit Numbers with Regrouping

Vedic Math is like a magical toolbox for solving math problems. It is an ancient system from India that helps you add, subtract and multiply numbers in your head.

Now, let us see how to multiply numbers with regrouping.

Multiply 16 by 4.

Step 1

Multiply the number by the digit in the ones place.

6 × 4 = 24

24 = 2 tens and 4 ones. Write 4 in the ones place. Regroup 2 tens in the tens place.

Step 2

Multiply the number by the tens digit. 1 × 4 = 4.

Add the regrouped tens to 4.

4 + 2 = 6.

So, 16 × 4 = 64.

Now, let us try multiplying a 3-digit number with a 1-digit number. Let us find the product of 116 and 4.

Step 1

Multiply the number by the digit in the ones place.

4 × 6 ones = 24 ones

24 = 2 tens and 4 ones. Write 4 in the ones place.

Regroup the 2 tens in the tens place.

Step 2

Multiply the number by the digit in the tens place, and add the regrouped ones, if any.

4 × 1 ten = 4 tens

4 tens + 2 tens (regrouped) = 6 tens

Step 3

Multiply the number by the digit in the hundreds place, and add the regrouped tens, if any.

4 × 1 hundred = 4 hundreds

So, 116 × 4 = 464.

Error Alert!

When multiplying 2 numbers with regrouping, multiply the digit in the tens or hundreds with the 1-digit number. Do not add the carried over tens or hundreds to the digit in the tens or hundreds place, before multiplying.

Example 5: Find the product of 175 and 5.

175 × 5 = 875

Find the product of the numbers.

Multiply the numbers with regrouping.

Multiply by writing in columns.

a 101 × 9 b 111 × 8 c 128 × 9 d 212 × 4 e 234 × 2

259 × 5

Daniel solved a multiplication problem as given here. Circle the error and solve it correctly.

Banu wants to stitch a 5 layer quilt using 230 pieces of old cloth in each layer. How many pieces of cloth will she need? Do you recycle or donate your old clothes?

1 hour on the planet Venus is equal to 243 Earth hours. How many Earth hours will 7 hours on Venus equal to?

Multiplying 2-digit Numbers

Rahul: We need 12 chocolate chips for 1 cake. How many chocolate chips will we require for 24 cakes?

Aisha: We will multiply to find the right number of chocolate chips, 12 × 24.

Multiplying by 2-digit Numbers without Regrouping

We need to multiply 24 and 12 to help Rahul and Aisha.

Step 1

Multiply by the ones.

Step 2

Multiply by the tens.

NEVER place the numbers in incorrect place value columns for multiplication.

Example 6: Multiply 23 by 21.

23 × 21 = 483.

Multiplying by 2-digit Numbers with Regrouping

We learnt how to multiply a 2-digit number with another 2-digit number. But what if the numbers require regrouping? Let us learn!

Multiply 28 × 14.

Step 1

Multiply by the ones.

Step 2

Multiply by the tens.

The product of 28 and 14 is 392.

Step 3

Add the products.

The product of 34 and 25 is 850.

Multiply by writing in columns. a 12 × 56 b 15 × 86 c 18 × 95 d 24 × 27

e 48 × 26 f 39 × 26 g 39 × 45 h 58 × 34

Cotton candy was first made in the 19th century. Fill in the blank.

1 cotton candy needs 14 g of sugar. 21 cotton candies need g of sugar.

In a garden, there were 23 rows of trees. Parul planted 5 trees in each row. How many trees were there in the garden? Why is it good to plant trees? Do you help in taking care of the plants and trees in your neighbourhood?

Estimating the Product

Rina’s birthday is in a week. She and her father are planning the party!

Father: Dear, we need to plan your upcoming birthday party. Let us estimate the number of gift packets we will need.

Rina: Of course, Dad! I am excited. We will have 46 guests, and we will give 5 gift packets to each. How many packets will we need?

Father: We will need around 250 packets.

Rina: Great, Dad! How did you find that out so fast?

Estimation

Rina’s father had to find 46 × 5.

He estimated the number of packets by rounding off to the nearest 10. Let us learn more about estimation.

Step 1

Round off the bigger number to the nearest 10.

46 is rounded up to 50.

Step 2

Multiply the numbers.

50 × 5 = 250

The estimated product of 46 and 5 is 250.

Round down

Did You Know?

In 1960, Anatoly Karatsuba developed a method of multiplying numbers quickly by breaking down larger numbers into smaller numbers. It is called the Karatsuba Algorithm

Round off

If the ones digit is less than 5, round down to the same tens.

Round up

If the ones digit is 5 or more than 5, round up to the next tens.

Example 8: Estimate by rounding off the bigger number to the nearest 10 for 63 × 5.

Round off the bigger number to the nearest 10. 63 is rounded down to 60.

Multiply the numbers.

60 × 5 = 300

The estimated product of 63 and 5 is 300.

Round off the following to the nearest ten.

Estimate the product by rounding off the bigger number to the nearest ten.

× 5

Find the estimated product. Round off the first number to the nearest 10. Compare the answer with the actual product by finding their difference.

66 × 22 b 18 × 12

Round off the 2-digit number and estimate the product. Begin at the start and follow the correct answers through the maze until you get to the end.

Jaipur is famous for lac bangles made from the natural resin lac. Riya is packing bangles in boxes. She packs 45 boxes with each box having 24 lac bangles. What is the estimated number of bangles that she packed? (Hint: Round off both the numbers)

Word Problems

Sheena is helping her mother in their toy shop. Sheena�s mother has asked her to count all the balls. There are 14 bags containing the same number of balls.

Sheena: I have counted the balls in one bag. There are 34 balls.

Mother: Great! Are you going to count the balls in all the bags one by one?

Sheena: No no, I have learnt the magic of multiplication. I will find the total using multiplication.

Step 1

What do we know?

Balls in 1 bag = 34

Bags = 14

do we need to find?

no. of balls = 34 × 14

are 476 balls in

Example 9: Sachin's school has organised a charity program for Christmas. He wants to knit 128 scarves for the needy. Each scarf requires 4 balls of yarn. Find the total number of balls of yarn he needs to knit the scarves.

No. of balls of yarn required for 1 scarf = 4

No. of scarves to be made = 128

Total no. of balls of yarn required = 128 × 4

Total no. balls of yarn needed = 512.

contains 13 erasers. How many erasers would there be in 12 such boxes?

The cost of a notebook is �100. How much will 12 such notebooks cost?

In an orchard, there are 64 apple trees in a row. How many trees are there in all if there are 7 such rows?

There are 12 Scouts and Guides leaders in school. Each leader has 26 students in their team. How many students are there in total?

There are 45 balloons in a packet. How many balloons will there be in 54 such packets?

Christmas is celebrated on December 25th each year to honour the birth of Jesus Christ. Sally went to Mr Jacob’s store to buy Christmas decoration items. Read the price list and answer the questions.

Price �45 �50 �35 �12

a What would be the price of 45 candles?

b How much would Sally pay for the stars if she bought 25 stars?

c Sally bought a packet with 45 bells. How much did she pay for the bells?

Math Lab

Let’s Play Bingo!!

Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Setting: In pairs

Material Required: Bingo strip, bingo sheet, paper and pencil.

Method:

Bingo Strip 9 × 12 53 × 13 71 × 7

× 11 89 × 61 107 × 3

× 12 25 × 27 98 × 15

1 Each pair will take two bingo sheets.

2 The teacher will call out the multiplication problem from the strip.

3 The students will estimate the product and cross out on the sheet.

4 The first pair to cross out 5 numbers on the sheet will win the ‘Quick 5’ round.

5 The first pair to cross out all the numbers on the sheet wins the ‘Full House’ round.

Chapter Checkup

1 Write 'T' for True and 'F' for False.

a 62 × 0 = 0 b 1 × 55 = 56 c 1 × 91 = 92 d 88 × 0 = 0

2 Find the product using the box method. a 12 × 4 b 29 × 3 c 28 × 6

3 Multiply using the lattice method. a 43 × 7 b 63 × 8

381 × 7

205 × 7

604 × 5

4 Multiply. a 221 × 4 b 243 × 2 c 210 × 3 d 231 × 2

5 Find the product.

27 × 10 b 20 × 63 c 83 × 50 d 378 × 6

6 Find the estimated product by rounding off the bigger number to the nearest 10.

12 × 6 b 34 × 4

34 × 3

44 × 2

7 A bus that can seat 76 people makes 16 trips in a day. If the bus is completely full on all 16 trips, how many people travelled in the bus?

8 A crate holds 45 apples. How many apples are there in 12 such crates?

9 A box contains 6 chocolates, and there are 15 boxes. If each box costs ₹9, how much money will Raj need to buy all the chocolates?

10 The Constitution of India has 234 pages. How many pages are there in 6 such books?

11 A sheet of stickers has 56 stickers. How many stickers are there on 56 such sheets?

12 39 buses were arranged to take some children for a picnic. If 25 children could sit in a bus, how many children went for the picnic?

13 36 children paid ₹50 each at the entrance of Arignar Anna Zoological Park, one of the largest zoological parks in India. How much money was paid at the entrance?

14 In a multiplex theatre, there are 4 auditoriums. 425 people can sit in each auditorium. How many people can watch films in the multiplex theatre at one time? And how many at two times?

15 Write a word problem on multiplying two 2-digit numbers.

product of two numbers is 60 and their sum is 17. What are the two numbers?

Real-Life Maths

Toll Plaza Charges

The money paid at the toll plazas on the highway is called toll tax. The money from the toll tax is used for repairing and maintaining the highways. The table below shows different tolls for cars in different toll plazas.

the

1 Which of these is the total toll tax paid for 2 cars at Manavasi?

2 The total toll cost for 3 cars at Debra is ₹ .

3 Find the total cost of the toll at Nashri for 7 cars.

4 What is the total cost of 10 cars passing through Manavasi and Debra?

5 What should we do to keep the toll plazas clean?

Name of

toll Plaza Nashri Panchvati Manavasi Debra

6 Division

What Division Means

Sera, Mona and Amir have come to Soham’s house to play. Soham’s mother baked cookies for the kids.

Soham, here are 12 cookies. Place an equal number of cookies on 4 plates.

Soham placed the cookies equally on 4 plates. All the kids enjoyed the cookies.

Understanding Division

Soham’s mother asked him to share 12 cookies equally among four plates. Equal sharing is also known as division. In other words, division helps us share or separate things into equal parts. It is represented by the “÷” sign. Let us see how Soham distributed the cookies across four plates!

Equal Sharing

Soham distributed 12 cookies across 4 plates and, each plate had 3 cookies.

Example 1: Swapna has 24 candies. She gives 8 candies to each of her friends. Among how many friends does Swapna share the candies?

Number of candies Swapna has = 24

Number of candies she shares with each friend = 8

To find the number of friends, we will make groups of 8 candies. 8

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

As there are 3 groups of 8 candies, Swapna shares the candies among 3 friends.

Division as Repeated Subtraction

Komal has 20 coins, and she wants to put 5 coins in each pouch. How many pouches does she need? Let us help her divide 20 by 5 using repeated subtraction.

Subtract 5 from 20 until we get 0.

Remember!

Always count how many times the number has been subtracted, not the number itself.

Count the number of times 5 has been subtracted.

We subtracted 5 four times. So, there are four 5s in 20. Hence, Komal requires 4 pouches to keep the coins.

Example 2: How many 7s are there in 21?

Subtract 7 from 21 until we get 0.

Count how many times 7 has been subtracted.

We subtracted seven 3 times. So, there are three 7s in 21.

Circle the objects to share them equally among the number of people shown.

a 4 people

b 7 people

c 9 people

Colour an equal number of balloons in red, blue and green.

Look at the picture. Draw apples to show an equal number of apples in each basket. Fill in the blanks.

Total number of apples =

Number of baskets =

Number of apples in each basket =

Divide using the repeated subtraction method.

a How many 1s are there in 9?

c How many 9s are there in 27?

b How many 11s are there in 22?

d How many 8s are there in 32?

Kartik helps his parents with household chores. Today he helped his mother cook. Kartik made 15 rotis. If there are 5 family members in the house and each gets an equal number of rotis, how many rotis will each member get?

Naina has 36 matchsticks. If she uses 3 matchsticks every day, how many days will it take her to use up all the matchsticks?

Division and Multiplication

Sudha and Vishal go to the market to sell oranges. Vishal asks, “How many oranges do you have Sudha?”

I have 6 baskets with 4 oranges in each basket. How many oranges do you have?

I have 24 oranges in 6 baskets.

After reaching the market they find that they have an equal number of oranges in each of their baskets.

Writing Divison Sentences

Sudha has 6 baskets with 4 oranges in each basket. 4 + 4 + 4 + 4

Vishal has 24 oranges in 6 baskets.

So, 24 divided among 6 groups will have 4 each.

Remember!

Division is all about sharing or distributing things into equal groups. On the other hand, multiplication is like adding equal groups of things together.

This can be written as: 24 (number of oranges) ÷ 6 (number of baskets) = 4 (number of oranges in each basket)

This is called ‘Dividend’.

This is called ‘Divisor’.

This is called ‘Quotient’.

The above division can be given as:

Dividend ÷ Divisor = Quotient, where:

Dividend = The number which is being divided.

Divisor = The number which divides a given number.

Quotient = The number we obtain when we divide one number by another.

Division and Multiplication Facts

In the above example, we saw that 6 × 4 = 24 and 24 ÷ 6 = 4. This tells us that division and multiplication are closely related.

Using the dividend, divisor and quotient, the division and multiplication facts can be given as:

Division fact = Dividend ÷ Divisor = Quotient or Dividend ÷ Quotient = Divisor

Multiplication fact = Quotient × Divisor = Dividend

Multiplication fact

6 × 4 = 24

Remember!

For most multiplication facts, there are two division facts.

Division fact

24 ÷ 6 = 4

24 ÷ 4 = 6

Error Alert!

A multiplication fact is given as: Quotient × Divisor = Dividend For 10 ÷ 2 = 5.

2 × 10 = 5

Example 3: Write the multiplication fact for 32 ÷ 8 = 4.

Dividend = 32, Divisor = 8, Quotient = 4

Multiplication fact = Quotient × Divisor = Dividend

Therefore, the multiplication fact for 32 ÷ 8 = 4 is 4 × 8 = 32.

Example 4: Write the division facts for 12 × 3 = 36.

Here the dividend is 36. Both 12 and 3 can be the divisor.

So, the division facts are 36 ÷ 3 = 12 and 36 ÷ 12 = 3.

5 × 2 = 10

Using Multiplication Tables

We can use the multiplication tables to help us with division.

Suppose we want to divide 12 bananas equally among 3 children. As we need to divide 12 items among 3 children, we will use the multiplication table of 3 and see how many times 3 is 12.

We can see that, 3 times 4 equals 12. Therefore, each child will get 4 bananas.

Example 5: Find 54 ÷ 6 using the multiplication table.

We look for the multiplication fact that gives us 54 when multiplied by 6.

In the multiplication table for 6, we find that 6 × 9 = 54.

Therefore, 54 ÷ 6 = 9.

Properties of Division

There are four properties of division.

1 When we divide any number by 1, we get the same number.

For example, 2 ÷ 1 = 2.

From the given repeated subtraction, we can say that there are two 1s in 2.

2 When we divide any number by itself, the answer is always 1.

For example, 8 ÷ 8 = 1.

From the repeated subtraction, we can say that there is one 8 in 8.

3 When we divide 0 by any number, the answer is always 0.

For example, 0 ÷ 6 = 0.

If 0 things are divided among 6 children, each child will get nothing. Therefore, 0 divided by a number always equals 0.

This can be seen using repeated subtraction as given:

We will keep on subtracting 0 from the number but will not get 0 as the answer.

Example 6: Find 26 ÷ 1.

When we divide any number by 1, we get the same number. Therefore, 26 ÷ 1 = 26.

Example 7: Find 54 ÷ 54.

When we divide any number by itself, the answer is always 1.

Did You Know?

Brahmagupta was an Indian mathematician who taught us important rules for dividing numbers and even explained what happens when you try to divide by zero.

Do It Yourself 6B

Answer the following using the properties of division.

a 25 ÷ 1 b 12 ÷ 0 c 0 ÷ 5

d 9 ÷ 9 e 0 ÷ 3 f 15 ÷ 0

Fill in the blanks using multiplication tables. a 60 ÷ 6 =

Write the division facts for the multiplication facts.

a 7 × 4 = 28 b 5 × 9 = 45 c 3 × 6 = 18

d 8 × 2 = 16 e 10 × 3 = 30 f 6 × 7 = 42

Find the divisor. Dividend Divisor Quotient a

There are 18 cream rolls at a party. If each child gets 1 cream roll, how many children are there at the party?

A teacher had 45 notebooks to be distributed among 9 students so that each student gets 5 notebooks. Write the multiplication fact.

A group of students is conducting a project to clean up litter from a beach. They collected 36 pieces of trash in one hour. If they want to divide the trash equally into 4 bags for proper disposal, how many pieces of trash will go into each bag?

Create a word problem involving division of two numbers. Also write the multiplication fact.

Setting: In groups of 5

Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Materials Required: 30 paper sticks for each group, pen and paper

Method:

1 Distribute the sticks among the groups.

2 The teams need to use the sticks and make as many equal groups of sticks as possible.

3 The teams will write down the multiplication and division facts for the groups formed in their notebook.

4 The team that makes the most correct groups wins!

Chapter Checkup

1 Circle the objects to share them equally among the number of people shown.

2 Divide using the repeated subtraction method.

a 24 ÷ 3

3 Write the multiplication fact for the given division facts. a 36 ÷ 3 = 12

4 Write two division facts for each multiplication fact.

a 9 × 5 = 45 b 4 × 8 = 32

e 4 × 6 = 24 f 9 × 8 = 72

5 Answer the problems using multiplication tables.

6 Write two examples for each property of division.

a When you divide any number by 1, you get the same number.

b When you divide any number by itself, the answer is always 1.

c When you divide 0 by any number, the answer is always 0.

d You can’t divide any number by 0. There is no answer.

7 There are 20 toy cars to be divided among 20 children. How many toy cars will each child receive?

8 Ruma baked 32 cupcakes. If she distributes them equally among 4 children in an NGO, how many cupcakes will each child get?

9 A group of 36 people were travelling to see the 7 wonders of the world. When they reached Agra to see the Taj Mahal, the travel guide divided them into groups of 6. How many groups did the travel guide form?

Challenge

1 Use any two numbers from the box to complete the division sentence on the caterpillar.

2 Each row and column is a division problem. Write the possible numbers in the empty spaces.

Real-Life Maths

2 6 ÷ = 4

Aquarium Arrangement

A marine biologist is a scientist who studies sea animals and their homes. Mr. Sharma is a marine biologist. He made an aquarium for a local science museum. The aquarium has 27 different types of fish. He wants to put these fish into 3 tanks, with each tank having the same number of different types of fish.

Answer the following questions:

1 How many types of fish are there in each tank?

2 Write the division sentence for the number of fish in each tank.

3 If Mr Sharma had 36 different types of fish and still used 3 tanks, how many types of fish would each tank have?

4 If Mr Sharma had 18 types of fish and 3 tanks, each tank would have 6 types of fish. (True/False)

5 What should we do to protect sea creatures? Cross Curricular & Value Development

Division by 1-digit Numbers 7

Dividing Numbers

Arjun has 62 marbles. He wants to share them equally among his 2 friends, Karan and Rohan.

I will put 1 marble at a time in each of two bags until I finish all the 62 marbles.

But that will take a lot of time. We can use the multiplication table of 2.

Long Division

But we only know the table of 2 up to 20!

Sometimes the numbers are large, and we may not be able to divide them using the multiplication table. That is when we use long division. In long division, we write the division terms as shown:

Quotient

A number that divides another number.

Value left after the division.

Divisor Dividend

Remainder

Long Division without Remainder

The number we get when we divide one number by another.

The number that is to be divided.

Let us help Arjun divide the marbles among his friends.

The first thing we do is write the dividend and divisor in the division house. 2 6 2

Step 1

Take the first digit of the dividend (62) which is 6.

Divide it by 2 and write the answer above 6.

Step 2

Multiply 3 and 2 and put the answer right below 6.

Step 3 Step 4

Subtract 6 from 6. That is 6 – 6 = 0.

Now we repeat the same steps for the next digit:

Bring down the next digit 2 of the dividend and write it next to 0.

Did You Know?

Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, introduced the concept of zero, which is very important when we divide numbers, especially when we have remainders.

Therefore, each friend will get 31 marbles.

Arjun, Karan and Rohan are also fond of stamps. They have 489 stamps. They divide the stamps equally using the same method.

On dividing 489 by 3, each friend gets 163 stamps.

Example 1: Divide.

Division with Remainder

Is it always possible to share something equally?

Rohan has 5 crayons, and he wants to share them equally between Arjun and Karan.

Left over

When we divide, it is not always possible for things to be shared equally. This can result in having something left over, which will give us a remainder other than zero.

Kavya has a pack of 35 biscuits. She wants to share the biscuits among her classmates so that each of them gets 3 biscuits. Let us see how many classmates will get 3 biscuits. Do you share your things with your friends?

Divisor

Quotient (Number of classmates who will get 3 biscuits)

Remainder (Number of biscuits Kavya has left)

Is there a way to check whether our division is correct?

Yes, we can check division by using the formula: (Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder = Dividend

Can the remainder be greater than the divisor? Think and Tell

Let us check the above division using the formula: Here, Quotient = 11, Divisor = 3, Remainder = 2 and Dividend = 35

(11 × 3) + 2 = 35

33 + 2 = 35

35 = 35

Hence, our division is correct.

Do not forget to add the remainder to the product of the quotient and divisor. The division 67 ÷ 5 = 13, R = 2 can be checked as:

(13 × 5) = 67

(13 × 5) + 2 = 67

Example 2: Divide the numbers. Check your answer. 1 468 ÷ 5

1523 ÷ 7

Checking Division:

(Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder = Dividend

(93 × 5) + 3 = 468

465 + 3 = 468

468 = 468

Hence, our division is correct.

Word Problems

Checking Division:

(Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder = Dividend

(217 × 7) + 4 = 1523

1519 + 4 = 1523

1523 = 1523

Hence, our division is correct.

Let us explore some word problems on division.

A shopkeeper has 2896 pencils. He keeps the pencils in packs of 8. How many packs of pencils does the shopkeeper have?

What do we know?

Total number of pencils = 2896

Number of pencils in each pack = 8

What do we need to find?

Number of packs of pencils that the shopkeeper has.

How to find?

Divide to find the answer.

2896 ÷ 8

Did You Know?

Yuvraj Panwar from India holds the world record of solving 28 division sums of 4 Digits by 1 Digit in 1 minute.

Solve to find the answer.

We can find the number of packs by dividing the total number of pencils by the number of pencils in each pack.

Therefore, the shopkeeper has 362 packs of pencils.

Example 3: A library has 486 books. If each shelf holds 6 books, what is the total number of shelves in the library?

Total number of books = 486

Number of books each shelf holds = 6

We need to find the number of shelves.

Therefore, there are 81 shelves in the library.

Example 4: Alex has 152 stickers. He divides the stickers equally among 7 of his friends. How many stickers will he have left?

Total number of stickers = 152

Number of friends = 7

We need to find out the number of stickers Alex has left.

Thus, Alex is left with 5 stickers.

Remember!

Number of stickers each friend gets. Stickers Alex has left.

If the question is about what is left after dividing, we find the remainder, not the quotient.

Do It Yourself 7A

Find the quotient using the long division method.

Find the quotient and remainder.

Solve and check your answer.

Match the following.

a (7 × 5) + 3

b (12 × 4) + 1

c (9 × 6) + 5

d (5 × 8) + 4

e (20 × 2) + 1 59

Rohan took biscuits for hungry puppies to an animal shelter. There are 57 puppies at the shelter. If each doghouse can hold 9 puppies, how many puppies will be left without a doghouse?

You have 3548 flower seeds. How many seeds will you be left with after planting them in rows of 6?

Water is being collected from various localities at regular intervals to check the level of impurities in it. There are 74 cups of water samples collected from various localities. If each tray holds 8 cups for checking impurity levels, how many trays will be needed?

A school has 513 storybooks. If each classroom gets 9 storybooks, how many classrooms will receive them?

A store puts some shirts of different brands on sale. Answer the questions.

a What is the price of 1 shirt of Brand A?

b Which brand shirt is cheaper—Brand B or Brand C?

Math Lab

Setting: In 4 groups

Divide and Learn!

Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Materials Required: 6 paper cups, 40 pebbles or beads for each group

Method:

Each group to take 40 pebbles/beads.

Divide the 40 pebbles/beads equally into 6 cups. Write the number of items in each cup. Write a division statement to show the division. 1 2 3

Solve the same problem using long division.

Connect the pebble/bead activity with the long division method.

Chapter Checkup

1 Find the quotient.

5 9 4 5

2 Find the remainder. a 59 ÷ 4

3 Solve and check the divisions.

4 Fill in the blanks with the help of long division.

a (10 × 4) + = 43 b ( × 2) + 1 = 49

c ( × 6) + 2 = 50 d (7 × 9) + = 64

e ( × 3) + 1 = 352 f (42 × 5) + = 214

5 At a zoo, there are 5245 tickets to be sold. If each booklet contains 5 tickets, how many booklets need to be prepared?

6 A firefighter is a person whose job is to put out fires and help people in emergencies. There are 720 firefighters at the fire station, and they need to form 3 equal teams to go to different parts of the city. How many firefighters will be on each team?

7 Nisha collected 156 packets of pulses to give to families affected by the flood. She distributed 10 packets to each family. How many families got the packets?

What number needs to be added to 156 so that it can be divided by 7 without a remainder?

The diagram shows a staircase with 16 steps having the same length and a total height of 256 cm. Answer the questions.

a What is the height of each of the 16 steps?

b If the length of the staircase is 600 cm, what is the length of each step?

Total length 600 cm

Value Development & Cross Curricular Real-Life Maths

Exploring Ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptians constructed massive pyramids and temples using large stone blocks. To move these heavy stones, they used teams of workers. Historians estimated that a single, large stone block could weigh up to 56 tons. Answer the following questions:

1 If the Egyptians divided the weight of the stone (56 tons) equally among the 8 workers, how many tons would each worker have to move?

a 2 tons b 5 tons c 7 tons d 50 tons

2 If they had only 4 workers available, how much heavier would each worker�s load be compared to having 8 workers?

a Twice as heavy b Three times as heavy

c Five times as heavy d Ten times as heavy

3 Dividing the weight of the stone by the number of workers makes the stone lighter. (True/False)

4 The fewer workers they have, the less each worker needs to carry. (True/False)

5 The 8 workers are going to move the 56-ton block using levers. What�s one important thing they should remember to do so everyone stays safe and healthy?

Model Test Paper - 1

Name of the Student:

Time: 1 Hour

Total Marks: 50

1 Write True or False. (4 marks)

A The place value of 5 in 7645 is 50.

B The face value of 3 in 5673 is 3.

C The expanded form of the number 4190 is 4000 + 100 + 90.

D The number name for 1740 is one thousand seventy-four.

2 Write the division statement for each picture. (4 marks)

3 Add the numbers. Show your work. (6 marks)

A 35 + 78

B 342 + 504

4 Write the estimated sum or difference by rounding off the numbers to their highest place. (4 marks)

A 45 + 22

B 658 – 321

5 Solve mentally. (6 marks) A 1 × 7

9 × 0

C 8 × 40

3 × 300 E 56 ÷ 1

÷ 13

6 Multiply 415 by 32 using the column method. (4 marks)

7 Read the number shown by the abacus. Write a number greater than that number. (6 marks)

8 Read the table showing the marks of 4 students. Answer the questions. (6 marks)

A How many more marks did Sara get than Rohan?

B How much less did Rima get than Satish?

9 Multiply to solve the puzzle. (5 marks)

10 Divide 6542 by 5 to find the quotient and remainder. Verify your answer. (5 marks)

Answers

Chapter 1

Do It Yourself 1A

1. a. 2356 b. 4111 c. 3344 d. 5431

2. a. 4746 b. 5625 c. 5241

3. a.

Th H T O b.

Th H T O c.

4. a. one thousand five hundred thirty-two

Th H T O

b. three thousand one hundred fifty-six

c. four thousand eight hundred eleven

d. six thousand five hundred eighteen

e. seven thousand two hundred ninety-four

f. eight thousand forty-three

5. a. 200, 2 b. 5000, 5 c. 4, 4 d. 90,9 e. 8000,8 f. 9000,9

6. a. 3245 b. 5386 c. 7040 d. 6008

7. a. 2000 + 100 + 40 + 8 b. 4000 + 000 + 30 + 6

c. 6000 + 100 + 00 + 5 d. 7000 + 200 + 00 + 3

e. 8000 + 200 + 00 + 0 f. 6000 + 500 + 60 + 6

8. Four thousand one hundred twelve

Do It Yourself 1B

1. Odd: 83, 91, 63, 149 Even: 36, 78, 164, 348

2. a. < b. < c. < d. > e. < f. >

3. Ascending order a. 1765, 4390, 7430, 7935 b. 773, 2860, 7880, 9573 c. 392, 3067, 4853, 7943 d. 157, 6583, 8546, 9404

Descending order a. 7935, 7430, 4390, 1765

b. 9573, 7880, 2860, 773 c. 7943, 4853, 3067, 392 d. 9404, 8546, 6583, 157

4. Smallest: a. 2467 b. 1367 c. 1025 d. 5068 e. 2089 f. 1057 g. 2578 h. 2489

Greatest: a. 7642 b. 7631 c. 5210 d. 8650 e. 9820 f. 7510 g. 8752 h. 9842

5. a. Greatest 4-digit number b. Smallest 4-digit number

c. Greatest 4-digit number using different digits d. Smallest 4-digit number using different digits 6. River Nile 7. Largest formed number is 7532.

Do It Yourself 1C

1. a. 40 b. 70 c. 40 d. 120 2. a. 30 b. 70 c. 80 d. 140 e. 260 f. 320 g. 440 h. 550

3. a. 270 b. 230 c. 370 d. 360 4. about 630 people

5. 270 trains; 260 stations

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 1442 b. 3857 c. 4208 d. 5309 e. 6045 f. 5028

2. a. two thousand four hundred seventy one

b. four thousand two hundred five

c. five thousand three hundred seventy four

d. seven thousand three hundred eight

e. seven thousand five hundred sixty four

f. eight thousand four hundred twenty one

3. a. 50 b. 10 c. 800 d. 8000 e. 7000 f. 90

4. a. 2185 b. 3471 c. 8089 d. 5725 e. 4600

f. 6070 5. a. 1000 + 300 + 80 + 2

b. 3000 + 600 + 40 + 1 c. 5000 + 300 + 20 + 7

d. 6000 + 400 + 80 + 4 e. 7000 + 500 + 00 + 0

f. 9000 + 000 + 30 + 2 6. Smallest: a. 1023 b. 5068

c. 2458 d. 1047 e. 2347 f. 3068

Greatest: a. 3210 b. 8650 c. 8542 d. 7410 e. 7432

f. 8630

7. a.

Th H T O b. Th H T O c. Th H T O

d. Th H T O e. Th H T O f. Th H T O

8. Ascending order a. 565, 730, 2390, 8935

b. 773, 880, 1860, 7573 c. 792, 5853, 6943, 7081

d. 657, 5683, 7846, 8704 e. 2265, 4867, 8734, 8753

f. 5436, 7354, 7428, 8754 Descending order

a. 8935, 2390, 730, 565 b. 7573, 1860, 880, 773

c. 7081, 6943, 5853, 792 d. 8704, 7846, 5683, 657

e. 8753, 8734, 4867, 2265 f. 8754, 7428, 7354, 5436

9. a. 60 b. 100 c. 390 d. 420

10. 60 types 11. Answer may vary Sample answer: Anna saved ₹5500 and Divya saved ₹4510. Who saved more money?

Challenge 1. i. 8426 ii. eight thousand four hundred twenty-six

iii. 8000 + 400 + 20 + 6

Real-Life Maths

1. c. Mount Everest

2. Kedarnath < Mount Kailash < Annapurna < K2 < Mount Everest

3. Kedarnath; 3000 + 500 + 80 + 3; three thousand five hundred eighty-three

4. Answers may vary.

Chapter 2

Do It Yourself 2A

1. a. > b. < c. = d. <

2. 7 + 5 = 5 + 7

0 + 12 = 12 + 0

3. a. 55 b. 69 c. 38 d. 79 e. 97 f. 68

4. a. 49 b. 65 c. 81 d. 89 e. 79 f. 88

5. 78 6. 78 species

Do It Yourself 2B

1. a. 688 b. 997 c. 688 d. 798

2. a. True b. False c. False d. True 3. 3, 6, 8

4. a. 800 b. 631 c. 1110 d. 1130

5. a. 3333 b. 3395 c. 9359 d. 9277

6. a. 6379 b. 3385 7. ₹691 8. 317 9. 4977 oranges

Do It Yourself 2C

1. a. 50 b. 100 c. 70 d. 90

2. a. 70, Yes b. 80, Yes c. 30, Yes d. 70, Yes

3. 110 food items 4. 130 starfish

5. a. 80, 80, Same b. 100, 90, Different

c. 70, 70, Same d. 20, 20, Same

Do It Yourself 2D

1. 351 toys 2. ₹8797 3. 63 seeds

4. 700 students 5. 1550 m

6. a. ₹5165 b. ₹1120 c. ₹6285

7. Answer may vary. Sample answer. Uma has collected 726 red roses and 492 yellow roses. How many roses has Uma collected in all?

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 46 b. 14 c. 48 d. 5 e. 83 f. 0

2. a. 96 b. 89 c. 79 d. 69 e. 89 f. 77

3. a. 925 b. 578 c. 869 d. 7395 e. 9298 f. 8538

4. a. 90 b. 50 c. 80 5. a. 70 b. 70 c. 80

6. a. 374, 539 b. 546, 264, 810 c. 543, 617, 1160

7. a. 439 b. 601 c. 1101 d. 806 e. 1117 f. 1286

8. 2701 books 9. a. 3011 boys and girls

b. 3595 men and women c. 6606 people

10. 102 tazos

11. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Akil has made 390 candles and Anu has made 528 more candles than Akil. How many candles have they made altogether?

Challenge 1.

2. The 1-digit numbers can be 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9.

Real-Life Maths

1. 100 2. 815 leopards

3. No. Chattisgarh has more leopards.

4. Answers may vary.

Chapter

Do It Yourself 3A

1. a. True b. True c. False d. True e. False f. False

2. a. 8 b. 9 c. 29 3. a. 24 b. 37 c. 47 4. 2 jumps

5. 6. 69

Do It Yourself 3B

1. a. 460 b. 201 c. 245 2. a. 332 b. 123 c. 333

3. a. 348 b. 187 c. 343 d. 465 e. 186 f. 233

4. 242 bottles 5. a. 301 tickets b. Joginder-68; Mohan-172; Prasad-19 6. 92 bones

Do It Yourself 3C

1. a. 3463 b. 5256 c. 6207 d. 1547

2. a. 1211 b. 4196 c. 6415 d. 8313

3. a. 3331 b. 3011 c. 8100 d. 8815

Ascending order = 3011, 3331, 8100, 8815

4. 1170 schools 5. ₹1127

Do It Yourself 3D

1. a. 50 b. 30 2. a. 10 b. 40 c. 20 d. 20 e. 20 f. 80 3. 20 seashells 4. No, since 43 was rounded off to 50 instead of 40. 5. 10 chocolates

Do It Yourself 3E

1. Shashi, 211 stickers 2. 289 runs 3. ₹108

4. 2322 bags 5. 4313 pairs of shoes 6. 200 stamps

7. Narendra 8. ₹2133 9. Answer may vary.

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 64 b. 59 c. 93 d. 0 e. 0 f. 74

2. a. 23 b. 15 c. 29 d. 25 e. 19 f. 29

3. a. 25 b. 29 c. 47 d. 9 e. 19 f. 41

4. a. 222 b. 255 c. 23 d. 192 e. 678 f. 1242

5. a. 90 b. 50 c. 20 6. 419 pages

7. 120 people 8. 124 kg

9. 3 years 10. 267 cardboard rolls

11. Answer may vary. Sample answer: There are 8567 books in a library. 1245 books were sent for binding. How many books were left in the library?

Challenge 1. Least Difference = 609 and 473

Highest difference = 962 and 473

2. a. 1 b. 1 c. 7 6 0 8 d. 2 0 3 5 4

Real-Life Maths

1. c 2. a. True b. False 3. 1005 post offices

4. 2359 post offices 5. Answer will vary

Chapter 4

Do It Yourself 4A

1. a. 5 b. 8 c. 4, 2 d. 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 5

2. a. True b. False c. False 3. b. 9 × 8

4. a. 3 b. 0 c. 1 d. 5 e. 94 f. 123

5. Repeated addition = 15 + 15 = 30 Multiplication sentence = 2 × 15 = 30

6. The order of multiplication doesn’t matter as the product always remains the same.

Do It Yourself 4B

1. a. 63 b. 120 c. 60 d. 10 2. a. > b. < c. < d. =

3. a. 72 b. 100 c. 160 d. 240 e. 360 f. 7000

4. a. 64 b. 630 c. 80 d. 900 e. 100 f. 600

5. 54 candies 6. 500 runs 7. Answers may vary Sample answer: The cost of a book is ₹45. What is the cost of 20 such books?

Chapter Checkup

1. a. True b. True c. False d. True e. True

f. True 2. a. 6 × 4, 12 × 2, 1 × 24

b. 5 × 6 , 10 × 3, 30 × 1 3. a. 32, 40, 48, 56, 64

b. 52, 65, 78, 91, 104 c. 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 d. 45, 54, 63, 72, 81 e. 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 f. 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600

4. a. = b. < c. < d. = e. > f. <

5. a. b.

70 cookies 7. 30 petals

8. 24 puppies 9. ₹46

Challenge

1. 9 × 4 = 36 × 8 5 × 5 =

2. Total number of grapes = 4 × 8 = 32

Total number of blueberries = 5 × 8 = 40

Real-Life Maths

1. 6 × 2 = 12 2. Option b

3. Cost of 4 wooden rattles = ₹360

4. Total number of pieces = 6 × 2 = 12

5. Answers may vary

Chapter 5

Do It Yourself 5A

1. a. 96 b. 80 c. 84 d. 248 e. 444 f. 669

2. a. 48 b. 246 c. 440 d. 555 e. 3514 f. 6444

3. 2 tens 4. 5. 999 m

Do It Yourself 5B

1. a. 633 b. 464 c. 244 2. a. 2890 b. 5551 c. 2288

3. a. 909 b. 888 c. 1152 d. 848 e. 468 f. 1295

4. 2247 5. 1150 cloth pieces 6. 1701 Earth hours

Do It Yourself 5C

1. a. 403 b. 1020 c. 440 2. a. 672 b. 1290 c. 1710

d. 648 e. 1248 f. 1014 g. 1755 h. 1972

3. 294 g 4. 115 trees

Do It Yourself 5D

1. a. 50 b. 40 c. 80 d. 90 e. 50 f. 80 g. 40 h. 30

2. a. 200 b. 180 c. 120 d. 160

3. a. 1540; 88 b. 240; 24 c. 100; 10 d. 690; 69 4.

5. 1000 bangles

Do It Yourself 5E

1. 156 erasers 2. ₹1200 3. 448 trees

4. 312 students 5. 2430 balloons

6. a. ₹540 b. ₹1250 c. ₹2025

7. Answer may vary. Sample answer: There are 35 students in each section of grade 3. How many students are there in Grade 3, if there are 5 sections?

Chapter Checkup

1. a. T b. F c. F d. T

2. a. 48 b. 87 c. 168 d. 1435

3. a. 301 b. 504 c. 2667 d. 3020

4. a. 884 b. 486 c. 630 d. 462

5. a. 270 b. 1260 c. 4150 d. 2268

6. a. 60 b. 120 c. 90 d. 80

7. 1216 people 8. 540 apples 9. ₹135

10. 1404 pages 11. 3136 stickers

12. 975 children 13. ₹1800

14. 1700 people, 3400 people

15. Answer may vary. Sample answer: The cost of 1 pencil box is ₹315. What is the cost of 5 pencil boxes?

Challenge 1. Numbers are 12 and 5

2. 22 3 4 12 = 276 + × ×

Real-Life Maths

1. option d 2. 240 3. ₹1155 4. ₹1400

5. Answers may vary.

Chapter 6

Do It Yourself 6A

1. a. 2 cups b. 3 buttons c. 2 crayons

Do It Yourself 6B

1. a. 25 b. No answer c. 0 d. 1 e. 0 f. No answer

2. a. 10 b. 9 c. 8 d. 14 e. 9 f. 8

3. a. 28 ÷ 7 = 4 and 28 ÷ 4 = 7 b. 45 ÷ 5 = 9 and 45 ÷ 9 = 5

c. 18 ÷ 3 = 6 and 18 ÷ 6 = 3 d. 16 ÷ 8 = 2 and 16 ÷ 2 = 8

e. 30 ÷ 10 = 3 and 30 ÷ 3 = 10 f. 42 ÷ 6 = 7 and 42 ÷ 7 = 6

4. a. 2 b. 6 c. 6 d. 9 5. 18 children 6. 9 × 5 = 45

7. 9 pieces 8. Answer will vary Sample answer: Rahul bought 55 roses to put in vases in a party hall. If he put 5 roses in each vase, how many vases did he use?

Multiplication fact: 11 × 5 = 55

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 5 things b. 3 dice c. 2 coins d. 7 balls

2. a. 8 b. 6 c. 5 d. 9 e. 8 f. 7 g. 6 h. 10

3. a. 12 × 3 = 36 b. 22 × 4 = 88 c. 12 × 8 = 96

d. 8 × 5 = 40 e. 5 × 5 = 25 f. 10 × 6 = 60 g. 8 × 6 = 48

h. 4 × 9 = 36 4. a. 45 ÷ 9 = 5 and 45 ÷ 5 = 9

b. 32 ÷ 4 = 8 and 32 ÷ 8 = 4 c. 15 ÷ 5 = 3 and 15 ÷ 3 = 5

d. 14 ÷ 7 = 2 and 14 ÷ 2 = 7 e. 24 ÷ 4 = 6 and 24 ÷ 6 = 4

f. 72 ÷ 9 = 8 and 72 ÷ 8 = 9 g. 20 ÷ 2 = 10 and 20 ÷ 10 = 2

h. 21 ÷ 3 = 7 and 21 ÷ 7 = 3 5. a. 3 b. 9 c. 9 d. 7

e. 7 f. 6 g. 9 h. 10 6. Answers may vary.

7. 1 toy car 8. 8 cupcakes 9. 6 groups

Challenge

1. 4 36 ÷ 9 = 3 9 36 30

2. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

Chapter 7

Do It Yourself 7A

1. a. 17 b. 12 c. 100 d. 17

2. a. 18, 1 b. 11, 2 c. 58, 3 d. 82, 2

3. a. Quotient = 20; Remainder = 1 b. Quotient = 44; Remainder = 0 c. Quotient = 64; Remainder = 4

d. Quotient = 284; Remainder = 6 4. a. 38 b. 49 c. 59

d. 44 e. 41 5. 3 puppies 6. 2 seeds 7. 10 trays

8. 57 classrooms 9. a. ₹120 b. Brand C

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 15 b. 13 c. 12 d. 91 e. 189 f. 99 g. 1321 h. 1121 2. a. 3 b. 0 c. 3 d. 0 3. a. Q = 22; R = 3

b. Q = 20; R = 5 c. Q = 80; R = 5 d. Q = 307

4. a. 3 b. 24 c. 8 d. 1 e. 117 f. 4

5. 1049 booklets 6. 240 firefighters 7. 15 families

Challenge 1. 5 2. a. 16 cm b. 32 cm

Real-Life Maths

1. c. 7 tons 2. a. Twice as heavy 3. False 4. False

5. Answer may vary. Sample answer. Everyone needs to know exactly when to push or pull the levers together to move the block safely and avoid accidents.

Real-Life Maths

1. d. 9 2. 27 ÷ 3 =9 3. c. 12 4. True

5. Answers will vary

1 Our Body

Chapter Overview

What Makes Our Body?

Our Body

Organs

Organ Systems

Use the help box and label the body parts. Get Set

Head Eyes

Ears

Feet

Forehead

Shoulder

Elbow

Leg

What Makes Our Body?

Our body is made up of different parts. The smallest part of our body is called a cell. They are also known as building blocks of our body. Cells of the same kind group together to make a tissue. Different tissues combine to make an organ.

A group of organs that work together makes an organ system. Different organ systems together make an organism, or a living being.

Organism

How Our Body Works

The human body is like a machine that has different parts to do different kinds of work. The brain controls all other organs in our bodies.

Think and Tell

Think of an action like opening your notebook to write answers. How will your brain and other body organs work together to complete this action?

Complete the given flowchart.

Cell

blocks: small parts

Plants and animals are also living beings. What do you think their bodies are made up of?

Organs

Our body has two groups of organs: external organs and internal organs.

• External organs can be seen from outside. For example, arms, legs, abdomen and sense organs.

• Internal organs are inside our body and cannot be seen from outside. For example, brain, heart, lungs, stomach and liver.

Did You Know?

Skin is the largest external organ while the liver is the largest internal organ of our body.

Sense Organs

Tongue: Helps to Taste

Nose: Helps to Smell

Eyes: Help to See

Ears: Help to Hear

Organs that help us to sense things around us are called sense organs. We have five sense organs: eyes, nose, ears, tongue and skin.

Skin: Helps to Feel

Brain Heart Lungs Stomach Liver

Organ Systems

Let us learn about the different organs systems in our body.

Skeletal System

An adult human body has 206 bones. All the bones of our body join to make our skeleton or skeletal system. The four main parts of the skeletal system are the skull, ribs, backbone and limbs. The function of the skeletal system is to give shape and support to our body. It also protects our internal organs.

Ribs protect the heart and the lungs Skull protects the brain

Backbone supports the head and the upper body

Limbs include the arms and the legs, and help in movement

Muscular System

The muscles in our body make our muscular system. The function of the muscular system is to move different parts of our body. Our body has more than 600 muscles.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system consists of the nose, windpipe and lungs. It helps us breathe. The process of taking in and giving out air is called breathing. We inhale oxygen-rich air. We exhale carbon dioxide-rich air.

skeleton: a structure made of bones inhale: breathing in air exhale: breathing out air

Skeletal System

The muscles in the face help to smile and speak.

The muscles in the hands help to hold and lift things.

The muscles in the legs help to walk, run and stand.

Muscular System

Nose

Wind pipe

Lungs

Respiratory System

Investigate and Discover

Aim: To show how the lungs work to help in breathing

Materials Needed: Straws, two balloons and Sellotape to stick the straws

Method: Take two straws and stick them side by side. Now, fix one balloon at the free end of each straw. Blow air into the straw. Notice the change in balloons. Now, stop blowing air in it. Notice what happens to the balloons then.

Result: When you blow into the balloons, they inflate. When you stop blowing air in it, the balloons lose air and they deflate.

Conclusion: Lungs are filled with air when we breathe in. When we breathe out, air from the lungs is pushed out.

Digestive System

The food we eat is broken down into simpler forms. This process is called digestion. Our digestive system helps to digest our food. Let us understand how digestion occurs.

1. Mouth: We take in food through the mouth. Digestion starts in mouth with the help of saliva.

4. Liver: It releases a digestive juice into the intestine that helps to digest the food. Digestive System

2. Food pipe: The food pipe carries food from the mouth to the stomach.

3. Stomach: Here, the food is mixed with juices to make a soft and fine paste.

5. Intestines: The intestines help to digest food and absorb nutrients into the body. Nutrients go into the blood and then to the cells.

6. Anus: The undigested food is removed out of the body through the anus.

Circulatory System

Our circulatory system consists of the heart, the blood vessels and the blood. The circulatory system moves blood around the body. The blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and takes away waste like carbon dioxide.

Heart pumps blood into the blood vessels.

Blood vessels are the thin tubes in which the blood flows.

Circulatory System

Unlike plants, carbon dioxide is harmful to our body, so our blood transports the carbon dioxide produced in our cells to the lungs for removal. Error Alert!

Nervous System

Our nervous system is made of three parts.

• Brain: It controls all the organs in our body and makes them work. For this reason, the brain is considered the controller of our body.

• Nerves: They exchange information between the brain and the rest of the body

• Spinal cord: It connects the nerves to the brain.

Reproductive System

Brain

Spinal Cord Nerves

Nervous System

This organ system in our body helps us to produce young ones of our own kind. It’s important for humans to reproduce so that they can continue to live on Earth.

Excretory System

The organ system that removes waste from our body is called the excretory system.

• Lungs remove carbon dioxide from the body.

• Skin removes waste in the form of sweat.

• Kidneys are bean-shaped organs that remove waste from the blood in the form of urine.

Kidneys

Wonders of Bharat

After COVID-19, breathing exercises such as alternate nostril breathing, or Pranayama, have become very popular to keep our lungs healthy. However, yoga has ancient Indian roots. It was practised by Indians centuries ago.

Word Splash

cells: the building blocks of our body tissues: groups of cells that perform the same function organs: groups of tissues performing the same function organ systems: groups of organs that work together sense organs: organs that help us sense things breathing: taking in and giving out air from the nose digestion: breaking down food into a simpler form

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about our body.

Points to Remember

• Our body is made from cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

• We have two types of organs: external organs and internal organs.

• The eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue are sense organs.

• Our bodies have a skeletal system, a muscular system, a digestive system, a circulatory system, a nervous system and a reproductive system.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct options.

A. The smallest part of our body is called a . tissue cell organ organ system

B. A group of cells with the same function make a . tissue organ organ system blood vessels

C. Which of the following structures protects the heart and the lungs?

Ribs Kidneys Skull Limbs

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. A group of different tissues makes an .

B. An system is a group of organs that work together.

C. The total number of bones in an adult human is .

D. transports nutrients from the intestines to the cells.

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. The windpipe carries food from the mouth to the stomach.

B. The liver secretes digestive juices to help in digestion.

C. Teeth are the sense organs that taste food.

4. Picture-based question.

Look at the diagram and answer the following questions.

A. Label the organs.

B. Name the organ system and its function in our body.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Define reproduction.

B. List the organs that make our digestive system.

C. Why is our brain called the controller of our body?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Write the difference between the external and the internal organs, with examples.

B. Why is the skeletal system important for our body? Write the function of each of its four parts.

C. Write the difference between the circulatory and the excretory systems.

Challenge (HOTS)

You are crossing the road. How do you think your sense organs can help you cross the road safely?

Life Skills

We are fortunate to have the gift of sight, but some children who are differently-abled cannot see. Find a nearby school that educates these children, with the help of an older family member.

Try to visit that school at least once a month to make friends and understand their challenges. Offer your help in any way you can.

2 The Food We Eat

Chapter Overview

Importance of Food

Food is very important for our survival. Some ways in which food is important for us are:

Food helps our body grow. Food helps us build muscles. Food helps our body fight against germs and keeps us safe from diseases.

Food gives us energy to play and work.

Food is rich in important substances called nutrients. These nutrients help to keep us fit and healthy.

We should eat healthy, home-cooked food. We should avoid eating a lot of junk food like pizzas, fries, burgers, chips, chocolates and soda drinks. They are difficult to digest and not good for our body.

Sources of Food

The food we eat comes from plants and animals.

Food from Plants

We get a variety of food from plants. Some examples of food we get from plants are fruits, vegetables, grains, pulses, nuts and oils.

Fruits: Apple, mango, orange, cherry, kiwi, custard apple and pineapple are some examples of fruits.

Vegetables: We eat spinach, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, sweet potato, potato and onion as vegetables.

Grains: Grains (or cereals) are the seeds of a plant. We can grind the grains into flour.

survival: staying alive grind: break down into powder

Grains we get from plants

Wheat Rice Corn Barley

Pulses: These are also seeds of plants. They are generally boiled and eaten.

Nuts: Nuts are single, large seeds of fruits with an outer covering. They can be eaten raw.

Pulses we get from plants

Food from Animals

Nuts we get from plants

We get food like milk, eggs, meat and honey from animals. We obtain milk from cows, buffaloes and goats. We get eggs from hens and ducks. We get honey from bees. We get meat from hens and goats.

Do and Learn Circle

Food we get from animals

Go into your kitchen. Identify the food items that come from plants and those that come from animals.

Make a table in your notebook to list these items based on their sources.

Pause and Answer

Almond Cashew

Walnut Hazelnut

Chickpea Kidney beans

Cooked and Raw Food

Cooking food is important because it makes food tasty and easy to digest. Cooking also kills the germs that may be present in the food.

Some food require cooking before eating, while some can be eaten raw.

Potato, rice, brinjal and kidney beans are some examples of food that are eaten cooked. Cucumber, lettuce, sprouts and carrot are some examples of food that are eaten raw.

Remember!

We should always wash fruits before eating to remove dust and germs from them.

Food Groups

Discuss!

There are some food items which can be eaten raw as well as cooked. Discuss and list those food items. Share with others.

The food we eat can be divided into three groups: energy-giving food, body-building food and protective food.

Energy-giving Food

The food that gives us energy to do our daily work is called energy-giving food. Food like rice, chapatti, sugar and potatoes are energy-giving foods. Butter, ghee, oil and nuts are also some energy-giving foods.

People who do more physical work, like sportspersons, labourers and farmers, need more energy-giving food.

Body-building Food

Food that helps our body grow and repair itself from daily wear-andtear is called body-building food. We get body-building food from both animals and plants.

repair: to fix something that is damaged or not working well

Body-building food from animals

Body-building food from plants

Growing children need more body-building food.

Protective Food

These types of food protect our body from diseases. They help our body fight against germs that enter our body. Fruits and vegetables are examples of protective foods.

Pause and Answer

Write two examples of each.

1. Energy-giving food

2. Body-building food

3. Protective food

Balanced Diet

The food we eat every day is called our diet.

Have you ever wondered why we need different types of food? Our body is like a machine that needs the right fuel to run well. Some foods give us energy to play and study (energy-giving foods), while others help us grow and build strong muscles (body-building foods). There are also foods that protect us from getting sick (protective foods).

A balanced diet is a diet that has food from all these food groups in the right amount. Eating a balanced diet helps us stay healthy, active and strong.

Milk Meat Eggs

Green beans Soya beans Pulses

Protective Food

Plate of mixed food

Fruits

Did You Know?

Healthy protein

Food Plate

Investigate and Discover

Aim: To identify a balanced diet

Milk is considered a complete food because it contains almost all the essential nutrients that we need.

Materials Needed: A diary or an A4 sheet, the picture of a food plate and a sketch pen

Method:

Step 1: Find a partner to participate with you in the activity.

Step 2: For one day, record everything you and your friend eat and drink for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

Step 3: Create a table and compare your diet to determine who eats a balanced diet.

Findings: The person who eats meals that include food rich in all essential nutrients makes a balanced diet.

Conclusion: We must include food items from all food groups and nutrients to create a balanced diet.

Healthy Eating Habits

You Your friend

Breakfast

Lunch

Snacks

Dinner

Other than a balanced diet, we must also have a few healthy eating habits. Some healthy eating habits are:

• Always wash your hands before and after you eat.

• Chew your food properly.

• Do not eat your meals very late.

• Do not talk, read or watch TV while eating.

• Do not waste any food.

Wonders of Bharat

Verghese Kurien, known as the “Milkman of India”, helped India become the largest producer of milk in the world. He started a program called Operation Flood, which taught farmers how to produce more milk and sell it in better ways. This helped farmers earn more money and made milk easily available to everyone.

Word Splash

nutrients: important substances present in our food energy-giving food: food which gives us energy to do our daily activities body-building food: food which helps our body to grow and repair the wear and tear protective food: food which helps protect our body from diseases and keeps us healthy diet: food eaten regularly in a meal balanced diet: a diet that has food from all food groups and in the right amount

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about food plate.

Points to Remember

• Food is necessary for energy, growth and health.

• We get food from both plants and animals.

• Cooking food makes it tasty and easy to digest.

• Energy-giving food, body-building food and protective food are the three food groups.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of these is eaten raw?

Brinjal Rice Lettuce Chicken

B. Which of these is called the complete food?

Milk Egg Orange Bread

C. What does protective food do?

Gives us energy

Protects us from diseases

Helps in the growth of our body

Makes us sleepy

D. Which of the following are examples of nuts?

Apple, papaya and banana

Wheat, rice and barley

Almond, cashew and walnut Eggs, fish and meat

E. Which of these are protective foods?

Fruits and vegetables

Chocolates and cakes

2. Fill in the blanks.

Chapatti and bread

Butter and ice-cream

A. Food gives us the to play and study.

B. food helps in the growth of our body.

C. A has food from all food groups.

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. Food helps to repair our body.

B. Cooking food makes it hard to digest.

C. We should waste food if we don’t like it.

4. Picture-based question. Tick ( ) the healthy eating habits.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Why is food important for us?

B. Name the two sources of food.

C. List some foods we get from animals.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Write the difference between energy-giving, body-building and protective foods with examples of each.

B. Suggest any three healthy eating habits.

C. What is a balanced diet? Why is it important to eat a balanced diet?

Challenge (HOTS)

You want to eat lunch. What all will you have to make it balanced and healthy?

3 Living and Non-living Things

Chapter Overview

Living and Non-living Things

Natural Things

Living and Non-living Things

Characteristics of Living Things

Get Set

Sheena and her friends went for a picnic. While looking around, she saw many different things. Help her circle the things that can move on their own.

Natural Things

There are many things around us. Some of those things are natural while some are human-made. Things found in nature are called natural. Soil, water, sun, clouds, mountains and forests are examples of natural things. Animals and plants are also a part of nature. Things like cars, books and buildings are made by humans, so they are called human-made things.

Pause and Answer

Tick ( ) the natural things and cross out ( ) the human-made things.

Living and Non-living Things

Things like plants and animal have life. We call them living things.

The tiger and the sunflower are two examples of living things.

Other things like car, pencil, table, chair, air and water have no life. These things are called nonliving things.

Living Things

Non-living Things

Natural things can be living or non-living but human-made things are always non-living in nature. Error Alert!

Characteristics of Living Things

Living things have some basic characteristics which makes them different from non-living things. Let’s learn about them.

characteristics: (here) qualities that are present in one type of thing and not the other.

Living Things Need Food

All living things need food to live and grow. Food gives them energy. Plants make their own food with the help of sunlight, air and water. Animals do not make their own food.

Some animals eat only plants, like cows, goats and deer. Some eat other animals, like tigers, snakes and vultures. Some animals, like humans, bears and crows, eat both plants and other animals.

Non-living things do not need food.

Living Things Breathe

All living things breathe air to live. They have special body parts that help them breathe. Humans and some other animals breathe through the lungs. Fish breathe through gills. Cockroaches and mosquitoes breathe through air holes called spiracles. Plants breathe through stomata. These are small openings present on underside of the leaves.

Plants breathe through stomata.

Fish breathe through gills.

Non-living things do not breathe. Think about it, have you ever seen a piece of a stone breathing?

Living Things Reproduce

All living things give birth to young ones of their own kind. The process by which living things produce young ones of their own kind is called reproduction.

Dogs give birth to puppies. Hen lays eggs.

Humans give birth to a human baby. Animals like cows, dogs and cats also give birth to their young ones. Birds, snakes, turtles, bees, and houseflies lay eggs which hatch to form their young ones.

Plants make their own food.

Deer eats grass. Humans eat both plants and animals.

Stomata

Gills

Plants reproduce through seeds. When you plant a seed and the seed gets air, water and minerals, it grows into a new plant. For example, a mango seed grows into a mango tree.

Non-living things do not reproduce. A table cannot make another table on its own.

Living Things Grow

Living things grow over time. A small plant grows into a big plant. A child grows into an adult.

Non-living things do not grow.

Did You Know?

Some plants reproduce with their body parts such as roots, stems and leaves.

Sweet potato plants can grow from their roots.

Snake plants can grow from their leaves.

A small plant grows into a big plant. A baby grows into an adult.

Investigate and Discover

Aim: Growing plants from seeds

Materials Needed: A plastic tub, soil, seeds, water

Method:

Step 1: At home, look for a plastic tub that has not been in use.

Step 2: Take the help of an adult and make small holes in the bottom of the tub.

Step 3: Soak the seeds in water overnight in a container so that they can germinate easily.

Step 4: Fill the tub with soil and sow the seeds. Water it from time to time.

germinate: to start growing

Finding: With regular care and watering, you will see some small green plants growing from the soil in the tub.

Conclusion: Plants grow well in the soil with regular care and watering. We can recycle unused items, such as as pots, cans and boxes, to grow plants in them.

Living Things Move

Living things move from one place to another in search of food and shelter.

Animals like cats, dogs and humans have legs to walk. Birds have wings to fly and fish have fins to swim.

Plants also show movement in special ways. For example, the touch-me-not plant closes its leaves when touched. Sunflower turns towards the sun during the day.

Discuss!

You can see many vehicles like cars, scooters, and trucks moving on road. If they are moving, then are they living? Discuss with your classmates.

Touch-me-not plant folds its leaves. Sunflowers face the sun.

Non-living things do not move on their own. They move only when they are pushed or pulled. When you push a ball, it moves from its place. When you pull a rope, you bring it closer to you.

fins: body part of a fish which is used for swimming

Ball moves when it is kicked (pushed).

Humans walk with legs.

A bird flies with wings. A fish swims with fins.

Living Things Feel

Living things feel changes around them. Animals, including humans, have eyes to see, ears to hear, nose to smell, tongue to taste and skin to feel. Animals like ants and bees have antennae that help them feel changes around them. You must have often found ants near sugary items. They sense the sweetness with the help of their antennae.

Plants also sense changes in their surroundings. For example, the lotus flower opens at sunrise and closes at night.

Non-living things do not feel any changes around them. Your clothes do not show any change with the weather. They remain the same in every season.

Think and Tell

We know the water can flow from one place to another. Is water a living thing?

Wonders of Bharat

Remember!

In humans, the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin are collectively called the sense organs.

The Asiatic Elephant is one of the largest wild animals. The Periyar National Park in Kerala has the largest population of elephants in India.

Word Splash

lungs: organs used for breathing by humans and some other animals

gills: organs used for breathing by fish

spiracles: pores on the body of insects for breathing

stomata: small pores on the underside of leaves that help plants to breathe reproduction: a process by which living things produce young ones of their own kind

antennae: structures in insects that sense the surroundings

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about living and non-living things.

Points to Remember

• All things are either natural or man-made.

• Things that have life are called living things.

• Non-living things have no life.

• Living things have characteristics that non-living things do not have, such as breathing and growing.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of the following is a living thing?

Table Book Dog Bus

B. Which of the following can move on their own?

Cockroach Car Mobile phone Pencil

C. What do plants use to breathe?

Spiracles Gills Lungs Stomata

D. Which of the following lays eggs?

Turtle Cow Dog Human

E. What helps a fish to swim?

Fins Legs Wings Skin

2. Fill in the blanks. natural sun spiracles reproduction plants

A. Mountains, oceans and rocks are examples of things.

B. Living things produce young ones of their own kind by .

C. Sunflower turns towards the during the day.

D. make their own food with the help of air, water and sunlight.

E. Cockroaches and mosquitoes breathe through holes called .

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. A puppy grows into a dog.

B. Humans breathe with their spiracles.

C. Only plants can feel changes around them.

D. Ants use their antennae to find food.

E. A bird moves with the help of fins.

4. Picture-based question.

Observe the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Which characteristic of living things is shown in the picture?

B. Name another plant which shows the same characteristic.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. How are natural things different from the human-made things?

B. What is the function of stomata in plants?

C. Does a toy horse eat food? Why or why not?

D. Give two examples of how living things move.

E. How does the lotus plant respond to changes in its surroundings?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. How are living things different from non-living things? Explain with examples.

B. How do living things reproduce?

C. How can living things sense their surroundings? Give two examples.

D. Explain the movement shown by the touch-me-not plant.

Challenge (HOTS)

Can a river be called living because it moves? Why or why not?

Plants and Their Parts 4

Chapter Overview

Plants and Their Parts

How Plants Grow

Root System Shoot System

Get Set

Solve the riddles.

I have a long stem. I have yellow petals. People eat my seeds.

What am I?

I have thorns on my stem. I have different colours. I have a good smell.

What am I?

I grow in bunches, juicy and sweet. Green, red, or purple, I’m a fun treat!

What am I?

How Plants Grow

Most plants start as tiny seeds hidden inside fruits. Under the right conditions, a small plant starts to grow out of a seed. The process by which a seed grows into a new plant is called germination. The conditions important for a seed to germinate are sufficient air, water and warmth. The new plant that grows out of the seed is called a seedling. A plant’s body can be divided into two main systems.

• The root system: The parts of the plant that grow under the ground form the root system.

• The shoot system: The parts of the plant that grow above the ground form the shoot system.

Investigate and Discover

Aim: To study the conditions needed for the germination of seeds

Materials Needed: Seeds (beans), a clear plastic cup, cotton balls/ paper towels and water

Method:

Step 1: Place a few damp cotton balls or paper towels inside a plastic cup.

Step 2: Place 2–3 seeds on top of the cotton balls or paper towels.

Step 3: Keep the cotton balls damp by sprinkling or spraying a little water on them.

Step 4: Place the cups in a warm spot in your house.

sufficient: enough

Seedling Seed

Leaf Flower Fruit Stem

Root Root System Shoot System

Germination of a Seed

Parts of a Plant

Step 5: Check the seeds daily.

Finding: After a few days, seedlings start to grow out from those seeds.

Conclusion: Seeds can germinate into plants under proper conditions of air, water and warmth.

Root System

Saima was cleaning weeds from her garden. As she pulled out a weed, she saw thread-like parts at the bottom of the plant. Her mother told her that these are its roots. The parts of the plant that grow under the soil are called roots.

Types of Roots

Roots are of two types: taproot and fibrous root.

Taproots

They have one main thick root from which many side roots grow.

Example: Carrot, turnip and radish have taproots

Functions of Roots

• The roots fix the plant into the soil.

Fibrous Roots

They have many thin, thread-like roots that grow from the base of a stem

Example: Wheat, rice, grass and onion have fibrous roots

• Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil.

• Roots of some plants store food in them. We eat the roots of these plants. For example, turnip, beetroot, carrot and radish.

weeds: unwanted plants absorb: to take in

Taproot

Fibrous Root

Shoot System

The shoot system includes all the parts of a plant that grow above the ground. This includes the stem, leaves, flowers, buds and fruits of the plant.

Stem

Stem mostly grows above the ground. Plants have different types of stems. Let us learn more about the types of stems.

Types of Stems

Thick and woody stems

Plants with thick, strong and woody stem are called trees. The stem of a tree is also called a trunk. Mango, neem and peepul are examples of trees.

Thin and woody stems

Plants with thin and woody stem are called shrubs. Rose, jasmine and hibiscus are examples of shrubs.

Soft and weak stems

Plants with green, soft and weak stem are called herbs. Plants like mint, spinach and coriander are herbs.

Functions of Stem

• It holds the plant upright and bears branches, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits.

• It carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

• It also carries the food made by the leaves to other parts of the plant.

upright: standing straight

Did You Know?

Some plants have weak stems and they cannot stand upright. Such plants are called climbers and creepers.

Herb

Trunk Tree

Shrub

Money plant is a climber. Pumpkin is a creeper.

• The stems of some plants store food in them. We eat the stem of these plants. For example, potato and sugarcane.

Investigate and Discover

Aim: To show the movement of water through the stem

Materials Required: A white flower with its stem, a beaker half-filled with water, any food colour or ink

Method:

• Take any white flower with the stem part.

• Take a beaker half-filled with water and add colour/ink to it.

• Put the flower in the beaker such that only the stem is dipped in coloured water.

• Keep it aside for some time.

• Note the changes in the flower after a few hours.

Finding: You will notice that the flowers will have a coloured lining on its petals.

Conclusion: The flower changed colour because the stem of the plant carried the coloured water to the flower.

Leaf

Leaves are the soft, flat and green part of the plant. Let us now study about the different parts of a leaf and their functions.

Structure of a Leaf

The main parts of a leaf are:

• Leaf blade: Flat part of the leaf

• Mid vein: Thick line that divides the leaf into half

• Side veins: Thin lines that grow from the mid vein

Parts of a Leaf

• Stomata: Tiny pores mostly found on the lower side of the leaf.

Mid vein

Side veins

Stomata

Leaf blade

Functions of a Leaf

• Leaves make food for the plant, which is why they are also called the ‘kitchen of the plants’. The process of plants making their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide and water is called photosynthesis.

Green plants produce food in the form of a simple sugar called glucose. During photosynthesis, plants also produce oxygen, which they release into the air, making it cleaner and fresher. This is why we should grow more plants.

Leaves of some plants store food. Coriander, spinach, lettuce, cabbage, etc. are examples of leaves eaten by human beings.

Flower, Fruits and Seeds

Flowers

Flowers may have different shapes, sizes, colour and smell. Flowers turn into fruits.

Uses of Flowers

Flowers have many different uses in our daily lives. Here are some simple ways in which we use flowers:

• Food: Flowers from plants such as cauliflower, broccoli, and banana are used to make tasty dishes.

• Honey: Honeybees suck the nectar of flowers and turn it into honey. We use honey as a sweetener.

• Spices: Cloves are dried flower buds. Saffron are a part of the crocus flower.

sweet liquid made by a flower

Cloves

Saffron

nectar:

• Decoration: Flowers such as roses and marigolds are often used to decorate places. They are also used for making garlands and rangolis.

• Fragrance: Flowers such as roses, jasmine and lavender are used to make perfumes.

• Dyes and Colours: Natural colours are made from flowers like palash , roses and orchids. These colours are used to dye clothes and other items. These colours do not harm the environment.

Fruits

Fruits have seeds in them. Some fruits have one seed while some have more than one seed.

Fruits with one seed Fruits with few seeds

Fruits with many seeds

Plum, mango and cherries Orange, apple and lemon Papaya, musk melon and watermelon

Seeds

Seeds are mostly present in fruits.

Some of the vegetables we eat are actually the fruits of plants. The part of the plant with seeds is called the fruit. This means that tomatoes and bottle gourds are fruits, even though we commonly call them vegetables.

We eat the seeds of some plants such as corn, rice, wheat, gram, etc. They are called cereals and pulses. Spices such as cumin, black pepper and mustard are also seeds. They add taste and flavour to our food.

Wonders of Bharat

Neem is often called the ‘village pharmacy’ in India because of its many uses. Its leaves, bark and seeds are used for making medicines and insect repellents.

garland: flowers tied in a loop with the help of thread

Error Alert!

Word Splash

germination: the process by which a seed grows into a plant

seedling: the new plant that grows out of a seed

trunk: the stem of a tree

photosynthesis: the process by which plants make their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide and water

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about types of plants.

Points to Remember

• Most plants start as tiny seeds hidden inside fruits.

• A plant is divided into two parts, the root and the shoot.

• The roots of the plants grow under the ground.

• The shoot consists of the stem, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits.

• Plants store food in their roots, stem, leaves, flowers and fruits.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. What are the two main parts of a plant?

Root system and flower system Stem system and leaf system

Root system and shoot system Leaf system and flower system

B. Which of the following plants have fibrous roots?

Carrot and turnip

Wheat and rice

C. What does the shoot system include?

Roots and soil

Stems, leaves, flowers and fruits

Mango and neem

Rose and hibiscus

Leaves, roots and soil

Stems, roots and soil

D. What is the function of the stem?

To absorb water from the soil To take in oxygen for the plant

To transport water and food To store oxygen for the plant

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. are plants with thin, woody and strong stems.

B. roots are long and thick.

C. The flat surface of the leaf is called the .

D. are also called the ‘kitchen of the plants’.

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. The shoot system of the plant grows underground.

B. Taproots have many thin, thread-like roots.

C. The midrib is the central vein of the leaf.

D. Flowers cannot be used to make perfumes.

4. Picture-based question.

Write any two parts of the plant shown in the picture and one function of each.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. State the difference between the root system and the shoot system.

B. What do seeds need to grow into a new plant?

C. Mention the raw material used by plants to make food.

D. Which part of the plant can be used to make dyes?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Write two functions of each: a. Roots b. Stem c. Leaf

B. What are the differences between taproots and fibrous roots? Give examples.

C. Describe the structure and functions of a leaf with a suitable diagram.

D. Explain the process of photosynthesis in plants.

E. How are trees, shrubs and herbs different from each other? Explain with examples.

F. Suggest any three uses of plants in our daily lives.

Challenge (HOTS)

If the roots of a plant were damaged or stopped working, how would this affect the leaves, stem, and flowers of the plant?

Life Skills

Soham plants a sapling every year on his birthday. Like Soham, take a pledge to plant a sapling on your birthday. You may name your plant and care for it throughout the year to see it growing. You may also click its pictures. Also, encourage your friends to do the same on their birthdays.

5 Animals and Their Eating Habits

Different Animals

Chapter Overview Get Set

Animals and Their Eating Habits

Characteristics of Animals

Eating Habits of Animals

Food Chain

Have you ever been to a zoo? List some animals you saw there.

There was a baby elephant! It was so cute and playful.

Hey, friends! How was your weekend?

It was great! I went to the zoo with my family. We saw so many lions, giraffes, elephants and monkeys. It was good!

Different Animals

Earth has different kinds of animals. Let us learn about them.

Wild Animals

Most animals live on their own in nature. They find their own food and make homes in places like caves, trees or water. These animals are called wild animals.

Some examples of wild animals are tigers, lions, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceros, bears, deer, vultures, whales and crocodiles.

Domestic Animals

Some animals live with people in their homes or farms. These animals are called domestic animals. Domestic animals can be divided into two groups.

Farm animals are domestic animals that are kept by humans for their use in farms.

Examples of Farm Animals

Cows, buffaloes and goats are kept for their milk. Hens are kept for their eggs. Sheep are kept for their wool.

Pet animals, on the other hand, are domestic animals that are kept by humans at home for companionship. Some common pets are dogs, cats, fish and rabbits.

Characteristics of Animals

What are some ways animals protect themselves from danger?

All animals show some common characteristics. These characteristics make them different from non-living things. These characteristics are as follows:

Movement

Animals move in search of food and shelter. They also move to escape from other animals. They have different body parts which help them in movement.

Animals like horse and lion have legs that help them walk and run. Fish have fins to swim. Birds have wings to fly.

Breathing

Wings help birds to fly.

All living beings need to breathe to live. Animals have different organs for breathing.

• Most land animals, like monkeys, goats, cows, lions and tigers have nose and lungs that help them breathe.

• Caterpillars and cockroaches have tiny holes called spiracles that help them breathe.

• Birds have holes called nares on their beaks that help them breathe.

• Fish have gills to breathe under water.

Reproduction

The process by which living beings produce young ones of their own kind is called reproduction. Animals reproduce in two ways:

• By laying eggs: Hens, snakes, frogs, and butterflies lay eggs. Their babies grow inside the eggs until they are ready to come out.

• By giving birth to young ones: Tigers, elephants and cows give birth to babies directly. They do not lay eggs. The babies grow inside the mother’s body until they are born.

shelter: a place to live; escape: to move away for safety

Hens reproduce by laying eggs.

Elephants reproduce by giving birth to their young ones.

Nares

Gills

Growth

Name the following. Pause and Answer

Eating Habits of Animals

Based on their food habits, animals are of three types: herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.

Herbivores

Animals that eat plants and plant parts like fruits, leaves and stem are called herbivores. Some examples of herbivores include horses, elephants, cows, zebras, tortoises, and goats.

These animals have broad, flat teeth that help them to bite and chew parts of a plant. Let us learn more about how these animals eat their food.

Animals that chew cud: Some herbivores, like cows, buffaloes, and goats, chew cud.

Cud is the partially digested food that these animals bring back into their mouths. It helps them digest their food more easily.

Just like you grow from a baby to an adult, animals grow too. A puppy grows into a dog, and a kitten grows into a cat. partially: (here) not fully

Zebra has broad, flat teeth.

Animals that gnaw: Some animals use their sharp front teeth to take small bites of hard things like nuts, seeds or woody stems. This way of eating is called gnawing.

Squirrels and beavers are examples of animals that gnaw.

Carnivores

Animals that eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores. Animals like lions, tigers, wolves, sharks, dolphins, whales, owls and alligators are carnivores.

Carnivores have sharp teeth which help them tear food apart. Let us learn more about how carnivores eat their food.

Tearing and chewing flesh: Lions and tigers use their long, sharp teeth, called canines, to tear meat from the animals they catch.

Swallowing food whole: Snakes swallow their prey whole. They can stretch open their mouths to eat animals larger than their heads.

Did You Know?

The largest animal on Earth, the blue whale, is a carnivore. The size of the blue whale is about 18 trucks standing one after the other! The weight of one blue whale is equal to the weight of 20 elephants!

Omnivores

Beaver gnawing a wooden log.

The sharp canines of a tiger

swallowing a big frog.

Animals that eat both plants and the flesh of other animals are called omnivores. Animals like dogs, pigs, monkeys, crows, seagulls, sparrows and crabs are omnivores. The monkey is an omnivore.

Snake

Omnivores have sharp teeth in the front and flat teeth at the back. The sharp teeth help to tear the food, and the flat teeth help to grind the food.

Investigate and Discover

Think and Tell

In which group would you put human beings? Herbivores, carnivores or omnivores? Why?

Aim: To study the characteristics and eating habits of an animal

Requirement: Visit to a zoo or farm

Method:

Step 1: Visit the zoo or a farm.

Step 2: Create an observation sheet for the animals you see there.

Step 3: Collect information on the following details and fill out the observation sheet: shelter of the animal, body parts used for movements, body parts that help in breathing, way of reproduction and eating habits of the animal.

Finding: Share your information from the observation sheet with your classmates.

Food Chain

A food chain shows how living things depend on each other for food. It tells us who eats whom in a specific place. A food chain always begins with a plant.

Let us look at some examples of food chains:

Plant Caterpillar Bird

• A plant is eaten by a caterpillar.

• A caterpillar is eaten by a bird.

Grass Zebra Lion

• Grass is eaten by a zebra.

• A zebra is eaten by a lion.

Plant Caterpillar Bird Food Chain

Grass Zebra Lion Food Chain

Do and Learn

• Take 3 paper cups, and cut-outs of plants and animals of your choice. Also, get a marker or a colour pencil.

• Paste the cut-outs of plants and animals on the paper cups, as shown.

• Write the names of the plants and animals below each cut-out.

• Arrange the cups in the order of a simple food chain (e.g., plant herbivore carnivore).

• Show your cups to your classmates and explain the food chain.

• Combine your cups with your classmates’ cups to create larger food chains.

Wonders of Bharat

The one-horned rhinoceros is a wild animal mainly found in the Kaziranga National Park in Assam, India. These large herbivores are known for their thick skin and a single black horn. They are an important part of the ecosystem and help to maintain the balance of nature.

Word Splash

reproduction: the process by which living beings produce young ones of their own kind herbivores: animals that eat plants and plant parts like fruits, leaves and stems cud: the partially digested food gnawing: a way of eating in which animals use their sharp front teeth to take small bites of hard things like nuts, seeds or wood.

carnivores: animals that eat the flesh of other animals

omnivores: animals that eat both plants and the flesh of other animals

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about different types of animals.

Points to Remember

• Wild animals live by themselves in nature. They find their food and live in the natural surroundings.

• Pet animals are domestic animals that are kept by human beings for companionship.

• Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat the flesh of other animals, and omnivores eat both plants and other animals.

• A food chain shows how living things depend on each other for food.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of these eats both plants and animals?

Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore All of these

B. Which of these animals is a carnivore?

Rabbit Deer Lion Cow

C. Which animal is most likely to be found in a farm?

Wolf Horse Elephant Shark

D. What type of animal is a zebra if it eats only plants?

Herbivore Carnivore and wild

Omnivore and pet

Omnivore and farm

E. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Wild animals need humans to feed them.

b. Domestic animals live by themselves in nature.

c. Pet animals are kept by humans for companionship.

d. Carnivores eat only plants.

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. Domestic animals depend on for food.

B. A shows who eats whom in a specific place.

C. Tigers use their sharp teeth to the meat of animals.

D. Snakes their prey whole.

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. Wild animals live in natural surroundings.

B. Cud is the partially digested food.

C. Lions use their sharp teeth to tear meat from the animals.

D. A food chain always begins with a plant.

4. Picture-based question.

Look at the picture of these animals and answer the questions below.

A. Write how each animal breathes.

Caterpillar:

Bird:

B. Create a food chain using the names of these animals.

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Sort the animals as wild, pet and farm animals.

Lion, buffalo, horse, fox, dog, cat, crocodile, hen and rabbit.

Caterpillar Bird

B. What helps fish and birds to move?

C. Write two ways in which animals reproduce.

D. What kind of teeth do omnivores have? Why?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Write two differences between herbivores and carnivores, with examples of each.

B. Explain the eating habits of omnivores with examples.

C. What is a food chain? Choose animals from the list and show any two food chains: Lion, rabbit, grass, zebra and eagle

D. Give reasons.

a. Herbivores have broad, flat teeth.

b. Carnivores have sharp, pointed teeth.

Challenge (HOTS)

Imagine a grassland where carnivores like lions and tigers have reduced in number over time. How would this affect the food chain in the grassland?

Life Skills

Imagine you are a bird searching for food. What challenges could you face and how would you overcome them? Discuss with your family or friends.

6 Birds

Chapter Overview

Birds Around Us

Body Parts of a Bird

Birds

What Helps a Bird Fly?

Characteristics of Birds

Connect the dots from 1 to 47 and colour it. Get Set

Let us learn about different kinds of birds, their body parts, how they fly, and their characteristics.

Birds Around Us

Siya went to her grandmother’s village. Every morning, she got up with the sound of birds chirping. She saw many birds, like sparrows, parrots and peacocks. She realised that birds are such amazing creatures!

Do and Learn

Bird Watching

• Go to a park, or to your backyard, or to a bird-friendly area, with your parents/ elders.

• Look for birds and when you see them, observe them carefully. Note their colours, sizes, shapes, and any unique features that they might have.

• Use the internet and gather interesting facts about each bird.

• Take an A-4 sheet of paper and create your bird report. Paste photos of the birds (if possible).

My Bird Report

What is the colour of the bird?

What is the shape of the bird?

What is the size of the bird?

List some interesting facts about birds.

The body of a bird mainly has three parts: the head, the trunk, and the tail.

Body Parts of a Bird

Body Parts of a Bird

Birds have many unique body parts that help them survive.

Wings

Hummingbirds can flap their wings up to 80 times per second! Did You Know?

Wings help birds to fly. Some birds have long, narrow wings while others have short, broad wings.

Feathers

Birds have feathers all over their body. Feathers are of three types: body feathers, flight feathers and down feathers.

Flight feathers: These are found on the wings and the tail of a bird. They are long and strong, and help birds to fly.

Long and Narrow Wings Short and Broad Wings

Down feathers: There are soft and fluffy, and found underneath the outer feathers. They keep birds warm by trapping heat.

Beaks

Birds use their beaks to catch and eat food. The shape and size of their beaks depend on the kind of food they eat.

Types of Beaks

Body feathers: They cover the body of the birds. They give shape and colour to a bird’s body.

Birds do not have teeth. Therefore, they use their beaks to catch, pick, tear and eat their food.

1. Short and hard beaks—This type of beaks helps birds to pick up seeds and worms easily. For example: sparrows and pigeons.

Error Alert!

Sparrow

Eagle

2. Strong, sharp and hooked beaks—This type of beaks helps flesh-eating birds to tear the flesh of the smaller animals and birds that they eat. For example: vultures and eagles.

3. Chisel-shaped beaks—This type of beaks helps birds to make holes in tree trunks. For example: woodpeckers and hoopoes.

4. Long and pointed beaks: Some birds have a long and slender beak which helps them to suck nectar from flowers. For example: hummingbirds.

5. Curved beaks—This type of beaks is used for cracking nuts and eating fruits. It also helps birds to climb. For example: parrots.

Spoonbill

Feet and Claws

6. Broad and flat beaks—This type of beaks helps birds catch fish without letting it slip. For example: ducks, swans and spoonbills.

Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food. The shape of a bird's feet and claws are adapted to its lifestyle.

Types of Feet and Claws

Discuss!

Share some examples of birds you see around. What are some of their common features? Discuss with your classmates.

1. Perching Feet: Birds like sparrows and robins have three toes in the front and one toe at the back. This helps them grip branches.

chisel: a tool with a sharp end that is used for cutting slender: small or narrow perch: to sit on a branch

Perching Feet

Parrot

Hummingbird

Hoopoe

2. Webbed Feet: Birds like ducks and swans have webbed feet. These types of feet have skin between the toes. These feet help birds to paddle and swim in the water.

Webbed Feet

3. Climbing Feet: Woodpeckers have two toes in the front and two toes at the back. This helps them climb trees.

Climbing Feet

4. Grasping Feet: Eagles and hawks have strong, curved claws called talons for catching and holding on to their prey.

Grasping Feet

Pause and Answer

Write the correct names.

Woodpecker Swan Eagle Sparrow

1. A bird with a short, hard, pointed beak:

2. A bird with a broad and flat beak:

3. A bird with climbing feet:

4. A bird with talons:

What Helps a Bird Fly?

Birds can fly because they have special features, which are:

Wings: They flap their wings upwards and downwards to fly. The upward movement of the wings is called upstroke. The downward movement of the wings is called downstroke.

talons: long, sharp and curved nail on the feet of some birds

Hollow Bones: Birds have lightweight, hollow bones that make it easier for them to take off and then remain in the air for a long time.

Strong Muscles: Birds have strong chest muscles that help them flap their wings powerfully. These muscles are called pectoral muscles.

Streamlined Bodies: Birds have a streamlined shape, with a pointed beak and smooth head, to cut through the air easily. This helps them fly faster.

Characteristics of Birds

Building Nests

Birds build nests to lay eggs and take care of their young ones.

Nests of Different Birds

Sparrows and pigeons use twigs and grass to make their nests on trees and the holes of buildings.

Woodpeckers drill holes in tree trunks and make their nests there.

Tailorbirds make their nests in plants with large leaves. They use their sharp beaks to stitch leaves using twigs or pieces of thread.

Weaver birds weave nests using grass, leaves and twigs. These nests hang from tree branches.

streamlined: a shape that is thick in the middle and narrow at the ends

Sparrow’s Nest

Tailorbird’s Nest

Weaver Bird’s Nest

Woodpecker’s Nest

Migration

During winters, birds living in colder places move to warmer places. This movement is called migration. They migrate every year in the same season. Birds migrate in search of food, water and warmer places where they can lay eggs and raise their babies. The Siberian crane migrates to India from Russia during the winters.

Wonders of Bharat

Think and Tell

Do birds migrate back to their original places? If so, when and how?

Salim Ali was a famous Indian scientist who studied birds. He was popularly called the “Birdman of India”. He wrote important books about birds, helped create safe places for birds to live, and worked hard to protect them. pectoral muscles: strong muscles located in the chest area migration: movement of birds from colder places to warmer places Word Splash

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about birds.

Points to Remember

• Birds have wings and feathers, which are useful for flying.

• Birds use their beaks to catch and eat food.

• Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food.

• Birds live in nests. They lay eggs in them and also protect themselves from predators or harsh weather.

Siberian Crane

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which type of feathers help birds to fly?

Body feathers

Flight feathers

Down feathers

None of these

B. Which type of feathers help birds to keep their bodies warm?

Body feathers

Down feathers

Flight feathers Tail feathers

C. Which birds are known for weaving their nests? Sparrows Woodpeckers Weaver birds Penguins

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. Birds use and claws to walk and climb.

B. help birds to fly and keep them warm.

C. Birds have a body shape to help them fly.

D. Birds lay eggs in .

3. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

A. Birds have feathers on their legs and beaks.

B. Birds have wings to fly in the air.

C. Birds use their claws to catch and eat food.

D. Birds migrate to search for warmer places.

4. Picture-based question.

Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions.

A. Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

5. Short-answer questions.

A. How do grasping feet helps birds?

B. Where do woodpeckers make their nests?

C. How do wings help birds fly?

D. Why are nests important for birds?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet?

B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird.

C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your new bird.

Challenge (HOTS)

If a bird with webbed feet were to live in a desert, what challenges might it face?

Life Skills

Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow these simple steps to create your very own bird feeder.

• Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.

• Thread a piece of string or yarn through the hole in the toilet paper roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop.

• Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder.

PROJECT 1

Journey of a Plant

Objective: Students will grow seedlings from seeds and observe how it develops over time.

Materials Needed: Small pot or plastic cup, seeds, soil, a small containers with water, labels or sticky notes, crayons or markers, chart paper

Steps:

Step 1: Learn about the different parts of a plant.

Study about the different parts of a plant, such as the roots, stem, and leaves. You can take the help of your school textbook or the internet.

Step 2: Planting Seeds

Take a small pot or a plastic cup and fill it with soil. Plant a few seeds in the soil by pressing them down gently and water the soil lightly using watering cans or spray bottles.

Step 3: Observe the Growth

Soon you will see tiny seedlings grow from where you had planted the seed. Keep the pot in a spot that has sunlight and air. Water the plants regularly but take care to not water them too much. That may spoil the roots and the plant may die.

Step 4: Make a Growth Chart

Over the next few weeks, observe how your seedlings change, like how tall the stem gets and how big the leaves grow. Use a ruler to measure the height of the stem each week. Create a growth chart on paper by drawing your plant at different stages, from a tiny seedling to a taller plant. Use crayons or markers to highlight changes as the plant grows. Also, mention the dates of these measurements.

Step 5: Present the growth chart of your plant

Share your growth chart with the class. Discuss how you felt watching your plant grow.

Project Output: Now you have a chart where you have measured the growth of your plants over time.

Final Outcome: This project will help students have a concrete understanding of the growth and development of the plants.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Assessment 1

Read this interesting story about the human body. Then, answer the questions given below.

The Body Town

In the Body Town, all the body parts worked together to keep everyone happy and healthy. The Heart sent blood all over the town. The Lungs gave fresh air to everyone. The Brain was the boss, telling all the parts what to do. The Stomach turned food into energy, and the Liver helped by processing nutrients from food.

One day, Body Town wanted to play Kabaddi, a popular game. The Brain told the Legs to get ready to run. The Lungs took big breaths of air, and the Heart pumped faster to give the muscles lots of energy. The Legs ran, tagged, and everyone had a blast playing kabaddi. The Body Town worked so well because all the parts helped each other, just like our body does every day!

1. What is the main job of the heart in the body?

A. Pumping blood

B. Breathing air

C. Digesting food

2. If the lungs stop working, what will happen to our body?

A. The blood in our body will not be cleaned.

B. The food we eat will not be digested.

C. Our body will not get oxygen.

3. Ravi loves to play football. When he runs fast, he breathes harder and his heart beats faster. Explain why this happens, in 2 lines.

4. Suggest a balanced diet to Ravi so that he stays fit and healthy. Make sure you include all the food groups.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Model Test Paper - 1

Name of the Student:

Time: 1 Hour

Total Marks: 30

1 Tick () the correct answer. (1 × 4 marks)

A What is the smallest part our body made up of?

a Tissue

c Organ

b Cell

d Organ system

B Which of the following is a living thing?

a Table

c Dog

C Which animal is a carnivore?

a Rabbit

c Lion

b Book

d Bus

b Deer

d Cow

D What protects the heart and the lungs?

a Ribs

c Skull

b Kidneys

d Limbs

2 Fill in the blanks. (1 × 4 marks)

reproducing leaves beaks balanced diet

A Birds use their to catch and eat food.

B Living things produce young ones of their own kind by .

C A has food from all food groups.

D are also called the ‘kitchen of the plants’.

3 Write ONE word for the following. (1 × 4 marks)

A The process of breaking down food into a simpler form.

B Small pores on the underside of leaves that help plants to breathe.

C Thin thread-like structures woven together to make fabric.

D Organs used for breathing by fish.

4 Write True or False. (1 × 4 marks)

A The shoot system of the plant grows underground.

B A food chain always begins with a plant.

C We get wheat and rice from plants.

D Cooking food makes it hard to digest.

5 Picture-based questions. (1 × 2 marks)

Look at the picture and answer the questions.

A Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

B Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

6 Answer the following questions. (2 × 6 marks)

A Why do we need to eat food?

B Write any two healthy eating habits.

C What are shrubs? What are herbs?

D Write two characteristics of living things.

E Write one similarity and one difference between a caravan and a houseboat.

F Write two ways in which animals reproduce. Give one example of each.

The Earth— Our Home 1

Solve the riddle given below.

I rise in the morning, bright and high. I give light to the Earth and the sky.

I am round and hot, glowing all day.

What am I? Can you say?

Shape of the Earth

We all walk on flat land, so the Earth appears flat to us. Some people earlier believed the Earth to be flat. Around 500 years ago, a Portuguese sailor named Ferdinand Magellan set sail from Spain. He kept sailing in a single direction. After 3 years, he arrived back at the place from where he had started. This showed that the Earth is not flat but round in shape.

Shape of the Earth

Over time, photographs of Earth taken from outer space proved that Earth is round and slightly flat at the top and bottom, just like an orange.

Movement of the Earth

In our day-to-day lives, it feels like the Earth is stationary. In reality, the Earth is constantly moving. We do not feel this movement because we are also moving with it. There are two types of movements of the Earth. These are rotation and revolution. Let us explore these, one by one.

Rotation of the Earth

Try to spin a bangle on a flat table. Can you see a vertical line in the spinning bangle? This line is not present in reality but appears to be present there. Such an imaginary line is called axis. Just like the bangle, the Earth also spins on its axis. The axis of the Earth is slightly tilted to one side. Movement of the Earth on its own axis is called rotation. The Earth rotates from West to East and takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. The rotation of the Earth causes day and night.

of the Earth causes day and night

At a particular time, half of the Earth’s side faces the Sun and has day. The other half of the Earth has night.

Do and Learn

Take a blue or green sponge ball. Insert a wooden stick through its centre. The ball represents the Earth, and the stick is its axis. Now, place it in front of a torch. The torch is the Sun here. Now, the bright part of the ball is part of the Earth that has day, and the dark part has night. Now rotate the ball slowly to create day on the other side of the ball.

stationary: not moving axis: an imaginary line that goes through the centre

Position of the torch and the sponge ball

Revolution of the Earth

The movement of the Earth around the Sun in an orbit is called revolution. The Earth moves around the Sun in a fixed path called an orbit. The Earth completes one revolution in one year. The revolution of the Earth around the Sun and its tilted axis causes different seasons in different parts of the Earth.

Revolution of the Earth around the Sun in an orbit

What Makes the Earth Unique

The Earth is the only planet in our solar system that can support life. This is possible because the Earth is at right distance from the Sun and it has water and air. Living beings cannot survive without air or water. There is no other planet like the Earth. The Earth is our home, and it is precious. We should make sure that our actions do not harm life on Earth in any way. For example, we must not waste water.

Wonders of Bharat

Jantar Mantar is a monument in New Delhi. It was built by Maharaja Jai Singh almost 300 years ago! It was built to predict the movements of the Sun, the Moon and the planets. It also works like a sundial. Jantar Mantar, New Delhi

Word Splash

rotation: movement of the earth on its axis revolution: movement of the earth around the sun orbit: a fixed path in which the earth moves around the sun

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about the movements of the Earth.

Points to Remember

• The Earth is the third planet from the Sun.

• The Earth moves in two ways: rotation and revolution.

• The rotation of the Earth causes day and night, while the revolution causes seasons.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. The only planet that has life on it.

a. Jupiter b. Neptune c. Earth d. Saturn

B. The number of hours the Earth takes to complete one rotation is:

a. 36 b. 24 c. 10 d. 25

C. The sailor who proved that the Earth is round was:

a. Vasco Da Gama

c. Ferdinand Magellan

b. Christopher Columbus

d. Maharaja Jai Singh

2. Fill in the blanks. orbit axis rotation round

A. The of the Earth is an imaginary line.

B. The Earth is in shape.

C. The movement of the Earth around the Sun in an is called revolution.

D. The movement of the Earth on its own axis is called .

3. Write True or False.

A. Earth is the only planet in our solar system that can support life.

B. Days and nights occur due to the revolution of the Earth.

C. The axis of the Earth is tilted.

4. Match the following.

A. Day and Night i. One year

B. Seasons ii. One day

C. The time taken for one rotation iii. Revolution

D. The time taken for one revolution iv. Rotation

5. Answer the following questions.

A. How does Earth support life on it?

B. Why do we not feel the rotation of the Earth?

C. How is rotation different from revolution?

D. How do sunrise and sunset happen?

6. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Which part of the Earth has night?

B. Which movement of the Earth is shown here?

HOTS

1. What would happen if the Earth stopped revolving around the Sun?

2. What would happen if the Earth took twice as long to complete one rotation?

Community Connect

Speak to any two of your family members and ask them about their favourite time of the day and why do they like it.

Continents and Oceans 2

Chapter Overview

Continents and Oceans

Oceans Continents

Get Set

Along with your classmates, read aloud the poem given below.

Our Earth is a place so bright,

With mountains high and seas so wide

Green forests dance under the sky,

With colourful flowers, and birds that fly.

Let’s care for it with love so deep, That its beauty we can forever keep.

Continents

As you have learnt in the previous chapter, we live on a beautiful planet called Earth. Our planet has seven large landmasses called continents. landmass: a large piece of land

The names of these continents, from the largest to the smallest, are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.

Continents and oceans in the world

Continents are very large. Antarctica is the coldest continent. Continents are further divided into smaller parts called countries. For example, Asia is a continent and India is a country in Asia.

Did You Know?

One third of the Earth’s surface is covered by land, and the rest of it is covered by water. Therefore, it is known as the ‘blue planet’.

Oceans

Look at the world map given above once more. The blue-coloured areas that you can see are the oceans. Oceans are very large and very deep water bodies.

They are much bigger and deeper than the seas. The bottom of the ocean is called the ocean floor. Ocean floors are not always flat. There can be mountains or trenches on the ocean floors.

There are five oceans on the Earth. The names of the oceans, from the largest to the smallest are: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is mostly frozen. The Southern Ocean is also called the Antarctic Ocean.

trench: steep and narrow deep points in the ocean

There are only five oceans on the Earth, not six. Since the Earth is round, the Pacific Ocean is written twice on the map.

Oceans are very important. They are home to many aquatic plants and animals. People can also travel from one continent to another by crossing oceans through ships. Oceans also support the fishing industry. Each continent and ocean has its unique features and wildlife. We must not pollute the oceans so that we don’t harm the aquatic plants and animals.

Plants and animals in the ocean

Do and Learn

The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world. It is named after our country, India.

Word Splash

continent: a large mass of land on the surface of the Earth

ocean: a very large and deep water body on the surface of the Earth

aquatic: growing or living in water industry: business

Wonders of Bharat

Sunset over the Indian Ocean

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about life in the oceans.

Points to Remember

• The large landmasses on the surface of the Earth are called continents.

• There are seven continents—Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.

• The large and deep water bodies separating the continents are called oceans.

• There are five oceans—the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which is the largest continent in the world?

a. Asia

b. Australia c. Antarctica

B. Which is the coldest continent?

a. Antarctica

b. North America c. Europe

C. Which ocean is mostly frozen?

a. Indian Ocean

b. Atlantic Ocean c. Arctic Ocean

2. Fill in the blanks. oceans Australia Indian Southern Ocean

A. is the smallest continent.

B. The Ocean is located to the south of Asia.

C. Very large and deep water bodies are called .

D. The fourth-largest ocean is the .

3. Write True or False.

A. Continents cover two-thirds of the Earth’s surface.

B. Each continent is divided into smaller parts called countries.

C. Europe is closest to Australia.

D. India is a part of Asia.

4. Match the following.

A. Pacific Ocean i. Around Antarctica

B. India Ocean ii. Between Asia and North America

C. Southern Ocean iii. Between Africa, Asia and Australia

D. Atlantic Ocean iv. Between North America, South America and Africa

5. Answer the following questions.

A. Name the five oceans.

B. Name the seven continents.

C. In which continent do you live?

D. Which continents share land boundary with each other?

6. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Which ocean lies close to Japan?

B. Which ocean is close to Africa and Asia?

C. Which two oceans are close to Russia?

HOTS

Jacob is a sailor. He plans to sail from India to North America. Which oceans and continents will he cross on his journey? Compare the size of these oceans and mention which one might take the longest to cross.

Life Skills

There are a lot of aquatic plants and animals in the oceans. Collect a few pictures of these colorful plants and animals and make a scrapbook. You can take the help of your parents in finding these pictures. Label the pictures.

Globes and Directions 3

Chapter Overview

Globes and Directions

Globes and Maps

Directions Types of Maps Get Set

In the maze give below, draw the path that Sakshi and Vishesh should take to reach the waterfall.

Globes and Maps

Globes

A globe is a small model of the whole Earth. A globe shows the location of continents, countries, oceans and seas as they are on the Earth. The globe is slightly tilted to one side, just like the Earth is titled on its axis.

Maps

Maps are also representations of the Earth but on a flat surface. They can represent the whole Earth or a part of it.

Maps can tell us about a specific feature of a place on the Earth. Maps also tell us about different places on the Earth. For that, we have different types of maps. A collection of different kinds of maps in a book is called an atlas.

Types of Maps

Maps are mainly of three types: political maps, physical maps and thematic maps.

A political map shows the boundaries of countries, states, cities, towns and villages.

A physical map shows natural features like mountains, rivers, oceans, seas and more.

A thematic map gives specific information about a place, such as population, rainfall, temperature, etc.

axis: a straight line around which an object rotates representation: the way something is shown

A map kept on a table

Physical map of India

Directions

Political map of India

There are 4 main directions: North (N), South (S), East (E) and West (W). If we stand facing a map, the top part of the map would be North. The bottom part would be South. The part to your right would be East. The part to your left would be West.

There are four more directions that lie between the four main directions. They are: North-east, North-west, South-east and South-west.

If you had to find out where is North in a playground without using a map, can you guess how we can do that?

In such cases, we can use a compass . A compass is a device that is used to find directions. The needle of a compass always points towards the North.

Tick (✓) the correct statements.

1. Maps are flattened representations of the Earth.

2. A physical map shows countries and boundaries.

3. North is located to the opposite of South.

4. Directions can be found using a compass.

Do and Learn

Make two teams and hide small objects like toys, stones, sketch pens, etc. at different places in a playground. Then, make a map of the playground, marking the spots where you have hidden the objects. Now, exchange your maps and use them to find the hidden objects of the other team.

The team that finds all the objects first, wins.

Think and Tell

If you had to find out the names of all states in India, which type of map will you use?

Wonders of Bharat

Aryabhata was a famous Indian mathematician and astronomer. He said that the Earth was round.

Aryabhata

Word Splash

globe: a small model of the whole Earth map: a flattened representation of the Earth

atlas: a collection of different kinds of maps in a book

political map: a map that shows the boundaries of countries, states, cities, towns and villages

physical map: a map that shows natural features like mountains, rivers, valleys, oceans and more

thematic map: a map that shows specific features of a place like population, temperature and rainfall

compass: a device that is used to find directions

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about how globes were made in olden times.

Points to Remember

• A globe is a small model of the whole Earth.

• Maps are representations of the Earth but on a flat surface.

• There are 4 main directions: North, South, East and West.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What kind of map shows the boundaries of countries and states?

a. Political

b. Physical

c. Thematic

B. Towards what direction does the needle of a compass always point?

a. South

b. West

c. North

C. What is the shape of the globe?

a. Round

2. Fill in the blanks.

b. Flat c. Triangle

physical atlas south west

A. A map shows natural features like mountains.

B. direction is on the opposite side of North.

C. A collection of different kinds of maps in a book is called an .

D. is on the opposite side of East.

3. Write True or False.

A. A globe is flat.

B. Thematic maps show states of a country.

C. North-east direction lies between North and East.

D. South-west direction lies between East and West.

4. Match the following.

A. Political map i. Mountains

B. Compass ii. Countries

C. Thematic map iii. Directions

D. Physical map iv. Rainfall

5. Answer the following questions.

A. What is a globe?

B. List 3 things that political maps can tell us.

C. Is it easier to find directions using a map instead of a globe?

D. Why do we need maps? Give two reasons.

6. Picture-based questions. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. What kind of map is this?

B. Which water body is located to the east of India?

C. Which water body is located to the west of India?

HOTS

1. Write one difference between physical and political maps.

2. Imagine you visited a city. To roam around there, what kind of a map would you use—physical or political?

Life Skills

Draw a map to show the route from your school to your house. Remember to show all the important places on the way and the directions.

Our Environment

Read the story with your partner.

Asha lived in a small city. She loved playing in the park close to her home. One day, the park started looking empty because many trees had been cut down. Asha felt sad and wanted to make a difference. She asked her friends to help her plant new trees. Together, they dug holes, planted seeds and small plants, and watered them every day. As the plants grew, the park became lively again. Birds sang on the trees and the trees gave shade for everyone to enjoy. Asha and her friends made the park beautiful again.

Meaning of Environment

The environment is everything around us— air, water, trees, plants, animals and even the land. It includes non-living things too like roads, buildings, etc.

All natural things such as plants, soil, etc. are a part of natural environment and all human-made things such as buildings and roads are a part of human-made environment.

Pollution

Living and non-living things are both part of the environment.

Pollution occurs when harmful things like smoke, trash, or chemicals make the air, water, or land dirty and unsafe. It can harm plants, animals and people. It is usually a result of human actions.

There are three main types of pollution: air pollution, water pollution and land pollution.

Air Pollution

Air pollution happens when harmful gases are released into the air, making it dirty and unsafe to breathe.

Some causes of air pollution are:

• Release of smoke by different vehicles and factories into the air.

• Burning of wood and garbage.

• Bursting crackers.

• Deforestation, which means cutting trees on a large scale.

Some ways to reduce air pollution are:

• Walk or ride a bicycle instead of using cars for short trips.

A factory chimney releasing smoke into the air

World Environment Day is celebrated every year on 5 June. Did You Know?

• Plant more trees to help clean the air.

• Avoid burning trash, as it creates harmful smoke.

Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs when harmful things like chemicals, oil and garbage are let into rivers, lakes and oceans. These things can make the water dirty and unsafe for plants, animals and people.

Some causes of water pollution are:

• Garbage and plastic thrown into rivers, lakes and oceans.

• Chemicals from factories flowing into rivers.

Dirty water being released into a river

• Dirty water from homes and farms released into rivers.

Some ways to reduce water pollution are:

• Always throw trash in bins, not in rivers or lakes.

• Reduce the use of plastic.

• Don't pour chemicals or oils in the kitchen drain.

Land Pollution

Think and Tell

Why is clean water important for humans and animals?

When harmful waste or chemicals make the land dirty and unhealthy, it is called land pollution. It also includes heaps of garbage lying around and making the land unusable.

Some causes of land pollution are:

• Dumping garbage in huge amounts at various places.

• Using too much plastic.

• Pesticides and chemical fertilizers from farms leaking into the soil.

pesticides: chemicals sprayed on plants and crops to kill insects that damage the crops in the fields

chemical fertilizers: chemicals used to grow the plants quickly and make them healthy

Heaps of garbage

Some ways to reduce land pollution are:

• Throw garbage in bins, not on the ground.

• Recycle paper, plastic and glass instead of throwing them away.

• Avoid using single-use plastic bags and bottles.

• Use natural fertilizers like compost.

• Participate in community clean-up activities.

Do and Learn

Plant a small garden with your friends using compost. To do this, get seeds and compost, with help from an adult. Then, with your friends, choose a garden spot. Remove rocks and stones from the soil and mix compost in it. Now, sow the seeds and cover them lightly with the soil and sprinkle a little water. Over the next few weeks, watch the plants grow, and write about their changes. Remember to water them regularly, when the soil becomes dry. See how compost helps them stay strong and healthy.

Saving Our Environment

Saving the environment helps keep our air, water and land clean so that plants, animals and people can live healthy and happy lives.

Some ways to save the environment are:

• Put paper, plastic, and glass in recycling bins so that they can be recycled into something else.

• Turn off the tap while brushing your teeth to save water.

• Planting trees helps clean the air and makes our world a better place for everyone.

Suggest some other ways to save the environment.

• Use reusable bags and bottles to cut down on trash.

compost: a mixture prepared from leaves, food scraps, vegetable peels, etc. used for making plants strong and healthy

• Turn off lights and electronics when not in use to save power.

• Paper is made from trees. Do not waste paper. You can also use recycled paper.

• Plastic harms our environment in many ways. We should not use plastic bags or things made of plastic.

Wonders of Bharat

The Chipko Movement took place in the forests of Uttarakhand. Villagers, especially women, hugged trees to stop them from being cut down. They wanted to protect the forests, which are important for clean air, water and the environment.

Word Splash

People hugging trees in the Chipko Movement

environment: all living and non-living things around us

natural environment: all the natural things like plants, soil, etc.

human-made environment: all human-made things like chairs, swings, etc. pollution: addition of harmful substances to the environment

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn about ways to recycle.

Points to Remember

• The environment is everything around us.

• Environment pollution is of three types: air, water and land pollution.

• Saving the environment helps keep our air, water and land clean so that plants, animals, and people can live healthy and happy lives.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of these is a source of water pollution?

a. Planting trees

c. Saving water

b. Chemicals from factories

B. Which of these helps reduce air pollution?

a. Burning leaves

c. Using plastic bags

b. Using public transport

C. Which of these helps reduce land pollution?

a. Chemical fertilizers

c. Use of compost

b. Use of pesticides

2. Fill in the blanks. trees pollution chemicals deforestation

A. is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment.

B. Planting helps reduce air pollution.

C. is the process of cutting trees on a large scale.

D. Using in farming can cause land pollution.

3. Write True or False.

A. Air pollution can cause breathing problems.

B. Water pollution does not affect animals and plants.

C. Recycling paper can help save the environment.

D. Chemical fertilizers cause land pollution.

4. Match the following.

A. Turn off lights when not in use i. Saves trees

B. Use reusable cloth bags ii. Saves power

C. Turn off tap while brushing iii. Saves water

D. Recycling paper iv. Reduces waste

5. Answer the following questions.

A. What is land pollution?

B. Write three ways to reduce water pollution.

C. Explain how factories can lead to all three types of environmental pollution.

D. What are three things you can do to help reduce air pollution?

6. Picture-based questions.

Look at the picture of a polluted river given here and answer the questions.

A. What are some things in the picture that are polluting the river?

B. What could people do to help clean this river?

HOTS

1. What would happen if we do not reduce land pollution?

2. How does air pollution affect our health?

Life Skills

Make a poster on saving water. Suggest three ways in which we can save water in our daily lives. Give pictures, as well. Give your poster a title. Display the poster in the school corridor.

Knowing India 5

Chapter Overview

Knowing India

Size and Neighbours

States and Union Territories

Get Set

Solve the riddle given below. I am the largest continent, With many countries, big and small. Where India and China are found, Can you guess my name at all?

Parul: Maa, what makes India so special?

Mother: India is a vast and beautiful country, dear. Many different kinds of people live here.

Parul: Really? Are all of them like us?

Mother: No, that’s what’s interesting! People here speak many different languages, like Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi and many more. And they also follow different religions and celebrate many festivals.

Parul: That sounds fun! Is it okay that everyone is so different?

Mother: Absolutely! That is what makes India beautiful. We should respect everyone’s differences because that’s what helps us live happily together.

Size and Neighbours

India is the seventh largest country in the world by land area. It is the largest country in the world by population.

India has the Arabian Sea in the west, the Indian Ocean in the south, and the Bay of Bengal in the east.

India shares its borders with many countries. They are our neighbouring countries. They are Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, China and Bangladesh. Sri Lanka and Maldives are India’s neighbours in the Indian Ocean.

Did You Know?

Bangladesh was created in 1971. Before that, it was called East Pakistan and was a part of Pakistan itself.

India and its neighbours

States and Union Territories

In India, we have two main levels of government: the Central Government and the State Government. Both the governments are elected by the citizens of India through elections. All citizens who are 18 or above can vote in these elections.

population: the number of people living in a place election: process of choosing the government through voting vote: express one's choice

The central government makes decisions that apply to the whole country. Its offices are located in New Delhi, which is the capital of India.

Think and Tell

Why do most members of the central government live and work in the capital?

Since India is a very large country, it is difficult for the central government to help all the people directly. So state governments govern specific states.

Some parts of India are called Union Territories and are not included in the 28 states of India. They are governed directly by the central government. India has 8 union territories.

Each state and union territory in India has a capital. The capitals of all the states and union territories of India are given in the following tables.

Did You Know?

Jammu and Kashmir has two capitals. Srinagar is the capital during the summer months but in winters, it becomes very cold and it is difficult to work from there. So, in winters the capital is Jammu.

Table 1: States and their capitals

Sl. No. State Capital

1. Andhra Pradesh Amaravati

2. Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar

3. Assam Dispur

4. Bihar Patna

5. Chhattisgarh Raipur

6. Goa Panaji

7. Gujarat Gandhinagar

8. Haryana Chandigarh

govern: rule

Parliament of India

Sl. No. State Capital

9. Himachal Pradesh Shimla

10. Jharkhand Ranchi

11. Karnataka Bengaluru

12. Kerala Thiruvananthapuram

13. Madhya Pradesh Bhopal

14. Maharashtra Mumbai

15. Manipur Imphal

16. Meghalaya Shillong

17. Mizoram Aizawl

18. Nagaland Kohima

19. Odisha Bhubaneswar

20. Punjab Chandigarh

21. Rajasthan Jaipur

22. Sikkim Gangtok

23. Tamil Nadu Chennai

24. Telangana Hyderabad

25. Tripura Agartala

26. Uttar Pradesh Lucknow

27. Uttarakhand Dehra Dun

28. West Bengal Kolkata

Table 2: Union Territories and their capitals

Sl. No. Union Territory Capital

1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair

2. Chandigarh Chandigarh

3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Daman

4. Lakshadweep Kavaratti

5. Puducherry Puducherry

6. National Capital Territory New Delhi

7. Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter)

8. Ladakh Leh

Do and Learn

Have a quiz in the class on the capitals of the states and union territories of India.

Divide the class into two teams. The teacher will say the names of the states or union territories and the teams will tell the capital. Each team gets 2 marks for a correct answer and –1 for a wrong answer. Raise your hands to answer. Do not answer unless the teacher asks you to. Don’t look at the textbook while the quiz is going on.

Wonders of Bharat

The President of India lives in the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi. The Rashtrapati Bhavan is the second largest residence of a head of a country in the world. It has 340 rooms.

Word Splash

neighbouring countries: countries that share a border or are located close to each other across a sea or ocean

central government: governs the entire country

state government: governs specific states

union territory: it is not a state and is directly governed by the central government

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi

Points to Remember

• India is the seventh largest country in the world by land area and the largest by population.

• India has 28 states and 8 union territories.

• India has two levels of government: Central government and State government.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of these is NOT a neighbouring country of India?

a. Myanmar b. Japan

c. Sri Lanka

B. At what age can Indians begin voting in elections?

a. 25 years b. 40 years

C. Which of these is the capital of India?

a. New Delhi b. Mumbai

2. Fill in the blanks.

c. 18 years

c. Chennai

population Ladakh Arabian Union Territories

A. The Sea is on the west of India.

B. India is the largest country in the world by .

C. Parts of India that are governed directly by the central government are called .

D. Jammu and Kashmir and are Union Territories.

3. Match the following.

States Capitals

A. Ladakh i. Bengaluru

B. Karnataka ii. Hyderabad

C. Gujarat iii. Leh

D. Telangana iv. Gandhinagar

4. Answer the following questions.

A. What are state governments?

B. Name two countries that are India’s neighbours across the Indian Ocean.

C. What are those parts of India that have only one level of government called?

D. India has several neighbours. Should India have good relations with its neighbours? Give 2 reasons.

5. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Name the Indian states and union territories that are closest to Sri Lanka.

B. Name the Indian states and union territories that share border with Pakistan.

C. Name the Indian states and union territories that share border with Nepal.

HOTS

Which states in India share a capital, and who governs that capital?

Community Connect

India has changed a lot over the last 20 years. Speak to the elderly people around you and ask them what changes do they see around them in India. Ask about changes in dressing styles, ways of communication, ways of living, facilities and so on.

Physical Features of India

Chapter Overview

The Himalayan Mountains

The Great Indian Desert

The Northern Plains Physical Features of India

The Southern Plateau The Coastal Plains

The Islands

Get Set

Rearrange the letters correctly. (Hint: These are names of countries.)

1. NIDAI

2. LNAKA RSI

3. IHCNA

India is a beautiful country. It has many mountains, rivers, deserts and plains. These are called landforms. A landform is a natural physical feature formed on the Earth.

There are six main physical features of India:

1. The Himalayan Mountains

2. The Northern Plains

3. The Great Indian Desert

4. The Southern Plateau

Six main physical features of India

5. The Coastal Plains

6. The Islands

Let us learn more about them.

The Himalayan Mountains

The Himalayan Mountains lie in the northern part of India. They are the highest mountain ranges in the world. A row of mountains is called a mountain range. The weather in this region is cold and it is difficult to grow crops here. The highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest, lies in the Himalayas. Other famous mountains in the Himalayas include Kanchenjunga, Nanga Parbat and Nanda Devi. Many rivers such as the Ganga, the Yamuna and the Brahmaputra originate in the Himalayas. They are formed by the melting ice.

Remember!

India is located in Asia. It is the seventh largest country in the world by land area.

Snow-covered Himalayas

Error Alert!

Mount Everest is not located in India. It lies in China and Nepal. The highest mountain peak in India is Kanchenjunga.

The Northern Plains

The Northern Plains are flat lands to the south of the Himalayas. They are also known as the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Rivers like the Ganga and the Yamuna, that originate in the Himalayas, flow through these plains. This makes the plains fertile and suitable for farming.

Tenzing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary were the first men to reach the peak of Mount Everest in 1953. Did You Know? originate: start or begin fertile: soil that is good for growing plants

A farmer in his wheat fields in the Northern Plains

The weather here is hot during summers, cold in winters and receives rainfall in monsoons. The Northern Plains are densely populated. Many famous cities and towns such as New Delhi, Varanasi, Amritsar and Agra lie in these plains.

The Great Indian Desert

A desert is a large area of land which is covered with sand. Towards the northwestern part of India, lies the Great Indian Desert or the Thar Desert. Very few plants grow in it. It also has very, very little water. Life is difficult in deserts so they are not very populated. Camels are the most common form of transportation in the desert. Thus, they are called the ‘ship of the desert’.

Discuss!

What would you do if you had to spend a day living in the desert?

The Southern Plateau

The Southern Plateau lies to the south of the Northern Plains. A plateau is higher than its surroundings and is flat at the top. It has steep sides. The Southern Plateau has a rocky, uneven surface and is less fertile than the Plains. Parts of the Southern Plateau have thick forests, and black soil, which is good for growing crops such as cotton. Many rivers such as Godavari, Krishna and Narmada flow through this region. The Southern Plateau is also called the Peninsular Plateau. densely: thickly

A plateau

Camels in Thar Desert

Pause and Answer

Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. The Great Indian Desert lies in the eastern part of India.

2. The Southern Plateau has black soil which is good for growing cotton.

3. The Ganga flows through the Northern Plains.

The Coastal Plains

The narrow strips of flat land along the eastern and western sea coasts of India are called the Coastal Plains. The eastern and western coastal plains of India meet at Kanyakumari.

The Islands

The coastal plains receive heavy rainfall, which is good for growing crops such as rice and maize. The weather is hot and humid. Many important ports of India are present here in cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Coastal area humid: damp or moist port: a place where ships can load or unload goods

A beach in Lakshadweep Islands

A piece of land that is surrounded by water on all sides is called an island. India has two main groups of islands: the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal; and the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea. Islands have moderate climate throughout the year. Many tribal groups also live on these islands. They have different ways of living than we do but they are an important part of our country. We must respect their different ways of life. All these physical features together make India a beautiful and unique country.

Divide into groups of six, each representing one physical feature. Find out how human activities are damaging that physical feature and what can be done to protect it.

Wonders of Bharat

Srinagar, located in the Himalayan region of India, is known for its ‘floating markets’ in the Dal Lake. There the shopkeepers sell items of daily use in long boats called shikaras.

Word Splash

landforms: natural physical features on the earth mountain range: a row of mountains desert: a large area of land covered with sand plateau: it is higher than its surroundings, flat at the top and has steep sides islands: a land surrounded by water on all sides

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the beauty of the Himalayas.

Points to Remember

• The Himalayas are in the northern part of India.

• The Northern Plains are fertile and suitable for agriculture.

• The Coastal Plains meet at Kanyakumari.

• India has two main island groups: the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; and the Lakshadweep Islands.

Shikaras in Dal Lake

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which is the highest peak in India?

a. Mt Everest

b. K2

B. Which animal is called the ‘ship of the desertʹ?

a. Camel

c. Kanchenjunga

b. Elephant

c. Horse

C. What is the other name for the Northern Plains?

a. Indo-Gangetic Plains

c. Yamuna-Ganga Plains

2. Fill in the blanks.

b. Indus Plains

Northern Plains seventh agriculture Lakshadweep

A. India is the largest country in the world in terms of area.

B. is the main occupation of most of the people living in the Northern Plains.

C. Amritsar is an important city in the .

D. The islands lie in the Arabian Sea.

3. Match the following.

A. Andaman and Nicobar i. Northern Plains

B. Mumbai ii. Islands

C. Delhi iii. Coastal Plains

D. Nanda Devi iv. Himalayas

4. Answer the following questions.

A. Name the six main physical features of India.

B. Where do the eastern and western coastal plains meet?

C. Describe the coastal plains of India.

D. Write two things that are special about the landform that lies to the south of the Himalayas?

5. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Name the physical feature shown here.

B. Where is it present in India?

C. Name any two rivers that flow in this region in India.

HOTS

Jeetu’s uncle is a farmer. He wants to buy land to grow different crops. Name the part of India where he should buy land. Give 2–3 reasons to explain your choice.

Life Skills

Find out about people from India who have climbed the peak of Mt Everest. Learn about their challenges and how they overcame them.

Our Local Governments

Get Set

Look at this map of a neighbourhood. Find and circle the hospital, the train station, the bus stand and the sports stadium.

Civic Amenities

Civic amenities are also called public facilities. They are provided to all the people of the country to ensure their welfare. Things like roads, streetlights, parks, government hospitals, transport, garbage collection, supply of clean drinking water, electricity, etc. are examples of civic amenities. The local government bodies provide these civic amenities in villages, towns and cities.

Gram Panchayat

In villages, the local government body is the Gram Panchayat. The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by the Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha consists of all the villagers who are 18 years or above.

The head of the Gram Panchayat is known as the Pradhan or Sarpanch. The Sarpanch is chosen from among the members of the Gram Panchayat. In India, every Gram Panchayat needs to have at least one third or more women members.

A Gram Panchayat office

Did You Know?

Chhavi Rajawat was the first woman sarpanch in India. She became the sarpanch of Soda village in Rajasthan in 2010.

The Gram Panchayat meets regularly to discuss the problems and needs of the villagers. Some of the responsibilities of the Gram Panchayat are:

• To keep the village clean.

• To build and maintain village roads and streetlights.

• To provide clean and safe drinking water.

• To provide education to children and adults.

welfare: good health and happiness elect: to choose someone for a position

• To provide and run health centres.

• To solve problems and small disputes among villagers.

• To provide support to farmers and small industries in the village.

Clean drinking water in a village A health checkup camp in a village Children studying in a village school

Pause and Answer

Tick (✓) the correct statements.

1. Civic amenities are only for the rich.

2. The Gram Panchayat solves disputes among villagers.

3. The Gram Panchayat consists of only men.

4. Clean drinking water is a civic amenity.

Do and Learn

Along with your teacher and classmates, identify ways to make improvements in your classroom. Do at least three things to improve your classroom.

Municipal Council and Municipal Corporation

Local government bodies provide public facilities in towns and cities. A Municipal Council provides public facilities in towns. The members of the Municipal Council are known as Municipal Councillors. The head of the Municipal Council is the Chairperson.

disputes: arguments

A Municipal Corporation provides public facilities in cities. The head of a Municipal Corporation is called the Mayor. People vote and elect the members of the Municipal Council and the Municipal Corporation. Everyone who is 18 years of age or above can vote in these elections. Some of the main functions of the Municipal Corporation and the Municipal Council are:

Discuss!

Why is it important for the Municipal Corporation to keep the parks and streets clean? How do you think this helps people?

• To keep the city clean by collecting and disposing of garbage, and providing clean and usable public toilets.

• To provide clean and safe drinking water.

• To provide medical centres and hospitals.

• To provide free and compulsory education for children up to the age of 14.

• To construct and repair roads, footpaths and streetlights.

• To organise literacy programs for adults.

• To keep records of births and deaths, and issue birth and death certificates.

As responsible citizens, it is our duty not to damage parks, streetlights and other facilities provided by the government.

Sources of Funds

Think and Tell

If you were the mayor or chairperson of your city or town, what would be three new public amenities that you would introduce to improve the lives of your citizens?

We have learnt how the Gram Panchayat, the Municipal Council and Municipal Corporation perform so many functions. But all of these activities need money. Where does that money come from?

literacy programs: programs to teach how to read and write

Road construction in a city

A government hospital in Delhi

They receive money from the government to perform these functions. Apart from that, they also use the tax money. The government collects money from the people according to their income to provide various public services. This money is called tax. People pay different taxes, such as road tax, property tax and so on.

Wonders of Bharat

The Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) is the largest municipal corporation in India and Asia. It is also the richest municipal corporation in India.

Word Splash

civic amenities: services that are provided to the people by the government gram panchayat: elected members of gram sabha gram sabha: all the villagers who are 18 years or above pradhan or sarpanch: head of the gram panchayat municipal council: provides public facilities in towns municipal corporation: provides public facilities in cities mayor: the head of a municipal corporation of the city tax: money collected by the government from the people according to their income

Points to Remember

• In villages, a Gram Panchayat looks after the welfare of people by providing civic amenities.

• A Municipal Council provides civic amenities in towns.

• A Municipal Corporation provides civic amenities in cities.

Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What are the members of the Municipal Corporation called?

a. Sarpanch

c. Gram Sabha

b. Municipal Councillors

B. Who is the head of a Gram Panchayat?

a. Mayor b. Sarpanch

c. Principal

C. What is the local government body of a town called?

a. Municipal Council

c. Gram Sabha

2. Fill in the blanks.

b. Gram Panchayat

mayor sarpanch chairperson tax

A. The is the head of the Municipal Corporation.

B. The money collected from people by government to provide various public facilities is called .

C. The head of a Municipal Council is called the .

D. The head of a Gram Panchayat is called the .

3. Write True or False.

A. The Gram Panchayat is responsible for maintaining roads and streetlights in villages.

B. The chairperson is the head of a municipal corporation.

C. The Gram Panchayat provides clean drinking water in large cities.

D. Municipal Corporations get money from the government.

4. Answer the following questions.

A. Write any three functions of the Gram Panchayat.

B. Who elects the members of the Municipal Corporation?

C. Write any three functions of the Municipal Council.

D. Where do local government bodies get their funding from?

5. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given pictures and answer the following questions.

A. Identify the pictures which show the functions performed by the Municipal Corporation?

B. From where would the Municipal Corporation get funds to perform these functions?

HOTS

Radha lives in a village while her cousin lives in Delhi.

1. What would be the difference in the local government bodies of their places?

2. Write three similarities in the roles of the local government bodies in their places.

Community Connect

With the help of your parents, visit the office of the local government or talk to someone who works there. Ask them how they help keep your neighbourhood clean and safe. Can you think of one way you and your family can support their efforts in your community? Share that information with your class.

India—Symbols and Leaders 8

Chapter Overview

India—Symbols and Leaders

National Symbols

Great Leaders

Get Set

You must have seen the Indian flag being hoisted in your school or nearby places. Colour the Indian flag given below.

National Symbols

National symbols represent a nation’s culture and values and work as its identity. Let us learn about the national symbols of India.

identity: who someone or something is

National Flag

The National Flag of India is rectangular and is a tricolour, meaning it has three colours. It has three equal-sized bands of saffron, white and green. The saffron band at the top represents strength and courage. The white band in the middle stands for truth and peace. The green band at the bottom stands for growth and prosperity. The white band has the navy blue Ashok Chakra in the centre. The Chakra has 24 spokes.

To respect our national flag, we must make sure that:

• It is never kept on the ground.

• There should be no other flag above it.

• The saffron band should be at the top.

• The flag should be carried over our right shoulder.

• It should be held in the front of a gathering.

• We should never hoist a torn or a dirty flag.

National Emblem

The Indian National Flag The National Flag of India was designed by Pingali Venkayya in 1921. Did You Know?

The National Emblem is used as a seal by the government of India. It can be seen on coins and currency notes. It can be seen on government documents and letters too. The seal has four lions that face the four directions. At a time, only three are visible at once. The base of the emblem has a horse, a bull, an elephant and a lion. Each are separated by a wheel. At the bottom, the words 'Satyameva Jayate' are written. It means 'truth always wins'.

prosperity: a condition in which people are happy spokes: rods in a wheel connecting the outer circle to the centre

The National Emblem of India

National Anthem

Our National Anthem is Jana-Gana-Mana. It was written by the famous poet Rabindranath Tagore. The song talks about the beauty and diversity of India. When it is played, everyone should stand in attention to show respect and love for our country.

Error Alert!

Jana-Gana-Mana is not our National Song. It is our National Anthem. The national song of our country is Vande Mataram. It was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

National Animal

Our National Animal is the Royal Bengal Tiger. It is the symbol of strength, power and grace. The Royal Bengal Tiger is protected in national parks because it is an endangered animal. India gives importance to protecting its wildlife.

The Indian Government started Project Tiger in 1973. It aimed at protecting tigers and increasing their population. Did You Know?

National Bird

Our National Bird is the peacock. It stands for beauty and grace. It is found across India and has an important place in Indian art and culture.

diversity: having many different people, cultures, languages, etc. national park: a forest area protected by the government endangered: a category of animals or birds which is at risk of dying out

Rabindranath Tagore

Royal Bengal Tiger

Peacock

National Flower

Our National Flower is the lotus. It is also an important part of Indian art and culture. It represents truth, knowledge and wealth.

Do and Learn

Find out the names of any three national parks in India and the states in which they are located.

Great Leaders

India has had some great leaders who inspire us. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Mother Teresa and Jawaharlal Nehru lived their lives serving the people. We can learn many important lessons and values from their lives.

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi is also known as the Father of the Nation. He was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat. His complete name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Rabindranath Tagore gave him the title of Mahatma. He studied law in London and later went to South Africa to work as a lawyer. He soon returned to India and helped India become free from the British rule.

He believed in non-violence, truth and simple living. From his life, we can learn the importance of honesty, kindness and standing up for what is right without hurting others. Gandhi’s values continue to guide and inspire us even today. He passed away on 30 January 1948.

inspire: to motivate someone to do something non-violence: not harming others

Lotus

Mahatma Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of our country. He was born on 14th November 1889 in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. He studied law and worked as a lawyer for many years. He played an important role in our freedom struggle against the British. He was very fond of children and every year his birthday is celebrated as Children’s Day. He passed away on 27 May 1964.

Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa was born on 26 August 1910 in North Macedonia in Europe. At the age of 19, she moved to India as a nun.

She started a group called the Missionaries of Charity in 1950. Here, she and the other nuns worked hard to feed the hungry, take care of the sick, and provide shelter to the homeless. She passed away on 5 September 1997. She is remembered for her kindness. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for the work she did to help people in need.

Wonders of Bharat

The Ashoka Chakra is named after Emperor Ashoka who ruled India long ago. The Ashoka Chakra reminds us of his message that true strength comes from peace and living with good values.

Word Splash

national symbol: something that represents a nation’s culture and values, and works as its identity

national emblem: a symbol of the nation which is used for official work

nun: a religious woman who spends her life in service of the poor and needy

Mother Teresa

Ashoka Chakra

Jawaharlal Nehru

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the national song of India.

Points to Remember

• The National Flag of India has three colours: saffron, white and green.

• Mahatma Gandhi is known as the Father of the Nation.

• Mother Teresa cared for the poor, sick and needy.

• Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Whose birthday is celebrated as Children’s Day in India?

a. Mahatma Gandhi

c. Jawaharlal Nehru

b. Mother Teresa

B. What does our national flower stand for?

a. Knowledge

c. Beauty

b. Power

C. Which is the national animal of our country?

a. Lion

c. Horse

2. Write True or False.

A. Jana-Gana-Mana is our national song.

b. The Royal Bengal Tiger

B. Mahatma Gandhi was the first prime minister of India.

C. Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for helping the needy.

D. The National Emblem has a peacock at the top.

3. Match the following.

A. National Anthem i. Mahatma Gandhi

B. National Song ii. Jana-Gana-Mana

C. First prime minister iii. Vande Mataram

D. Father of the Nation iv. Jawaharlal Nehru

4. Answer the following questions.

A. What are some rules we must follow to respect our National Flag?

B. What is the meaning of words ‘Satyameva Jayate’?

C. Where can we see the national emblem being used?

D. Which prize was Mother Teresa awarded for the work she did?

E. ‘At the top there are four lions, at the base it has a horse, a bull, an elephant, and a lion.’ What is being described here?

5. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Name the animal shown in the picture.

B. Why is this animal important to India?

HOTS

If you had to create a new national symbol for India, what would it be and how would it represent important values or features of our country?

Life Skills

Make a scrapbook titled ‘Great Leaders of India’. Paste pictures of three leaders from our country; write their names under their pictures and any two values that they stood for. Make sure not to choose the leaders about whom you have just learnt. Share the scrapbook with your class and talk about the leader and the values that inspire you the most.

Delhi 9

Location and Climate Transportation

Famous Places Culture

Get Set

Look at the pictures. Follow the given hints and write the correct names of the monuments.

(Hint: It is a monument in the memory of Indian soldiers.)

Location and Climate

(Hint: The Prime Minister of India hoists the National Flag here on Independence day.)

Delhi is the capital of India. It is also known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). It is in the northern part of India. It is bordered by Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The Yamuna river flows through the city. Delhi is located in the

Northern Plains. So it gets very hot in summers and becomes very cold during winters. Delhi receives good rainfall during the monsoons in July and August.

Since New Delhi is the capital of our country, all important government offices are located here such as the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Parliament and the Prime Minister's Office (PMO).

The President of India lives in the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Prime Minister’s office is in the South Block. The Parliament, the High Commissions and Embassies of other countries are also in Delhi.

Delhi on map of India

Delhi is a union territory. Even though union territories don’t have a chief minister, Delhi has one. It is because it’s a very big and important city where many people live and work. The chief minister helps take care of the city to make sure everything runs smoothly.

Transportation

Delhi has many transport options like taxis, buses and the metro rail. The Delhi Metro Rail connects Delhi with neighbouring cities like Noida, Gurugram, Ghaziabad, etc.

The city bus service, called the DTC (Delhi Transport Corporation), connects different parts of the city.

Did You Know?

Delhi Metro is India’s busiest and largest metro rail network. It runs both above and underground. It was started in 2002.

The Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi connects it with major cities of India and the world. The Old Delhi Railway Station and the New Delhi

South Block, New Delhi

Arabian Sea

of Bengal

INDIAN OCEAN

Railway Station are two major railway stations. Delhi has a wide network of roads too.

Do and Learn

With the help of your partner, find the map of the Delhi Metro on the internet. Learn about the metro routes for some important places like Chandni Chowk, Red Fort, New Delhi Railway Station and India Gate.

Culture

Delhi is famous for its street food like chaat, chole kulche, etc.

People living in Delhi celebrate many festivals like Holi, Diwali, Eid, Onam, Durga Puja, Christmas, etc. Delhi is the main centre for Independence Day and Republic Day celebrations as well.

Hindi is spoken by most of the people of Delhi. Other languages like English, Urdu and Punjabi are also spoken in the city.

People mostly wear light cotton clothes in the summer and woollens in the winters. All kinds of traditional and modern clothing, from sarees and salwar kameez to jeans and T-shirts, can be found here.

Delhi Metro

New Delhi Railway Station A DTC bus in Delhi

Chole kulche

Cold winters in Delhi

Pause and Answer

Circle the correct word.

1. Delhi is situated on the banks of river Yamuna/Ganga.

2. Indira Gandhi International Airport/India Gate International Airport is in Delhi.

3. Delhi Transport Corporation runs the local trains/buses of Delhi.

Famous Places

Delhi has many famous places that attract tourists from India and abroad. The Red Fort in Delhi is of great significance for India. Every year on Independence Day, the prime minister of India hoists the National Flag here. Jama Masjid is another popular monument visited by tourists from all over the world.

Other famous places to visit in Delhi are the Qutub Minar, Jantar Mantar, the Nehru Planetarium, the Lodhi Garden, India Gate, Raj Ghat, Humanyun’s Tomb, Lotus Temple and Akshardham. Whenever we visit these places, we must obey the rules of that place and not harm the buildings in any way.

Wonders of Bharat

Khari Baoli is a street in Old Delhi which is Asia’s largest spice market. It sells a variety of spices, nuts, herbs, rice and tea.

A view of the Khari Baoli market

tourist: a person who travels to different places when they are on holiday significance: importance hoist: raise something high using ropes

Jama Masjid

Red Fort

Word Splash

metro rail: an electric railway system within a city which can be underground, on the surface, or raised on pillars

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about famous places in Delhi.

Points to Remember

• Delhi is situated on the banks of Yamuna.

• New Delhi is the capital of India.

• Delhi is very hot in the summer and very cold in the winter.

• There are many famous tourist places in Delhi like the India Gate, the Lotus Temple and the Jama Masjid.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Delhi shares its boundary with

a. Uttar Pradesh and Punjab

c. Haryana and Uttar Pradesh

B. What is Delhi known as?

a. The National Capital

b. Haryana and Punjab

b. The Royal City of India Territory of Delhi

c. The National Coastal Territory

C. Which of these is a famous tourist attraction in Delhi?

a. Taj Mahal

c. Red Fort

b. Konark Temple

2. Fill in the blanks.

Jama Masjid Qutub Minar Red Fort South Block

A. The Prime Minister of India hoists the national flag at the on Independence Day.

B. The Prime Minister’s Office is located in the .

C. is a famous mosque in Delhi.

D. is a famous tower in Delhi.

3. Write True or False.

A. The President of India's office is in the South Block in Delhi.

B. Delhi is located in the Great Indian Desert.

C. The Gateway of India is a famous place in Delhi.

4. Match the following.

A. Khari Baoli i. President of India

B. South Block ii. Prime Minister's Office

C. Rashtrapati Bhavan iii. Largest spice market in Asia

5. Answer the following questions.

A. What type of climate does Delhi have?

B. Name any two types of local transport in Delhi.

C. Which languages are spoken in Delhi?

D. Can cotton clothes be worn year round in Delhi? Why or why not?

6. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Which place is this?

B. Why is this place important?

HOTS

Delhi has people from different states living together. How do you think this mix of cultures influences the food, festivals and languages spoken in the city?

Life Skills

Collect pictures of famous tourist places of Delhi. Look for pictures in newspapers, magazines, and on the internet. If you have visited Delhi, then you can use pictures from your trip as well. Make a collage of all the collected pictures. Give your collage a creative title. Display the collage in your class.

PROJECT 1

Creating a Miniature Model of Earth

Objective: Students will create a 3D model of the Earth, showing its continents and oceans.

Materials Needed: A large ball, blue and green paint, paintbrushes, a black marker, a small piece of paper, a globe or a world map for reference.

Step 1: Prepare the Base: Use the large ball as the base for your model Earth. It can be a football or basketball.

Step 2: Paint the Oceans: Paint the entire surface of the ball with blue paint to represent the oceans. Let it dry.

Step 3: Paint the Continents: Draw the outlines of the continents. Use green paint to paint the continents.

Tip: You can use a world map or a globe when painting the continents to draw them correctly.

Step 4: Label the Continents and Oceans: Label all the continents and oceans using the black marker.

Step 5: Add directions: Draw a small compass rose on a piece of paper and stick it near the base of your model to indicate directions (North, South, East, and West). Again, refer to the globe to paste the rose correctly.

Project Output: Now you have your own small model of our beautiful Earth! Present it to your class.

Final Outcome: This project will help you understand the shape of the Earth and where the different continents and oceans are.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Assessment 1

Read this article. Answer the questions given below.

Troubled Waters!

The Yamuna river has serious pollution problems. Factories nearby dump harmful chemicals into the river, making the water poisonous. The river bank is also choked with plastic bags and trash. These things harm the fish, and make the river dirty, smelly, and unsafe for drinking or swimming. Many people who use the river for washing or drinking become sick because of this. Saving the river is very important for keeping our environment healthy.

1. What type of waste do factories dump into the Yamuna?

a. Paper waste

b. Food waste

c. Chemical waste

2. The water in the Yamuna River is unsafe because

a. The river has a large variety of fish.

b. It is filled with plastic and toxic waste.

c. Lots of people swim in the river.

3. The Yamuna river is an important source of water for Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. If pollution in the Yamuna River continues to get worse, how do you think would it affect the future of the people who depend on the river? Mention any 2 points.

4. Suggest two steps that can be taken to reduce pollution level in rivers.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Model Test Paper - 1

Name of the Student:

Time: 1 Hour

Total Marks: 30

1 Tick () the correct answer. (1 × 4 marks)

A What is the shape of the globe?

a Round b Flat c Triangle

B Which is the coldest continent?

a Antarctica b North America c Europe

C At what age can Indians begin voting in elections?

a 25 years

b 18 years c 40 years

D Delhi shares its boundary with

a Uttar Pradesh and Punjab

b Haryana and Punjab

c Haryana and Uttar Pradesh

2 Fill in the blanks. (1 × 4 marks) deforestation agriculture physical sarpanch

A The head of a Gram Panchayat is called the .

B is the main occupation of most people living in the Northern Plains.

C is the process of cutting down trees on a large scale.

D A map shows natural features like mountains.

3 Match the following. (1 × 4 marks)

States Capitals

A Ladakh i Bengaluru

B Karnataka ii Hyderabad

C Gujarat iii Leh

D Telangana iv Gandhinagar

4 Write True or False. (1 × 4 marks)

A Jana-Gana-Mana is our national song.

B The Prime Minister’s office is in the South Block.

C The axis of the Earth is tilted.

D Days and nights occur due to the revolution of the Earth.

5 Picture-based questions. (1 + 1 + 2 marks)

Look at the picture and answer the questions.

A Which ocean lies close to Japan?

B Which ocean lies between Africa and Asia?

C Which two oceans are close to Russia?

6 Answer the following questions. (2 × 5 marks)

A Write 2 differences between a map and a globe.

B What is land pollution?

C Write 2 important features of the coastal plains of India.

D Write any 2 functions of the Municipal Council.

E Mention 2 rules we must follow to respect our National Flag.

Leaders of India in 2024

Leaders of a country are chosen by the people of the country. They make important decisions that help to run the government smoothly. Let us read about some of the leaders of India in 2024.

Droupadi Murmu

She became the 15th and the youngest president of India in 2022. She is the second female president and the first president from a tribal community.

Narendra Damodardas Modi

He has been the prime minister of India since 2014. In 2024, he was re-elected as the prime minister for the third time.

Jagdeep Dhankar

He became the 14th vice-president of India in 2022. Before this, he was a lawyer.

Amit Shah

He has been the home minister of India since 2019. In 2021, he was elected as the first minister of cooperation of India.

He has been the education minister of India since 2021. He also served as the minister of petroleum and natural gas.

He has been the minister of road transport and highways since 2014. He has held this role for more than ten years.

Leaders always put the needs of the people first. A leader should be honest and kind. Use the internet and ask your parents to help you find the names of the finance minister and defense minister of India.

Dharmendra Pradhan

Nitin Jairam Gadkari

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Match the leaders and their positions.

a President of India

b Prime Minister of India

c Home Minister of India

d Education Minister of India

e Vice-president of India

2 Fill in the blanks.

a Narendra Modi was re-elected as the prime minister of India for the time in 2024.

b became India’s first president from a tribal community.

c In 2024, was re-elected as the minister of road transport and highways of India.

d The first minister of cooperation of India was .

e Jagdeep Dhankar was a before he became the vice-president of India.

Unique Trees

There are many unique trees found around the world. Let us learn about some of them.

The Ancient Bristlecone Pines in the White Mountains of California are over 4,800 years old. They are one of the oldest living trees on Earth.

General Sherman Tree is a giant sequoia tree located in the Sequoia National Park in California, USA. It is the largest tree in the world by volume. It is around 2,200 years old.

The Hyperion located in the Redwood National Park of California, is the world’s tallest tree. It is more than 115 metres tall. It is over 600 years old.

The Tree of Tule located in Santa María del Tule, Mexico. This tree has the thickest trunk in the world. It is estimated to be over 2,000 years old.

The Baobab trees are known for their enormous, thick trunks and thin branches. They are found in Africa and Australia. They are often referred to as the ‘Tree of Life’ because it provides humans with water and food. Some baobab trees are thought to be thousands of years old.

All these trees are very old and important. They should be protected.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Name the places where these trees are found.

a The Hyperion tree

b Baobab trees

c The Tree of Tule

2 Fill in the blanks with the correct names of the trees.

a The has the thickest trunk in the world.

b The is the tallest living tree in the world.

c The is often called the ‘Tree of Life’.

d The are the oldest trees in the world.

e The is the largest tree in the world by volume.

3 Read the hints and solve the crossword puzzle.

ACROSS

1. The General Sherman Tree is located in .

2. The Baobab trees are known for their enormous

DOWN

1. The tree is more than 115 metres tall.

2. The Tree of is located in Santa María del Tule.

The Internet

The internet was one of the greatest inventions of the 1900s. Let us learn more about it.

The internet is a network that connects computers all over the world. We use the internet on our phones, computers and tablets.

Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn are the founders of the internet.

Some Basic Terms Related to the Internet

Web Page: It is like a single page in a book with information and content.

Website

Web Page

Web Browser: It is used to view the information on websites. Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox

Website: It is a collection of web pages.

Search Engine

Search Engine: It is a computer program that helps us find information online. Google Bing

The Use of the Internet in Everyday Life

• It is used to find information on any topic.

• It helps us communicate with people all over the world.

• It is used for entertainment.

• We often use it to shop online.

HEALTH

The internet is fun and helps us learn new things, but it is also important to spend time playing outside and exercising. This helps us stay healthy and strong.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz. Practice Time

1 Write ‘S’ for search engines and ‘W’ for web browsers.

2 Tick () the activities that we can do using the internet.

a Play cricket in the park

b Watch films

c Search for information

d Shop online

e Travel to our friend’s house

f Talk to our friends

3 Fill in the blanks.

a The internet is a that connects computers all over the world.

b and are the founders of the internet.

c A is a collection of web pages.

d helps us to find information online.

e is used to view the information on websites.

National Days and Celebrations

Many important days are celebrated in our country. Let us learn more about them.

Republic Day—26 January

On this day, the Constitution of India came into effect in 1950. A parade is held every year at the Kartavya Path in New Delhi. During the parade, people from many states present performances known as Jhanki. The officers from the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force also march with their bands.

Independence Day—15 August

On this day, India gained independence from British rule in 1947. Every year, the prime minister of India hoists the flag at the Red Fort in New Delhi. He also gives a speech.

Gandhi Jayanti—2 October

This day celebrates the birth of Mahatma Gandhi. He played an important role in helping India gain its freedom from British rule. This day is observed as a national holiday.

Van Mahotsav—1 to 7 July

Van Mahotsav is a tree-planting festival. It is celebrated every year in the first week of July. It teaches people about the importance of trees. During this event, people across India plant trees.

International Day of Yoga—21 June

People celebrate this day by practising yoga. This day teaches the importance of having a healthy body and mind. It was first celebrated in 2015.

Do research on any one of the national days of India. Make a poster with a message to show why the day is important.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Which day is celebrated on the following dates?

a 2 October

b 26 January

c 21 June

d 15 August

2 Read the hints. Rearrange the letters and write the names of the days.

a ANV HOMASTAV (This is a tree-planting festival.)

b BURPELCI ADY (A parade is held at Kartavya Path on this day.)

c DENEPEIDNCNE DAY (India gained freedom from the British.)

d AHGNDI ATAYNJI (This is celebrated on 2 October.)

3 Fill in the blanks.

a On Republic Day, the officers of the Indian , Navy and Air Force march with their bands.

b The first International Day of Yoga was celebrated in the year .

c The Republic Day parade is held in , the capital of India.

d India gained independence from the British on .

e Van Mahotsav is celebrated every year in the month of .

Cricket is a popular game played by many people around the world. We use a bat and a ball to play it. Let us learn more about this sport.

How to Play Cricket

There are two teams, each with 11 players. After winning a coin toss, a team can choose to either bat or bowl. The team which bats first sets the score or runs. The other team has to score more runs to win.

Players need some basic equipment to play cricket.

A Cricket Ground

Cricket is played on an oval ground with a rectangular pitch in the centre.

As of 2024, there are over 200 cricket stadiums in the world. India alone has 53 cricket stadiums. The Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad is the largest cricket stadium in the world.

Formats of Cricket Matches

There are 3 formats of cricket matches based on the number of overs played. Each over consists of 6 balls.

• A Test match has no limit on the number of overs. It may last for up to five days.

• In a One Day International (ODI) match, each team faces 50 overs.

• A Twenty20 International (T20I) match has a limit of 20 overs per team. It is the fastest format in cricket.

Cricket is a team game where players work together to win. It teaches us the importance of teamwork and communication in order to succeed.

Helmet Batting Gloves

Batting Pads

Wickets

Bat and Ball

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Tick () the equipment one needs to play cricket.

2 Which format of cricket is it?

a It has 20 overs.

b It has 50 overs.

c It has no limit on the number of overs.

3 Fill in the blanks.

a Cricket is a team sport with players on each side.

b An over consists of balls.

c Cricket grounds are in shape.

d A cricket pitch is in shape.

e In a game of cricket, one side chooses to while the other team has to and field.

First-aid Kit

First aid is the immediate help given to someone who is sick or hurt. First aid is used to treat minor wounds or illnesses or to help a person until medical help arrives.

A First-aid Kit

To give first aid, we need a first-aid kit. It is a box or bag that has things like medicines, bandage and other tools.

Items in a First-aid Kit or Box

• We should wear gloves before providing first aid.

• We use antiseptic solutions and cotton to clean a wound.

• We can apply band-aid strips and antiseptic creams on small cuts.

• We use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the patient.

• We use ice packs if there is a swelling due to an injury.

• Only give medicines for fever and pain after talking to a doctor.

We should keep a first-aid kit in homes, schools and offices. A smaller first-aid kit, called a first-aid box, should be kept in cars and buses.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Name these items from a first-aid kit. a b c

2 Write True or False.

a We should only keep a first-aid kit at home.

b First aid helps to reduce pain due to injuries.

c Only a doctor or a nurse should have a first-aid kit.

d We can use antiseptic solutions to clean a wound.

e We should not keep scissors in a first-aid kit.

3 Read the clues. Rearrange the letters to name the item in the first-aid kit.

a It helps to measure the temperature of a person. (MERTHOETERM)

b It is used to clean a wound or a cut. (TNOTOC)

c It can be applied on small cuts. (NADB-IAD)

d It helps to reduce pain and fever. (CINIMEDE)

Animals with Super Senses

Some animals have developed their senses in such amazing ways that it seems as if they have superpowers. It helps them stay safe or find food. Let us learn about a few such super senses.

Snakes use their tongues to smell. When they stick out their tongues, they can smell things in the air. This helps them hunt even in darkness.

Dogs can not only smell things that are very far away, but they can also pick up scents too faint for humans to smell. They also have excellent hearing and can hear sounds that we cannot.

Elephants have long noses called trunks. They use their trunks to smell things from very far away. Their large ears help them hear very low sounds, which keeps them safe from danger.

Eagles have super sharp eyesight. It is so good that if we had their eyesight, we could spot an ant on the ground from a tenth-floor window. This helps eagles hunt from very high above.

Bees have an excellent sense of smell and a very good sense of taste. They can pick up the taste of a flower’s nectar even before they touch it with their tongues.

Use the internet to find any three other animals that have super senses.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Read the names of the animals and write the super senses they have.

a Dog:

b Elephant:

c Snake:

d Bee:

e Eagle:

2 Solve this crossword puzzle using the hints given.

ACROSS

1. I use my tongue to smell.

2. I can hear sounds that humans cannot hear.

3. I use my trunk to smell things that are very far away.

DOWN

1. I have very good eyesight which helps me hunt.

2. We can feel the taste of nectar without touching it with our tongues.

Waterfalls in India

India is home to many waterfalls, each with its own special features. Let us learn about some beautiful waterfalls in our country.

The Dudhsagar Waterfalls are located on the Mandovi River in Goa. The waterfall is called Dudhsagar because it looks as if giant rivers of milk are flowing down.

The Chitrakote Waterfalls are located on the Indravati River in Bastar, Chhattisgarh. It is the widest waterfall in India. It is also called the Niagara Falls of India, due to their similar shape.

The Kunchikal Falls are on the Varahi River in Karnataka. It is the highest waterfall in India, with a height of 455 metres.

The Dhuandhar Falls are formed by the Narmada River. It is located in the Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh. It is so named because of its white, smoky look.

The Bhambavli Vajrai Waterfalls are located on the Urmodi River in Satara, Maharashtra. It is the highest waterfall in Maharashtra with a height of about 560 metres.

The Nohkalikai Waterfalls are located in Sohra, Meghalaya. These falls are mainly fed by rainwater, making them strongest during the monsoon season.

It is important to protect the environment around waterfalls to maintain the balance of the ecosystems and ensure that future generations can enjoy their beauty.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Write the location of the waterfalls.

a The Bhambavli Vajrai Waterfalls

b The Chitrakote Waterfalls

c The Nohkalikai Waterfalls

d The Kunchikal Falls

e The Dudhsagar Waterfalls

f The Dhuandhar Falls

2 Read the clues and name the waterfalls.

a It is the highest waterfall in India.

b It is the widest waterfall in India.

c It is the highest waterfall in Maharashtra.

d Its name means, a sea of milk, in Hindi.

e It is so named because of its white, smoky look.

3 Fill in the table.

Waterfalls

a The Kunchikal Falls

b The Bhambavli Vajrai Waterfalls

c The Chitrakote Waterfalls

d The Dhuandhar Falls

e The Dudhsagar Waterfalls

Rivers

Money 9

Money is a medium of exchange. It is used to pay for goods and services. Let us learn more about money.

Money is something people use to buy things they need or want. It can be in the form of coins and paper notes.

Money is created and issued by the government of a country. The form of money used in a country is called its currency. The Indian rupee (INR) is the currency of India.

By law, everyone must accept the money that is issued by the government.

In earlier times, people did not use notes and coins. Instead, they used items such as sea shells, salt, animals like cattle and precious metals like gold and silver.

Lending and Borrowing Money

We can also borrow and lend money.

Borrowing money means taking money from someone and agreeing to return it after some time. For example, if you borrow 5 rupees from a friend, you will have to return the rupees later. We can also borrow money from banks.

Lending money means giving someone money that they agree to return later. Banks also lend money to people.

If we borrow money from someone, we should always return it as soon as possible. We should not keep it with us for very long.

Indian rupee coins

Indian rupee notes

Scan this QR code to see the quiz. Practice Time

1 Tick () the items that were used as money in earlier times.

2 Write True or False.

a The currency of India is the Indian Dollar.

b When we borrow money, we do not have to return it.

c Banks also lend money to people.

d Money is issued by local banks.

e A shop can refuse to accept money that is issued by the government.

3 Fill in the blanks.

a Money is used to pay for and .

b money means giving money to someone that they agree to return later.

c Money is created and issued by the .

d Money is commonly used in the form of and

Gold

Sea shells

Cotton

Salt

Wood

Potatoes

Firsts in Space 10

Every year, many spacecraft are launched that take astronauts, satellites and equipment to outer space. But do you know who or what was the first to go to space? Let us find out.

A dog named Laika was the first animal to go to outer space on 3 November 1957. It went in the spacecraft Sputnik-2, which was launched by the Soviet Union (Russia).

Armstrong from the United States became the first man to walk on the Moon. He and his fellow astronaut, Buzz Aldrin hoisted the first flag on the Moon.

Yuri Gagarin was the first human to go to outer space on 12 April 1961. He was an astronaut from the Soviet Union.

Salyut-1 was the first space station launched in space on 19 April 1971 by the Soviet Union.

Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman to go to space on 16 June 1963. She spent almost three days in space.

On 3 April 1984, Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian astronaut to go to outer space.

On 19 November 1997, Kalpana Chawla, an Indian-born American astronaut, became the first woman of Indian origin to go to outer space.

Use the internet to find the name of India’s first spacecraft and when it was launched.

Practice Time

1 Name these firsts in the space.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

a The first human who walked on the Moon.

b The first Indian-born woman in space.

c The first space station.

d The first human in space.

e The first woman in space.

f The first Indian man in space.

2 Fill in the blanks.

a Laika went to space on the spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union.

b Valentina Tereshkova was in space for almost days.

c Yuri Gagarin was an astronaut from the .

d Kalpana Chawla became the first woman of Indian origin to go to .

e Neil Armstrong and hoisted the US flag on the Moon.

3 Help the astronaut reach his spacecraft safely.

Voices of India

Music is an important part of the entertainment industry in India. Here are some of the famous singers of the Indian music industry.

Lata Mangeshkar (1929–2022) was a playback singer. She was given titles such as the ‘Nightingale of India’ and the ‘Queen of Melody’. In 1991, the Guinness World Records listed her as the most recorded artist in the world with more than 30,000 songs.

Hariharan is a playback singer and music composer. He has recorded over 15,000 songs in more than ten languages, including Kannada and Marathi.

Shreya Ghoshal is a playback singer. She won the children’s music competition Sa Re Ga Ma Pa at the age of 12. She has recorded over 3000 songs in more than twenty languages.

Diljit Dosanjh is a singer, actor, songwriter and film producer. He is one of the leading artists of the Punjabi music and film industry. He has recorded more than 400 songs in many languages.

Arijit Singh is a playback singer. He started his music career by taking part in the music reality show called Fame Gurukul in 2005. He has recorded more than 400 songs in many languages.

Sunidhi Chauhan is a playback singer. She is best known for her Hindi film songs. She has recorded over 2500 songs in more than ten languages.

Music is an art that uses sound to express feelings. Listening to music can change our mood. It can make us happy, sad or excited. Artists and singers practise for years to achieve their goals. It takes hard work, sincerity and dedication.

1 Identify the singer.

2 Name the singers.

a She was known as the ‘Nightingale of India’.

b He is a leading artist in the Punjabi music and film industry.

c He has recorded over 15,000 songs in more than ten languages.

d He started his career with a reality show named Fame Gurukul.

e She became famous after taking part in the music show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa.

f She was listed in the 1991 Guinness World Records as the most recorded artist in the world.

Island Countries 12

Islands are pieces of land that are surrounded by water on all sides. There are some countries in the world that are made up of one or more islands. Let us learn about some of them.

Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is made up of four main islands. The largest island, Honshu, is the 7th largest island in the world.

Madagascar is an island country located near Africa in the Indian Ocean. It is the second-largest island country in the world. It is famous for its unique plants and animals.

New Zealand is an island country located near Australia in the South Pacific Ocean. It has two main islands—North Island and South Island. There are many smaller islands in the country.

Indonesia is an island country located in Southeast Asia between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the largest island country in the world. It has five main islands.

It is important to take care of the oceans surrounding the islands and the animals living there. If we keep the water clean, people and animals will stay healthy.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Match the island countries and their locations.

a Japan Indian Ocean

b New Zealand East Asia

c Madagascar South Pacific Ocean

2 Fill in the blanks.

a are pieces of land that are surrounded by water on all sides.

b Japan is made up of main islands.

c is the second-largest island country in the world.

d is an island country located near Australia.

e is an island country located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

3 Circle five differences between the two images.

Answers

1. Leaders of India in 2024

1. a. Prime Minister of India

b. Education Minister of India

c. President of India

d. Vice-president of India

e. Home Minister of India

2. a. third

b. Droupadi Murmu

c. Nitin Jairam Gadkari

d. Amit Shah

e. lawyer

2. Unique Trees

1. a. Redwood National Park of California

b. Africa and Australia

c. Santa María del Tule, Mexico

2. a. Tree of Tule b. Hyperion

c. Baobab d. Ancient Bristlecone Pines

e. General Sherman Tree

3. Across 1. CALIFORNIA 2. TRUNKS

Down 1. HYPERION 2. TULE

3. The Internet

1. a. S b. W c. S d. W

2. b, c, d, f

3. a. network b. Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn

c. website d. Search engine e. Web browser

4. National Days and Celebrations

1. a. Gandhi Jayanti b. Republic Day

c. International Day of Yoga d. Republic Day

2. a. VAN MAHOTSAV b. REPUBLIC DAY

c. INDEPENDENCE DAY d. GANDHI JAYANTI

3. a. Army b. 2015 c. New Delhi d. 15 August 1947 e. July

5. Cricket

1. a, d, e

2. a. Twenty20 International b. One Day International c. Test match

3. a. 11 b. 6 c. oval

d. rectangular e. bat, bowl

6. First-aid Kit

1. a. Band-aid b. Thermometer c. Bandage

2. a. False b. True c. False

d. True e. False

3. a. THERMOMETER b. COTTON

c. BAND-AID d. MEDICINE

7. Animals with Super Senses

1. a. smell, hear

b. smell, hear

c. smell

d. smell, taste

e. eyesight

2. Across 1. SNAKE 2. DOG 3. ELEPHANT Down 1. EAGLE 2. BEES

8. Waterfalls in India

1. a. Satara, Maharashtra b. Bastar, Chhattisgarh

c. Sohra, Meghalaya d. Karnataka

e. Goa f. Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

2. a. Kunchikal Falls

b. Chitrakote Falls

c. Bhambavli Vajrai Waterfalls

d. Dudhsagar Waterfalls

e. Dhuandhar Falls

3. a. Varahi River b. Urmodi River

c. Indravati River d. Narmada River

e. Mandovi River

9. Money

1. a.  b.  c.  d.  e.  f. 

2. a. False b. False c. True

d. False e. False

3. a. goods, services b. Lending

c. government d. notes, coins

10. Firsts in Space

1. a. Neil Armstrong b. Kalpana Chawla

c. Salyut-1 d. Yuri Gagarin

e. Valentina Tereshkova f. Rakesh Sharma

2. a. Sputnik-2 b. three c. Soviet Union

d. outer space e. Buzz Aldrin

11. Voices of India

1. a. Sunidhi Chauhan b. Hariharan c. Arijit Singh

2. a. Lata Mangeshkar

b. Diljit Dosanjh

c. Hariharan

d. Arijit Sing

e. Shreya Ghoshal

f. Lata Mangeshkar

12. Island Countries

1. a. East Asia b. South Pacific Ocean

c. Indian Ocean

2. a. Islands

b. four

c. Madagascar

d. New Zealand

e. Indonesia

About the Book

Introducing WISDOM, a 21st-century product for the learners of grades 3 to 5. It includes all curricular areas—English, Mathematics, Science, Social Science and General Knowledge. WISDOM is aligned with the NEP 2020 in terms of its design principles, and fulfils all recommendations of the NCF 2023.

Key Features

Product Package

• Semester Books

• Uolo App

• Teacher Guide

• Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking: Intellectually stimulating questions designed to encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes

• Digital Aids: Animated talking books, interactive quizzes for additional practice and curated learning videos

• Experiential and Applicative Learning: Projects and activities designed for real-life settings, like lab activities and community projects, to enable the development and practice of life skills

• Rootedness to India: Examples from India’s unique culture and history, linked to each topic, to inculcate a sense of pride and love for the nation

• Model Assessments: Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and the application of skills

About Uolo

Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-enabled learning programs. We believe that pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 15,000+ schools across India, Southeast Asia and the Middle East.

ISBN 978-81-980824-9-7