Thesis by Tesnim Deniz Jrdt

College of Architecture and Design Department of City Planning and Design 2014-2015

Jerash, Jordan Supervisor

Dr.Atef Nusseir

Author

Tasnim Jaradat

I have been fortunately endowed by the care and support of many esteemed and kind people. First and foremost, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, I would like to thank Dr. Atef Nusseir , for his generous support, guidance,invaluable assistance and effort through all the stages of preparing this thesis and for his useful comments, insightful criticisms, and patient encouragement. I am very grateful to all the members of my beloved family for their their patience, especially my mother for her help, support and encouragement. Finally I would like to thank all governmental departments for providing us information and data about Jerash , And thanks in advanced to those who will contribute to guide us in future.

Tesnim Jaradat

1.1 What is urban regeneration…………………………………….……..9

2.1 Jerash governorate……………………………47

1.2 Historical Progression of Urban Regeneration………..…….11 1.3 About urban regeneration………………………………………..….12

2.2 Administrative divisions of Jerash governorate………………………………………48 2.3 Planned and unplanned areas…………..49

1.4 Why Jerash, why this project?........................................17

2.4 Jerash city structure plan……………………51

1.5 Significance of the project…………………………………………….19

2.5 Jerash city main basins………………………52 2.6 Climate ……………………………………………..53 2.7 Topography………………………………………..55 2.8 Surrounding cities………………………………58 2.9 Jerash City Transportation………………….59 2.10 Road Hierarchy ………………………………..60 2.11 Land Use Development …………………..61 2.12 Jerash City Existing Land Use ……….….64 2.13 Built up Area………………………………….…66 2.14 Future Expansion Expectation …….…..67 2.15 Range of Services …………………….……...68 2.16 Land Prices …………………………….………..69

1.6 General information background and location of Jerash…………………………………………………….21 1.7 Tourism in Jerash………………………………………………………….25 1.8 Ancient History of Jerash (Gerasa)…………………………….…..31

1.9 History of Jerash as Heritage and Development of the Modern City…………………………………………………….….34 1.10 Jerash City Urban Growth Stages…………………………….…..41

SELECTED SITE PROJECT (DOWNTOWN)

2.17 Selected Site Location……………….……73 2.18 Site description……………………………..74 2.19 Climate…………………………………………..75 2.20 Topography……………………………….…..76 2.21 Main Entrances ………………………….….77 2.22 Street Network …………………………….78 2.23 Street Hierarchy…………………….………79 2.24 Main Landmarks………………………….…80 2.25 Main Nodes……………………………………81 2.26 Edges - Districts……………………………..82 2.27 Building Footprint…………………………83 2.28 Building Heights ……………………………84 2.29 Building Conditions ………………………85 2.30 Building Materials……………………..….86 2.31 Building Ages…………………………………87 2.28 Building Users …………………………..….88 2.29Land Property ……………………………….89 2.30 Range of Services………………………….90 2.31 Sewage Infrastructure…………….…….91

2.32 Water Infrastructure………………………….92 2.33 Electricity Infrastructure…………………..94 2.34 Telephone Infrastructure………………….95 2.35 Infrastructure Elements……………………96 2.36 Sewage Solid Waste………………………..…97 2.37 Street Furniture………………………………..98 2.38 Archeological Ruins…………………………...99 2.39 Municipal Land use…………………………101 2.40 Commercial uses……………………………..103 2.41 Character Areas……………………………….105 2.42 Alwadi- Golden River…………………..….106 2.43 South Bridge…………………………………….108 2.44 East Baths…………………………………………109 2.45 Old Souq…………………………………………..110 2.46 Urban Fabric……………………………………..112 2.47 Traffic in the Downtown…………………..113 2.48 Vehicle Volume Count………………….…..115 2.49 Parking in the downtown…………………116 2.50 Pedestrian Movement Analysis….……..117

SELECTED SITE PROJECT (DOWNTOWN)

2.51 Pedestrian Count …………………………119 2.52 Road Junctions….………………………....121 2.53 New Bus Complex….………………….....122 2.54 Tourist Circulation………………………...123

3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula………………………………….143 3.2 Historical City Center Of Beyşehir………….165 3.3 Karak City Revitalization Program…………177 3.4 Restoring Historical Connections San Antonio………………………………………….205

SOCIAL STUDIES 2.55 Jerash Demographic Data………………125 2.56 Population Pyramid………..………….....126 2.57 Population Growth ……………………….127 2.58 Population Projection…………………...128 2.59 Downtown Statistics………..…………....129 2.60 Employment and Job Sectors…….….131 2.61 Social Survey…………………………………133 2.62 Social Systematic observation….……138

SWOT ANALYSIS……………………………….221 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES………………….227

THIRD TOURISM PROJECT..................229

JERASH , JORDAN

METHODS OF THE STUDY

Introduction

1.1 What is URBAN REGENERATION ? •

Urban Regeneration Definition :

rban Regeneration is a somewhat newer phrase , which aroseduring the 1980s and carries with it a particular emphasis. The urban sociologist Rob Furbey has critically reviewed this phrase, reflecting that regeneration’ in Latin means rebirth’.

Urban regeneration is a comprehensive process which leads to the lasting solutions of economic, physical, social and environmental problems of urban districts. The urban regeneration concept is mostly used instead of urban renewal or urban design projects which is more related to physical improvements, this approach has caused transformation in cities with spontaneous and separate piecemeal projects apart from holistic urban context. Urban regeneration is a holistic,

comprehensive and integrated approach that embraces the three aims (economy, equity and environment); maintaining economic competitiveness, reducing inequality and protecting and embracing the environment and that suggests a new generation of partnerships for policy development and delivery that includes innovative configurations of public and private sectors in more equal relationships. Today, urban design now needs to consider the functionality of towns and cities. Our urban spaces rely on more than just what buildings are used for. As the populations of our cities have expanded the demand for a higher standard of living has meant that planners and designers now have to take into consideration transport structures, community development, environmental and sustainable methods of building, and the needs of individuals. Cities are never finished objects; land uses change , plots are redeveloped , the urban area itself expands and occasionally , shrinks. Pressure to change land uses can come about for a number of reasons whether it be changes in the economy , environment , or social need, or a combination of these. The regeneration process entails different forms of spatial interventions which could change the form and land use structure of cities in a way that could facilitate the implementation of spatial policies that address climate change. Perhaps the most fruitful form of intervention is effective utilization of inner-city lands. Through urban regeneration, city governments can make the best use of brownfields and underutilized lands, providing the possibility of employing a “grow-in” strategy to concentrate the majority of new developments in existing urban areas, in the form of mixed-use developments.

Introduction

1.1 What is URBAN REGENERATION ? The regenerations of the city improve the quality of life by contrasting urban degradation and abandoned areas, displacing petty crime, and offering an opportunity for residents' appropriation of green areas for recreational purposes while caring and maintaining their quality, as well as often enlarging the consumption premises. It reshapes the land use, with some parts of the city improved and enhanced with upgraded infrastructure, accessibility, quality of urban design, usually raising the price of land and the value of the new and existing estates. Successful examples of urban regeneration in a part of the city provide impulse for further initiatives in other areas. Complex regenerations, involving unique ingredients and mixes of functions, enriches the attractiveness and competitiveness of the city with respect to a broad area and cities' network. Conversely, urban regeneration can abort in earlier or later stages, due to shortage of funds, unreliable business plans, opposition of the neighbors, unbalances in the costs - benefits distribution, and other reasons. İn the development dynamics, initially, cities usually grow by including adjacent green areas or by seeding a new pole to be later connected to the urban texture. Over time, the older parts of the city might suffer from degradation and the burst of housing and productive bubbles might leave bankrupt activities, emptying buildings. Accordingly, urban regeneration is very important in relatively mature economies, as it can achieve the urban renaissance of inner cities and their surroundings.

•      

Typologies of urban regeneration Urban regeneration can involve: a single building, usually abandoned, dismissed or under squatter occupation; regeneration can involve total or partial substitution or, by contrast, restoration and revamping. a street, a square, or an area with or without a central place. a broad shape over the city, providing new collective identity and spatial solutions to an heterogeneous aggregate. multiple locations in the town, to pinpoint new functions easily accessible from all residents. a rethinking of the whole "image" of the city, as analytically described using the categories by Kevin A. Lynch. a redistribution of roles in a network of cities, each identifying the sub-city area where to operate.

Introduction

1.2 Historical Progression of Urban Regeneration: Urban planning and development can be traced back to Roman times when Augustus began re-building the city of Rome, and other examples of planned cities can be found throughout history. The industrial revolution shaped the way cities were built in the 18th and 19th centuries here urban planning tended to focus on the needs of factory owners and the wealthy elite. By the 20th century the disciplines of architecture, construction and city planning were having a major influence on the West. This was mainly because of the mass rebuilding that had to take lace after the devastation caused by the Second World War. Urban regeneration is a way to reorganize and upgrade existing built environments rather than planning new urbanization. It is an old concept that has evolved over time. Its roots can be traced back to the 1970s when many cities in Britain and the United States started initiatives, referred to as “urban renewal” or “area improvement”, that focused on physical renewal of inner cities identified as “areas of social deprivation”. By the late 1970s, economic aspects like revitalization of downtown cores or entire cities were incorporated into renewal schemes and urban regeneration became a more comprehensive concept. Property-led urban regeneration projects dominated urban policymaking in British and US cities in the 1980s, based on the understanding that a supply of new premises for office, industrial and retail activities would facilitate local economic transformation.

These projects came as part of the strategies to achieve the “entrepreneurial city”, a new form of urban governance to encourage local economic development.

Nevertheless, the ineffectiveness of the property-led approach in addressing issues of social equity and environmental protection led to incorporation of new goals into the urban regeneration concept. During the 1990s, the environmental benefits of improving existing urban areas were recognized and regeneration projects began to be considered as a means of addressing the three pillars of sustainability: economic revitalization, social justice and environmental protection.

Economic Revitalization

Social Justice Environmental Protection

Three Pillars of Sustainability

Introduction

1.3 About URBAN REGENERATION •

Fundamental aims of urban regeneration: 1

to supply the sustainable development

to prevent the physical decay and preserve the historical fabric

5 6

•

to revitalize the economic life

to improve the quality of architecture and urban life to stimulate the cultural dynamics

to enable the participation of relevant actors in all scales of the regeneration process

Goals of urban regeneration: The goals of the urban regeneration aims to expand from 'a block's reconstruction to 'a region's redevelopment‘ as well as to encourage private sector to invest communities. Goals are brief described as follow: A. Reusing derelict or occupied national-owned land effectively B. Providing job opportunities and increasing the growth of industries C. Selecting potential area (MRT line, waterfront area, old city area, etc.) to redevelopment D. Assisting publics to carry out community renewal project. E. Subsiding public construction and property removing in regeneration area F. Improving environment and historical preserve to simulate the growth of economy

Introduction

1.3 About URBAN REGENERATION •

Urban Regeneration Principles : Below, a number of principles are identified as the hallmark of urban regeneration by some of the authors . According to their approach, urban regeneration should :

 Be based on a detailed analysis of the present condition of an urban area and set a context which consider the historic evolution of an area and the outcomes of previous policies.  Adapt with the physical, social, economic structures and environmental condition of an urban area. Because all towns, cities and regions display a particular blend of problems and potentials which is the manifestation of both external influences and internal characteristics.  Achieve this adaptation through the generation and implementation of a comprehensive and integrated strategy which are developed with the aims of sustainable development and deals with the resolution of problems in a balanced, ordered and positive manner.  Set clear operational and quantifiable objectives.

 Use the natural, economic, human and other resources in a sustainable way, including land and existing features of the built environment.  Seek to ensure consensus through the possible participation and co-operation of all stakeholders with an appropriate partnership model.

 Measure the progress of strategy towards the achievement of specified objectives and monitor the changing nature and influence of the internal and external forces in urban areas.  Evolve over the years and policy and practice reflect dominant socio-political attitudes and accept the probability that initial programs of implementation can be revised in future.  Be seen as an important element of regional and national success.

Introduction

1.3 About URBAN REGENERATION •

Urban Regeneration Principles : Below, a number of principles are identified as the hallmark of urban regeneration by some of the authors . According to their approach, urban regeneration should :

 Be based on a detailed analysis of the present condition of an urban area and set a context which consider the historic evolution of an area and the outcomes of previous policies.

 Use the natural, economic, human and other resources in a sustainable way, including land and existing features of the built environment.

 Adapt with the physical, social, economic structures and environmental condition of an urban area. Because all towns, cities and regions display a particular blend of problems and potentials which is the manifestation of both external influences and internal characteristics.

 Seek to ensure consensus through the possible participation and co-operation of all stakeholders with an appropriate partnership model.

 Achieve this adaptation through the generation and implementation of a comprehensive and integrated strategy which are developed with the aims of sustainable development and deals with the resolution of problems in a balanced, ordered and positive manner.  Set clear operational and quantifiable objectives.

Introduction

1.3 About URBAN REGENERATION •

Urban Regeneration New Agendas :

Beyond these principles, there is a need to recognize and accept the uniqueness of place and an individual scheme of urban regeneration reflecting the wider circumstances and the requirements of the city or region in which it is located. Also some authors , emphasized some new agendas for urban regeneration which are influencing current practice and will certainly shape future approaches, these are :

 The importance of the globalized economy on a city’s or region’s approach to regeneration.  The need to promote an attractive image of the area.

 The increasing competition between cities and regions.  The importance of long-term local partnerships.  The integration of sustainable policy goals in regeneration programs.  The potential of culturally led renewal.  The benefits of linking new industries to educational and research institutions.  The need to build in social inclusion policies and foster social capital.

Introduction

1.3 About URBAN REGENERATION â&#x20AC;˘

Urban Regeneration Basic Dimensions :

In summary, it is clear that regeneration must be more than merely physical renewal, and through the new agendas growing scope exists to deliver on social, economic and environmental issues in a more integrated and responsive way.

Legal/administrative dimension concern the local decisionmaking structure and local public relations and the participation of other interest groups and the type of the leadership.

From this perspective, it should be emphasized that urban regeneration projects should involve four basic dimensions :

Physical/ Design Physical/ Design dimension is related to transportation links between the district and the city, housing stock, technical and social infrastructure and environmental problems it includes the urban design process which orients urban development, physical change and conservation. Social dimension concerns the matter of accessing public

Economic

Regeneration Basic Dimensions

services such as health care, education and housing needs, in addition to these crime, social exclusion and participation to planning process.

Economic dimension includes to increase the quality and the quantity of job opportunities in and around the selected district.

Legal/ Administrative

Social

Introduction

1.4 Why Jerash, why this project? This project is located in Jerash city, which is located about 48km north of the capital Amman that considered to be the second largest visitor destination in Jordan and plays an important part in the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s national tourism strategy , The site is a significant draw for foreign tourists generally and for visitors from Jordan and the Middle East particularly during the Jerash Festival of Culture and Arts, in July and August. During the summer months, the relatively moderate climate of the Jerash area and the attractive natural setting of the area, such as at the nearby forested Dibeen nature reserve, attract tourists from warmer parts of Jordan as well as from other parts of the Middle East, particularly the Persian Gulf region. The ancient city is today composed of a western half consisting of an archaeological park , the monuments cover half of the original walled city area and it is owned and protected by the Jordanian department of antiquities (DoA) and an eastern half covered by the modern city of Jerash and are separated from the center of Jerash by a deep wadi and through-road from Amman to Irbid. In spite of the large visitor numbers, the linkages and benefits to the city are minimal. A major factor is the proximity of Jerash to Amman - 45 kilometers. Most tourists visit the monuments and return to Amman without further contact with the Modern city of Jerash.

JORDAN

JERASH

Jerash city location due to Jordan

Tourism facilities in the modern city are minimal, and organized tours do not visit the city instead, they typically visit the archaeological site directly stay a few hours, and then journey elsewhere. Archaeological remnants of ancient Jerash within the modern city have only recently started to be restored for tourismâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;namely the East Baths.

Introduction

1.4 Why Jerash, why this project? As a result the modern city half (old town) does not have any benefits in Addition the old down suffers from decays , bad services and infrastructure which needs to be developed, the city hall also wants to regenerate the public space, in order to provide quality living conditions In recent years, urban regeneration has become an important concern in urban planning and design studies from the economic, cultural, technological and physical points of view. By regenerate, we mean re-investment in the social, economic, cultural and physical structure of existing built areas. Regeneration of a city may not mean just attempting to revitalize urban areas for serving needs and interests in urban structure, but also means the management and maintaining of the existing built areas. The purpose of this project is to prepare urban regeneration and tourism development plans, programs and action projects for Jerash which optimize the benefits of linking the tourist and wider urban roles of the city, to provide a sustainable future for Jerash based on excellence in heritage and tourism that is integrated with the needs of a modern regional center, to establish an internationally acclaimed destination in terms of visitor attractions, service and events, the historic value of the site came to support the project.

Introduction

1.5 Significance of the project : Cities are societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centers of human interaction, creativity, knowledge, diversity, culture, commerce and economic creativity. The accretion of several layers of history tends to reveal a great deal about the city's past, present and even future. Historic city centers are usually endowed with a multitude of historic buildings, heritage sites and the like. However, it is also these historical centers that are most prone to the undesirable and consequential effects of growth and rapid technological advancement, where a range of environmental and developmental challenges find their crude expression. The rehabilitation, regeneration and conservation of historic city centers serves as a fundamental catalyst for change. Furthermore, urban regeneration of historical city centers also promotes social interaction between inhabitants of the city, and the adoption of its urban spaces encourages public activity.

City centers usually tend to serve as the city's central business districts (CBDs), as they are often referred to. This is owing to the high percentage of commercial functions, public buildings and offices that exist within. City centers are also critical geographical units in the formulation and implementation of sectorial policies in water, transport and communications, energy, waste management and construction that will shape cities futures for better or worse. In this way, the city center tends to both represent and reveal a great deal about the city's economic and environmental performance and success, thus adding notable eminence and value to it.

Identity Historic Centers

â&#x20AC;˘ The Importance of Historic Centers: The importance of historic centers is that they serve as a place of identity, memory and belonging . Historic city centers tend to forge an urban identity for the rest of city, and for surrounding districts to adopt. In many cases, historic districts are representative of the entire city, the result of the outstanding multitude of historic buildings and heritage and archaeological sites, which manage to endure time, contradicting new functions and development that take place around them, at expeditious rates.

Memory

Belonging 19

Introduction

1.5 Significance of the project : Urban regeneration and the conservation of historic city centers contribute largely towards upgrading environmental quality, thus serving as a fundamental catalyst for change. Development projects taking place in historic districts tends to attract a variety of creative economic activity and competition, therefore, encouraging both new inhabitants and visitors to revisit and rediscover these restored vicinities of their cities. Moreover, upgrading the physical built environment, social fabric and urban spaces within the historical urban structure all contribute towards increasing their adoption as places for public congregation and activity. This consequently increases social interaction and cohesion between citizens. Furthermore, conservation and regeneration of historic city centers tends to re-affirm residents' feelings of identity and sense of belonging.

Regeneration of historic city centers

Introduction

1.6 General information background and location of Jerash:

Jerash

or Gerasa is one of the major cities in

the northern region Jordan. Jerash city, in Jerash Sub-District within the Qasabat Jerash District, is the main city in the Governorate that is covers 410 km2. It is located about 48km north of the capital Amman, and it is the second largest tourist destination in Jordan.

It was inhabited since the Neolithic period until now, its main urban development was during the Roman period , suggested that the city was established as a military camp, strategic post and for commercial reasons afterwards developed as urban communities.

JERASH

JORDAN

yet it has the second highest density in Jordan after Irbid Governorate and was ranked as the 14th largest municipality in Jordan. Jordanian citizens made up 87.1% of the population of Jerash Governorate.

Table 1 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF AQABA GOVORNORATE AS IT OF 2011

Governorate

District

Sub-district Jerash Sub-district

Jerash considered one of the largest and most well-preserved sites of Roman architecture in the world outside Italy. To this day, its colonnaded streets, baths, theaters, plazas and arches remain in exceptional condition. Jerash became a destination for many successive waves of foreign migrants, And now with its population of 195,900 (2013 pop.)

Jerash

Jerash District

Mastaba Subdistrict Borma Sub-district

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

Introduction

1.6 General information background and location of Jerash: Jerash Sub-district Covers an area of 265 km^2 which is 65 % from the total area of Jerash governorate , with a population density of 570.5 person / km^2 , population of Jerash subdistrict is 86.2% from the total population of the governorate. In 2004 the city counted a population of around 31,500 inhabitants and in the last decade it has experienced a demographic dynamic similar to the national one, increasing of around 25%. Furthermore, the fertility rate in Jerash is one of the highest in Jordan, standing at 5.4 children per woman, compared to 3.7 in Amman. Thus, Jerash boasts a young population: around 44% are below 19 years old and as such are school, college, or university students. The average annual household income of Jerash Sub-District is JD 4.810, the same of the Governorate as a whole; the poverty rate has declined by 10.33% from 1997. Administrative division

Population number

Area km^2

Population Density Person/km^2

Males

Females

Jerash Subdistrict

77096

74094

86.2

265

570.5

Mastaba Subdistrict

6591

6859

7.6

274.4

Borma Subdistrict

5338

5322

6.2

113

Total

195900

100

410

100

428

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF AQABA GOVORNORATE AS IT OF 2011

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

Introduction

1.6 General information background and location of Jerash: • VILLAGES Aside from the city that gives the governorate its name, Jerash Governorate comprises 22 villages, Sakib, El-Kitté, Souf, Al-Haddadé, Bellila, Kufranjé, El-Hseiniat, Deir Il-Liyat, Al-Mastaba, Nahlé, Il-Kfeir, Bani Irsheid, Raimoun, An-Nabi Houd, Burma, Al-Jazzazah, Jubbah, Mirse', Muqbila, Al-Msheirfeh, Qafqafa.

• INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE Jerash is known for its ample olive groves and fruit orchards, almost one-fourth of the total area of the province is covered with olive groves some dating back to the Roman times. Estimates put the number of olive trees in Jerash at 2 million trees. Jerash Governorate has a total annual production of 6500 tons of olives and 1300 tons of olive oil. The capital city of the province, Jerash, is at an equidistance from the three largest cities in Jordan, Amman, Irbid, and Zarqa (48 km from Amman, 40 km from Irbid, and 50 km from Zarqa), this proximity proved to be difficult for the city to attract investments, as investors will tend to invest in one of those cities.

• ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The ecological features of the Jerash can be characterized by low ecological features where there are large amount of vegetation coverage from a few number of species and minimal wildlife. The wadi of Jerash entails a dense coverage of vegetation like olive trees, cash crops and orchids.

Introduction

80 60

1.7 Tourism in Jerash :

40 20 (Source : Ministry of Tourism)

0 JORDANIAN VISITORS

FOREIGN VISITORS

various tourism potential is available , and it could be categorized into four categories according to tourism types:

Cultural Tourism

Jerash city is famous for its Roman ruins. The archaeological site is popular for tourists, second only to Petra, the number of tourists who visited the ancient city of Jerash reached 214,000 during 2005.

- Jerash Festival

Religious Tourism

Jerash Visitors Number

- Islamic -Christian

412,649 351,508

340,41 241,9

228,35

Natural, Environmental Agricultural Tourism

228,55

Historical and Heritage Tourism

(Source : Ministry of Tourism)

- Dibbin, Mastaba Burma, Soof Sakeb , ketteh , Merad Deer Reserve

- Archeological Jerash City

(Source : Ministry of Tourism)

Introduction

1.7 Tourism in Jerash : â&#x20AC;˘

JERASH FESTIVAL

The Jerash Festival of Culture and Arts is an annual celebration of Arabic and international culture during the summer months. The festival site is located within the ancient ruins of Jerash, some of which date to the Roman age (63 BC). Jerash Festival is a festival which features poetry recitals, theatrical performances, concerts and other forms of art. In spite of the large visitor numbers, the linkages and benefits to the city are minimal.

Two thousand years ago, the great urban trading cities of the Middle East were born when Middle Eastern and Western societies came together in a tremendous synthesis of commerce, art, and culture.

Visitors to Jerash in July are in for a special treat, when the Jerash Festival transforms the ancient city into one of the World's liveliest and most spectacular cultural events.

The Jerash Festival usually takes place during end of July and beginning of August. It showcases a wide array of singers, musical and folklore troupes, poetry readings, symphony orchestras, ballet, Shakespearean theater, handicrafts, and art shows. Special acts and exhibitions cater to children, making the festival an attractive destination for the entire family.

Introduction

1.7 Tourism in Jerash : â&#x20AC;˘

JERASH FESTIVAL

The colonnaded streets, plazas, and theaters of Jerash all provide unique venues for these acts, under the balmy summer skies of central Jordan. While performances take place in the different arenas, thousands of visitors also enjoy strolling through the ancient streets and monuments of the city, shopping for handicrafts, taking in art and book exhibitions, enjoying a casual meal, or simply absorbing the powerful drama of East and West meeting in a great cultural jamboree. Skilled craftsmen and women display Bedouin rugs, jewelry, embroidery, glass, wood, metal, and ceramics, and also demonstrate on the spot how they create their wares.

The Jerash Festival takes place during a traditionally quiet season for tourism in Jordan, making it easy to book hotel rooms and air travel at attractive prices. You can easily spend a week taking in the many offerings at the festival, which all take place in the evening from 5 to 11 pm, while enjoying Jordan's many other attractions during the daytime hours.

â&#x20AC;˘ Inaugurated in 1981 by Queen Noor Al-Hussein, the festival has become the premiere showcase for Jordanian performing artists, and an exciting meeting place for artists and the public at large from the four corners of the World. The setting of the ancient Greco-Roman City provides an unforgettable backdrop to this cultural carnival, with brilliant floodlights dramatically highlighting the colonnaded streets, public plazas, temple precincts, Byzantine churches, theaters, and other ancient monuments.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Although visitor numbers to Jerash have been significantly reduced since the latter half of the 1990s, when attendances reached over 300,000 visitors per year, this has been due to external factors affecting all international travel, particularly to the Middle East. However, the integral appeal of the site remains, representing as it does of the best example of a preserved Greco Roman settlement in the world. This appeal is common to national and international visitors. In addition the site has considerable potential for further development, not regards the number of visitors necessarily, but in the quality and length of the visitor experience, and the potential to incorporate the town into the tourism product.

Jerash from past to present..

Jerash from Romans to Jordanians..

Introduction

1.8 Ancient History of Jerash (Gerasa) : The history and archaeology of the ancient city of Gerasa have been relatively well documented, The earliest evidence of human settlement at Jerash goes back to the Neolithic Age (8500–4000 BCE) Archaeological evidence dated to the Bronze and Iron ages was also found within the city walls. Jerash as a formal city had its roots in the fourth century BCE, was known to the Greeks as “Antioch on the Chrysorhoas.” It and other cities in the region founded by the Greeks became known as the Decapolis (the “ten cities” in Greek), each modeled after the Greek polis. The Decapolis probably was an association of cities grouped together because of their common culture, language, and proximity. During this time, Jerash was strategically located at the crossroads of trade routes of prime importance within the empire that connected Rome and the Mediterranean basin with Arabia India, China, and other areas of Asia This brought great economic benefits to Jerash. In the middle of the first century CE, the city wall was constructed and was later strengthened and rebuilt on several occasions , The wall extended to 3,456 meters, enclosing an area of approximately 847,000 square meters on both sides of the river Chrysorhoas (Golden River) which provided the city with a regular water supply, entering through the north side of the wall, running through the city center.

During its Roman period, the city was altered through the creation of an urban grid with colonnaded and paved streets and significant monuments, The area of the ancient city to the west of the Chrysorhoas River, which is the area preserved today, was the administrative, civic, commercial, and cultural center of this community, while the majority of its citizens lived on the east side of the river, To honor the visit of the emperor Hadrian in 129 CE, the citizens raised a monumental triumphal arch at the southern end of the city.

Introduction

1.8 Ancient History of Jerash (Gerasa) : Jerash’s prosperity reached a peak at the beginning of the third century, when it was given the status of Roman Colony (Colonia Aurelia Antoniniona). During this “golden age,” Jerash may have had a population of 20,000. After Constantine established Christianity as the official religion, the Christian religion spread within the Levant region , This is reflected in the many churches built during this period at Jerash. Jerash was hit further by the Persian invasion of 614 CE, Evidence shows that Jerash conceded to Islamic leaders without damage being inflicted on the city. Social and economic life continued unabated. During the Umayyad period, a large mosque was built in the center of the city significant earthquake was in 749 CE, which coincided with the end of the Umayyad period and the beginning of the Abbasid period. According to researchers, the transfer of the Caliphate center from Damascus to Baghdad and the shifting of trade routes farther from Jerash are the main reasons for the abandonment of the city. Nevertheless, the city remained inhabited during the Abbasid and Mamluke periods.

Introduction

ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP OF ANCIENT GERASA

Introduction

1.9 History of Jerash as Heritage and Development of the Modern City : Several Circassian communities settled at locations in what is now  Period 1 (1806 –1916): Ottoman Rule, Early Travelers, and Establishment of the Modern City Between 1516 and 1918, the ottoman empire ruled the territory that is now Jordan. During that period and specifically from the beginning of the nineteenth century , travelers and explorers began to visit Jerash on their journeys of exploration of southern Syria and the holy land, In 1806 the German scholar and traveler Ulrich Jasper Seetzen visited Jerash , he identified the site of the ancient Decapolis city of Gerasa and is thus credited with its “rediscovery” to the western world By the 1840s, the growth in international interest in the Holy Land and the desire to observe firsthand sites led to the establishment of a tourist industry there, with regular steamship service , Tourism to the region continued to grow, as did tourism infrastructure and services, Visits to the site continued and in time became more scholarly, with the aim of accurately surveying and documenting the monuments.

Jordan, with one in 1878 inhabiting the site of the ancient city of Jerash. In Jerash the area on the east side of the river was chosen for settlement and the area to the west for agriculture. Although this settlement began as a small village, its growth over time into the capital of the governorate of Jerash has permanently altered the appearance of the desolate site marked by partially buried ruins described by early travelers.

As the extent of urban development on the east side of the wadi has grown over time, it has covered the part of the ancient city to the east of the Chrysorhoas.

By the 1870s, events in the Caucasus region east of the Black Sea had a lasting impact on the ruined city of Jerash, As the power of the Ottoman Empire waned, the armies of Russia, The Ottoman government responded by relocating many of these refugees, Inhabitants (with cattle) of the still-young city of Jerash on the east side of the Wadi Jerash

Introduction  Period 2 (1917–45): The British Mandate and Excavation and Clearance of the Western City In 1921 the emirate of Transjordan was established, with the Hashemite prince abdullah I as emir, an important effect of this new political order was the establishment of systems for the legal protection and administration of archaeology in Transjordan, In 1923 the Department of Ancient Antiquities was established, the first significant excavation and conservation work beginning in 1925, archaeological work at the site focused primarily on uncovering, studying, and presenting Roman and Byzantine urban spaces, axial roads, and architectural remnants. In 1939 Jerash was registered under law as a protected antiquities site, marking the beginning of the site’s legal protection, Only the portion of the site to the west of the Wadi Jerash was registered, not the part to the east occupied by the modern city. This land, within the ancient walls on the west side of the wadi, was gradually expropriated from private ownership by the government and placed under the administration of the department of antiques.

Hadrian’s Arch, early 20th century, before restoration

 Period 3 (1946–present): National Independence and Development and Management for Tourism In the early 1950s, work at the site began to focus on restoration and reconstruction to attract more visitors and on using the site for cultural activities, ın the late 1950s, the Amman-Irbid road was improved and rerouted from the crowded market street in town to the western side of the wadi Jerash. This resulted in the destruction of several rock-cut tombs near Hadrian's arch. The road’s improvement also facilitated significant growth in the city, particularly since the late 1960s . ın 1968 a management plan was prepared , the plan’s main objective was to develop Jerash as a national park, focusing on improving both tourists’ experience and the site’s protection. It proposed development of a visitor center complex and parking area outside the city walls and near the south gate. It also recommended a new rest house facility Near the visitor center to replace an existing one.

Introduction Between 1976 and 1981, the World Bank’s First Tourism Development Project for Jordan financed the construction of a restaurant and visitor center within the archaeological site, upgraded a small site museum, preserved and restored major monuments, and improved trails, interpretive materials, and administrative facilities.

Recent activities have focused on better understanding archaeology and developing tourism outside the ancient city walls. This has included restoration (2002) at Birktein, a Roman-era reservoir north of the ancient city.

In 1981 Queen Noor Al-Hussein inaugurated the first annual Jerash Festival of Culture and Arts. Every summer since, this festival has attracted large numbers of visitors, particularly from the Middle Eastern region. The World Bank’s Second Tourism Development Project for Jordan was carried out between 1997 and 2004 by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MOTA) and included components in Jerash In January 2007, the World Bank approved the Cultural Heritage Tourism and Urban Development Project for Jordan, also known as the Third Tourism Development Project, In Jerash the project is aimed specifically at developing infrastructure and tourist attractions within the modern city to attract more visitors from the archaeological site.

View of the remains of the East Baths which were built for public use during the Roman era and stand in the historic heart of the modern city today.

This project is further restoring the Roman-era East Baths in the modern city, improving local infrastructure (roads, parking, etc.) to encourage more tourism, and providing incentives for new tourist centered economic enterprises in areas near the site

 Period 4 (2000–present): Filling Gaps in Research View of a section of the ancient city wall in front of modern buildings.

Introduction The Following are some old pictures for modern city of Jerash :

The modern city meets the archeological city

Circassians old villages in Jerash

Khan animals house where it was prevented from entering the market in Jerash and spend the night in it and It is located under Hamidi mosque

Windmill made Circassians wagon called evangelism by Circassians and behind the first car in Jerash

The Circassian people life 1955 Inhabitants (with cattle)

Introduction The Following are some old pictures for modern city of Jerash :

Jerash southern amphitheater shows the stage without restoration

Citizens in 1926

Jerash bus station in 1981

Jerash bus station in 1992

Al Hashmi Mosque in 1980

Jerash main bus station in 1994

Introduction The Following are some old pictures for modern city of Jerash :

Al Hisba Market which changed place many times

The old Bridge which links the archeological area wit Souq market

Seller Man

Old market Stores in the old town 1953

First Primary School of Jerash

Old town streets, old Souq of Jerash

Introduction

1961

The shape of the urban growth of the city does not adhere to clear plan or pattern , where to take the city in a circular shape growth stages first, where the city take a circular shape growth stages with the development of transportation routes emerged another style of growth, a linear pattern that led to the growth of the city outward tracking extension roads.

1984

1978

In the Fifties : During the period of the fifties urban uses space in the city amounted about 177 Acres without the archaeological area ,it appears that urbanization in that period was extends southward until municipal park building, has also been extended eastward, but did not reach the limits of the eastern archaeological fence of the city, has also been extended to the north, but did not exceed the archaeological wall from this side, while the west side has been expanded. Urbanism is limited as a result of the steep topography of the region and the occurrence of the Archaeological area to the west of the valley. In the Sixties : Development of the urban city of Jerash continued through the sixties, where this growth is due to the population increase natural domestic and foreign migration, urbanization has extended east towards the security center, which was built on the eastern outskirts of the city and went to the south-east, surpassing Jerash-Mafraq street from the south, as well as moved to south until reached the door of Amman , urbanism was linear along the east side of the road, the spread of sporadic housing numbers in the lower parts of the area, and urbanism could not growth south direction because of the presence of the slope of the valley which is located to the west from the archaeological area.

1953

1.10 Jerash City Urban Growth Stages :

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

Introduction

1978

In the eighties : During the eighties the city continued to grow urban significantly in different directions over a wider area the greater density of the seventies, where the blanks began between neighborhoods operates to construction except in the western side, and during this period hawooz neighborhood began to be on the east side, green mountain street was opened in the northeast and the urbanism began to spread in this direction, a cross-fertile agricultural land , urban uses space in the city amounted about 440 acres.

1984

In the nineties : Jerash city has evolved in the nineties in rapid rates, especially after the The city became a center of the province of Jerash with numerous functions And services, and it reached a wide area Urban uses where about 1220 acres . The city had clear growth in various directions and spread Urbanism Eastward significantly, and the reason behind this the Construction of IrbidAmman highway in the eastern outskirts of the city, and on the outskirts of Streets surrounding it from this side like Jerash-Mafraq street became urban uses spread in this region after the character was Agricultural and pastoral use are dominant in this region. (Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

1961

In the Seventies : The city of Jerash in the seventies has seen large urban growth especially after the city became a center of the brigade Jerash at the end of the sixties and the area has reached about 321 acres , urbanization has spread to the southeast, but was strewn over a wide area and non-dense, and also spread eastward, forming a mountain neighborhood sheikh, it also spread northward forming hospital neighborhood. urbanization has arrived Irbid-Jerash road as separated rural housing pattern , while in the south-west has spilled on the length of Jerash - Amman street forming new district, a neighborhood of bab Amman.

1953

1.10 Jerash City Urban Growth Stages :

Introduction

Year 1953 177 Acres

Year 1961

without the archeological area

Year 1978 321 Acres

Year 1984 440 Acres

without the archeological area

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

Introduction

1.10 Jerash City Urban Growth Stages : In Twentieth century :

The city has continued to grow during the first decade of urban Of the twentieth century and significantly in different trends with the exception of the eastern side of the area (Aljabbarat) due to the presence of a slope. The city center became busy for construction and land space shrunk, the prevailing style of the building was vertically, and urbanization extended more in north eastern direction, especially after the introduction of some government departments such as the building of the province, and the directorate of police, and the department of licensing, and the construction of a sports complex and center vocational training, while in the south east Jerash private university were constructed and the city craft area along Amman- Irbid street.

Jerash Growth area in year 2013 (Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

Existing Condition

JERASH GOVERNORATE MAP

The city of Jerash is the main urban center in the homonymous Governorate, located in the northern region of Jordan.

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs GIS)

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF JERASH GOVERNORATE

Administrative division

Population number

Area km^2

Population Density Person/km^2

Male

Female

Jerash Subdistrict

7709 6

74094

86.2

265

570.5

Mastaba Subdistrict

6591

6859

7.6

274.4

Borma Subdistrict

5338

5322

6.2

113

Total

195900

100

410

100

428

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF JERASH GOVORNORATE AS IT OF 2011

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

PLANNED AND UNPLANNED AREAS

Existing Condition

Planned area

Unplanned area 11%

89%

Area Km^2 Planned Area

46,786676

Unplanned Area

363,213324

Total Area

410

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

50 Jerash Governorate total area is : 410 km^2 The Urban Area is : 46,786676 km^2

Urban Area

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

PLANNİNG URBAN AREAS IN JERASH

JERASH CITY STRUCTURE PLAN

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs GIS)

Existing Condition

JERASH CITY MAIN BASINS

12 2

LEGEND

Municipal Border Basin border

Main Basins Name : 7: ‫باب عمان‬ 8: ‫ابو الحجل‬ 9: ‫المضيعة‬ 10: ‫زقريط‬ 11: ‫غرب الصور‬ 12: ‫مشاع الحواية‬

1: ‫البلد‬ 2: ‫وادي الدير‬ 3: ‫بين وادي الدير و المجد‬ 4: ‫وادي المجد‬ 5: ‫الخضرا الفوقا‬ 6: ‫الخضرا التحتا‬

1 5

6 7

6 8

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs GIS)

Existing Condition

CLIMATE Diurnal weather averages

Temperature : The climate of the region is one of generally dry summers and wet winters. The summers can be very hot as the area is surrounded by desert however Jerash is located near a valley where there is lush vegetation. The yearly average temperature in Jerash is approximately 25 degrees Celsius. The coldest month of the year is January with a mean maximum temperature of about 14째C and a mean minimum of about 5째C. The hottest month of the year is August with a mean maximum air temperature of 34째C.

Precipitation : Most precipitation comes to this region in the winter with December, January, February, and March having the most precipitation. The month of February usually has the most rain with an average total amount of 113mm. Also during the winter months occasionally the area receives some snowfall as well.

Humidity

Humidity : The humidity is naturally the highest in the winter when there is the most rain. From the month of December until March the humidity ranges from 60 to 65%. The humidity then decreases to about 45% for most of the summer.

Existing Condition

CLIMATE Wind : The prevailing winds in winter are westerly and north-westerly, sometimes veering easterly and north-easterly in the summer months. This means that the wind will be blowing away from the seating and towards the entrance to the Hippodrome Because this area is part of the highlands it receives a relatively high amount of rainfall.

Annual wind rose, frequency distribution

Annual wind rose, speed distribution

Existing Condition

TOPOGRAPHY The Jerash area is mostly composed of sedimentary rock including limestone, chalk, chert, marl and sandstone. The Kurnub Sandstone group is exposed in this area and consists mostly of fine to medium grained, friable sandstone. Jerash is part of the northern highlands and the area around Jerash varies from 400m to 1235m above sea level, the city itself is at a fairly constant elevation of 550m above sea level

SECTION EAST-WEST

TOPOGRAPHY SECTION NORTH-SOUTH

B B

The city lies in a valley among the mountains of Gilead

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs)

JERASH CITY CONTOUR MAP

Existing Condition

SURROUNDING CITIES Jerash City, located at around 47 km to the southwest of Amman City, and accessed through the Northern Highway that connects Amman with all the northern regions It is surrounded by Main five cities : 1- From the North : Irbid 54 Km

2- From South : Amman 47 Km 3- From the East : Al Mafraq 53 Km 4- From the West : Ajloun 33 Km

5- From the South-East : Al Zarqa 64 Km

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs GIS)

60 Local Road

Collector Road

Arterial Road

LEGEND

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs GIS)

JERASH CITY ROADS HIERARCHY

Existing Condition

Jerash City Land Use Development : Several factors led to the identification of land use pattern within the boundaries of the city of Jerash, most notably the city's position as historical area and natural environment for the city in addition to the economic, demographic and social characteristics. The land use development of the city Has been associated with the city population and urban growth, which included the ancient uses, residential and commercial, industrial, agricultural uses, and public services. The table bellow following the evolution of land use in City of Jerash during the second half of the twentieth century: (1999- 1953 ) the development of land use in the city of Jerash

Year

1953

1978

1984

1992

1999

Land Use

Area Acre

Archeological

475

68,9

475

46,8

475

43,4

475

26,9

Residential

129

18,7

206

20,3

263

615

744

Commercial

1,6

2,4

4,1

5,4

105

5,9

Industrial

0,3

0,5

0,9

2,5

5,5

Public Services

0,6

2,2

3,6

5,4

115

6,5

Public Land

1,8

1,9

1,5

1,4

Roads

3,5

4,5

5,8

109

6,7

137

7,7

Vacant Land

5,4

220

21,6

180

16,4

196

4,2

Total Uses

689

100

1016

100

1096

100

1637

100

1771

100

- Public services : educational, health and religious use and government departments within the city. - Public land : cemeteries and parks located within the city limits.

Jerash City Land Use Development :

Archaeological Use :

1953

1978

1984

1992

1999

At the first place until eighties , because the very small area of other uses , then fell to second place during 覺n the nineties , this is a clear signal to urban growth and the evolution of the city's area in spite of the stability of archaeological use space , the change was in the percentage of use from total land uses.

Archeological

Residential Use :

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Public services

The residential use was ranked the second place during the fifties then the third place during the seventies and then submitted to the second in the eighties, and with the increase of population growth and increasing numbers of housing during the nineties there it had a noticeable impact on the general growth of the city and on residential use specially, it has been ranked for the first place of land uses.

Public Land

Commercial Use :

Land use ranking in the city of Jerash during past years Year

Land Use

Roads

Vacant Land

Notice from the table, the disparity in land use ranking from a period of time to another within the city, Land uses were ranked as following :

The commercial use remained ranked at the fifth place of other uses during the period of the fifties to nineties, where it occupied the central area of the city and then expanded to the outside , the commercial use of continued growth and development but remained stable in the percentage of use from total uses in the area , multi-purpose shops has spread to meet the growing needs of the population, both residents of the city and the region

Existing Condition

Jerash City Land Use Development : Industrial Use : Industrial use remarkable development in the city of Jerash through 1953-1999 , the number and diversity of industries increased, the one hand during the period from the fifties to the eighties it is ranked at eighth place, and then fell to the rank sixth in the nineties in order to meet the growing needs of the population whether city residents or residents of the region.

Public services : Increase in population of the city of Jerash has been accompanied by an increase in services , Which led to a marked increase in the area of public utilities, seventh place was occupied during the fifties and then fell to sixth place during the seventies and eighties, and continued the development of public facilities at a faster rate than the previous, where dropped to fourth place during the nineties, as a result of growth urban renaissance witnessed by the city in this period.

Public Land: It is noticed that the public land area has increased during the Period from the fifties until the nineties but its percentage to other uses has decreased due to an increase in urban development in the city , where it was ranked sixth in the fifties and then dropped to seventh place during the seventies and

eighties and then fell to eighth place in the nineties due to the increase urban uses space in the city.

Roads : As a result of the continued increase in the number of residents of the city Jerash, areal development of transport routes happened , and this resulted to Increase the area of the city and the spread of its various activities which called for extending roads to get to the various activities, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s place between other uses has remained in the fourth place during The period from the fifties until the eighties, and then progressed to Third place in the nineties, and this development is due to expansion In the urban growth of the city and increase of the city limits of space Jerash. Recently, the Tourism Directorate expand and organize and improve and beautify the entrance to the city toward the major cities Amman, Irbid, Mafraq, Zarqa, Ajloun addition to organizing Roads within the city and paved and lighted.

Vacant land : The commercial use remained ranked at the fifth place of other uses during the period of the fifties to nineties, where it occupied the central area of the city and then expanded to the outside , the commercial use of continued growth and development but remained stable in the percentage of use from total uses in the area , multi-purpose shops has spread to meet the growing needs of the population, both residents of the city and the region

Land use Type

Area m^2

Area km^2

Percentage

Housing A

1318278.85

1.3

Housing B

2941178.22

2.9

20%

Agricultural land

Housing C

2379284.92

2.3

17%

Green Parks

Housing D

482148.86

0.48

Special Housing

1113611.3316

1.1

Green Housing

389428.55

0.38

Green Rustic Housing Total Housing

348459.38

0.34

8972386

8.9

62%

Agricultural Land

488110.92

0.4

Green Parks

69236.54

0.06

Type A

Open Spaces

18793.05

0.01

Type B

Cemeteries

73862.47

0.07

Public Services

302214.39

0.3

Archeological Area

574727.58

0.5

Commercial Uses

470201.68

0.47

Religious Road

3316.182559 3536021,65

0.003 3.5

0% 24%

Total Uses

14505550

14.5

100%

Jerash City Existing Land Use : Residential

Land Use Percentages

Open spaces

24%

Cemetries

0% 3%

Public Services 62%

Commercial uses

1% 0%

Archeological Area Religious Roads

Residential Uses Percentages 4%

4% 15%

Type C

12%

33%

Type D Special housing

5% 27%

Green Housing Green rustic housing

(Source : Ministry of municipal affairs GIS)

JERASH CITY EXISTING LANDUSE MAP

66 (Source : Ministry of municipal affairs GIS)

67 (Source : Ministry of municipal affairs GIS)

Expected Expansion Areas

Existing Built up areas

JERASH CITY FUTURE EXPANSION EXPECTATION

68 (Source : Ministry of municipal affairs GIS)

LEGEND

JERASH CITY SCHOOLS RANGE OF SERVICES

(Source : Department of Land and Survey )

Land values in different areas of the city Jerash JD / acre

JERASH CITY EXISTING LAND PRICES

Existing Condition

SELECTED SITE LOCATION

Existing Condition

D O W N T O W N SITE DESCRIPTION Summary Site Description The modern city of Jerash can be found to the east of the ruins. While the old and new share a city wall, careful preservation and planning has ensured that the city itself has developed well away from the ruins, so the target area is the historic core of Jerash, determined as the area circumscribed by the Roman wall, considered to be The key feature of modem Jerash.

The west part of the area is mostly occupied by the archaeological site of the ancient Roman city of Jerash (Gerasa) which is placed under particular conservation rules referring to the National Law about Archaeological Heritage. The historic core (east part of Walled City) is delimited by the Amman -Irbid Street to the west, and by the Roman Wall on the others sides.

URBAN CONTEXT The modern town of Jerash has developed since the end of the 19th Century in and beyond. The need to integrate the historic and modern halves of the city have been recognized for over twenty years, and several measures have been taken to this end â&#x20AC;&#x201C; noticeably the reconstruction of the south bridge, that links the two halves. However, some of the recent plans for the city have attempted greater zoning for a wide range of urban activities, leading to the relocation of the central market and bus station and of light industry. However, there has been a recognition also that the character given to the modern city by the original Circassian and Syrian settlers is in danger of being lost if future plans are insensitive to the heritage of the modern city.

City Area DownTown Area

Area of Downtown : 408170,399626 m^2 0.40 km^2

97%

D O W N T O W N CLIMATE

SUN PATH – WIND DIRECTION

Climate data for Jerash Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

12.9 )55.2(

14.1 )57.4(

16.9 )62.4(

22.1 )71.8(

26.9 )80.4(

29.9 )85.8(

31.1 )88(

31.3 )88.3(

29.8 )85.6(

26.6 )79.9(

20.6 )69.1(

15 )59(

23.1 )73.58(

Precipitatio n mm (inches)

111.6 )4.394(

92.3 )3.634(

87.5 )3.445(

25.7 )1.012(

6.7 )0.264(

0.6 )0.024(

0 )0(

0.7 )0.028(

13.2 )0.52(

50.4 )1.984(

82.9 )3.264(

471.6 )18.569(

Source: World Meteorological Organization[3]

SECTION As it is shown that the central wadi divides the city topographically Into West and East bank

Ancient Gerasa

B Al Wadi

D O W N T O W N TOPOGRAPHY

Modern City Jerash

D O W N T O W N MAIN ENTRANCES

Existing Condition

Wasfi Al tal Street (Main Entrance )

Bab Amman Street (Second Main Entrance)

Conclusion : The area is crossed by an arterial Irbid-Amman street (Wasfi Al tal Street) , an it has 2 entrances to the site, and it is obvious that the area has many entries from other surrounding streets , Ibn Sina Street , Salah Al din street, Hamza bin Abdl muttaleb street , Bab Amman Street.

D O W N T O W N STREET NETWORK

SURRONGING STREETS

STREETS WITH IN THE CORE

9 Conclusion : The area surrounded by characteristic streets like wasfi al tal street , which is considered to be an arterial road and contain other important streets like king Abdullah street and bab Amman.

D O W N T O W N STREET HIERARCHY

Main Road

Minor Road

Percentages Main Road

50%

Minor Road

Access Road

20%

30%

Access Road

D O W N T O W N MAIN LANDMARKS

East Baths Jerash Municipality

The site has some heritage landmarks, as well as the locally known landmarks which are mentioned in the map

Heritage building

Circassian Mosque

Old Cafe

Police Station Hadrian Arch

Old Church

(Source : Visual Survey)

Al Hashmi Mosque

D O W N T O W N MAIN NODES

Jerash Bus Station

Al Qayrawan Circle Municipality Public Plaza

South Bridge

Al Hashmi Mosque open area/ East Baths Old Souq Visitor Center

(Source : Visual Survey)

The Valley

D O W N T O W N EDGES - DISTRICTS

Wadi Area and behind

Roman Wall Commercial District

Arterial Irbid Amman Street

Residential District (Source : Visual Survey)

Streets and Blocks

Buildings

Type

Area m^2

Built up

370629,59972

Non-built

107540,799906 Built up

D O W N T O W N BUILDING FOOTPRINT

Non built

22% 78% (Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

Building Heights Percentages 8%

3% 1%

D O W N T O W N BUILDING HEIGHTS

35%

20% 33%

Number of Levels

Area m^2

Level 0

141183,4

Level 1

135928,1001

Level 2

81005,1998

Level 3

33080,69994

Level 4

14429,39982

Level 5

2543,599983

Percentage 35% 33% 20% 8% 3% 1%

(Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

Building Conditions Percentages 11%

D O W N T O W N BUILDING CONDITIONS

38%

51%

Number of Levels

Area m^2

Poor

102019,7

Fair

137464,8998

Good

31144,99992

Percentage 38% 51% 11% (Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

Building Materials Percentages

1% 1% 48%

D O W N T O W N BUILDING MATERIALS

46%

Building Material

Area m^2

Concrete

124687,2

Stone

12577,70003

Concrete and Stone

131249,2997

Mud and Stone

2319,299986

Mud and Bricks

1722,100029

Percentage 46% 4% 48% 1% 1% (Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

Building Ages Percentages

D O W N T O W N BUILDING AGES

36%

46%

18%

(Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

D O W N T O W N BUILDING USERS

Building Users 10%

16% 36%

34%

Building User

Area m^2

Vacant

9508,2

Rental

95652,10017

Owner

91098,80003

Rental and Owner

41175,19996

Governmental

27719,29971

Percentage 4% 36% 34%

16% 10%

(Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

Land Property Percentages 9%

D O W N T O W N LAND PROPERTY

91%

Land

Area m^2

Private

276228,8999

Public-Municipality

26302,59977

Percentage 91% 9%

Conclusion : The highest percentage of land property is private land , which is 91%, on the other hand municipality property of land is very low .

(Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

D O W N T O W N Range of Services

Religious Buildings Catchment Area

Schools Catchment Area School

Mosque Church

Religious Building

Range of Service

Served Population

Masjid Jameeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

500-800

3000-7500

Local Mosque

150-200

750-1500

Church

150-200

750-1500

SEWAGE

D O W N T O W N SEWAGE INFRASTRUCTURE

The construction of the existing network began in 1984 and it now covers the entire study perimeter. The network is in a good condition, and maintenance is done by the Water Authority. Adjustment of manhole covers is necessary for developing streets.

There are parts of the city that lack the sanitation services and still depend on the septic tanks which caused contamination of the groundwater. Two main groundwater wells are under treatment for biological contaminations; Qairoan and Al Deek near Gaza Camp, around 10 km from the city center. According to water authority figures (2003), the total collected wastewater is around 3000 cu.m per day.

(Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

WATER RESOURCES

D O W N T O W N WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

The domestic water is supplied to the residents from the groundwater wells within and outside the province of Jerash City. Presently the demand on the water system is high and many residents have expressed great concern about this. Residents do not have continual supply of water but rather are only supplied with water once a week for approximately 24h and sometimes less. The majority of residents in Jerash are served by the public collection system (79%) which delivers the collected wastewater to Jerash Wastewater treatment plant in Wadi Jerash.

WATER SUPPLY Water supply is provided by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the existing network covers the entire historic core, the network is less than 10 years old and it employs ductile iron pipes, polyethylene and galvanized branch pipes. The network is in good condition, therefore future road construction works should be managed so as to avoid any damage to the existing pipes. (Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

Existing Condition STORM WATER DRAINAGE The existing storm water network, roughly 1.500 mts. long, covers the entire study perimeter. The network is composed primarily of 400 mm. Diameter reinforced concrete & ductile iron pipes. This network needs maintenance. Many of the street inlets of the existing system are not positioned correctly and will need to be substituted and relocated following an accurate site survey and detailed re-design of the street sections. In particular, both Al Hashimi Street and King Abdullah Street need new 400 mm. diameter storm water drainage lines, the former for a length of about 200 mts., the latter for about 100 mts.. The lowering of Wasfi Al-Tal street will bring about the need for a new portion of the network so as to avoid flooding of the lower portion of the street section and the discharge of storm water into the nearby wadi. The new line should employ 400 mm. pipes for a length of about 200 mts.

(Source : Ministry of Tourism 3d project)

ELECTRICITY The Irbid District Electricity Company supplies electrical power to the city, and the existing network covers the entire study perimeter. 70% of the total demand is provided by the Rihab power station while the remaining 30% is provided by the Al Sobehi. An additional power station is under construction at Ishtafins, but within two years the Jerash District will be connected to the Irbid network.

D O W N T O W N ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC LIGHTING The historic core is completely served by the existing system which is none the less old and needs substantial upgrading.

(Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

TELECOMMUNICATIONS The study perimeter is completely covered by the Jordan Telecommunication network

D O W N T O W N TELEPHONE INFRASTRUCTURE

SOLID WASTE COLLECTION The Municipality of Jerash is in charge of street cleaning and solid waste collection. The Municipality is not equipped with enough vehicles for the collection of solid waste and the operative efficiency of the system is very low with dramatic consequences in terms o urban decor.

(Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

Infrastructure Elements

Drainage System Electricity

Garbage Electricity

Electricity

Sewage

Infrastructure elements in the downtown are mainly at medium condition , some elements are very bad , but in general they are good , because they were renewed by the MOTA of their 3d tourism project of Jerash .

Electricity

Existing Condition

Down Town Solid Waste

Along the historic bridge 97

D O W N T O W N STREET FURNITURE Street furniture are very important elements , which enhance the appearance of a city , if it was in a good state it reflects good condition of the area , also the are elements of safety and comfort. They are important both for the local residents , and visitors mainly for users . In Jerash Downtown , It is noticeable that the MOTA renewed street furniture , including seats , garbage baskets , lights and etc.. Through the 3d tourism project of Jerash , but still there is shortage in these furniture in the downtown area.

D O W N T O W N ARCHEOLOGICAL RUINS

Old city wall ruins

Columns

East Baths

Old Bridges

(Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

D O W N T O W N ARCHEOLOGICAL RUINS an important Romanian archaeological features and to its location on the main arteries transportation in Jordan representative of Amman â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Irbid highway. The site of the pools on an area of 12.323 acres backed by all the public services of water, electricity, roads, sanitation, and the site just in 1200 to the north of the north gate of the ancient city of Jerash and is accessed through a clear path from the north gate. The region is a fertile valley stretches gently and simple folding through the highlands and the northern hills around the place, informing from sub valleys The pools site contains the following features : 1 -The celebrations theater 2 -The pools 3- The Bathroom

100

Existing Condition

Down Town Municipal Land Use The Jerash Land Use Development Plan reflects how â&#x20AC;&#x153;the new town has developed accordingly to influences that may not be as immediately apparent as the strict lines of the Roman Town Planning at the heritage site, but they are no less significantâ&#x20AC;?.

LANDUSE ZONING

The east bank of the Wadi, enclosed within the city walls is mainly destined to residential and commercial functions. The Residential zones are mostly of the D type while the Commercial zones are Longitudinal Commercial type. Inside the Residential D zones, narrow pedestrian paths are found, especially within the city quarters where traditional architecture is located. A rather articulated zoning is found in the area included between the Wasfy Al-Tel Street, King Abdullah Street and Baab Amman Street. Aside the residential zone type C, the most important public area in the whole city is located; this area includes the East Baths and the Mosque. A green area (Parks and Gardens) was identified between the Wadi and the Wasfy Al - Tel Street. Most of the areas for public buildings are located outside the Roman walls.

101

DownTown Municipal Land Use Percentages 0%

19%

D O W N T O W N MUNICIPAL LANDUSE

33%

13% 22%

4% 0% 2%

2% 5%

Land Use

Area m^2

Percentage

Archeological

8908,139671

Commercial

84185,71548

22%

Parks

19373,12911

Public Services

6214,114214

Religious

653,9399

Open Space

15521,97937

Housing C

50004,10129

13%

Housing D

74379,32753

19%

Housing H

1702,796466

Roads

127793,494

0% 33%

total

401236,737

100%

102

(Source : Ministry of Tourism and Antiques GIS)

Mainly 22% of land uses in the historic core is commercial use, the main commercial spine in the area is king Abdullah street. Divergent commercial uses takes place along the whole street. The street suffers from highly percentage of pedestrian movement also traffic congestion and through traffic . The central commercial area includes a grid of streets bounded by King Abdullah Street to the west and King Hussein Street to the east. The ground floors of the majority of properties are retail or commercial premises with residential or office development above Commercial uses along King Abdullah street : Activity

Number

Percentage

soldered

Car wash

Spirits drink

supermarket

18%

Sale vegetable market

30%

Baker

Electricity shops

Clothes shop

38%

D O W N T O W N COMMERCIAL USES

COMMERCIAL ZONE

KING ABDULLAH ST

MAIN COMMERCIAL NERVE 103

D O W N T O W N COMMERCIAL USES COMPLEMENTARY USES Mobile Phone seller Electronic repair

Vegetable Market Super market

1 DIVERGENT USES

2 Clothes selling shops Electronics - Butcher Vegetable Market

SIMILAR USES

Shoes repair shops

104

Shoes repair shops

(Source : Visual Survey)

D O W N T O W N CHARACTER AREAS

1 Residential Zone 2

Commercial Zone

3 Old Souq Zone

6 4

4 East Baths Zone 5 The Valley Zone 6

Archeological Zone

The following pages give detailed description of some character areas in the down town :

105

Background The wadi provides an environmentally significant corridor of open space that runs on a north-south axis through the heart of the historic core. The growth of the modern town was originated by the resettlement of Circassian refugees on the east bank of the wadi in 1878. They were attracted not only by the natural advantages of the site, but also the abundant supply of cut stone from the archaeological site for building houses.

Wadi Jerash environment The wadi is not only a physical barrier between the two parts of town at present but in many parts it is an environmental barrier through its use as an unofficial waste disposal site. Due to its topographic location it became like a drainage for the septic tanks seepage before the introduction of the sewage collection system in the city. After the introduction of the sanitation system, the wadi was still the domain for the pollution in terms constructing the wastewater treatment plant at the end of the wadi before reaching Jerash Bridge.

106

D O W N T O W N AL WADI â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Golden River

Present State and Use

The damage in the wadi is mainly due to the improper practices of utilizing the treated and non treated wastewater. A review of waste management procedures and a program of increasing the water flow and undertaking appropriate landscaping may restore its role as an asset for inviting tourists into the town.

The wadi area is a topographical depression which runs along the eastern limit of the Wasfy Al-Tal Street which is the principal, north-south, vehicular Jerash thoroughfare. The property of the area is private. The eastern bank rises for roughly 6 m. before reaching the East Baths plaza, while the western bank rises almost 15 m before connecting to the Wasfy Al-Tal Street carriageway.

The site's physical integrity is severely compromised by:

- Traditional and reiterated lack of maintenance on the part of the private owners of the land. - Abusive behavior on the part of the local population (littering, discharge of polluting materials, etc.) - Intrusive private housing which disrupts the physical continuity of the area whilst obstructing direct visual connection between the two banks.

107

D O W N T O W N SOUTH BRIDGE

The Bridge form as visual pedestrian linkage between the exit of Modern city onto Wasfy Al-Tal Street and the archaeological site, the bridge is an old part of the Decumanus of roman city , it crosses the Wadi Jerash (golden river) , runs east to a 73 m bridge long , In ancient times it connected the public quarter (east bank) of the Jerash City with the residential quarter (west bank), nowadays this bridge joins the ancient Jerash with the modern Jerash. The bridge has high amount of pedestrian movement , because in links the commercial zone which considered to be an important part of the modern downtown , pedestrian walks above the bridge to arrive their destinations , the mosque , the Souq or to Wasfi el tal street.

Note : The relationship between the Jerash community and its archaeological site has traditionally been rather faint. This is predominantly due to the fact that the community has not felt any tangible benefit from the tourist activity connected to the city's archaeological asset.

108

The only remain of the Roman city on the west bank of the wadi is the East Baths complex, and was built in late 2nd century. This is the largest landmark in the ancient city and the only major building from the Roman period to have been erected on the eastern bank of the wadi. It lies between the outlets of the two ancient bridges spanning the Chrysorhoas River. The baths were deliberately built close to the important Ain Qairawan spring, East Baths and the new open plaza created as a part of the World Bank investment project. This area is intended to serve the local community for recreation, events and festivals it is developed to be one of the important public spaces in the area , with itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s adjacent plaza , that connects to Al Hashmi Mosque Entrance , but The current condition of the city will require further rehabilitation, both physical and commercial, before it will attract many of Jerash Siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s visitors , much more activities could be included in the area.

D O W N T O W N EAST BATHS

Open Plaza

As Jerash expanded beyond the line of roman walls, through the 20th century and up to the present day, the eastern part of the Roman walled city assumed the typical urban role of the historic core, with the area around the junction of Bab Amman Street and King Abdullah Street being the focus of commercial activities.

109

The commercial shops were built by the circassians after 1879 , using local stones from near by quarries , and adapting to the roman stones as well. This traditional Souq retains most of its historic characteristics , still it suffers from certain environmental problems. The Souq is attached to the residential quarter , through narrow alleys and pathways, the most significant is the central pathway, with a significant archway.

D O W N T O W N OLD SOUQ AREA Central Archway

Traditional urban fabric, exterior faรงades, pedestrian alleys, architecture of traditional dwelling , give the urban fabric beautiful historical richness

Wooden Doors

Traditional Building and shop Facades

Residential quarter window openings

110

D O W N T O W N OLD SOUQ AREA The Old Souq is the most significant and best-preserved focus of post-Roman historic buildings within the City, the active part of the city and still preserved and although several buildings are in poor condition and indeed some are derelict, the area still retains the ambience of an important part of the city. The original function of the Souq as the traditional urban meeting place is therefore slowly disappearing due to the progressively decreasing areas reserved for pedestrians. The area as mentioned before still an active zone of pedestrians , but it suffers from decaying , and bad commercial uses occupies this area , mostly shoes repairing shops , it could be occupied by more attractive uses .

111

D O W N T O W N URBAN FABRIC The modem city initially developed in the immediate surrounding of the Roman Baths. In this area, the Old Souq is the most significant and best-preserved focus of postRoman historic buildings within the City, and although several buildings are either derelict or in poor condition, the area still retains the ambience of an active part of the city

The urban fabric of the downtown shows the sense of Islamic city the mosque is the original center for spreading of other residential and commercial zones.

112

Traffic in the downtown : TRAFFIC The historic core of Jerash is completely taken over by the vehicular traffic and informal car parking and the overall physical conditions of the street network are generally rather precarious. Existing pressures resulting from visitor arrival and parking, city center congestion and circulation Street sections are often too narrow to allow for the provision of efficient sidewalks and/or street side parking. Parking in the historic core is not sufficient, and a good traffic management plan is highly needed. The current conditions of the traffic inside the city is really alarming, roads are in poor conditions. The two main streets in the central retail hub of Jerash, Bab Amman Street and King Abdullah Street, are characterized by dramatic traffic congestion and by the absence of proper sidewalks which creates constant conflict between pedestrian and vehicular movement.

ď&#x192;&#x2DC; The two main streets suffering the most from traffic congestion are Bab Amman Street and King Abdullah Street

Traffic in Jerash requires a more efficient management strategy, especially when it comes to parking. Although the municipality has a traffic section which looks into all traffic related issues in coordination with the traffic police, however there is a need to strengthen such efforts by carrying out a comprehensive traffic management study, with full commitment of all related entities to enforce the application of the regulation.

113

Traffic Problems in the downtown :

High traffic

Narrow, unorganized roads

114

Inadequate traffic circulation patterns

Un-maintained sidewalks

Insufficient/inadequate parking space available

D O W N T O W N VEHICLES VOLUME COUNT The study of traffic volume was held on peaks hours nearly 12:30 pm , to identify the highest volumes of vehicles passes the streets of the downtown.

1- The highest traffic vehicle volume was on IrbidAmman wasfi al tal street with 1500 vph

2- Then inside the downtown , the most congested streets where King Abdullah and Bab Amman streets With nearly 1050 vehicle passes per hour.

3- Other streets , specially streets in the commercial zone have less vehicle movement volume , with nearly 400 vph

115

Main Parking Plot of municipality

Parking in the downtown : TRAFFIC - PARKING Car Parking id identified as one of the big traffic problems in the historic core of the city , this is resulting from informal car parking practices and Street sections are often too narrow for the on street parking which leads to highly percentage of traffic congestions. Parking in the historic core is not sufficient, also parking facilities are below the requirements . King Abdullah Street High percentage of parked vehicles

Regular on street Parking

On street parking vehicles cause traffic congestion

116

Pedestrian Movement Analysis: It had been obvious that pedestrian movement inside the historical core is not sufficient due to the traffic

congestions on the narrow streets of the town. Also commercial activities in front of door openings permits the pedestrian movement, bad infrastructure , bad paving on streets, bad behavior of sellers specially vegetable sellers, and no respect for disabilities.

117

The two urban compounds were linked through two bridges spanning the wadi, the north and the south bridges, and there is a lot of stairs in the area specially between the residential units , according to the topographical aspect of the area

D O W N T O W N PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

Residential stairs North Bridge

South Bridge

Public pedestrian ways

118

(Source : Visual Survey)

D O W N T O W N PEDESTRIAN COUNT Survey Time : 12,30 pm Second highly percentage of pedestrian volume , is in the king Abdullah street , despite this point , the whole street since it forms as a main commercial spine in the area , people walk a cross to do their shopping , also cars enter the area and lead to conflicts and traffic congestion

Main gathering point of pedestrian , and very high volume in the intersection of the old Souq with king Abdullah street , this high volume due to the vegetable sellers on the streets , and other commercial activities , also because so many pedestrian come across to or from the south bridge and Al Hashmi mosque

Each node represents 3 persons / pedestrian (Source : Visual Survey)

119

Traffic movement street 1 Type

Number per hour

private vehicle

420

pedestrian

2952

Parked vehicles

216

Traffic movement street 2

Type

Number per hour

private vehicle

1044

pedestrian

1260

Parked vehicles

300

Traffic movement street 3

120

Type

Number per hour

private vehicle

1500

pedestrian

547

Parked vehicles

153

D O W N T O W N ROAD JUNCTIONS Dead-end

T- Junction

This area consists of large number of T junctions, also in contains undefined junctions , which causes large amount of traffic accidents carried with dangers.

+ Cross - Junction

Road Junctions concentrated in this zone , which causes highly traffic congestion , also roads are narrow and pedestrian flow in this zone at very high percentage , which causes an important conflict between pedestrian and vehicle movement

Y - Junction

Junction Type

Dead end

Number

121

Jerash New bus complex built on an area of 23 acre contains 42 warehouse and 6 offices of transport companies , the running of these complex comes in the context of the development of infrastructure and in order to raise the operational efficiency of public transport services and improve the quality of services provided in departure and arrival stations. This project came according to several facts , the lack of basic services in most of the starting centers and access, lack of lightening, seats, health units, umbrellas, and the lack of signs showing the names of the lines or signboards basic information about lines contain, and the lack of drainage systems, for rain water in the pools in addition to the lack of umbrellas validity where it does not meet passenger and operator service and the lack of an adequate and intermediate Islands, and the abundance of stalls inside the complexes and obstruction of passenger traffic and transportation, and a random entry and exit of transport modes in bus complexes .

122

Buses do not adhere to line up and to park in their own safe place, but they line up on the street at peak time and after two o'clock noon, leading to download and upload passengers in the street, forcing passengers to disembark from the other modes of transport on the street. Authorities think that the new bus complex site is more compatible , and reduce the congestion along downtown streets due to the new circulation network , and the old bus complex is now developing to be used as Ex-market area.

D O W N T O W N NEW BUS COMPLEX

Tourists Destination : Mainly tourists who came to Jerash , they came by Touristic tours or group from the capital city Amman from nearly 47 km distance, while they are on their way to the archeological city , they don’t have any special experiences or good services like accommodations, places to have launch, Relaxing areas.. etc. , also Jerash – Amman road not considered to be a good gateway , City entrance need to be improved, as Tourists arrive Jerash , they directly have to drop off at Jerash Archeological City, then they have their experiences through the ancient ruins without visiting the downtown of Jerash and having different experiences and activities which introduce Jordanian Heritage.

Main Tourist Destination Arrival Area

D O W N T O W N TOURIST CIRCULATION

The ruins are extensive and impressive, Highlights include: •Hadrian's Arch. •Hippodrome. •Colonnaded Street. •Cathedral. •North Theatre. •South Theatre. •Jerash Archaeological Museum.

123

124

JERASH SOCIAL STUDIES

Existing Condition

This section is for studying and analyzing all data about population including , growth, observation, and population statistics, to best understand the project site.

Jerash Demographic Data :

125

Existing Condition

JERASH POPULATION PYRAMID FOR JERASH GOVERNORATE Male

Female

65 and over 60 to 64 years 55-59 years 50-54 years

The highest percentage of Jerash population category is for children between 5-9 years old. This leads us to study the services of this group, and how much it covers the needs of population (Source : Department of Statistics)

45 to 49 years AGE GROUPS

40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years Under 5 years 15000

126

10000

5000 0 5000 NUMBER OF POPULATION

10000

15000

Existing Condition

Population Growth of Jerash City:

Population Growth 45000

Jerash city has continued population growth in the period of sixties and seventies and eighties of the last century especially after the city became a center of the brigade of Jerash at the end of sixties, which increased economic importance of the city. City faced a clear population growth during the nineties and the first decade of the Twentieth century , the city has evolved rates fast, especially after that became the center of the province of Jerash, which helped to increase the importance of the city, and the multiplicity of jobs and services, and the influx of large numbers of immigrants, both from Neighboring areas or from the Gulf states.

40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

Population Number

1952

1961

1979

1990

1994

2004

2013

2614

3796

9978

14000 21278 31650 40366

National Population Growth Rate /Year 6,00% 5,00%

Growth Rate

The built-in focused in currently known the Downtown area, After that the city experienced a population growth rates exceeded those in previous periods, as shown in the Figures due to the stability of some of the Palestinian refugees and the continued influx of population from neighboring areas, and growing importance of tourism and its location on the most important main roads in Jordan via Amman- Irbid.

Population Number

The first half of the twentieth century could be considered the nucleus of the city, where population growth rates did not rise due to the migration of population to Amman because of the availability of jobs and better services, the city's population stood at 1946 (About 2392 people) living in 400 homes.

4,00%

4,80%

4,40%

3,00% 2,60%

2,00%

2,20%

2007

2012

1,00% 0,00%

1957

(Source : Department of Statistics)

1970

1987

1999

Year

127

Existing Condition

Population Projection of Jerash City :

Population Projection 80000

* Estimation of population by regression model :

70000 Population Number

y=a+bX Pop 2040 = -2199000 + ( 1112.6 ) ( 2040 ) Pop 2040 = 70704

Growth rate = 2,2% Y ( population)

X(year)

Growth Rate

60000 50000

40000 30000 20000 10000 0

14000.00

1990.00

3,1%

21278.00

1994.00

11%

31650.00

2004.00

4,1%

40366.00

2013.00

2,2%

(Source : Population Calculating techniques)

128

1952

1961

1979

Population Number 2614

3796

9978 14000 21278 31650 40366 70704

1990

1994

2004

2013

The best estimation = 70704 for the year 2040

2040

Existing Condition

JERASH DOWNTOWN STATISTICS : Downtown Gender Percentages Male

Female

46%

Average household Income annually = 7916,6 Average Person Income annually = 1365,9 Number of Families = 2813 Number of Residential Dwellings = 3779 Number of Buildings = 1570

54%

Population pyramid

(Source : Department of Statistics)

129

Existing Condition

JERASH DOWNTOWN STATISTICS :

Head of the Family working Sectors

Household Gender Male

public sector Female

23%

35%

private sector 21% international organization unemployed

39%

79% 3%

Education Levels Uneducated Preparatory Diploma

Head of the family age

Age Groups

60 and more

4% 1%

50-59 40-49

1% 8%

0% 11%

17%

30-39

40% 18%

16-29

Percentage (Source : Department of Statistics)

130

Primary Secondary Higher Diploma

EMPLOYMENT AND JOB SECTORS The majority of population in Jerash city is in working age, making employment creation a key factor for revitalization efforts. The average annual household income in the Jerash Governorate and in the Jerash Sub-Distinct is estimated at US$18 per day (US$6,782/year) for an average size household of 6 people. A little under a fifth of the population (1 8.4%) lives in poverty (2002- 2003), a drop of 10% since 1997. As for Jerash city, 19.4% of the population (around 25,893 persons) is below the poverty line2'. Unemployment rate in Jerash Governorate is 18.9%, higher than the national one and have slightly increased in the last 3 years. This indicates a growing employment problem; there is a mounting discouragement among the potential workers who have become tired of seeking work: 74% of the economically inactive persons believe there are no jobs around. The unemployed are mostly educated holding diplomas or university degrees, and the trend over the past five years shows an increasing number of applicants for work in the government.

Existing Condition

In Jerash almost all establishments are small, employing less than 5 persons: manufacturing establishments have the biggest dimension and trade the smallest. 62% of businesses are in the commercial trade sector, mainly small retail shops, rather unattractive in their displays and in the quality of goods. Almost all stores are located in the commercial area of the historic core, in an area characterized by traffic, chaos and disorganization. â&#x20AC;˘ The largest sector providing employment is the commercial sector. Like other regions in Jordan, the Jerash Governorate is witnessing a decline in its agricultural sector, shifting from a traditionally rural to a more urbanized society. Tourism remains a highly under-exploited economic sector for further private sector development and income generation. The informal sector, dominated by a largely female labor force between the ages of 19 and 45, mostly involves home-based activities with very low compensatory wages, with an average of ~$42 per month, relied upon as supplementary household income.

131

Existing Condition

EMPLOYMENT AND JOB SECTORS Number of touristic activities in 2013 37 11 3 Touristic Antiques Restaurants Stores

Tourism Offices

Hotels

Jobs Distribution according to sectors Tourism Sector

Agriculture Sector

Industry Sector

Building and Construcyion Sector

Health and Social Services Sector

Trade Sector

Education Sector

Public Sector

2% 4% 5%

Workers distribution in the tourism sector Foreign 176

6% 49% 10%

Jordanian

19%

87 54 0 Touristic Restaurants

132

Antiques Stores

Tourism Offices

Hotels

Social Survey : We made a social survey for Jerash downtown residents and visitors to find the main problems of the site and identify the future development project could be done in this area , we asked 30 person and have these results : Type of Service

Good

Average

Poor

Roads Curbs Garbage Water

Electricity Health services Schools Safety and security

Commercial services Parking areas Recreational Places 3rd tourism project development

133

Existing Condition

Social Survey :

Services quality and population satisfaction What is the of drainage and water / electricity satisfaction ?

Superstructure

non

Bad services

Good services

Infrastructure (street)

Sidewalk

Infrastructure

Non services

Bad services

Good services

Drainage

water services

electricity services

20 15

Infrastructur e (street) Sidewalk

10 5 0 non

Bad services

Good services

Drainage

15 10

water services electricity services

5 0 Good services

Bad services

Non services 80 60 40

exist of just like other archeological site the old town itself places

134

20 0

exisity of it the old town archological site

just like other places

Social Survey :

16 14 12 10 8 6

Rehabilitation

keep it character

Conservation

Restoration

4 2 0

Rehabilitation

keep it character

Conservation

Restoration

1- Jerash Downtown Visitors Conclusion : 1- Most visitors visit Jerash downtown area (daily) by residents and annually (for tourists) 2- They visit the downtown area, mostly the commercial zone , for shopping 3- There are some services and facilities could be introduced in the future to enhance the historical core condition. 4- Most visitors prefer creating new activities in the area , specially which reflect the heritage and tradition. 5- Visitors suffers from the lake of parking areas for their private cars 6- Tourists claim about the shortage in accommodation facilities and others like hotels, restaurants ..etc. 7- Most visitors and tourists thinks about the importance of visiting the modern city after visiting the archeological ruins , important links and attractive facilities should be launched in the area

135

Social Survey : What is the satisfaction services quality ?

good

averge

poor

30-45 min

46-61min 457

62-77 min 354

120 500

400 300

200 100

45 good

poor

30-45 min

46-61min

62-77 min

The availability of means public transport or private exist for mobility? by car

by bus

on feet

private car

good

poor

133

254

105

300 200 100 0 by car

136

by bus

on feet private car

60 50 40

good

poor

People satisfied with services

Questionnaire Results People encourage mobility

People desire walkable life in the downtown

People want more Attractive activities

People desire open spaces but with security control

2- Jerash Downtown Residents Conclusion : 1- Trading and tourism sectors are the most important characteristics of Jerash , that make it an attractive destination . 2- Parking spaces were mainly missing in the historic core 3- Jerash residents hope to see Jerash more developed in the future. 4- Jerash residents usually use public and private transit while moving between home and work place, but they prefer walking if there is good pedestrian routs that encourage walkability 5- The historic core needs more recreational activities, open areas and public spaces. 6- The connection between the modern town and the archeological city is very weak. 7- Residents think that providing more green areas, tourist attracted activities and land uses , developing street networks and creating more pedestrian ways can strengthen this connection. 8- The main problem in the area according to residents , are : Uncleanness, some unacceptable people behavior , and too much traffic congestion especially at summer time.

137

D O W N T O W N SOCIAL-SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION •

Heeey.. What are u doing here.. This is our area..

The behavior of the sellers The sellers have been in the area from years ago or they inherited it from their families we can see different ages the elderly, the adults , the children all of them work with each other in their shops to attract the customers in a very competitive environment ,and because of that the sellers that sell the same goods are located in the same area close to each other that makes the sellers talking loudly to attract the customers.

•

The behavior of the shoppers The shoppers are two types : - Type that always in a hurry running all over the place to finish their tasks and go home . they don’t have time to chat … they have more than one bag in their hands waiting for the public transport ,going right and left walking here and there hoping to catch a taxi or a bus . - The other type are felling tired looking for a set or a wall to lean over it and after they reset they Complete their shopping .

138

There must be something special about the building go inside,,,

Years ago, life was so easy and more convenient for people walking on streets.. I really miss the old downtown..

-Pedestrianisation of Istanbul Historic Peninsula -Historical city center of Beysehir -Karak City Revitalization Program -Restoring Historical Connections San Antonio

141

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Transforming car-oriented streets into pedestrianized environments has the potential to support physical activity, social interaction, economic development, and improve air qualityâ&#x20AC;?.

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Case Studies

3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Historic Peninsula LOCATION : The historic peninsula is the old city center in Istanbul, and holds the oldest settlements of Istanbul dating more than 8000 years back, the central part of the historic peninsula bounded to the east by the Golden Horn in the north and Marmara Sea in the south. The Byzantine city walls, the Golden Horn, and the Marmara Sea surround the Historic Peninsula. Recent findings show that the Historic Peninsula was settled back in the Neolithic period in the 7th millennium BC. This area harbored many civilizations throughout its thousands of years of history, thus its name Historic Peninsula.

IN GENERAL : The peninsula area comprises approximately 5 million m2. It is currently a significant historical, touristic and commercial center of Istanbul, and also a busy public transport hub. Resident population in the historic peninsula is only 55,000. However, daytime population reaches 2.5 million â&#x20AC;&#x201C; due to the influx of students, business owners, shoppers, and tourists.

The golden horn and the view from the north

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula PROJECT DESCRIPTION : The heritage of the area has been strangled by rapid and uncontrolled urban growth. The chaotic network of historic and narrow streets presents challenges for accessibility and creates high levels of congestion, ın addition, the threat of pollution arising from industrialization and rapid urbanization has jeopardized the historical and cultural heritage of the old town. Now, both international and national organizations work very hard to ensure preservation and conservation of the area. Concerns over the preservation of the rich cultural and historical heritage have increased during the past decade and in response to raising concerns, local administrations have initiated numerous projects in an effort to protect area.

THREE MAİN PROJECTS WE WERE İNVOLVED İN : • The first one is pedestrianization of selected streets in the peninsula by the local municipality. • Secondly, project to carry out a public space and public life survey for the historical peninsula. This survey takes an overall approach and assesses public life in the peninsula as a whole. • The third is the perception survey carried out with shop owners in the pedestrianized areas of the peninsula

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Historic Peninsula Activity Zones

I S T A N B U L

Offers a diversity of functions, but these different functions are clustered in a way that creates mono-functional areas.

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Historic Peninsula Sub-Regions 148

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Recommendations

Challenges

Potentials

Istanbul Public Spaces and Public Life :

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Historic Peninsula DEDÄ°CATED PROBLEMS :

Intrusive parking & a traffic dominated pedestrian environment Istanbul metropolitan municipality supported the work in improving public life and walkability in the historic peninsula. Problems have been emphasized with vehicle traffic, as highly motorized transportation creates significant issues for an area that were initially planned for walking and horse-draws chariots. High vehicular congestion and intrusive parking make it hard for people to walk around, cause visual deterioration and stressful noise levels.

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula DEDİCATED PROBLEMS : It is also a challenge to walk around the peninsula due to several issues. In particular, the peninsula lacks an overall pedestrian network, the area prioritizes car users over pedestrians, AND barriers divide the city, footways are poorly maintained and footway obstacles make it harder to walk around.

A challenging walking environment • • • •

Poor maintenance of footways Footway obstacles Several barriers divide the city Pedestrian congestion

• • •

Complicated crossings Lack of overall legible pedestrian network A city for cars, not for people

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula GOALS AND OBJCTIVES : A pedestrian oriented city • Promote traffic calming • Promote walking and cycling • Promote public transport

A unique and recreational city • Promote attractive public spaces • Promote an integrated history • Promote multi-functionality

Pedestrianization projects from all over the world have shown that transforming car-oriented streets into pedestrianized environments has many potential benefits:

However, we also know that these benefits can only be achieved through successful implementation of complementary measures.

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula RULES AND POLICIES : A series of supporting rules passed by the Transportation Coordination Center (UKOME) aims to minimize negative impacts of pedestrianization on tourism and commercial activities in the area: • Streets will be open only to pedestrians between certain hours during the day. Limited vehicle access will be allowed at other times. • Only official vehicles such as vehicles belonging to embassies, the police, the postal service, banks and the fire department as well as ambulances will be allowed to enter the area during daytime. • Commercial permit holders will be allowed to access the area after work hours for deliveries. • Municipal police officers from Fatih Municipality are tasked with monitoring the implementations. • Streets traders are not allowed in selected pedestrianized streets. • Tourist buses are allowed to use the new route and stops as defined by UKOME in the neighborhood.

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Transportation Connections in the Historic Peninsula

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Types of Transportation by Sub-Region

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Historic Peninsula BENEFITS OF THE PEDESTRIANIZATION PROJECT : In the residents survey, the most commonly selected benefit of pedestrianization was increased street safety with 68%. Other benefits selected by residents included increased visual quality (58%), strengthened attraction of historical buildings (56%), and improved walkability (52%)

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Historic Peninsula BENEFITS OF THE PEDESTRIANIZATION PROJECT : Student respondents were also asked to evaluate the benefits of pedestrianization projects in the Peninsula. 55% of the students indicated that pedestrian safety was significantly improved. Improved walkability (51%)and increased visual quality (50%)

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Historic Peninsula BENEFITS OF THE PEDESTRIANIZATION PROJECT : Among employees/business owners, 83% identified improvements in walkability as the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Most significant benefit, followed by the increase in visual quality (82%). 77% of commercial survey respondents pointed out that streets became safer for pedestrians. Views of respondents are shown in the chart below.

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula ACHIEVEMENTS:    

Streets are closed to vehicle traffic between 10am-6pm. Commercial permit holders are allowed to access the area after work hours for deliveries. Tourist buses are allowed to use the new route and stops . Share of public transportation is very high at 65%.

 Noise Levels: 91% of these people who were concerned about the noise levels reported a decrease as a result of pedestrianization.

 Air Quality: 86% of these people who were concerned about emissions and air quality reported better air quality after pedestrianization.  Streetscapes were improved

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3.1 Pedestrianisation of Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Historic Peninsula Example of a pedestrianized street with before and after:

BEFORE

AFTER

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THE LIVABLE CITY ..

ISTANBUL

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- The pedestrianized streets led to a strong perception that streets are safer from traffic crashes - The pedestrianization of the roads increases the visual quality of surrounding areas - The pedestrianization strengthened the attractiveness of historic buildings

- Fewer cars used meant less noise, and fewer carbon emissions - Levels of trash on the streets, with more people on the streets, remained unchanged. - Increased the accessibility by foot to other transport modes

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3.2 Historical City Center Of Beysehir LOCATION : Konya, Turkey

DESCRIPTION : Beyşehir is one of the oldest settlements of Anatolia with physical, cultural and human richness, the original function and socio cultural values of the settlement are getting lost in the entire city scale due to urbanization process. Beyşehir, chronologically hosted several governments, is located in the south east of the Lake Beyşehir. Almost most of cultural heritage have concentrated in the historical city center. Some of them have disappeared today.

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3.2 Historical City Center Of Beysehir CONTEXT : For this reason, culture-led regeneration approach needs to a comprehensive conservation model. On the other hand, taking into account the wishes and needs of local people, integrated and comprehensive regeneration strategies and policies for historical city texture were studied in “İceri Sehir” (İnner City Center) Historical District. In this framework, in order to determine social characteristics of local people, a field survey was applied by using a questionnaire and comprehensive interview techniques. SWOT analysis was carried out according to spatial and social data. Finally, the comprehensive urban regeneration policies strategies are developed in the historical city center. In this context, proposed conservation and regeneration policies will guide to existing urban conservation plan regarding revitalizing historical center.

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3.2 Historical City Center Of Beysehir CULTURE AND REGENERATİON : •

•

Cultural projects are symbols of the cities which increase the national and international image of the city. These projects performed as symbols of the rebirth, modernity and innovations, reconciliation and urban renaissance They develop global image providing on the city's interaction between global economy and social network The advantage of cultural and social activities has an importance in providing successful result in the competition between cities and also creating stimulated city's image Culture-related investments and policies are used to diversify economic activities in the cities and increase the quality of urban life and the image of the city After 1980.

CULTURAL REGENERATİON AİMS : - The first aim of cultural policies is to : Create accessible public life for all people under equal socio-economic conditions.

- The second aim is to : Encourage people for face to face interaction and community involvement through some organization which promote city's image positively. That means; cultural policies aim at making the city more attractive than before

Therefore, it is understood that in order to revitalize the economical and physical structure of the cities, culture-led strategies and projects have gained importance in the revitalization policies.

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Historical City Center Of Beysehir SOCIAL AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF BEYŞEHIR :

Beyşehir town center is the largest residential area at the lake shore. The Residential area is divided into two parts by Çarşamba Canal. 170

There were many development plans , in 2006was the last revised plan because of location of housing estate, reorganization of industrial area and transferring plansmaps to computer.

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3.2 Historical City Center Of Beysehir SOCIAL AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF BEYŞEHIR :

• • •

Eşrefoğlu Kulliye, Bedesten, Büyük Hamam and Taş Medrese is located in the center of the area, the official institutions are situated in the south east of the area. Residential areas were located around the historic center . Urban building fabric usually consists of house and auxiliary buildings in the courtyard 171

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Floor Number

Buildings varies in terms of their physical conditions in the area. The physical conditions of buildings in the inner city have been classified as poor, moderate and good quality Also, there are buildings without basement and 1, 2 storey buildings .

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Building Condition

SOCIAL AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF BEYĹ&#x17E;EHIR :

Building Materials

3.2 Historical City Center Of Beysehir

THE FRAMEWORK SCHEMA OF URBAN REGENERATİON STRATEGİES FOR BEYŞEHİR HİSTORICAL CENTER

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3.2 Historical City Center Of Beysehir IN THE PARTİCİPATİON-ORİENTED PROCESS, GENERAL STRATEGİES MAY BE SUMMARİZED AS FOLLOWİNG : •

Culture should be considered in regeneration process (such as a social entrepreneur or a group).

•

Environmental quality and accessibility should be considered in urban Regeneration.

•

design of facilities, public realm and integration with services (e.g. transport, housing).

•

The participation of residents/users/local people/other stakeholders should be ensured in all stages of regeneration process.

•

Some of the monumental buildings in historic site have lost their functions or abandoned and also have not been used for their main purpose. These buildings should be transformed functionally in this area which is suggested being oriented to culture and tourism.

•

The process of urban regeneration which has taken place in Beyşehir should be carried out through social rehabilitation projects which revitalize the study areas (İçerişehir district) both economically and socially by helping small businesses and handcraft.

•

The pedestrianization of the old centre should be supported by new parking areas as well as by good public transportation.

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HISTORY CONSERVATION..

KONYA BEYŞEHIR..

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- Regeneration of urban areas prevents the decline of economic, environmental, social and cultural processes causing the deterioration of physical built environment . - Generally, comprehensive and integrated visions and actions are used in the resolution of urban problems . Because the factors of urban regeneration process are becoming in a dynamic and complex context. - All of renewal actions aim at creating more sustainable and livable cities. - In many cases, historic districts are representative of the entire city, the result of the outstanding multitude of historic buildings and heritage and archaeological sites, which manage to endure time, contradicting new functions and development that take place around them, at expeditious rates. - In the regeneration process, the main goal is to increase life quality of local community and to ensure their participation to this process .

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization

LOCATION : Karak Governorate, which covers an area of 3,217 Km2, is located in the southern region of Jordan. Karak city, in Karak Sub-District within the Qasabat Karak District, is the main city in the Governorate and falls under the jurisdiction of the Greater Karak Municipality.

DESCRIPTION : Karak appears as an historical urban settlement placed on top of a hill beside a landmark castle, whose form is largely related to its defensive function and topographical location. Karak is isolated from the surrounding settlements by its elevation and by a network of wadis which contribute to its character and form. Around the historic core, there are the surrounding settlements of Marj and Thallajah. New Karak farther to the east was included in the Municipality jurisdiction more recently. The historic core is the commercial and governmental center of the region and a market town to surrounding farms and villages. Its attraction as a center is strong and this is reflected in the quality and variety of the services it provides.

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization CONTEXT : • The urban form of the settlement is well defined as an anthropomorphic scheme characterized by the castle acting as the generator (head) of a trident road layout (Al Qal’a Street, Al Malik Al Husain Street and Al Khider Street). These elements concur in the definition of both the urban structure of the historical core (body), and the functional distribution Of economic and social activities within the city.

• The castle is the chief point of interest to the visitor, covering a significant portion of the area of the historic core

Urban structure of karak

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization MAIN CONCEPT OF THE CITY REVITALIZATION PROGRAM : The main challenge that the historic core of karak is facing is to recover its urban centrality and be revived with a new ”social and economic mission” within its regional context: • Form a social point of view, the revived historic core must contribute to reconstruct social cohesion amongst the different social groups providing a common federating space for the entire population, where the cultural heritage is preserved and enhanced in both its symbolic and economic role, and urban space is improved for the benefit of residents and visitors.

The project aims at achieving these objectives through a structured city revitalization program, that includes regulatory actions, physical actions and capacity building actions

• From an economic point of view, the revived historic core will contribute to boost the existing tourism activities, which in Karak are concentrated mainly on the visit to the castle, expanding the visitors’ experience to include both the main commercial spine and a new heritage trail.

• Form an urban point of view, the focus is on the improvement of the socio-urban fabric, the recovery of commercial centrality and the improvement of the urban environment as a high quality civil space, providing new socialization spaces and managing the conflict of proximity functions.

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization EXISTING ANALYSIS (Infrastructure ) : TRAFFIC The historic core of Karak is completely taken over by the vehicular traffic and informal car parking and the overall physical conditions of the street network are generally rather precarious. Street sections are often too narrow to allow for the provision of efficient sidewalks and/or street side parking. Although the existing volume of traffic on the internal road network is rather low, circulation during the morning and lunchtime peak periods, is characterized by queues and blockages primarily due to behavioral problems associated with private and public transport vehicles and with the delivery of commercial goods to the local commercial outlets. Vehicle parking occurs on virtually all streets within the Old City and double parking is a common feature which severely infringes on the capacity of those internal roads to absorb and regulate the volume of traffic generated by every day commercial activity and tourist arrivals. The lack of adequate sidewalk width, pedestrian priority areas and crossings increases the risk of accidents between vehicles and pedestrians and hampers the possibility of a safe and continuous pedestrian experience of the city. Even if the city is served by two bus stations, one at the southern edge of the historic core for urban buses and another outside the central core, to east of the Mohabite Castle, for long distance connections, there is a large number of public transport services originating within the Old City and serving the surrounding villages. The majority of these services are unregulated mini buses which are major contributors to delays and congestion. There is an evident problem concerning the enforcement of a correct use of the two bus terminals, so as to take proper advantage of the functional differentiation between urban and regional public transportation.

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization EXISTING ANALYSIS (Infrastructure ) : SOLID WASTE COLLECTION The Municipality manages the collection of garbage and the street cleaning in an effective manner by using a combination of compactor trucks and small hand-drawn wheeled bins for narrow streets . Refuse from the wheeled bins is transferred to open trucks before being transported to the waste disposal site . The dump is 40 km away from Karak and the present system appears satisfactory except for the age and condition of the equipment used to store the waste prior to collection. STORM WATER DRAINAGE There is only one storm water drainage line 450 m long, located in the eastern part of the study perimeter , which drains into the nearby Wadi , the existing drainage is nevertheless insufficient. SEWAGE The historic core is completely served by the existing network , which drains into the Karak treatment plant , located 2 km from the old city. The network is in acceptable conditions and the maintenance is done on call by the water authority. The only necessary maintenance is the adjustment of manhole covers due to the new street profiles. ELECTRICITY The Jordan Electric Power Company supplies electricity to the city . The study perimeter/historic core is completely served by the network . Although electrical supply is regular and reliable the overhead distribution causes heavy visual pollution, particularly in the historic areas . There are frequent blackouts in winter . PUBLIC LIGHTING The historic core is completely served by the existing system which is none the less old and needs substantial upgrading. The present use of mercury vapor lamps contributes to the unsatisfactory standard of street lighting . Changing to high-pressure sodium lamps for the main central urban areas would improve visibility and functional efficiency.

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization HISTORIC CORE REVITALIZATION : Nowadays, Karak has to face a number of key issues affecting its social and economic development, these key issues include: 1) Substitution of population and residential pauperization: The decay of residential fabrics forced a large part of the population to move to new outside residential areas. The population that succeeded includes immigrant workers (mainly Egyptians) and young couples from the surrounding villages. According to some estimations, original families are now less than 60% of resident population. A significant part of these families lives this situation as a condition of residential captivity.

2) Change of commercial functions: The commercial activities of the historic core changed to satisfy the needs of the surrounding villages, with an increase of banks, cheap clothes shops, furniture and white goods. On the other hand, higher quality shops, attracting the local families (namely middle-class), moved from the historic core to new outskirts.

3) Conflict with proximity functions: Given the lack of appropriate parking, the daily inflow of population arriving in Karak by car and, above all, by bus, increases traffic problems of the historic core. Bus parking in residential streets causes significant nuisance to resident population. The historic core is not livable enough; parking and traffic problems induce the residents to prefer the outside commercial settlements for their shopping. However, in the afternoon, after the departure of the external visitors, the historic core is no longer enlivened and turns into an inanimate and deserted space.

4) Physical decay of the urban environment: Urban space is affected by physical decay, traffic and parking congestion (with the resulting visual and acoustic pollution), lack of appropriate management and visual clutter. Urban fabrics are threatened by uncontrolled urban growth dissecting the traditional urban structures. In the historic core, the storm drainage network is largely insufficient, and during heavy rains the core streets are the only means to convey storm water. Visual clutter, particularly in the busiest commercial areas, is the result of physical decay of buildings and public spaces, presence of solid waste, uncontrolled signage and wires, traffic jams and uncontrolled parking.

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization 5) Threats to cultural heritage: The built cultural heritage is threatened by lack of maintenance, neglect and encroachment; the heritage is further threatened by the lack of awareness of cultural values and of an effective legal protection framework. The remains of the ancient fortifications are in conditions of decay, and the Castle is threatened by unconcerned town-planning. 6) Lack of socialization spaces: namely for the youth that form the majority of the population and that are lacking in cultural, educational and leisure activities. 7) Decay and crisis of public spaces: The main factors that affect the urban environment of Karak contribute to decrease the quality of the urban space and of the experience of the city for residents, visitors and tourists. The central public spaces are disappearing or are used by a few social groups, often by the poorest or less rooted in the community. The main bus station, an important interface of the core with the outside, is in a condition of decay that causes inconveniences and discomfort to local population and visitors. The recent realization of a peripheral bus station did not successfully address the issue traffic congestion whilst hampering the integration of the core within its region context. 8) Economic stagnation: The local economy is affected by a number of factors leading to economic stagnation. Existing tourist activities and assets remain underdeveloped, and Karak remains only a stop on the route from Amman to Petra. The potential assets in terms of human resources, skills and culture, remain largely under-utilized.

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1) Type (A) PRIMARY STREETS (AL MALIK AL HUSAYN ST / AL MUJAMMA ST) 2) Type (B) SECONDARY STREETS 3) Type (C) TERTIARY STREETS

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization The project will provide the integral refurbishment of the street network of the historical core according to the following typological categories:

1) Type A) PRIMARY STREETS (AL MALIK AL HUSAYN STR/AL MUJAMMA STR) These streets which form Karak's central spine and are directly connected with the Mohabite Castle and the newly renovated Castle Piazza will be provided with wider sidewalks (150 cm. minimum width) with 30 cm. curbs, new street lighting and street side parking for private and commercial vehicles, including parking stalls for handicapped and stalls for loading and unloading of commercial goods. Below and above grade infrastructural refurbishment will be provided. The existing basalt carriageway and sidewalk paving on Al Malik Al Husayn will be confirmed and prolonged onto Al Mujamma' Street. Street side planting of autochthonous tree species will be provided.

2) Type B) SECONDARY STREETS All streets which provide strategic connections with the principal tourist and cultural assets of the city or which provide access to the major concentrations of urban commercial activity. These streets will be provided, wherever possible, with wider sidewalks with 30 cm. curbs, new street lighting and street side parking for private and commercial vehicles, including parking stalls for handicapped and stalls for loading and unloading of commercial gods. Wherever necessary the streets will also be provided with storm water drainage mains, drains and traps within the framework of the overall infrastructural refurbishment. Street paving will be in bituminous asphalt, and sidewalk paving will be in modular concrete units with concrete curbs.

3) Type C) TERTIARY STREETS All remaining streets. These street sections will be redesigned so as to allow for adequate storm water surface down flow towards nearby drains. These streets will be repaved with bituminous asphalt and provided, if possible, with sidewalks and/or protection devices for pedestrian traffic. Existing street lighting will be refurbished and/or new overhead street lighting will be provided.

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Type A Streets

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Type B Streets

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Type C Streets

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization THE NEW â&#x20AC;&#x153;HERITAGE TRAILâ&#x20AC;? ALONG THE EASTERN SIDE OF KARAK : The project aims at the creation of a new pedestrian path along the south eastern portion of the Old City wall linking the heritage Ottoman School to the renovated main Bus Station. The new Heritage Trail will then proceed flanking the two existing Mameluke towers in the direction of the Crusader Castle. The new Heritage Trail will provide an alternative pedestrian approach to the Castle characterized by an outstanding panoramic view onto the surrounding landscape. At the same time, the Heritage Promenade will benefit from the planned development of the nearby, new hotel and shopping facilities within the compound of the renovated Central Bus Station.

In order to re-establish the visual and morphological integrity of the city wall, the intervention includes a financial provision for the expropriation and demolition of all abusive construction along the wall line, the project includes the reconstruction of a demolished portion of the city walls to be designed and carried out during the detailed design phase.

The Heritage Trail will therefore establish itself as a primary, multifunctional, urban rehabilitation axis for the benefit of local residents and visitors alike. The project proposes a panoramic protected pedestrian promenade enhancing the role of the newly renovated main Bus Station as an important enclave for urban social gathering whilst acting as the new gateway to the Old City.

The promenade will be characterized by a significant yet understated architectural intervention so as to infringe as little as possible on the visual integrity of the historical city walls.

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization REDESIGN OF THE EXISTING BUS STATION : The main bus station is located in the south east quadrant of the Old City, adjacent to Al Birka Street and close to Salah Al Din Al Ayyoubi Street. At present it accommodates most of the local and all the inter-city services to Karak. Increased economic and population growth in the Karak Municipality has resulted in greater movements of public transport into and through the Old City causing extensive city-wide congestion and the need to provide enhanced facilities for the main bus station.

Congestion is not limited to the bus station itself, but extends along the approach roads leading to and from it. The parking of large numbers of buses in these areas causes danger to other road users especially if pedestrian. The presence of a new peripheral bus station for regional through traffic enhances the role of the Main Bus Station as a gateway to the historic city core whilst emphasizing the need for an integral redesign of the entire compound so as to create a new quality space on the eastern boundary of the walled city. In order to properly enhance the significance of the Main Bus Station as the living, economic and social hub of the city, the project proposes the design and construction of new hotel and shopping facilities within the station compound.

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3.3 Karak City Revitalization MAIN PROJECT ELEMENTS : The project proposes the integral rehabilitation of the bus station compound according to the following criteria: • Complete refurbishment of the existing bus terminal compound. Restoration of the existing East Gate as a direct pedestrian access to the station from the Salah Ad-Din Al Ayyubi Street. •

Rationalization of vehicular traffic within the compound so as to allow the coexistence of the bus terminal and the existing car repair shops.

• Creation of a perceptive screen to hide the existing car repair shops and other polluting activities.

• Construction of a new multifunctional complex including the following components:

•

Creation of parking facilities for private vehicles along the Al Birka Street.

•

A six level, 40 double room hotel with a panoramic roof terrace cafe for a total of approximately 2.000 sq. m

•

Re-design of the passenger bus parking facilities with the provision of shaded stalls and protected outdoor seating facilities.

•

A three level shopping and ticket selling facility with a restaurant and a covered, panoramic roof-top terrace for outdoor dining for a total of approximately 500 sq. m excluding roof top terrace).

•

Re-design of the area coinciding with the exit of the Eastern Gate tunnel.

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3.4 Restoring Historical Connections LOCATION : San Antonio, Texas

DESCRIPTION : The San Antonio River has served as the focal point of the San Antonio region from the Pre-Columbian settlements of Native Americans, through the Spanish Colonial Mission era. More recently the river has generated economic successes from the development of its famed River Walk as a tourist destination. SWA company was selected to develop conceptual guidelines for the restoration of approximately 13.5 miles of river corridor to a more natural appearance introducing a dynamic equilibrium using the principals of Fluvial Geomorphology. Solutions were developed in the form of a master plan and design guidelines to direct discrete design projects which will follow this effort. The project included the San Antonio River from near its headwaters north of downtown to the beginning of the historic River Walk and then continuing south of downtown through the historic Mission District ending downstream of Mission Espada.

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3.4 Restoring Historical Connections HISTORICAL BACKGROUND : Since prehistoric times, the San Antonio River has been a vital resource to the inhabitants of the San Antonio River basin and has greatly contributed to the rich history of our area. Archaeological excavations have produced evidence that the first human habitation along the San Antonio River occurred as long as 10,000 years ago. In recent centuries, hunting and gathering groups, known collectively by historians as Coahuiltecans, lived along the river and named it Yanaguana. The first documented arrival of Spanish explorers at the river did not occur until the end of the 1600s. On June 13, 1691, members of a Spanish expedition celebrated Mass on the banks of the river, during which Franciscan priest Damien Massanet renamed the waterway San Antonio because it was the Feast Day of Saint Anthony. Throughout the 1700s, development of what is now the City of San Antonio occurred alongside five Spanish Colonial missions established near the river.

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PROJECT LİMİTS

CONTEXT : The central portion of the San Antonio River has long been a successful tourist destination, but the northern and southern reaches of the river have been dominated by neglect or by engineering drainage solutions that discouraged habitat and prohibited human use. The developed master plan based on the three key aspects of hydrology, nature, and people: maintaining or enhancing floodwater conveyance, reestablishing more natural river features and habitat; and improving the quality of life of San Antonio citizens.

1. Improve the quality of the San Antonio River upstream and downstream of the River Walk. 2. Enhance the quality of life for the citizens of San Antonio. 3. Maintain existing floodwater conveyance capabilities and increase them, if possible. 4. Restore the river to as natural a condition as possible, through fluvial geomorphology principles. 5. Increase plant, animal, bird, and fish habitat. 6. Create a compelling place for people to use. 7. Stimulate economic development adjacent to and near the river corridor.

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3.4 Restoring Historical Connections RIVER SOUTH AREA : The River South Area Coordinated Management Plan promotes recognition of the River South Areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historical and cultural significance, programs for neighborhood and economic revitalization, eco-system restoration and community connectivity. Boundary : The River South area boundaries are extended beyond the City Limits to the County line. Area description : The San Antonio River along this area has withstood a combination of flood control efforts by the Corps and concerted attempts to provide River access at southernmost points near the Missions. Neighborhoods in this area are close-knit, with many homesteads passing from generation to generation. The strong commitment to place and family is demonstrated by families working to revitalize their generational neighborhoods and upgrade longstanding business corridors.

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Redevelopment area river south :

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3.4 Restoring Historical Connections Zoning overlay districts :

Activity zones :

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3.4 Restoring Historical Connections LAND USE : The northern section of the Plan area includes a mix of residential and commercial uses, south of Riverside Golf Course, the existing uses are generally more commercial with vacant parcels .

The size of parcels increases and the density of development decreases going from north to south. The existing pattern of uses exhibits a lack of consistency, a high potential for conflict between uses and a high percentage of vacant parcels.

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Case Studies

3.4 Restoring Historical Connections HISTORICAL MISSION (SOUTHERN) REACH: Mission Historic District designed to protect the four southernmost Missionsâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; Concepcion, San Jose, San Juan Capistrano, and Espada, and reconnect the river to the historic Missions that relied on it hundreds of years ago. These connections will feature historic and artistic interpretations of the story of the missions and highlight their social and cultural importance to the area. This will reinforce the importance of the river to the missions and encourage visitors to circulate between the Mission Reach and the river.

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Case Studies

3.4 Restoring Historical Connections Restoring River Remnants : Before the river was channelized in the 1950-60's, it meandered through the city, passing near San Antonio's historic missions. Today, you can still faintly see where the old course of the river used to flow. The Mission Reach project will restore two historic remnants of the river, increasing the sinuosity of the river and highlighting the relationship of the river and the Missions.

This image depicts the river remnant near Mission Espada and the future path of this remnant once restored

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Historical mission (southern) reach:

Case Studies

3.4 Restoring Historical Connections Mission Concepcion - Conceptual Renderings

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Case Studies

3.4 Restoring Historical Connections ECOSYSTEM RESTORATİON -MİSSİON REACH :

Pre-1960s River 216

Post-1960s channel

Case Studies

3.4 Restoring Historical Connections ECOSYSTEM RESTORATİON -MİSSİON REACH :

Existing :

New Channel Configuration :

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SAN ANTONİO..

RESTORİNG HİSTORİCAL CONNECTİONS..

RİVER REGENERATİON

Case Studies

- The importance of creating a multimodal pathway that restores the ecology of the area as a place for humans, water, and wildlife. - The aim of improving the old river is making it an inviting, walkable place for people.

- Understanding the benefits of bringing a moribund waterway back to life, both for esthetic reasons and as an economic development initiative. - River improvement is another opportunity to reenergize peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connection with water, history, and culture. - Using the linear element of the river which separates the parts of the city for connecting the community.

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Analysis

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The proximity to Amman and Irbid makes Jerash and its immediate region dependent on the capitalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s services, especially in terms of specialized healthcare and higher education. The wadi area, a significant potential environmental asset for the city. Market plaza around the east baths or the old suq, are examples of urban areas to Regenerate and improve under special regulation. The historic core (east part of the walled city) is delimited by the Amman- Irbid street to the west, and by the roman wall on the other sides.

This perimeter includes most of the other archaeological sites and heritage items of the city of Jerash, evidently known to date, and without any doubt the most important ones so far. The west side of the city (archeological ruins) act as important point for tourism development mainly the Jerash festival

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The limited availability of municipal budget for upgrading of existing infrastructures, and operation and maintenance of municipal assets is reflected particularly in the overall decaying quality of the historic city core, with uneven quality of street paving, inadequate street lighting and poor quality (or non-existence) of sidewalks to allow safe pedestrian movements across the city. Basic social services exist in Jerash city, these are not sufficient to meet the demand, neither in terms of quantity nor quality, often failing to meet the standards of comparable governorates. Since the entire heritage site is under the jurisdiction of MOTA and the main rest house is operated by the social security 覺nstitution, the two key sources of tourism-related income - admission ticket sales and catering - are thus not retained by the city. The local economic opportunities potentially generated by the current flow of tourists visiting the archeological site are currently limited to the provision of few services. Physical and Functional disconnection between the archaeological site and the city, estranging the local population, which perceives the constant tourist flow as a nuisance and the Jerash festival a source of yearly.

There is also a gap in terms of adequate cleaning infrastructure, as the municipality has only two garbage presses which are not sufficient for collecting all of the garbage generated. As such in order to cover such big area, there is a need for more garbage trucks, newer presses, more garbage bins. admission ticket sales and catering are not retained in the city.

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Rationalization of the pedestrian crossing connecting the south bridge to the archaeological site. Transforming the wadi area into an accessible urban park. Other heritage sites on the eastern side of the city, which could be better marketed to the tourism industry, including the roman pools and the eastern roman baths, as well as old Souq, though with high potential for success in incorporating handicrafts and attracting Tourism. The opportunity of creating more touristic activities in the historic core. Improve the visitor experience by strengthening the interpretation of the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cultural significance through its antiquities to provide a sustainable future for Jerash based on excellence in heritage and tourism that is integrated with the needs of a modern regional center. Opportunity to improve the tourism and economic sector , and creating more job facilities for unemployment people.

Creating touristic route inside the area and connecting the two parts, to enrich the experience of visitors. At the same time, an enhanced urban environment and a better livelihood for both residents and visitors. Reuse the old buildings as accommodation services, hotels , and restaurants.

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Traffic in Jerash requires a more efficient management strategy, especially when it comes to parking. Vegetable carts tend to cluster, around the plaza, and at the main wadi crossing the Jerash core and dividing the city from the archeological center. Low social cohesion due to rapid growth and continuous immigration of new population

Physical decay of the urban environment, exacerbated by traffic and parking congestion, and by the visual clutter (particularly along king Abdullah street and the surrounding commercial area). The wadi is affected by fragmented land use, encroachment and pollution. Threats to cultural heritage, mostly due to lack of maintenance, neglect And encroachments, the latter even endangering the archaeological site itself. Economic stagnation, despite the existence of an outstanding economic asset like the archaeological site, whose economic advantages are not shared by the local population, as the tourists are not attracted to visit the historic core.

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1- Sustain tourism-based development. 2- Develop city-core special regulations, to protect the deteriorating urban fabric. 3- Improve overall infrastructure and basic service provision within the city core.

G O A L S & O B J E C T I V E S

4- Improve city core management of public services, particularly street cleanliness. 5- Revitalize the historic core and improve the overall quality of the urban environment to support tourism development and related economic activities . 6- Improve the overall livability of the historic core, foster preservation of irreplaceable heritage assets and ultimately create the necessary conditions to enable flourishing sustainable local economic development.

7- Support tourism development and related economic activities would be achieved through a combination of investments and regulatory interventions. 8- The enhancement of the visual connection between the western exit of the south bridge and the archaeological site. 9- Creating an integrated network of pedestrian of paths so as to allow for an overall upgrading of the urban environment and its quality of life. 10- The enforcement of traffic regulations and the careful reshaping of the street sections with the provision wherever possible of wider sidewalks and street side parking stalls for private cars and for loading and unloading of commercial goods.

11- Use environmentally and ecologically sustainable approaches to land management and new building works.

12- Re-creation of original function of the Souq as the traditional urban meeting place through the integral refurbishment of the king Abdullah street section, in connection with the provision, wherever possible, of private and commercial street side parking facilities for visitors, residents and shopkeepers.

13- Improvement of the environmental quality of the public space in the historic core.

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JERASH THIRD TOURISM PROJECT The Main concept of city revitalization program: The main challenge that the historic core of Jerash is facing is to recover its urban centrality, address the disconnection of the two halves and be revived with a new â&#x20AC;?social and economic missionâ&#x20AC;? within its regional context. 1- Form a social point of view, the revived historic core must contribute to build social cohesion amongst the different social groups providing a common federating space for the entire population, where the cultural heritage is preserved and enhanced in both its symbolic and economic role, and urban space is improved for the benefit of residents and visitors.

Third Tourism Project the core and the archaeological site and expanding the visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experience on the east side of the wadi to include the East Baths complex, the suq and the main commercial spine. 3- Form an urban point of view, the focus is on the improvement of the socio-urban fabric and the improvement of the urban environment as a high quality civil space. The project aims at achieving this vision through a structured city revitalization program, that includes: (a) regulatory actions; (b) physical actions; and (c) capacity building actions.

2- From an economic point of view, the revived historic core will contribute to addressing the current economic stagnation, boosting the existing and potential tourism activities, which are now concentrated mainly on the visit to the archeological site, re-establishing the broken relationship between

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Third Tourism Project

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Third Tourism Project 1- Upgrading Street Network A significant portion of the street will be provided with parking meters for a total of 51 parking stalls. Below and above grade infrastructural refurbishment will be provided. Considering the predominant commercial role played by the street and the heavy vehicular traffic which populates it on a daily basis, the carriage way will be paved in bituminous asphalt and the sidewalks will be in modular concrete elements with local natural stone curbs. Type 2) SECONDARY STREETS - All streets which provide strategic connections with the principal tourist and cultural assets of the city or which provide access to the major concentrations of urban commercial activity. These streets will be provided, wherever possible, with wider sidewalks with 30 cm. curbs, new street lighting and street side parking for private and commercial vehicles. Wherever necessary the streets will also be provided with storm water drainage mains, drains and traps within the framework of the overall infrastructural refurbishment. Street and sidewalk paving will be realized with bituminous asphalt and concrete sidewalk curbs.

Type A) PRIMARY STREETS (KING ABDULLAH STR.) - This street and its connection to the South Bridge which is the city's principal infrastructural system will be provided with wider sidewalks with 30 cm. curbs, new street lighting and street side parking for private and commercial vehicles.

Type 3) TERTIARY STREETS - All remaining streets. These street sections will be redesigned so as to allow for adequate storm water surface down flow towards nearby drains. These streets will be re -paved with bituminous asphalt and provided, if possible, with sidewalks and/or protection devices for pedestrian traffic. Existing street lighting will be refurbished and/or new overhead street lighting will be provided.

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Third Tourism Project

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Third Tourism Project

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Third Tourism Project Some examples of Jerash third tourism projects development and improving actions : Al Hashmi Street

King Hussein Street

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Al Baladeye Street

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Al Qayrawan Street

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Third Tourism Project 2- The redesign of the south bridge junction ABSTRACT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT The project aims at improving the visual continuity between the exit of the South Bridge onto Wasfy Al-Tal Street and the archaeological sit, whilst rationalizing the related pedestrian street crossing. In particular, the project focuses on the solution of the following problems: - The maximum possible lowering of the Wasfy Tal-Al Street carriage way without damaging the underlying Roman road. - The rationalization of the Wasfy Tal-Al Street section with the introduction of speed reducing devices and a traffic light in correspondence with the South Bridge pedestrian crossing. - The re-design of the connection between the South Bridge and Wasfy Tal-Al Street with the introduction of a handicapped friendly pedestrian ramp .

The principal project objectives are: •

Creation of a pattern of safe, and comfortable pedestrian paths, linking the exit of the archaeological site and the South Bridge/East Baths junction with the various points of interest within the Jerash city core.

• Improvement of the visual connection between the South Bridge pedestrian path and the archaeological site through the lowering of the Wasfy Al-Tal Street carriageway whilst safeguarding the integrity of the underlying Roman road. • Reorganization of the vehicular circulation with the provision of Speed reducing devices and other traffic regulation measures such as a traffic light to allow for safe pedestrian crossing of Wasfy Al-Tal Street. • Improvement of the streetscape and environment so as to create a pleasant walking and shopping experience for the local population and tourists coming from the archaeological site.

• Refurbishment of damaged above and below-grade utilities including the necessary connections to the new storm water drainage system . • Awareness raising of the local population regarding the rehabilitation of building facades overlooking the wadi area.

• Introduction of handicapped friendly devices to allow for handicapped access to the Wasfy Al-Tal street sidewalk and road crossing.

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Third Tourism Project

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SOUTH BRIDGE JUNCTION Before

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Third Tourism Project 3- The landscape restoration of the wadi Area ABSTRACT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT The topographical cleavage of the wadi is the most characterizing landscape feature of the historical core of Jerash. Nevertheless, the presence of the wadi has been perceived through the years by the local community as more of a barrier than a transition between the urban enclave and its world famous archaeological site. The implicit negativity of such a relationship is evident when one considers the level of environmental decay which characterizes this natural site. The project's objective is that of providing a design solution which will tackle the following site-specific issues: • Restoring the healthiness and environmental integrity of the wadi including the expropriation and demolition of the abusive buildings located along the wadi banks . • •

Transforming the wadi area into an accessible urban park. Providing a general urban landscape solution which will organically incorporate the East Baths plaza and the new junction between the South Bridge path and Wasfy Al-Tal Street

•

Raising awareness and sense of ownership in the local population so as to avoid in the future the abusive behaviors which have cause the wadi's progressive environmental decay.

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The principal project objectives are: • Enhancement of the livability and environmental conditions in the historic core, by providing a continuous mixed use compound linking the city core to the Roman archaeological site. • Creation of a much needed central urban public park as an ideal naturalistic complement to the East Baths development presently •

under implementation thus creating a new federating space for the entire community.

•

Raising the awareness and sense of ownership of the local community for the project site through its enhanced integration in the life of the modern community.

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Providing the necessary funding for the expropriation of the privately owned plots and the demolition of the private buildings located along the wadi banks.

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Activating the necessary capacity building initiatives to ensure the Municipality's ability to maintain and manage the new wadi park

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Third Tourism Project 3- The completion of the east baths Development PROJECT RATIONALE AND MAIN OBJECTIVE The completion of the East Baths plaza, together with the landscape restoration of the wadi and the rationalization and visual enhancement of the connection of the Old City to the archaeological site, will enhance liveability and environmental conditions in the historic core, by providing the local population with a hub of public pedestrian quality space.

Development project through the following operations: Removal of the severely decayed market booths scattered along the northern boundary of the project site and provision for new removable, light weight, yet architecturally and morphologically integrated volumes in which to showcase local products and handicrafts . • Design of a new access to the site from the North Bridge and introduction of natural landscape design elements within the confines of the plaza. •

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Enhancement of the plaza as the Core through its integration in concerning the restoration of the the exit of the South Bridge

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To contribute in attracting the existing tourist flows on the east bank of the wadi, towards the historic core.

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To give economic benefits to the city by creating a place to showcase the local handicraft and typical products and improving the local skills.

The principal project objectives are: · Creation of a much needed central urban public space which will act as the heart of the social life of the community of modern Jerash. · Raising of the awareness and sense of ownership of the local community for the Roman archaeological site through its enhanced integration in the life of the modern community. · Re-establishment of the design integrity of the original East Baths

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new center of the Jerash City the vaster design initiative wadi and the modification of onto Wasfy Al Tal Street.

PANORAMIC VIEW OF TH EAST BATHS BEFORE THE RESTORATION OF THE ROMANS THERMAL FACILITY AND THE PEDESTRIANIZATION OF THE PLAZA

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4-THE NEW PARKING STRUCTURE IN THE EXMARKET PLACE ABSTRACT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT The recent relocation of the Jerash market place has freed a 3200 m^2, triangular plot of land adjacent to the BabAmman Street for public development. The consolidated lack of outdoor meeting places for the local community, together with the proven necessity to reach a better integration of the archaeological site within the urban structure of modern Jerash, makes the development of the ex-vegetable market site a good opportunity to provide the city with a new urban plaza besides the pedestrian hub of the East Baths development. The new urban plaza, like in the case of the East Baths, is positioned along the western front of modern Jerash close to the line of the wadi, thus reiterating the strategic value of this urban front as the "locus" of urban regeneration projects which seek to promote urban and social integration of the archaeological site within the life of the Jerash community.

The project aims at the realization of a quality pedestrian public space within the confines of the Jerash city core, together with the provision of a low-cost, low-impact parking structure as a service to the local community and to the visitors

PROJECT RATIONALE AND MAIN OBJECTIVE Due to its location, the project aims at becoming a meeting point for the local population and, at the same time, a significant design statement welcoming visitors and citizens alike. Moreover, considering its position within the urban fabric, the new pedestrian plaza is the first episode of a sequence of quality spaces, which the visitor encounters upon arriving to Jerash from Amman, comprising the South Bridge/East Baths compound, the restored wadi park and terminating with the Circassian quarter and the refurbished King Abdullah Street. The project will also provide a significant supply of parking tightly related to the new urban park of the wadi whilst providing the opportunity for a public-private partnership, in which the public partner will provide the land, and the private partner will ensure the realization and management of the new facility.

It is assumed that the PPP model will increase the sense of ownership of the local population towards the entire City Regeneration Program.

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PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE EX-MARKET AREA

VIEWS FROM THE ROOF TOP URBAN PLAZA

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VIEW OF THE EXISTING AREA VIRTUAL VIEW

VIRTUAL VIEW OF THE NEW PARKING STRUCTURE

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