SUED's COVID-19 Impact Study on Markets- Kisii by Tetra Tech International Development Europe

December 2020

COVID-19 IMPACT STUDY – KISII PILOT

The development of the Kisii COVID-19 Impact Study has been made possible by funding from the UK government through UKaid’s Sustainable Urban Economic Development Programme (SUED) that is managed by Tetra Tech.

This report was developed by Atkins.

ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS

CBD CIDP FCDO GCP GHS GoK ICT ICU IT KES KOM

Central Business District County Integrated Development Plan Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office Gross County Product Global Human Settlement Government of Kenya Information and Communication Technology Intensive Care Unit Information Technology Kenyan Shilling Kick-off Meeting

KPLC LREB LVSWWDA PPE PSG PWD SME SUED UEP UNDP

Kenya Power Lake Region Economic Bloc Lake Victoria South Water Works Agency Personal Protective Equipment Project Steering Group Persons with Disabilities Small and Medium Enterprise Sustainable Urban Economic Development Urban Economic Plan United Nations Development Programme

1 Background

CONTENTS

1.1

This Study

Impact of the pandemic on the local economy

2.1 Background

2.2

Infrastructure assessment baseline in light of Covid-19

2.3

Case studies

Survey on Impact of the Pandemic

3.1

Survey preparation

3.2

Survey results

Key Measures to Minimise Economic Impact of Covid-19 Restrictions

4.1

The problem: Concentration

4.2

Proposed solutions

Lessons Learned for long term planning

6 Appendices Appendix I - Covid-19 Impact Questionnaire Appendix II – Site Catalogue

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

1. BACKGROUND The impact of Covid-19 has been real and devastating in Kenya. The pandemic has significantly impacted all aspects of life such as health, institutional revenues and livelihoods. Covid-19 has hit the most vulnerable the hardest, particularly in densely populated informal settlements and slums, as well as other people lacking access to adequate housing and basic services. The informal economy employing the vast majority of Kenyans1 has been drastically affected as lock-downs and curfews were introduced to curb the transmission of the virus. According to the 2020 Economic Survey, some 83% of employment in Kenya is in the informal sector2 . This is a diverse and burgeoning sector generating significant income covering from transportation to roadside sellers, small scale restaurants and other ventures. It is also a sector characterised by low skills, lacking formal structure and dominated by young persons and women. The typology presented below showcases the varying levels of vulnerability within the sector based on employment and consumption patterns across Africa 3. It is also a representation of the sector in Kenya 1 World Bank (2016) Informal Enterprise in Kenya, available at: http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/262361468914023771/pdf/106986-WP-P151793-PUBLIC-Box. pdf. 2 World Bank (2020) Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet). 3 United Nations (2020) Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women, available at: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/ policy_brief_on_covid_impact_on_women_9_april_2020.pdf.

and indicates the ability of households and low wage earners to cope financially with the disruption from Covid-19 restrictions. Under normal circumstances the sector is severely constrained by lack of access to finance for development. This in itself has a significant impact on their capacity to absorb economic shocks. Covid-19 restrictions meant that employees lacked the option to work from home as they are mostly in the service industries and thus more exposed to the virus. Some have received pay cuts, and some lost their livelihoods all together relying on savings. The most vulnerable resorting to reducing food consumption and effectively falling into poverty. Even within the formal sector,

there has been loss of revenue due to reduced activities in sectors like industry, commerce and hospitality with the effects felt throughout their supply chains and extending into the informal sector. Travel restrictions have led to a sharp and substantial fall in demand for movement and subsequent impacts on supply chains: › Road freight and logistics have been interrupted as long-distance truck drivers are suspected to be a major source of imported infections and transmission. This has had implications for trade and cross-border activities. Goods take longer to reach destinations. For perishable agricultural commodities, post-harvest loses become rampant.

A Simple typology of house holds in the African context “Missing middle” in Social Protection HOUSEHOLD TYPE

Informal, poor

Focus is on short term consumption-smoothing, in need of government cash transfers

Informal, non-poor, Informal, non-poor Vulnerable non-vulnerable

Precautionary savings to last for a few weeks

Precautionary savings + Long-term savings

Figure 1 : Typology of households in the African context

Formal

Part of mandated Social Insurance schemes

› Kenya is the world’s number 2 exporter of tea and world’s number 4 exporter of flowers and both these critical industries have experienced a negative impact from Covid-19 related restrictions. For instance, tea prices declined by 18% year-over-year in May, reaching the lowest point since 2014 and fresh cut flower sales declined by about 40% in March versus the previous month.4 › Disruptions in global supply chains have also led to shortages or delays for critical inputs for agriculture, ultimately disrupting production and food supply, as well as manufacturing, leading to price increases. Increased awareness of hygiene signifies increased demand for limited resources like water as well as increased demand for disinfectant used for hand cleaning and sanitisation with additional costs to society, particularly where access is not straightforward. Additionally, generated grey water from washing points can become a public health/ environmental nuisance if appropriate infrastructure to handle or dispose such grey waters is not put in place immediately. The Covid-19 outbreak has affected people differently based on their age, gender, (dis) ability, sexual orientation, health status, migrant status, and ethnicity among other aspects. 4 World Bank (2020) Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet).

BACKGROUND

Naturally, crises exacerbate existing gender inequalities, exclusion and discriminative practices, and the vulnerable groups are highly likely to be more adversely affected by the outbreak and the consequences of the response. Emerging evidence on the impact of Covid-19 suggests that women’s economic and productive lives have been affected disproportionately in comparison to men. This is because women earn less, save less, and are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. Their capacity to absorb economic shocks is therefore less than that of men.5 Women are also the majority of frontline health workforce and caregivers and therefore at higher risk. Cultural factors may restrict women’s access to information and services, and some women may be particularly affected e.g. older women living alone. Isolation may also lead to an increased risk of violence in the home. Young women and girls are at high risk of many forms of domestic and gender-based violence during the pandemic. Young people are already among the most affected by the socio-economic impacts of Covid-19. In addition to losing employment, closure of businesses, and keeping away from schools and universities, the youth are also at high risk 5 United Nations (2020) Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women, available at: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/ policy_brief_on_covid_impact_on_women_9_april_2020.pdf.

of increased anxiety and mental health problems. Additionally, the youth make up more than 30% of the migrants and refugees’ population who are likely to be disproportionately affected due to limited movement and fewer employment opportunities occasioned by the pandemic.

1.1 This Study

Persons with disability (PWDs) have been left without vital support and advocacy due to social distancing. The majority of PWDs in SUED Municipalities operate small businesses in market centres, which have been adversely affected therefore experience livelihood loss. For PWDs that rely on their hands for walking and are sole bread winners, the question of not touching surfaces is not applicable and they therefore are at a higher risk of being infected with Covid-19.

The aim is to understand the issues local communities face and identify those who are mostly impacted by restrictions imposed by the pandemic response locally. The impact assessment has been based on qualitative information mainly through stakeholder engagement (telephone interviews) and quantitative information where available to understand effects on the wider community (including vulnerable groups) as well as the Municipality and businesses.

Street Families are highly exposed to the danger of the virus because they lack shelter. Many of them rely on market centres where they ferry goods for a wage, and with the closure of markets they have lost livelihoods.

The second part of the study presents potential solutions and how these can be implemented to support local communities. The focus is on measures that can support social distancing in Kisii and enable continuation of economic activity and facilitation of access to essential goods and services.

This study has been developed in response to FCDO’s invitation to consider ways the SUED programme can support selected municipalities in their efforts to address Covid-19 challenges.

Finally, the last part of the study derives lessons for long-term planning and resilience for potential future crises such as Covid-19.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON THE LOCAL ECONOMY

2. IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON THE LOCAL ECONOMY 2.1 Background Kisii is a highly populated and dense municipality. In 2019, the Kisii statistical area (used as a proxy for the Municipality) had a projected population of 207,000 (indicative figure). More reliable data indicate that Kisii urban centre (that is, the urbanised part of the Municipality including the CBD and peri-urban areas) had a total population of 112,417 inhabitants in 2019.6 The population density of the Municipality is also high. According to the Country Integrated Development Plan (CIDP, 2018) the statistical area has a population density of over 2,000 inhabitants per sq. km.7 The Municipality hosts two markets, 23 bank branches, 9 higher education institutions, 14 hospitals and private clinics, an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 traders, and over 12,000 boda-boda riders. 8 A lot of the amenities and facilities are located in the town centre, which is very dense due to topographical conditions. Markets bear a significant importance in the Town’s economy. This is because (i) Kisii County and the wider LREB are heavily reliant on agriculture and (ii) the location of Kisii Town, at the intersection of two major crossroads and in close proximity to the borders with Tanzania and Uganda make it a convenient location for trade. 6 Kisii County Government, CIDP (2018). 7 Kisii County Government, CIDP (2018). 8 SUED Team, Kisii KOM Consultations November 2019 (2019).

As a result, Kisii Town hosts several markets including Daraja Mbili, one of the largest open-air markets in Kenya. Daraja Mbili has a considerable catchment area: retailers come from Kisii County, surrounding counties and as far as Uganda and Tanzania. It is however suffering from overcrowding: the space should accommodate 4,000-5,000 traders but there are often close to 8,000 traders in the market.9 All the markets play a significant role in many of Kisii’s residents’ livelihood. Agriculture accounts for 52% of Kisii County’s GCP and trade and services for another 42%.10 It is likely that a large part of what is being produced in the County transits through Kisii Town, and in particular through its markets. The markets also provide job opportunities for vulnerable residents (women, people with disabilities, youth and elderly) who do not always have access to other opportunities – as reported in the survey. 9 SUED Team, Kisii KOM Consultations November 2019 (2019). 10 KNBS Gross County Product (GCP) Report (2019)

There was, even before the Covid-19 outbreak, a strong case in favour of improving mobility in the Town and better planning space as a response to frequent overcrowding at key points, in particular the area of Daraja Mbili. Given the significance of the market to the livelihood of local residents, it is important to ensure a safe return to operations, with enough land space to allow the largest possible number of retailers to operate.

2.2 Infrastructure assessment baseline in light of Covid-19 It is also important to consider the existing infrastructure gaps within Kisii and how provision could be further hindered by Covid-19. The analytical work undertaken under the Diagnostic Report, which was part of the Kisii Municipal Urban Economic Plan (UEP) identified several infrastructure issues and gaps, that directly affect the prosperity of Kisii by limiting the sustainable growth of its main economic sectors, with disproportionate effects on the most economically vulnerable communities. Several recommendations have been made to address those challenges, in the recently developed Urban Economic Plan. However, the Covid-19 pandemic is likely to have made some of those infrastructure gaps even more urgent than before, highlighting the vulnerability of Kisii’s socioeconomic structure. Adjoining table summarises the key infrastructure gaps identified in the Diagnostic Report and their associated risk with regards to Covid-19.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

Figure 2 : Kisii Infrastructure Assessment Baseline

Infrastructure gap

Diagnostic Report Assessment

Covid-19 baseline assessment

Poor road infrastructure

While a lot of roads have been recently upgraded, the road network outside main arterial roads remains poorly maintained, which generates significant traffic congestion, poor accessibility, safety issues, pollution and reduced environmental quality. The lack of parking space also contributes to congestion. The state of road infrastructure is a significant issue for businesses who identified it as a major hindrance.

Emerging research suggests a link between air pollution exposure and Covid-19 cases, as fine particles would contribute to lungs infection. 11 The state of the roads contribute to congestion and pollution and could exacerbate health risks.

The population relies significantly on public transport: it has been estimated that public transport carries 84% of daily motorised trips in Kisii town.12 However, congestion mentioned above deters public transport attractiveness and accessibility across the municipality.

A public transport system that has the ability to enforce social distancing measures is essential to allow people to access work and services safely and avoid using private vehicles. Given that residents are very reliant on public transport for their everyday life, the risk of contamination is high.

Lack of infrastructure for public transport

Road freight and logistics have also been interrupted by travel restrictions pushing up transport costs even higher.

Public transport systems tend to serve the poor and disadvantaged populations and are under additional financial stress from reduced fare revenues as passengers remain anxious about the health risks of crowded matatus. Lack of infrastructure for pedestrians

Even though pedestrians represent a large proportion of movements, very few footpaths are present in Kisii Town, and those existing are not fully adapted and poorly maintained. Most footpaths are unpaved, discontinuous and interrupted by steps, uneven pavement, open drains and do not have dedicated crossings. Lack of parking spaces and congestion, as mentioned above, means that cars and vendors typically encroach on those footpaths.

Walking and cycling are considered less dangerous ways to travel because (i) they are outdoor activities and (ii) social distancing can more easily be observed. Therefore, the fact that walkability (and cyclability) is so difficult in the town centre is a concern with regards to continuing activities while limiting the spread of the virus.

In addition, it has been noted that Kisii lacks green spaces in the town centre, making pedestrian journeys even less attractive and unpleasant. Inadequate market facilities

Kisii is home to one of the biggest markets in the region. However, the market is overcrowded, so much that sellers usually have to stand along nearby roads. It is difficult to circulate in the market due to the crowd as well as the fact that most alleys are not paved or tarmacked. The lack of shelters for sellers, drainage facilities and toilets also have a detrimental impact on the hygiene levels on the market.

As a very dense and crowded space where mobility is restricted and sanitation facilities are lacking, the market could pose a serious threat as a place of easy contamination.

Unreliable water resources and supply

Water shortages are a major issue for Kisii, and many areas do not have access to a piped supply. Households that are not connected tend to get water from vendors, who take water from springs located in the town – often of poor quality. As a result of infrequent water supply and a poor service, only around 3,000 of the 9,000 registered customers in Kisii are active. The water utility has adequate water supply but lacks the sufficient infrastructure needed to meet the demand adequately.

Access to fresh water is essential to limit the spread of the virus – in particular for hand washing. The lack of adequate access is a concern with regards to Covid-19.

11 WHO (2020) Science in Conversation: Episode #9 - Air pollution & COVID-19, available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/media-resources/science-in-5/episode-9---air-pollution-covid-19. 12 SUED (2020) Kisii Diagnostics Report.

IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON THE LOCAL ECONOMY

Infrastructure gap

Diagnostic Report Assessment

Covid-19 baseline assessment

Restricted sanitation facilities

Only around 13% of households are connected to the sewerage systems as connection costs are prohibitive.13 The main sewer lines have been installed but the ‘last mile connections’ to individual households are not in place. Most people have septic tanks or pit latrines. Furthermore, there are numerous cases of manholes surcharging, this is as a result of increased connection to sewers without upgrading the sewer system over the years.

The lack of modern sanitation systems in place could potentially increase the risks of contamination.

Lack of irrigation and drainage

There are no large irrigation schemes in Kisii county, and most farmers depend on rainfed agriculture. While irrigation is not a priority for the town, it is estimated that 30% of crops are cash crops and that irrigation could allow further diversification to higher value crops.14

This is unlikely to have an impact on Covid-19 spread

schemes

Drainage is a big issue due to climate and the topography. Unplanned building is disrupting drainage channels and diverting flows under houses and other buildings, which weakens foundations and increases the risk of building collapse and mudslides. Limited solid waste infrastructure

Solid waste is an important service in Kisii, but the lack of an adapted landfill site (the current one is full) and adequate management of waste contributes to local environmental degradation such as flooding, air pollution and risks to public health.

While this is an important public health issue in Kisii, this is unlikely to have an impact on Covid-19 spread. However, consideration needs to be given to safe collection and disposal of PPE due to Covid-19.

Increasing energy demand

As of 2018, only 29.5% of households are connected to electricity. KPLC estimates that the Kisii urban area has a current electrification rate of 90%, with 52% in rural areas.

This is unlikely to have an impact on Covid-19 spread

There is sufficient spare capacity on the transformer at present and for the short-term future, but this will not be sufficient to meet the projected 2025 demand and a lack of further expansion could result in power supply failure, blackouts and poor reliability. 13 SUED (2020) Kisii Diagnostics Report. 14 SUED (2020) Kisii Diagnostics Report.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

2.3 Case studies

2.3.2 Ghana, alternative products for alternative days

2.3.3 Uganda, moving the market to the digital space

Ghana is considered a best practice example that was driven by a swift central government policy response. As Covid 19 cases started to rise, Ghana implemented a partial lock-down, which exempted everyone working as part of the food supply chain. Travel restrictions thus didn’t apply to traders. Open-air markets were cleaned and disinfected across the country but mostly stayed open. A so called “alternative products for alternative days” system was introduced to de-congest the markets. Traders were divided in different groups according to products they offered and allowed access to the market on specific days. This approach was informed by the so-called market queens, who are influential traders that control the distribution of specific commodities. Participation of these key representatives builds trust between state and city authorities and the informal traders and simultaneously increases chances for compliance. In parallel, the Bank of Ghana facilitated measures to make digital payments more efficient by reducing transaction fees for a limited period in order to reduce infection risks due to the exchange of physical money.

16 Ibd.

In Kampala, UNDP Accelerator Lab with Jumia Food Uganda, a leading local e-commerce company, launched a programme that connects informal market vendors to the e-commerce platform to reach consumers in the wake of Covid-19 and beyond using the platforms existing infrastructure and system to sustain supply chains. Previously, the company was focused on a middle-class market segment and has now introduced a programme tailored to informal market vendors. It uses a market agent to validate the quality of produce and operates on the same logistics, distribution and payment systems as the traditional delivery service. The e-commerce platform allows traders to access a larger customer base and continue business despite social distancing measures. As declared by UNDP, the cooperation between UNDP Accelerator Lab and Jumia Food Uganda seeks to “create and sustain jobs for vulnerable groups in markets as well as in transport and distribution systems for agriculture produce, create opportunities for young innovators, promote trade and ICT industry, build smart cities and de-congest urban settings.” So far, the launch of the service was a success. While, the project started with five markets (Nakasero, Nakawa, Wandegeya, Bugolobi and Kalerwe), two additional ones (Naalya and Kibuye) have already applied to join the platform due to high demands.18

17 Buruku (2020) Ghana Launches World’s First Digital Finance Policy Amid COVID-19, CGAP, available at: https://www.cgap. org/blog/ghana-launches-worlds-first-digital-finance-policy-amidcovid-19.

18 UNDP (2020) Partnerships driving e-commerce development for informal sector, available at: https://www.ug.undp.org/ content/uganda/en/home/blog/2020/partnerships-driving-ecommerce-development-for-informal-sector.html.

2.3.1 Open Air Markets During Covid-19: Case Studies Open-air markets are vital to ensuring food-security especially for the urban poor. Informal traders tailor to low-income consumers: they offer goods at lower prices, allow the purchase of smaller quantities than supermarkets and provide credit to their customers. As a result, over 70% of households in Sub-Saharan Africa rely on informal food vendors for food access.15 While informal traders do pay market fees and levies, they are mostly not protected by public welfare systems such as pension schemes or health insurances. With no formal safeguarding mechanisms in place, their capacity to cope with shocks, such as the Covid 19 pandemic, is thus low. As outlined in the previous section, their incomes have been affected by the changes in agricultural production, travel restrictions and transport availability, changes in consumer behaviour, restrictions on market capacity and opening hours. This section presents case studies of policy responses as well as practical spatial and organisational solutions taken to ensure business continuity in open-air markets during the pandemic. These examples enable us to identify lessons learned that can inform Kisii’s approach to open-air markets.16 17 15 Resnick, Spencer, Siwale (2020) Informal traders and COVID-19 in Africa: An opportunity to strengthen the social contract, International Growth Centre, available at: www.theicg.org.

UNDP

BACKGROUND

2.3.4 Netherlands, decentralised mini markets

The examples provided above allow us to draw some lessons learned on how market activities can be sustained during Covid 19 measures:

The Dutch practice “Shift Architecture Urbanisms” has developed a design solution for decentralised mini markets that facilitate compliance with social distancing measures. The idea is to decentralise the market in terms of space and time. Small scale local markets in every neighbourhood of a city replace central market spaces. These are operated at least five times a week, instead of just 2 times a week to avoid congestion. This approach allows people to shop closer to their home and thus avoid travel across the city. The micro market’s standard spatial setup consists of a 16 square grid, aligned with three market stalls, each selling a different kind of fresh produce such as fruits, vegetables, dairy products or meat. The grid is taped on the pavement and fenced off with standard crush barriers. It has one entrance and 2 exits. In order to maintain social distancing each cell can only hold one person. In order to permit movement, the grid can only hold a maximum of 6 people. These rules are made clear at the entrance of the micro market that has a waiting line taped on the pavement. The stalls will offer packages instead of separate products, to limit the time customers spend in the grid.19 19 Frearson (2020) Shift Architecture Urbanism designs social distancing into the food market, Dezeen, available at: https:// www.dezeen.com/2020/04/03/shift-architecture-urbanismdesigns-social-distancing-into-the-food-market/.

› Include local informal traders in developing a solution to ensure that the solution is adequate and increase compliance. › Making technology solutions available to the informal sector, including for example digital payment and e-commerce platform › Decentralise the market over space and time to limit travel and congestion.

Shift Architecture, COVID Market Layout.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

SURVEY ON IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC

3. SURVEY ON IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC 3.1 Survey preparation The consultations were mainly qualitative information collected via phone interviews from the pre-selected stakeholders. The questionnaire was proportionately administered to 42 respondents out of which one was non-responsive. The stakeholders were selected in collaboration with the Municipality and were drawn mainly from participants of the business and social inclusion surveys during the Diagnostics Phase of the UEP. Respondents were distributed into different groups as follows: › 2 farmers; › 7 local community and ward representatives; › 3 market representatives; › 7 Project Steering Group (PSG) members; › 9 SME, business and micro-finance workers; › 6 transport providers; › 6 vulnerable groups representatives; and › 1 utility provider representative. The consultations were done within a period of 2 weeks, starting on 20th August 2020 to 3rd September 2020.

The questionnaire was divided into nine sections – one section for all respondents that covers general aspects of living conditions and perceptions under Covid-19, and eight sections with specific questions for each group interviewed. The questionnaires were pre-tested before the interviews commenced to ensure they are responsive and accurate. The final questionnaire can be found in Appendix A. The Atkins team (in Nairobi) interviewed each respondent individually. Each interview session took an average of 50 minutes.

› Section 3.2.3 looks at residents’ access to services under Covid-19 restrictions, such as transport, public and financial services; and › Section 3.2.4 takes a more detailed look at residents’ access to health facilities and awareness of Covid-19. › Section 3.2.5 gathers information and recommendations related to the design of a new compliant Covid-proof market and potential mini markets. 3.2.1 Work operations under Covid-19 restrictions

3.2 Survey results

Agriculture

Survey results are presented by theme rather than by group of respondents:

The agriculture sector significantly suffered during the pandemic, especially as the outbreak coincided with the planting season in most parts of Kisii. A large number of farmers noted difficulties in accessing essential farm inputs (fertiliser, feeds and to some extent seeds). Those products were more difficult to trace and transport due to transport restrictions, making supply irregular and causing price inflation. This was particularly evident at the peak of the pandemic.

› Section 3.2.1 focuses on work operations under Covid-19 restrictions, and how working conditions have changed in different work settings – agriculture, businesses, markets, public transports and utility provisions; › Section 3.2.2 looks at residents’ living conditions under the pandemic, including revenues, spending, access to food and activities. It also looks at the effect of the pandemic on vulnerable groups;

Yet farmers at the end of the chain had to sell produce at the same or even lower prices than before because demand was low and competition high, thus reporting low profit margins or no profit at all.

Example 1: Behaviour change towards agriculture A farmer used to get big orders from corporate clients like Sony Sugar, Trans Mara Sugar, schools, the Indian community, and Catholic Church missions within the Municipality. However, these have reduced. Some regular buyers have indeed opted to produce their own food. For example, the congregation of catholic ‘brothers’ at Rongo and Rapogi, who used to buy bulk from a certain farmer, have since started growing their own food and relying less on Kisii farmers and the local economy. To reduce production costs, some farmers reportedly downscaled their operations or stopped using some foliar feed, fertiliser or pesticides. Others excluded dairy meal from cows feed. Restrictions on county to county movement was a major challenge for farmers, not just for access to input but also for selling their produces. For instance, farmers were not able to take fresh vegetables to Nairobi, hence flooding local markets. Water supply for rural communities was not affected. Most of them have boreholes at home, while others get water from the streams nearby their home.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

SMEs and trade Most of the respondents in the SMEs group agreed that they have had much difficulty in executing their daily business activities due to Covid-19 restrictions. Some key reasons include: › Increased cost of running the business as a result of maintaining social distance: the pandemic has forced businesses to change the way they operate. Many businesses downscaled the number of staff within the premises at any given time to comply with social distancing rules. Consequently, many staff were either sent on compulsory leave or work in shifts. Observing social distance regulations also meant that only a few customers could be allowed within the premises at any given time hence impacting on sales. Many also had to propose a delivery service to their customers, which they reported was very costly. Businesses also reported an increasing consumption of water on premises; › Purchasing of Covid-19 related items/fixtures to meet government regulations: several businesses have installed hand washing facilities and have had to ensure social distancing was respected. Several also purchased masks, sanitisers and infrared thermometer for staff. Consequently, they have been incurring extra costs that they never foresaw.

› Reduced working hours for businesses: this mainly affected volume of sales as traders and customers rush home before curfew time. › High cost of transport: which has a significant impact on imports and sales. Transport restrictions were repeatedly mentioned as a key issue for most businesses that operate in the trading sector. SMEs that used to acquire goods from Nairobi or Mombasa were either unable to access those goods or had to face increased transport costs. Some considered other ways to order, such as using courier services. Some businesses also started to propose delivery to clients, when those were not able or unwilling to come pick them up. Respondents also indicated that variation of prices were affected largely depending on the origin of input and stock: › For businesses relying on non-local stock (Nairobi, Mombasa), transport difficulties led to lower stocks and sharp price increases, resulting in panic buying of certain goods by customers. Businesses had to introduce purchase quotas as well as regulate stock releases to ensure constant supply. › For locally sourced goods, prices remained the same and the supply was also reliable. › For government gazetted services like water supply provision, tariffs remained the same, but the utility had to supply free water to targeted public sanitation points.

Finally, some sectors have been almost completely unable to operate. This is the case of hotels and eateries, which reported significant reduction in activities and revenues. 3.2.2 Situation on the markets Closure and restrictions Results from the interviews indicate that the sudden closure of all open-air markets without any form of support rendered over 5,000 traders and their dependants economically vulnerable. Those who were servicing loans and solely depended on trade have sunk deep into poverty. The vast majority of those interviewed indicated that the most affected of the group are the small-scale traders. Many of them have not bounced back despite having a gradual re-opening of Daraja Mbili and Markiti markets. Two restrictions have particularly affected traders on markets: › The restriction on travel, that affected the supply of goods to large markets across the country, made access to those goods much more difficult, and significantly increased transport costs › The ban on second-hand clothes (mitumba), which constituted a large part of Daraja Mbili activities Although markets have now gradually reopened, enforcement of Ministry of Health guidelines can only allow a limited number of traders with priority given to fresh traders.

Supply and demand chains The restrictions have had an impact on prices, particularly for items ordered from outside of the County. Some traders however reported that they had to reduce prices to accommodate customers that could not afford the price increase. The uncertainty of the situation also made traders to refrain from make bulk orders from their suppliers in Mombasa or Nairobi, fearing that it would take too long to sell. This meant customers were given limited choice of products. Example 2: disturbance in the supply and demand chains A second-hand cloth seller who was used to travelling to Mombasa to source the goods said this is currently impossible due to the night curfew, since it is a journey of almost 15 hours. She now relies exclusively on parcelling. There is time lag in transportation because of the curfews in operation. A small-scale greengrocer reported to have opted out of business because the main customer base shifted. His main market was selling to Kisii University students, but the college closed, so there are no buyers/ customers. Higher costs and low demand mean that several traders chose to stay home. In some cases, this is also to avoid loan agents they owe money to.

SURVEY ON IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC

Impact on traders Traders have been significantly affected by these changes. Competition, which was already high, has increased, forcing traders to constrain or even lower prices. Some traders have incurred direct financial and produce losses (for fresh products). While all traders have been affected by the closure of the market, the repercussions have been disproportionately higher on vulnerable groups. Women have been particularly affected by the closure of the markets since many of them are traders with limited alternative revenue source. Those with disabilities have also been severely affected, because they usually rely on paid labourers to do most of the business tasks, and with no income now, they have completely shut down and have not been able to go back to the market after it was opened. More information on how vulnerable groups have been affected by the pandemic are reported on section 2.2.3. New market places The closing of markets and trading centres saw the mushrooming of informal trading across various locations in Kisii. According to the respondents, informal traders emerged along the roads, especially near the existing Daraja Mbili market, along the streets within the Kisii town area, as well as within residential areas across the County. The respondents further agreed to the need for mini markets, as an alternative and temporary measure for trade and commerce in Kisii. This, they

noted, would minimise travel to town thus curtail the spread of Covid-19, and would also contribute to reduction of congestion in the town. More feedback and recommendations on mini markets are reported in section 3.2.5. Trading conditions Trading conditions, at re-opened markets and informal settings, have changed since the pandemic. Even though the County government has had to install more water tanks within the markets and other public places, public tanks were reported to always run dry during market days. In addition, traders who can no longer operate from the designated markets do not have clean water provision and sometimes no toilets. They have to use toilets at nearby buildings and pay for the service.

Traders also mentioned difficulties complying with the cashless system suggested by the government. Most transactions are still cash-based, which ultimately require regular sanitising. Most sellers are small scale and do not have formal till or paybill (Lipa na M-Pesa) numbers. The only option is to send the money to their personal numbers. Unfortunately, this has led to direct losses as M-Pesa payment to personal numbers get reversed by buyers once they leave market. Some traders will also refuse payment through personal numbers because of fuliza (unsecured mobile loan service). Restrictions on social distancing also meant that traders have been required to operate in shifts on official markets, to reduce the number of people at any one time. 3.2.3 Transportation

Example 3: Pooling sanitization costs on markets

Transportation has been affected on both the supply and the demand side.

Traders have been reported to pool resources to buy water, soap and sanitizers, with one station shared between 2-5 traders. This has caused additional expenses to them. For example, 2-5 traders pay KES 50 per 10L water jerrycan. Cumulatively, a low of KES 300 per week (for an individual stall) to a high of KES 5,000 per week (for a group of traders) were reported.

On the supply side, the government directives on cessation of movement and travel, as well as night curfews, with matatu operations limited to within the Country and within morning and afternoons (7am – 7pm before and 4am – 9pm now), have translated into decline in earnings by matatu operators.

Transport providers reportedly adopted an array of measures to contain the spread of Covid-19, including: › Provision of hand sanitisers and portable hand washers, for both passengers and workers and temperature checks before boarding › Adoption of potent and frequent cleaning routines to disinfect vehicles › Physical distancing measures, including organising queuing into vehicles, reduction of passengers to 60% of vehicle capacity, seat stickers to mark adequate distancing › Maintaining a passenger manifest for inter-county trips to support contact tracing › Regular COVID testing of transport workers These measures are costly, and respondents expressed their difficulty in running operations with them in place. For instance, equipping workers with thermometer guns, which cost about KES 5,000 – KES 6,000 each, is a costly burden. On the demand side, travel restrictions, partial lock-downs and curfews have led to a sharp and substantial fall in demand for travel. Providers reported drastic drops in passenger levels due to most limiting travel to essential journeys. In some cases, matatu fleet owners report grounding over 90% of their vehicles and reducing service frequencies from 2 trips a day to as low as 4 trips a month. Market closures have also affected transport demand, as they were driving part of inter-county travel.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

Reduced demand has affected operator revenues and even with increases in fare charges (10 – 20% increase mostly on inter-county services) operators reported experiencing falls in revenue in the range of 50% - 70%. Most transport operators lack the cash resources to sustain long periods of disrupted cash flows, and limited collateral to obtain loans to keep their businesses solvent. This reduction in service frequencies and capacity has led to a surge in boda-bodas to fill the public transport capacity gap. While boda-bodas face challenges in terms of road safety and driving etiquette, they also provide essential low-cost mobility for many urban residents who lack other means of transport. However, despite an increase in volume of boda-boda traffic, operators report making meagre earnings due to similar demand challenges faced by matatu operators. Among the policies that could help the transport sector staying afloat, respondents mentioned the reopening of markets, the provision of free Covid test for transport workers, a moratorium on vehicle insurance changes, waivers on inter-county taxes levied on public transport vehicles, and price regulation on spare parts which have abnormally increased during the pandemic. 3.2.4 Utility providers The water service has faced many challenges as a result of Covid-19. The Ministry of Health and the President’s announcements that customers should not be disconnected from utility services during

the Covid-19 period has resulted in many customers not paying their bill. Companies reported a drop in revenues of over 50%. Due to low revenues, the interviewed provider faces the following difficulties: › Staff salaries are in arrears of 2 months amounting to KES 20 million › The company cannot pay suppliers of water treatment chemicals, the arrears stand at KES 2.2 million and are rising daily as a result of continued consumption. › The company is unable to pay electricity bills which now are in arrears amounting to KES 22 million › The company has suspended key projects including a plan to connect over 4,000 customers by end of the 2020/2021, and it has been unable to buy new meters and pipes to connect customers. The operation and maintenance cost have also gone up since the prices of materials like pipes and fittings went up due to transportation challenges by major stockists. 3.2.5 Revenues, spending and living conditions under Covid-19 Living conditions under Covid-19 Respondents mentioned the following points with regards to change in conditions of living: › High numbers of unemployment and loss of income: with social distancing

measures and curfews in place, Kisii has been affected by closure of businesses and markets and subsequent loss of income for many residents. The high reliance on trade and commerce of the local population exacerbated this. › High rate of insecurity: this is a result of the rise in unemployment and loss of income sources. Youths and other vulnerable residents of the county have had to look for alternative sources of income to meet their basic needs, and this has seen a rise of petty crime and theft. › Limited social interactions: as a result of ban on social gatherings including churches and other religious gatherings, as well as social distancing measures › Domestic violence: an increase in cases of domestic violence against women has been reported › Reduced earnings, low or no savings: due to economic slowdown › Behavioural change in spending: it was reported that spending focused more on essentials like foodstuff. This is also due to the fact that households are full (children previously in school or colleges are at home). Others have reduced on quantity (luxury or high-value foods eliminated). It has been reported that expenditures on transport, personal entertainment and group/welfare contributions have been cut. However as shown on Figure 1, nearly half of the respondents reported higher spending. This could be a result of increased price

of goods, changing family patterns, or a reflection of increased spending in proportion to revenues, which many reported to have significantly decreased.

How has COVID-19 affected your spending?

I spend slightly more

I spend slightly less

11 19 05

Figure 3 : Impacts of on the pandemic on spending

How has COVID-19 affected your revenues?

Slightly decreased

Remained stable or increased

Moderately decreased

1 01

Figure 4 : Impact of the pandemic on revenues

SURVEY ON IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC

Access to food

Conditions of living for vulnerable groups

The closure of markets and the difficulty for farmers to sell their produce, as discussed previously, has affected residents’ access to food.

From the onset, vulnerable groups have been identified as the most susceptible to infections as well as socio-economic impacts of COVID-19. This is because they tend to be more dependent on other family and community members. In this context, vulnerable groups include the elderly, children, women, youth and people with disabilities (PWDs).

It has been reported that prices for locally produced food have remained largely the same, with some price reduction seen in some cases. Nonetheless, many face the challenge of reduced earnings against increased food demand due to expanded household sizes (school children are at home all the time now). The price of imported commodities, from outside the County and other countries, has increased significantly. Some reported that prices doubled from the source due to surging transportation costs. As shown in Figure 3, the majority of respondents reported that access to food has been more difficult since the beginning of the pandemic.

How has access to food been since the pandemic? 10% 30% 60%

Figure 5 : Access to food

Access similar

It is a fact that vulnerable groups have faced the same challenges as the rest of the population (unemployment, income loss, access to transport, etc.), but they also experienced additional difficulties due to their situation For persons with disabilities, the main additional challenges reported were: › Communication: getting information can be more difficult for people with vision, hearing, and even cognitive disabilities, as popular news sources may not be accessible, especially when information is changing quickly. › Adoption of public health recommendations: social distancing can be difficult for those who depend on an aide for mobility. Similarly, frequent hand washing is not always feasible for people with certain types of physical disabilities, leading to higher risk of transmission. › Acute difficulty in getting food and supply: PWDs have been struggling to get food, and being unable to afford masks, sanitiser and soap.

› Exacerbated challenges in mobility: transport in public service vehicles was reported to be too expensive now, with PWDs having more limited transport alternatives PWDs noted they had received support from the National Government’s COVID-19 Response Fund, and food and soap donations from the Kisii Women’s Representative. However they highlighted the need for long-term support investments, such as grants to PWDs farmers and business persons, reserved space in the new market, waiver market access fee for a set period of time, involvement in COVID-19 response and programmes, and specific planning related to school re-opening. Young people have also been widely affected, with significant job losses and closure of businesses that weakened their living conditions. In particular the main additional challenges that youth people faced compared to the rest of the population are: › Mental health challenges › Substance abuse › Social vices like crime for young men, and exchange of money for sex for young women Some of the proposed interventions for the youth included the creation of projects/programmes targeted to create youth employment, youth involvement in Covid-19 recovery planning, education and

capacity development, and development of boda-boda sheds that allow for social distancing (many youth work as boda-boda drivers). Women have also been disproportionately affected by Covid-19 in comparison to men. The main additional challenges that they face compared to the rest of the population are: › Economic insecurity: women tend to earn less, save less, and are more likely to be employed in the informal sector, meaning their capacity to absorb economic shocks is less than that of men. › Covid-19 exposure: women are the majority of front-line health workforce and caregivers therefore at higher risk. › Domestic violence: an increase in cases of domestic violence against women has been reported. › Increase in teen pregnancies: it was reported that teenage girls have mostly fallen prey to boda-boda operators. Further, reports of teenage girls exchanging sex for sanitary towels have been noted. › Mental disturbances: women were reported to be suffering significant mental challenges due to income loss, domestic violence at home, challenge getting food and rent, and loans.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

3.2.6 Access to services under Covid-19

Local trips within the municipality have reduced out of fear of Covid-19, and as a result of business closures. Cross-county trips also significantly decreased, as reported in Figure 4.

Mobility and transport Public transports were reported to be too expensive now. As explained in section 3.2.3, transport providers have had to increase prices to comply with new regulations, requiring equipment and social distancing measures that limit the number of passengers and are expensive.

Mobility Patterns I was not travelling to other parts Kenya before and I still don't and I travel less within Kisii

I used to travel to other parts of Kenya very frequently and now I travel less and I travel more within Kisii

I used to travel to other parts of Kenya occasionally and now I travel less and I travel less within Kisii

41% 2% 2%

39% 12%

I used to travel to other parts of Kenya frequently and now I travel less and I travel less within Kisii

I used to travel to other parts of Kenya very frequently and now I travel less and I travel less within Kisii I used to travel to other parts of Kenya frequently and now I travel less and I travel more within Kisii

Figure 6 : Mobility patterns

Access to public services Majority of respondents from the Project Steering Group (PSG) indicated that service disruption is being experienced with both public and private sector service providers. This is due to the Presidential order to adopt remote working and permit only essential staff to be reporting to public offices. Consequently, there has been limited service provision at the public offices as many of them are partially operating while some are totally closed. On the other hand, service provision by the private sector have also scaled down in keeping with Ministry of Health guidelines, such as social distancing, meaning that only a limited number of people can be served at a time. Further, curfew time which was originally starting at 7pm then adjusted to 9pm meant that staff must leave work much earlier than before hence limiting the operational period. However, other services that may not require regular physical presence of staff have been adequately rendering services. Some of these include water providers. Respondents from all groups in majority reported a good access to fresh water during the pandemic, with 61% of them considering access similar to before, and another 17% who thought access was less difficult than before (Figure 5)

How has access to fresh water been since the pandemic?

17% 61%

22% Access similar

Figure 7 : Fresh water access

Access to financial services The private sector too, particularly banking, have been regulating the number of people to be served each day in line with Ministry of Health guidelines. It is reportedly very difficult to access any financial services for a market trader. As a trader or a farmer, obtaining a loan is based on the individual’s existing financial assets. Lenders give loans to traders based on traders’ daily deposits, which depends on market functioning. Several respondents mentioned the increased difficulty to obtain a loan during this period.

SURVEY ON IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC

Access to health and Covid-19 awareness National and local government’s response Most of the containment measures have been directed from the office of the Governor with the Municipality acting as an implementing agency. Some of the ongoing measures include:

› The SUED programme, that provides support in building a Covid proof market › National Government, that offered a conditional grant › Kisii University, that provided masks and sanitisers

› Fumigation of streets and public offices

› Kibos Sugar Company, that provided 10,000 litres of sanitisers

› Distribution of masks, sanitisers and water tanks for hand washing

› The Chamber of Commerce, that provided 5,000 masks

› Equipping public hospitals and isolation centre

› Lake Victoria South Water Works Agency (LVSWWDA), that provided 10 tanks of a capacity of 10,000 litres each

› Public education/awareness creation › Enforcement of Ministry of Health Guidelines, including social distancing, movement cessation, night curfews, monetary support to the most vulnerable › Finalizing New Daraja Mbili market to comply with social distancing › Commencing construction of Covid-19 free market › Contact tracing and inspection of home quarantine facilities › Encouraging remote working and use of Zoom/Teams for meetings These measures were also reported by respondents that do not work at the County government. Kisii County also formed a County and National Government Coronavirus Emergency Response Committee. Some of the partners include:

› The Equity Group Foundation, that offered assorted PPEs, including goggles, face shields, surgical gowns, etc. The emergency team also includes representatives of the national police and County public health offices. The team has been spearheading preventive measures such as contact tracing, testing and enforcement of curfews, social distancing among other preventive measures. Further, the respondents reported that quarantine measures for all identified affected persons have been put in place within the County, and in the incidence of Covid-19 related deaths, the public health personnel and the police have been enforcing the Ministry of Health’s directives for burial of Covid-19 affected persons.

Health challenges for the population At the time of reporting and since March 2020, there has been over 60 Covid-19 cases reported in Kisii County. 88% of respondents (36 people) reported being “very concerned”, while the remaining five were “somewhat concerned”.

How concerned are you about the COVID-19 pandemic? 12% Somewhat concerned Very concerned

88% Figure 8 : Level of Covid-19 concerns

As identified by the respondents, the key challenges facing the local population in Kisii include: › Lack of information on Covid-19 preventive measures: While the government has invested in media sensitisation, not all people have adequate access to information through media sources. Further, sensitisation has focussed on preventive measures as opposed to comprehensive sensitisation on Covid-19, which has led to stigmatisation of affected persons or suspected infected persons from families and community members.

› Lack of Covid-19 protective gear - This is especially across the wards within the Municipality, where the majority of the residents lack face masks, hand sanitizers and soap – all which are critical protective and preventive requirements outlined by the government. › Other health challenges exacerbated by the pandemic. As mentioned previously, there has been report of domestic violence against women. Cases of teenage girls exchanging sex for money have also been reported, as well as teen pregnancies. The pandemic has clearly had an impact on access to medical services and supply. When asked how access to medical supply had been since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, the largest share of respondents (37%) said access had been more difficult than before (Figure 7).

How has access to medical supply been since the pandemic?

15% 30% 37% 18%

Access similar Not sought services during the period

Figure 9 : Access to medical supply

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

Covid-19 hotspots Respondents identified the most at-risk areas were the informal settlements, the markets, the health facilities, the supermarkets and public transports (including the main bus terminal). They were also emphatic on specific neighbourhoods such as Mwembe, Nyanchwa, Daraja Mbili, Nyakoe, Nubian, Masusa and CBD areas due to their high densities, inadequate infrastructure and laissez-faire lifestyle. On the other hand, a lot of public spaces (such as stadiums and fields) have remained underutilised or closed as people observed the government directives. Some respondents noted some of these spaces would be strategic for use as isolation centres. These include the Gusii Stadium, primary and secondary schools, technical training institutions, and several plots of public land for a total of roughly 3 acres.

3.2.7 Views on Covid-19 compliant planning developments General interventions Respondents outlined several strategic Covid-19 intervention measures for informal settlements, market area and town centres. These include: › Effective planning, to ensure allocation of sufficient health centres across all wards. These health facilities should also be fully equipped with ICUs and isolation centres. › Access to water supply by all residents in the County, especially people living in informal settlements. › Markets and urban areas ought to be planned with social distancing considerations › County governments should set up emergency kitties (funds) and regulations › Comprehensive and exhaustive sensitisation programmes run by each ward

Mini-market relocation The idea of mini markets was highly welcomed by almost all respondents. They were categorical that they would be most suitable during this pandemic as a containment measure. Many respondents also indicated that they are still wary of crowded places such Daraja Mbili market as they think such areas are potential spread points. Therefore, they proposed the following areas as ideal for mini markets. › Daraja Mbili › Nyanchwa › Jogoo › Mwembe area, as it has a large population and is close to town › Bobaracho › Nyakoa market › Iranda market › Close to the Stadium where there is a large government-owned plot › Within Kisii Town at the shade next to ‘RAM’ › Town Centre, at the main Market area › Primary schools, such as Kisii, Jogoo and Daraja Mbili Primary Schools, as they are closed

› Convert markets on the main highway (Hospital Road) and Old Kisumu road into multi-storey malls to attract people who have encroached onto the road › These mini markets should follow a number of design considerations, including: › Design to ensure there is a minimum line separating sellers and buyers. › Should be Storeyed building, organized according types of goods. Ground up to 3rd floor can be dedicated to food vendors. Other trade items can occupy the upper levels › Should also have a dedicated hall (social) for meetings, so traders are not invited to hotels, rather are met at the same place. › Instead of stall being 2.5 feet they should be 6 by 6 feet so that even if all traders operate at the same time, the stalls are well apart. Design to consider issue of water provision, enough even for traders to wash their produce on site. › Building to cater for disadvantaged people

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

Covid-19 compliant market design Notably, the responders also suggested that Daraja Mbili market ought to be reconstructed/redeveloped as the main Covid-19 free market, and suggested that the following ought to be incorporated in the designs for the market: › Provide proper ventilation › Provide multiple but controlled entrance and exit points. Preferably, the area could be fenced off to manage crowds (supermarket design could be ideal) › Provide universal access especially for people living with disabilities › Provide water connection › Provide water harvesting mechanisms on site › Provide hand washing and sanitising points › Provide a temperature point at the entrances › Provide enough space between traders at least 2m between traders

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

4. KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS The Covid-19 crisis that entire countries are experiencing is not only a health emergency, it is also a substantial threat to communities’ livelihood. When systems such as trade collapse, not only the traders are affected but the entire supply chain, including families, that in various ways are reliant on either for employment. In Kenya this is particularly true for Markets. During the first phase of the Covid-19 crisis, markets were affected, and people’s livelihoods were put at risk. To address such risk, the Kenyan Government set-up a policy called “Keep our Markets Open” and launched two pilot initiatives, in Nairobi and Kisii, to prepare “Covid proof markets”. On the back of the successful SUED work, Atkins was appointed to prepare a strategy and design guidelines to help keep the markets open during the expected next wave of Covid pandemic and in doing so saving lives. This chapter provides guidelines focusing on the design principles for safer market operations in Kisii. The guidance contains information and examples of interventions that may be undertaken by the owners and operators of the markets to keep traders and visitors safe and it is primarily intended for small scale traders/owners and market operators of temporary or permanent markets.

This document does not replace Government Guidelines but draws on international best practice in the form of practical applications to the benefit of Kisii’s operators. At time of planning and implementation of each new market, owners and operators are advised to consider whether specific local restrictions are also in place in their area. This document also includes some recommendations to making existing markets Covid-19 secure - Safer Markets.

Traders/MARKETS Buyers (Wholesale & Families)

Farmers/Workers

(KES) (KES)

Families

Figure 10 : Diagram showing the relationship between traders, farmers, workers, buyers and families.

4.1 The problem: Concentration Markets are the life blood of the Kenyan economy in secondary and remote towns. Local farmers, traders and entire families’ livelihoods revolve around markets operating smoothly every day. Markets are the convergence of traders and visitors with substantial numbers also coming from the hinterland. As such, Markets represent one of the key hot spots for the transmission of the virus. The first wave of the pandemic has halted the markets activities and saw families and business income dropping dramatically and goods going to waste. For Kenyans, the dilemma is “whether to starve to death or risk contracting the virus to put food on the table” (source: Atkins’ own research, Aug 20). It is, therefore, paramount for the country to keep the markets open whilst operating safely.

Buyers (Wholesale)

Buyers (Families)

Main Market Sellers Traders

Markets operate in a traditional, centralised fashion and are the focus of trade and exchange. However, due to the nature by which Covid-19 spreads, such large concentrations of people in constrained spaces isn’t desirable and poses a further treat to both life and livelihood. Further to that, many people traveling to and from the markets through towns and villages, are both exposed to additional infection risks and might also involuntarily act as “vectors” for the disease.

Figure 11 : “The problem”: buyers and traders travel from any part of the region to converge in few markets in town.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

4.2 Proposed solutions

4.2.1 “Safer Markets”

The following proposals address the market operations from the urban and strategic scale through to design and operation of a “Covid-Proof” typical stall; the guidelines provide specific, practical and actionable solutions to complement the GoK overarching operational guidelines.

Important changes in both behaviours and available facilities are required to minimise the risk of virus spread. The section below highlights key principles to be followed when operating an enclosed, semienclosed or open-air market.

From an urban strategy perspective, the proposals are specific to Kisii, whilst the other guidelines are potentially replicable across other markets and throughout the country.

Solidarity: Protecting elderly and persons with disability, higher risks or more vulnerable groups

Key sections include: “Safer Markets” Principles, facilities and behaviours that further aid safe operations of both ‘Pop-Up’ and permanent markets. Urban Strategy: “Bringing Pop-up Markets to the People” Overarching strategy and potential Pop-up markets location closer to each neighbourhood. “COVID-19 Proof” markets and stalls: Design Guidelines Illustrative layouts adapted to enhance safer market operations; and examples of semi-permanent and temporary stall layouts, spacing and protective elements to be introduced to protect traders and visitors. Example application A formulated layout adopting the suggested principles.

Distribution: Social distancing Social distancing is an important measure to help minimise the transmission risk of coronavirus. 2m or 1m with risk mitigation (where 2m is not viable) are acceptable as advised by the Kenyan Ministry of Health. › For markets with built-up infrastructure: Make use of the traders’ leadership during laying out of wares to ensure adequate space between vendors is provided. E.g. Use of partition stands to allow for social distancing and screening. › For open-air markets: The operator/user should prepare a new layout plan with markings on the floor separating sellers from each other and a line demarcated for buyers to maintain social distancing to curb the spread of the virus.

Persons under this group are mainly women, elderly and people identified clinically extremely vulnerable to COVID-19 infections. Special care should be taken where this group cannot access the market locations. E.g. providing shopping time slots or restricting access to general public. Where this is not possible alternatives such as turning distribution trucks into mobile stores by directing the trucks into residential estates from where this group can buy directly from the trucks should be adopted.

Protection: Face coverings All traders and customers shall always don masks while at the workplace. It is a legal requirement for all citizens to wear masks while in public according to Kenya Public Health Regulations of 2020. Face coverings do not replace social distancing measures.

Safety: Cleaning and appropriate used PPE disposal Owners and operators are advised to implement cleaning protocols to limit coronavirus transmission in public places. It is advised that touch points (e.g. trading counters) should be particular areas of focus for increased cleaning. Proper management of waste arising Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) such as used masks and gloves.

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

› Consider the use of social distancing marking in areas where queues normally form, and the adoption of a limited entry approach, with one in, one out (whilst avoiding the creation of additional bottlenecks). › To enable good hand hygiene, consider making hand sanitiser available on entry to toilets where safe and practical, and ensure suitable hand washing facilities including running water and liquid soap and suitable options for drying (either paper towels or hand driers) are available.

New normal: Hygiene: Hand washing, sanitisation stations and toilets To ensure that toilets are kept open and to promote good hygiene, social distancing, and cleanliness in toilet facilities. Public toilets, portable toilets and toilets inside premises should be kept open and carefully managed to reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19. Steps that will usually be needed: › Using signs and posters to build awareness of good hand washing technique, the need to increase hand washing frequency and to avoid touching your face, and to cough or sneeze into a tissue which is binned safely, or into your arm if a tissue is not available.

› Setting clear use and cleaning guidance for toilets, with increased frequency of cleaning in line with usage. Use normal cleaning products, paying attention to frequently hand touched surfaces, and consider use of disposable cloths or paper roll to clean all hard surfaces.

4.2.2 Urban Strategy: “Bringing Pop-Up Markets to the People” To address and minimise the risk associated with people concentration and assembly (current approach) the proposed strategy suggests distributing trade hotspots (PopUp markets) in their own communities. This approach is being recognised internationally as very effective with many communities globally. During the first wave of the pandemic, many were only able to travel to their local shops or high street with a substantial impact for local economies which saw a resurgence of “shopping local”. The GoK in the ‘Guidelines for Business Operations During COVID- 19’, also contemplate and support such approach.20 20 The Kenyan government strongly supports use of unused open spaces as temporary open-air markets in the ‘Guidelines for Business Operations During COVID- 19’ document published in July 2020. (Pg. 43)

The benefits are multi-fold, including: › Reduced the number of traders in the existing established markets, freeing space for appropriate social distancing measures to continue operating safely. › Reduced number of customers travelling to and using existing markets thus reducing risk of overcrowding; › The number people using each “PopUp Market” will be less and mainly from the local community, thus reducing and possibly establishing a “community bubble” which can be better monitored and if in crisis, won’t affect rest of the town but only the local community; › Reducing the number of medium-to-long distance trips that people undertake for shopping (particularly fresh food) and therefore reduce the risk of spreading the virus through public transit.

› Keep the facilities well ventilated, for example by fixing doors open where appropriate. Pop-up Market

› Special care should be taken for cleaning of portable toilets and larger toilet blocks. › Putting up a visible cleaning schedule can keep it up to date and visible.

Main Market

› Providing more waste facilities and more frequent rubbish collection.

Pop-up Market

Community Bubbles

Pop-up Market

Figure 12 : “The solution”: Bringing Markets to the People

Pop-up Market

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

Pop-Up Markets in Neighbourhood Centres

Transmission hot spots: Main markets The following plan identifies the main existing markets (high intensity usage areas) and trading zones (i.e.: street side traders) throughout Kisii municipality. These are considered hot spots for transmission of the virus.

A public survey was carried out which included representatives of market traders. The results can be seen in previous sections of this report. Based on the public responses and developing further on the government guidelines, and in engagement with the Kisii municipality, multiple sites around the neighbourhood centres of Kisii were identified as suitable to accommodate Pop-Up temporary mini-markets.

Very clearly the map below points at the locations of the two main markets in Kisii town centre, namely Daraja Mbili Market and Kisii Municipality Market. It also shows locations of the crowds gathering around hawkers that sit on street sides, the brighter the colour (yellow/red) the higher the concentration. If nothing is changed the virus might continue to spread across the municipality using the markets as a springboard to spread throughout the county and will result into further market closures and a crippled economy.

The sites were selected based on the following criteria: › Empty public land such as parks or unbuilt government plots; › Non-operational (due to COVID restrictions) school playgrounds and stadia; › Empty private land (further consultation required); › Proximity to main street for easy access, universal access and utilities; › Within 5-10mins of walking distance for most local population.

Lowest or no concentration of traders

Highest concentration of traders

Figure 12 : Transmission hotspots: crowd concentration around existing markets

The above criteria allowed for a catchment area that covered most of central Kisii County. This meant people in this area will have access to a market within 5-10mins of walking distances. Some harder to access areas may have to walk up to 15min or may be serviced by mobile markets and traders (this also in line with national guidelines). The map shows the location of the temporary mini-markets and the

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

Community Bubbles

Pop-up Market

Pop-up Market Pop-up Market

Pop-up Market

Figure 13 : Concentration vs. Distribution: The Pop-Up Market concept

crowd concentration pattern. As it is clearly seen, the crowd concentrations are not just focused around two main areas as seen in the ordinary market operation (see previous map), but they are distributed across the entire municipality. This lies the foundation for potential neighbourhood clusters which in turn form ‘Community Bubbles’. This scenario augments changes and granularity of community health monitoring enabling a potential “passive containment” of the virus. Should an epidemic outbreak happen, localised isolation of smaller communities can be implemented with limited impacts on the wider Kisii population allowing for the rest of the markets to operate without interruption.

The on-street hawkers can also benefit from this approach and be relocated into one of the Pop-up markets thus reducing crowd concentration in the streets and making more room for both circulation and distancing.

Lowest or no concentration of traders

Highest concentration of traders

Figure 14 : Containing outbreaks: Pop-Up markets are closer to their communities

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

c) Potential permanent: newly identified neighbourhood sites which have the potential to become a local community focus for day-to-day shopping needs. These can also host community centres and facilities. Here the enabling infrastructure (power, water, shelters, etc..) will have a more permanent status. It is anticipated that these sites will be operational on a long term basis, if not permanent from the outset. d) Semi-permanent: these sites accommodate daily markets which are only temporary (Pop-up) and are expected to operate only for a part of the day. Such markets are more akin to European neighbourhood markets happening a day per week. In Kisii these can operate daily during certain hours at the end of which the site is cleared and made available for other uses that the community might require.

Figure 15 : The extract above, shows 5-10 mins catchments on foot and the urban area served by the newly established Pop-Up markets. Total population served is 126,022.

A polycentric city The proposed decentralisation of commercial activities prompted by the emergency, has sparked the interest of key stakeholders and officials which have quickly identified an opportunity in the idea of retaining some of the proposed “Popup” sites on a permanent basis. With this in mind, a second review of the site conditions led to a 5 tiers classification, namely:

a) Existing and b) Proposed markets; these are the CBD operations (existing and proposed) located in Daraja and Mbili Markets in the city core; here it’s expected that distancing and safety measures and best international practice will lead to a reduced number of traders accommodated in any single infrastructure. Surplus traders will move to the other “Pop-Up” markets closer to the neighbourhoods.

e) Lock-down only: during the worst period of the pandemic some publicly owned sites, such as school grounds, stadia, etc. cannot fully operate for safety reasons. The sites in this tier complement the two categories above and ultimately provide an even closer proximity to the local population in conditions of extreme crisis.

Cumulative benefits This approach, particularly when considered on a permanent basis (i.e.: tiers a,b,c & d) offers multi-fold benefits and accelerates some of the UEP proposals. Thanks to satellite markets, a portion of demand for trip through and to the city core is potentially reduced contributing to the decongestion of the city centre – one of the main issues of Kisii. A renewed focus on local centres is also an opportunity to further catalyse physical and socioeconomic regeneration of otherwise peripheral neighbourhoods. With economic opportunities closer to every citizen, every group of the community, particularly disadvantaged minorities will benefit of easier access to both trade and employment. The attached catalogue (Appendix II) provides a “development-ready” set of instructions to implement Covid-19 safe markets. The document provides an overview of the essential information for each site, including location, plot extent and area along with population catchments. Detailed utilities appraisal is to be carried out on a plot by plot basis however a broad indication of requirements has been provided.

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

Area (sqm)

Traders (nos)

Customers (nos)

Population catchment/ 10min walk (nos)

Nyamataro Mini-Market

12,760

638

1,595

2,765

Nyanchwa Mini-market

10,404

520

1,300

2,946

Egesa Mini-Market

3,304

165

413

3,033

Menyinkwa Mini-Market

5,792

290

724

4,799

Gensoso Mini-Market

10,439

522

1,305

11,226

Bochura Road Mini-Market

4,506

225

563

183

B3 - Temp Mini-Market

7,561

378

945

7,468

C17 - Temp Mini-market

1,783

223

3,070

C21 - Temp Mini-Market

24,868

1,243

3,109

12,259

Mini-Market 01

2,527

126

316

121

Mini-Market 02

3,076

154

385

2,634

Mini-Market 03

3,003

150

375

3,272

Daraja Mbili School Playground

8,015

401

1,002

13,732

Kianyabinge Dok School

5,998

300

750

779

Kisii High School

27,859

1,393

3,482

2,869

Kisii University Field

36,165

1,808

4,521

1,227

Nyakongo Dok School

5,540

277

693

1,684

Nyambera School

13,870

693

1,734

6,599

Kisii Municipal Market

7,724

386

965

19,232

Daraja Mbili Market

5,556

278

694

11,868

9,374

469

1,172

14,256

Site Name

Potential permanent

Semi-permanent

Lockdown Only

Figure 16 : The extract above, shows 5-10 mins catchments on foot and the urban area served by the newly established Pop-Up markets and existing markets with reduced capacity.

Existing main markets

Proposed Market New Daraja Mbili Market

Figure 17 : The table gives a list of proposed pop-up and existing markets and shows the numbers of customers it can serve at one time and the population catchment it covers.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

4.2.3 “Covid-19 Proof” Markets and Stalls: Design Guidelines

Suggested assumptions space allocations to avoid overcrowding:

The following section focuses on the key components and design considerations to adopt when preparing a “CovidProof” market, it includes both site-wide considerations (i.e.: layouts) as well as detailed safety measures at stall level.

› Traders, servicing and logistics: 50% of site area;

The below considerations are applicable to all scales and shapes of sites. Each market is to be provided with fencing (either temporary or permanent and based on fire safety measures) to allow for controlled access and egress of customers. To ensure safety measures are effective, only a fixed number of customers can be allowed in any given time. Worked out example Site area

5,000 sqm

Traders

250

Number of customers allowed in any given time

625 customers

Customer per stall in any given time

2.5

› Customer and Circulation 50% of site area; › Ratio per trader 10m2 (including custom zone); › Ratio per customer 4m2 (assumes 2m distance from each customer);

Design components

Pop-Up markets layouts

› Access control and sanitising station

Appropriate organisation of stalls is fundamental to most effective use of space and to ensure appropriate safety and distancing. There are different organisational approaches that can be used, below a few indicative diagrams suggest generic layouts; these are not prescriptive but rather suggest suitable arrangements.

› Social Distancing › Movement › Queuing system › Retail zones and servicing zones › Facilities

Fundamental considerations are: › Inclusion of the newly introduced components, such as controlled access gates, sanitation stations, more generous spacing between people; and › Adoption of layouts that reduce the need for cross-flows and redundant circulation; › Adoption and enforcement of the 2m rule for social distancing, this parameter overrides all other recommendations; The conceptual layouts are divided into following arrangements and some examples are shown for each arrangement.

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

Figure 18 : Linear (adapted)

Standard Linear

› Conventional side by side arrangement

› Ideal for regular linear sites › Conventional back to back queuing › One way in, one way out

Linear Axial › Ideal for regular rectangular or geometric sites › Multiple entry and exits

Indicative Site Area Public Circulation Safe-Customer Zone Stalls + Frontage Traders/Servicing Facilities/Sanitation/Office Access/Egress

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

Figure 19 : Staggered

Staggered Linear

› Staggered side by side arrangement

› Ideal for wider linear sites

› More space for queuing

› More stall face to stall face distance

› More stall face to stall face distance › One way in, one way out

Staggered Axial › Ideal for wider/larger rectangular or geometric sites › Multiple entry and exits › More space for queuing › More stall face to stall face distance

Staggered Island Indicative Site Area Public Circulation Safe-Customer Zone Stalls + Frontage

› Ideal for smaller rectangular or geometric sites › Looped movement › One way in, one way out

Traders/Servicing

› More space for queuing

Facilities/Sanitation/Office

› More stall face to stall face distance

Access/Egress

› Central service area

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

Figure 20 : Fan shaped

Free Fan Shaped

› Fan shaped

› Ideal for smaller rectangular or geometric sites

› Larger queueing spaces

› Free movement › Fanned out wider space for queuing › Wider central space › One way in, one way out

Staggered Fan Shaped › Ideal for wider linear sites › Free movement › Fanned out wider space for queuing › Narrower central space › One way in, one way out

Fan Shaped Island › Ideal for smaller rectangular or geometric sites Indicative Site Area Public Circulation Safe-Customer Zone

› Looped movement › One entry / one exit

Stalls + Frontage

› Fanned out wider space for queuing

Traders/Servicing

› More stall face to stall face distance

Facilities/Sanitation/Office

› Central service area

Access/Egress

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

Figure 21 : Grid (adapted)

Linear gird

› Regular sites

› Ideal for regular linear sites

› Separate customer zone

› One way in, one way out

› Independent servicing

Standard gird › Ideal for very large regular sites › One way in, one way out › One-way system in intermediate circulation areas › Separate trader/servicing areas

Indicative Site Area Public Circulation Safe-Customer Zone Stalls + Frontage Traders/Servicing Facilities/Sanitation/Office Access/Egress

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

Figure 22 : Cluster

Linear Cluster

› Hyper small sites

› Ideal for compact linear sites

› No fences

› Looped movement

› One queueing area per cluster side

› One queueing area per cluster side increased safety

› Increased safety › Servicing from the front

Random Cluster › Ideal for small irregular linear sites › Looped movement › One queueing area per cluster side increased safety

Indicative Site Area Public Circulation Safe-Customer Zone Stalls + Frontage Traders/Servicing Facilities/Sanitation/Office Access/Egress

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

Weather Proofing

› Stall and traders roofing;

Weather in Kisii is a key factor to consider, intense frequent rain and intense sun both affect the community and the practical functioning of the day-to-day markets.

Subject to budget and site extension it is possible to have stall individual roofing or entire site wider covering;

The following diagram set’s out key essential consideration to address. These are to be considered as minimum requirement during planning and design of temporary markets.

› Parcel storm water drainage In Kisii the rains are a daily event, should the site accommodating the temporary market not be appropriately drained there is a risk for the users to find themselves in the mud. Impractical and not hygienic, this would discourage use of the market. It is recommended that the site is treated with appropriate drainage strategies that both ensure no standing water remains on plot and that circulation is appropriate for all members of the public, with any physical (dis)ability. › Roofing/Shelter for customers Subject to local circumstances, size of the market and budget available, it is recommended that a sheltering structure is made available for customers both on queuing areas and in movement corridors. This will both help protect customers from the elements (wind, sun and rain in particular) and reduce storm water reaching the ground.

Figure 23 : Diagram showing two alternatives for overall roof options

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

“COVID Proof Stalls” Current status The site photo below outlines key issues in the traditional use of markets. Current research has suggested that distancing, individual protection and good ventilation are fundamental strategies to contain and reduce the spread of the virus.

No screen

No social distancing

Inflexible layout

High risk of droplets contaminating the produce. Not enough distance to stop the droplets from spreading to the customer

Circulation space between stalls not wide enough for social distancing

Layout cannot be adjusted according to evolving needs

From a market management perspective, having a flexible layout of the stalls can make the markets more resilient to change. In this instance, relocation of stalls to make more room for customers would have allowed the market to function more safely The essential issues identified include: › Lack of protective screens to between trader and customer and between customer and produce; › Smaller distance in the circulation corridors (due to fixed stalls); › Inflexible layout; › Storage of produces in inappropriate spaces. Key Issues › Stalls are inflexible, fixed and blocky › Social distancing is not maintained › Very limited space between customer and trader and also for circulation › Produce can be handled by anyone passing, no proper separation › Produce stored inappropriately

Inappropriate Storage Produce stored in circulation space can cause contamination and clutter

Figure 24 : A photograph showing the typical stall arrangement in a market and issues surrounding it

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

Proposed strategy

Safer Distances Minimum 2M distance to be maintained between traders

The illustration below outlines a simple 3 steps strategy to achieve a safe trading and working environment, this includes: › Flexible stalls Adoption of demountable and moveable stalls; these can be very simple and locally sourced and equipped with a clear plastic protective screen to shield traders and produce as well as sanitation stations;

Produce shielded Produce should be protected from handling to avoid transmission

Screens Lightweight clear screens to be used as droplet shields, which are easy to assemble and dismantle

› Innovative arrangement Novel stalls arrangement including a NON-DISPLAY trading desk, servicing to happen from the back the stalls; this should guarantee minimal crossing of flows between customers and traders; › Storage and display Goods storage both on side and back of the stall, in stackable containers; this would also help minimising contamination risks between neighbouring traders and reduce produces exposure to contamination; The adoption of such simple prevention measures would allow to maintain a resilient market that can adapt to fast changing circumstances and minimise vulnerability to contamination.

Reusable stalls Flexible stalls that can be reused and organised according to specific site features should be used. They must be durable and weather-proof Sanitiser Use of sanitisers should be encouraged before and after exchange of goods and money

Figure 25 : A typical example of ‘COVID proof’ stall and its safety features

Safer Distances Minimum 2M distance to be maintained between customers

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

4.2.4 Example application

Social Distancing

Controlled access and sanitising station

Social distancing of minimum 2m should be observed in all cases - even when wearing a mask. Reduce unnecessary obstacles, add markings on floors to maintain social distancing. Security considerations and the impacts of measures on people with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups need to be kept under consideration. Signs and verbal communications to

Separate entry and exit routes for customer access with clear signs should be provided. Adequate sanitisation points should be provided at each entry and exit. Individual sanitiser dispensers can also be provided at individual stall locations. The example layout shows how this can be achieved.

Figure 26 : An example layout showing recommended access points, sanitisation stations and individual sanitisation points.

remind customers of distance requirements should be adopted. Consider the needs of those with particular characteristics, such as visually impaired customers. The plan below shows an example market layout of how this can be achieved. Operators are advised to adapt this to their individual sites

Figure 27 : An example layout showing recommended social distancing measures.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

Movement

Queuing System

One-way movement of customers to maintain 2m distancing, or 1m with risk mitigation (where 2m is not viable).

Defined areas should be indicated where customers should stand when queuing using spray markings or temporary barriers. Multiple queues for different stalls should be managed through clear signs, using barriers, and the use of marshals as appropriate. If market capacity is reached, then queuing will be outside the market fence. A traffic light system or marshals are to manage the market capacity.

Consideration should be given to appropriate distance requirements to accommodate this. Signs to encourage customers to wait and allow others to pass at access points or along corridors should be used.

Appropriate distance should be maintained when queuing in front of stalls. To

Figure 26 : An example layout showing recommended movement zones and travel directions.

reduce congestion and overcrowding an ‘alternative products for alternative days’ approach adopted by the Ghanaian markets can be used. This will automatically redirect the crowd at source. On smaller sites entry to the market can be restricted on ‘one in, one out’ basis. This will help control the maximum number of people allowed on the within the market perimeter. Whether on-site or off-site masks should be always worn and a minimum 2m distance should be maintained where possible.

Figure 27 : An example layout showing recommended on-site staggered style of queuing.

KEY MEASURES TO MINIMISE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS

Retail zones and servicing zones Retail zones which are accessible by customers and servicing zones which are only accessible by traders should be kept separate. Where possible they should be identified clearly with the use of markings on the floor and appropriate signage. The separation should be strictly observed, and customers should be encouraged to do so.

Figure 28 : An example layout showing recommended separation of customer and servicing zones.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

BACKGROUND

5. LESSONS LEARNED FOR LONG-TERM PLANNING The impact of the pandemic has been overwhelming in terms of the extent and the multifaceted reach it has had. It has fundamentally changed lives in the short term while it has challenged the way we perceive our future. Health, food security systems, economic livelihoods and social cohesion have been tested across the globe. It has exposed critical missing links in how cities and economies and the communities they serve are planned. It will be important to draw lessons from the current crisis to inform long term planning and ensure resilience is embedded in planning in the future. It is not unlikely that a similar disaster can reoccur, and the pandemic has offered an opportunity to get insights into a future fully-fledged climate change crisis. Municipalities have a critical role to play in addressing these challenges. There has been a plethora of studies considering impacts and lessons from the pandemic from various organisations and donors. This current short section aims to contribute to the on-going assessment focusing on lessons learned from the SUED Municipalities and more specifically lessons arising from Kisii. What can we learn from this crisis that can change the way societies operate? What are the changes needed to support development of healthier, more resilient communities and behavioural change?

Urban Planning: There is a need for adaptive, urban integrated plans to ensure sustainable urban development and infrastructure provision including appropriate housing for all is planned in a way that can help minimise impact from high future risks. Understanding dependencies and synergies across urban sectors whether it is economy or infrastructure can support better planning for the future maximising co-benefits for the community. It is also evident that in a well-thought-out integrated plan, key cross cutting aspects such as climate change risks are better addressed as clearly laid out cause and effect linkages can support prioritisation of adaptive actions. Capacity Building: Strengthening preparedness and emergency response capacity is critical. This means better preparedness in terms of financing, service delivery and business continuity including budgeting for future crises, emergency operations centres, capacity building, drills, and human resources redeployment plans. Ensuring city officials are empowered with knowledge to plan effectively and proactively will be better able to respond to crises. It will also be important to make sure that communication to the community is clear and public awareness campaign is consistently available to all in a format and language understandable to all.

Green Cities: Improving the environmental performance of cities through low carbon and environmentally sensitive actions not only mitigates against climate change risks but has clear health benefits for society. Redefining green spaces and the way city centres are designed for business as well as traffic management has been a critical short-term response to the current pandemic proving a valuable long-term planning target. Social Inclusion: It has been clear that those who were most severely affected by the pandemic have been vulnerable groups, people already at risk and living under poverty. Understanding who these vulnerable groups are and prioritising policies to confront spatial, social and economic exclusion will both help support overall growth and ensure safeguards are in place in the face of another shock. Targeting women and girls in all efforts remains a key aspect. It will be vital to apply intentionally gender lenses to the design of social assistance programmes and economic stimulus programmes to achieve greater opportunities, social protection and meaningful impact. Economic Growth and Recovery: Ensuring a resilient economy. Careful consideration and analysis of key sectors’ supply chains and their critical links such as for agriculture and manufacturing, as well as trade support development planning and can also protect livelihoods from external shocks.

The pandemic has been a clear indication of the need to focus on local inputs to ensure food security and at the same time safeguard export-oriented products to maintain revenue generation. There is also a need to understand the importance of the informal sector (Jua-Kali) as a contributor to the economy and its vulnerability in terms of lack of financial security particularly in economic downturns. Improving market access and introducing marketing efficiency through adoption of innovative processes that connect buyers and sellers could support access to finance when needed. This may include adoption of technology to promote marketing and information sharing, formalising product delivery services that can support continuation of activities but can also work as collateral for financial support. Smart tools: Adoption of smart technology improves provision and efficiencies. At its basic form leveraging information technology (IT) systems can support information sharing and communication and has been critical to this pandemic from M-Pesa payments to virtual meetings and maintaining market access. Increased use can help better match the community’s demand for services such as the required transport demand with excess supply in real time and provide travel pattern visibility, helping passenger and logistics operations become nimbler considering a quickly evolving context.

KISII COVID IMPACT STUDY

APPENDIX

6. APPENDIX

KISII COVID-19 IMPACT SURVEY Atkins is conducting a survey to understand how the Covid-19 pandemic has affected/is affecting residents and businesses in Kisii municipality. The results of the survey will be used to: • • •

Assess the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Kisii residents, including vulnerable groups, as well as local businesses Develop inclusive measures to minimise the socio-economic impact of Covid-19 on them Derive lessons for long-term planning for use in the Municipality’s Urban Economic Plan and resilience plans for future inclusive, crises preparedness and management.

How to respond to this survey • •

Every respondent should answer to questions under section 1 In addition, there are specific questions depending on the respondent’s role and activity.

Respondent Everyone Farmers and those living in remove communities Those who own or work in a small and medium enterprise (SME), businesses and micro-finance organisations Market representatives Members of the steering group Vulnerable groups: - Women - Youth - Persons with disability - Elderly men Local community and ward representatives Transport providers / boda boda / matatu Water and sanitation utility providers

Section Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

Section 4 Section 5 Section 6

Section 7 Section 8 Section 9

Respondents should respond to as many questionnaires as relevant. For instance, a person with a disability who owns a business should respond to section 1 (all respondents), section 6 (vulnerable groups) and section 3 (business owner). A member of the steering group who also owns a business should respond to section 1 (all respondents), section 3 (business owner) and section 5 (steering group)

SECTION 1: SURVEY FOR ALL RESPONDENTS A. Information about the respondent Name Position Section/Area Gender Vulnerable group?

B. Health and Covid-19 awareness 1. How concerned are you about the covid-19 pandemic? Ο Not at all

Ο Somewhat concerned

Ο Very concerned

2. Have you been diagnosed with covid-10 by a doctor or other health care provider? Ο Yes

Ο No

Ο I’m not sure

3. Has a close friend or family member been diagnosed with covid-19? Ο Yes

Ο No

Ο I’m not sure

4. Related to your exposure to COVID-19, please check all that apply Ο Tested positive

Ο Tested negative

Ο Tested positive and recovered

Ο Never been tested Ο Personally know someone that tested positive (relative, close friend, co-worker, etc.) Ο Have come in contact with someone who tested positive due to the nature of my job 5. How were you sensitized on COVID-19? Ο Radio, television, WhatsApp Ο Friend, family member, neighbour, colleague Ο Religious, traditional institution, CSO, NGO Ο I don’t know what covid-19 is

6. What measures have you taken or put in place for your household/business/department/organisation to further curtail the spread of the virus?

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

C. Revenues and spending 7. Are you: Ο Employee

Ο Self-employed

Ο Both

Ο None

8. In which sector do you work? Ο Agriculture

Ο Manufacturing

Ο Trade

Ο Services/Public sector

Ο Transport

Ο Other: __________

9. How would you say the Covid-19 crisis has affected your households’ revenues? Ο Significantly decreased

Ο Moderately decreased

Ο Slightly decreased

Ο Remained stable or increased

10. How has Covid-19 affected your daily/monthly spending? Ο I spend significantly less

Ο I spend slightly less

Ο I spend significantly more

Ο I spend slightly more

11. Has Covid-19 changed the way you spend your money? For instance, are there items on which you spend relatively more/less money than before? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

12. Has Covid-19 affected how you save money? Ο I save more than before

Ο I save less than before

Ο I am not able to have savings

D. Mobility 13. How has Covid-19 affected your mobility within Kisii? Ο I travel less to/within Kisii town

Ο I travel more to/within Kisii town Ο I travel as much as before to/within Kisii town

14. How has Covid-19 affected your mobility to other parts of Kenya? Ο I used to travel to other parts of Kenya occasionally/frequently/very frequently (circle one) and I now travel less Ο I used to travel to other parts of Kenya occasionally/frequently/very frequently (circle one) and I now travel more Ο I used to travel to other parts of Kenya occasionally/frequently/very frequently (circle one) and I now travel as much as before Ο I was not travelling to other parts of Kenya before and I still don’t Ο Other: ______________________________________________

15. If your mobility has changed, please explain why ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

E. Access to services Water 16. How has access to fresh water been since Covid-19 pandemic? Ο Access to fresh water was/is more difficult than before Ο Access to fresh water was/is less difficult than before Ο Access to fresh water was/is similar to before 17. If access is more/less difficult, could you give details as to why? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 18. Since the advent of covid-19, have you been consuming more, less or as much water as before? Ο More

Ο Less

Ο As much

19. Has the water service been better, worse or equal since the beginning of the pandemic?

Ο Better

Ο Worse

Ο Equal

Food 20. How has access to food been since Covid-19 pandemic? Ο Access to food was/is more difficult than before Ο Access to food was/is less difficult than before Ο Access to food was/is similar to before

21. If access is more/less difficult, could you give details as to why? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

Medical supply 22. How has access to medical supply been since Covid-19 pandemic? Ο Access to medical supply was/is more difficult than before Ο Access to medical supply was/is less difficult than before Ο Access to medical supply was/is similar to before

23. If access is more/less difficult, could you give details as to why? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

Other services 24. How has COVID-19 affected how you access services (banks, government services, health services, supermarkets, restaurants)? Ο I am using those services more than before Ο I am using those services less than before Ο I am using those services as much as before Ο Other: ______________________________

SECTION 2: SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FOR REMOTE COMMUNITIES AND FARMERS 1. How much difficulty do you have with your daily operations because of the covid-19 pandemic or social distancing rules? Ο None

Ο Some

Ο Much

Ο Unable to do anything or very difficult

2. What are the main reasons that make it more difficult for you in this period of Covid-19? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

3. How has your production or farming activities been affected by Covid-19? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

4. Have you down scaled or stopped any operation due to covid-19? Please provide details. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

5. How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected your business’s turnover, compared with normal expectations for this time of year (e.g. 20%, 50% increase or decrease)? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

6. Was your business able to get the input (materials, goods, farm input) it needed from within Kenya? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. How did the prices of input (materials, goods or farm input) bought by your business change, compared with normal price fluctuations?

12. Have you implemented new ways to operate your business as a result of Covid-19? (e.g. social distancing, use of digital technologies, delivery services, new markets and trading locations, new processes) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

13. How has the distribution and selling of your products been affected by Covid-19? (e.g. transport services, access to markets, etc.) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

14. If you needed financial assistance or credit facility, are you still able to get it? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

15. What could be done to support your business in relation to the new covid-19 situation? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

16. Other details to add ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION 3: SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FOR SMEs, BUSINESSES INCL. MICRO-FINANCE A. Business operations and turnover 1. How much difficulty do you have with your daily operations because of the covid-19 pandemic or social distancing rules? Ο None

Ο Some

Ο Much

Ο Unable to do anything or very difficult

2. What are the main reasons that make running your business more difficult for you in times of Covid-19? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

3. How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected your business’s turnover, compared with normal expectations for this time of year (e.g. 20%, 50% increase or decrease)? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

5. Was your business able to get the input (materials, goods or services) it needed from within Kenya? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. How did the prices of input (materials, goods or services) bought by your business change, compared with normal price fluctuations?

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. How did the prices of your output (product, service) changed, compared with normal price fluctuations? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. How has the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic affected your business's stock levels? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. Has your business exported/imported goods or services in the last 12 months? How has your business's exporting/importing of goods or services been affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. Has your business applied for/received any financial support from govt/other agencies? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 11. Approximately what percentage of your business's workforce were working normally, remotely or not at all? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12. Have you implemented new ways to operate your business as a result of Covid-19? (e.g. social distancing, use of digital technologies, delivery services, new markets and trading locations, new processes) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

13. What could be done to support your business in relation to the new covid-19 situation? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

B. Social distancing and sanitation infrastructure 14. What have you done to ensure sanitation is observed within your business? Have you taken any additional measures? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

15. Have the above measures cost you extra spending and if so, rate the cost as either low, medium or high? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

C. Transport and accessibility 16. How has Covid-19 impacted how you source and transport goods? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

17. How has Covid-19 impacted how clients and employees come to your business? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

18. How has Covid-19 impacted how you sell/deliver your goods to customers? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

19. What could be done to improve access to suppliers? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

20. What could be done to improve access to markets and customers? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

21. Other details to add ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION 4: SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FOR MARKET TRADERS A. Water and sanitation infrastructure 17. Do you believe adequate water and sanitation facilities have been provided near business premises to handle and control the spread of covid-19? If not what could be done to improve this ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

18. What have you done to ensure sanitation and social distancing is observed within the market? Have individual sellers taken additional measures? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

19. Have the above measures cost you extra spending and if so, rate the cost as either low, medium or high? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

B. Transport and accessibility 20. How has Covid-19 impacted how you source and transport goods to the market? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

21. How has Covid-19 impacted how clients come to the market? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

22. How has Covid-19 impacted how you sell/deliver your goods to customers? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

23. What could be done to improve access to suppliers? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

24. What could be done to improve access to markets and customers? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

C. Planning 25. According to you, would it be a good idea to develop several mini-markets within neighbourhoods as a temporary trading measure? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

26. Where in Kisii do you think those markets should be located to be successful? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

27. What type of market layout and design elements should the designers keep in mind that would make you feel safe to use and operate the market? (e.g. one-way systems) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

28. What type of visual and written guidance (such as posters and signs) do you expect so that you feel safe when using and operating the market? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

29. Other details to add ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION 5: SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FOR STEERING GROUP MEMBERS A. General impact of Covid-19 in Kisii 1. What have been the three most affected areas/parts of Kisii community/town due to lockdown? (revenue loss, livelihoods,) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

2. What has been the impact on key economic sectors within Kisii (agriculture, trade, manufacturing, services)? Has Covid-19 impacted revenues? Employment? Livelihoods? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. What has been the impact on social life in Kisii? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 4. What has been the impact on access to services within Kisii? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

5. What are the hotspots for covid-19 infection in Kisii? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. What are the containment measures taken by authorities and community leaders? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

7. Has the Municipality partnered with or received support from any other quarters? (Funding organisations, county & National Govt, private sector contributions to the response, NGOs – define the support) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

B. Specific impact on vulnerable groups 8. How has the pandemic affected women, youth, PWDs and other vulnerable groups in the Municipality? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. What has the Municipality done to support vulnerable groups cope with the pandemic so far? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

10. List three main challenges that the Municipality has faced in its efforts to cushion vulnerable groups from the pandemic. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 11. What are the Municipality’s medium and long-term plans for assisting vulnerable groups bounce back from the pandemic’s impacts, and for future crises preparedness and response? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

C. Public spaces 12. Are there public spaces/buildings available to act as isolation centres should the pandemic overwhelm the available health facilities? This could include vacant public buildings or vacant public land. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

D. Markets 15. Where are the new trading locations after the closure of the markets in Kisii town? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 16. Would you recommend mini-markets within neighbourhoods as a temporary trading measure? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 17. If yes to the above, at which location/spaces within various neighbourhoods would you recommend having the mini-markets? Is there scope for private owners offering land for temporary use? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

18. Which location would you recommend for construction of the main Covid-free market and why? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 19. What are the three key aspects you would like to see incorporated in a Covid-19 free market design? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

E. Impact of Covid-19 on your department 20. How has your department’s services/revenues been affected? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

21. Approximately what percentage of your department’s workforce were working normally, remotely or not at all? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 22. Has your department received any financial/material support from govt/other agencies? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

23. Has your department provided financial/material support to the community/businesses in Kisii and what? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 24. Have these measures worked and what are the gaps? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

25. What could have been done differently? How could Kisii municipality better prepare for another health crisis? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION 6: SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS 1.

How has the pandemic affected (insert specific vulnerable group) in your area? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

What would you say are the top 5 challenges faced by (insert specific group) due to Covid 19? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

How do you think the 5 challenges above can be resolved? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Have (insert specific group) received any support to help manage the pandemic impacts? (to list form of support, source, duration) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

What do you think can be done to help (insert specific group) bounce back from the effects of the pandemic, and adapt better to such crises in future? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

What kind of physical interventions will help (insert specific group) dealing with this crisis? (e.g. allocated areas in markets or public spaces, specific time slots to access shops, etc.) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

Any other comments ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

SECTION 7: SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY/WARD REPRESENTATIVE A. General impact of Covid-19 in your ward/the town 1. What have been the key challenges that the local population in your community/ward has faced due to Covid-19 pandemic? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Has there been confirmed Covid-19 cases in your area? If yes, please explain briefly how it has been handled? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. What has been the impact on key economic sectors within Kisii (agriculture, trade, manufacturing, services)? Has Covid-19 impacted revenues? Employment? Livelihoods? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. What has been the impact on social life in Kisii? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 5. What has been the impact on access to services within Kisii? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

6. What are the hotspots for covid-19 infection in Kisii? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. What are the containment measures taken by authorities and community leaders?

8. Has your ward or the municipality partnered with or received support from any other organisation? (Funding organisations, county & National Govt, private sector contributions to the response, NGOs – define the support) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

B. Specific impact on vulnerable groups 9. How has the pandemic affected women, youth, PWDs and other vulnerable groups in your ward? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. What has the Municipality done to support vulnerable groups cope with the pandemic so far? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

11. List three main challenges that the Municipality has faced in its efforts to cushion vulnerable groups from the pandemic. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 12. How could your ward be better prepared if another health crisis was to occur? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

C. Public spaces 13. Are there public spaces/buildings available to act as isolation centres should the pandemic overwhelm the available health facilities? This could include vacant public buildings or vacant public land. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

14. How has the pandemic impacted use of public spaces? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

15. What would you suggest as the best intervention measure of Covid-19 on (a) informal settlements; (b) market areas; (c) town centre ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

D. Markets 16. Where are the informal trading locations after the closure of the markets in Kisii town? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 17. Would you recommend mini-markets within neighbourhoods as a temporary trading measure? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

18. If yes to the above, at which location/spaces within various neighbourhoods would you recommend having the mini-markets? Is there scope for private owners offering land for temporary use? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

19. Which location would you recommend for construction of the main Covid-free market and why? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

26. What are the three key aspects you would like to see incorporated in a Covid-19 free market design? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

SECTION 8: SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FOR TRANSPORT PROVIDERS A. Business operations and turnover 1. How much difficulty do you have with your daily operations because of the covid-19 pandemic or social distancing rules? Ο None

Ο Some

Ο Much

Ο Unable to do anything or very difficult

2. How has demand for travel changed due to COVID-19? Are there services that have been down scaled or stopped or some that have increased frequency? Please provide details. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

3. How have the prices of fuel, maintenance parts, insurance, statutory fees and other operational costs incurred by your business changed, compared with normal price fluctuations? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. How have the prices of your fares changed, compared with normal price fluctuations? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the emerging travel trends (mode shifts, new travel demand areas, volume of traffic) and are there particular services customers are requesting? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. How has Covid-19 affected your number of customers? (more/less?, different times of the day? Etc.) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected your business’s turnover, compared with normal expectations for this time of year (e.g. 20%, 50% increase or decrease)?

9. Have you implemented new ways to operate your business as a result of Covid-19? (e.g. social distancing, use of digital technologies, new routes, new services e.g. delivery services) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

10. Are there other factors that have made running your business more difficult for you in times of Covid-19? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

11. What measures are you undertaking individually (or collective SACCOs) to cushion yourself from these issues? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12. What could be done to support your business in relation to the new covid-19 situation? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

B. Social distancing and sanitation infrastructure 13. What have you done to ensure social distancing and good levels of sanitation are observed within your business? Have you taken any additional measures? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

14. Have the above measures cost you extra spending and if so, rate the cost as either low, medium or high? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION 9: SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FOR WATER AND SANITATION UTILITY PROVIDERS 1

How has Covid.19 affected your daily work routine? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

Have you down scaled any operations or stopped some due to Covid-19? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

If yes to the above, how has that impacted on the service provision efficiency? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

Have you faced any difficulties in service provision since advent of Covid-19? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

If Yes, kindly list at least three main challenges faced? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

Looking into the future do you anticipate more challenges in service provision? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

If yes, can you list at least three major challenges in water and sanitation services provision? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

How have you implemented occupational health and safety in services provision? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

What are your plans going forward in dealing with Covid-19 and its impact within your docket? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

SITES CATALOGUE

Contains sensitive information

TYPOLOGIES

Contains sensitive information

Proposed Pop-Up Markets locations and typologies Area (sqm)

Traders (nos)

Customers (nos)

Population catchment/ 10min walk (nos)

Nyamataro Mini-Market

12,760

638

1,595

2,765

Nyanchwa Mini-market

10,404

520

1,300

2,946

Egesa Mini-Market

3,304

165

413

3,033

Site Name Potential permanent

Menyinkwa Mini-Market

5,792

290

724

4,799

Gensoso Mini-Market

10,439

522

1,305

11,226

Bochura Road Mini-Market

4,506

225

563

183

B3 - Temp Mini-Market

7,561

378

945

7,468

C17 - Temp Mini-market

1,783

223

3,070

C21 - Temp Mini-Market

24,868

1,243

3,109

12,259

Mini-Market 01

2,527

126

316

121

Mini-Market 02

3,076

154

385

2,634

Mini-Market 03

3,003

150

375

3,272

Daraja Mbili Primary School Playground

8,015

401

1,002

13,732

Kianyabinge Dok Primary School

5,998

300

750

779

Kisii High School

27,859

1,393

3,482

2,869

Kisii University Field

36,165

1,808

4,521

1,227

Semi-permanent

Lockdown Only

Nyakongo Dok Primary School

5,540

277

693

1,684

Nyambera School

13,870

693

1,734

6,599

Existing main markets Kisii Municipal Market

7,724

386

965

19,232

Daraja Mbili Market

5,556

278

694

11,868

9,374

469

1,172

14,256

Proposed Market New Daraja Mbili Market

Contains sensitive information

POTENTIAL PERMANENT

Contains sensitive information

POTENTIAL PERMANENT

• These are mostly existing trading spaces • Operates almost daily • Have basic infrastructure • It is aimed to have these sites improved to serve population at various Sample Site

neighbourhoods • They have some level of catchment already

Water supply and sanitation •

•

• • •

•

According to GWASCO there is no demand deficit in Kisii for water supply and adequate water should be available for additional needs such as cleaning. Additional tap stands should be built so that access from market stalls is easy, and queuing is limited. Taps should be modified so that they do not require to be operated by hand. Operations should be either by a foot or have a lever so that they can be turned on and off with an elbow. Toilets should be connected to the sewer system where possible and if adequate water is available for flushing. Handwashing facilities should be located adjacent to the toilets Facilities for menstrual hygiene should be provided (private cubicle with water and sealed waste bin). Toilet facilities that can be accessed by children, the elderly and people with disabilities should be provided. A campaign on the importance of handwashing and hygiene to prevent COVID may also be useful. This could be simple posters incorporating local artists.

Picture: WaterAid Ghana

Contains sensitive information

Power •

•

Solar panels should be provided on the roof of the market, sized to provide enough power to cover lighting demand and an average of 10-20W of power per stall. Batteries should be located in a secure area of the market, to provide continuity of power (i.e. to cover variability of solar) Cabling should be distributed under the roof, with use of drop-down retractable power connectors, as shown below, as shown below to provide individual power connections to each stall.

Photo: retractable power connectors

Contains sensitive information

Transport accessibility analysis It is located within Nyanchwa neighbourhood and approximately 2 km from Kisii municipal market and 3 km from Daraja Mbili market. • This market is accessible through the Kisii – Gensoso road (AU ), which connects to major regional trunk roads Kisumu – Isebania (A1) to the North and Kisii – Kisumu road (B3) to the East and provides good linkage to other regional markets like Kisumu, Migori and Isebania. Major road systems • The market is located close to Kisii - Gensoso road, which is in good condition and links Nyanchwa neighbourhood to Kisii– Kisumu road (B6) to the east and Kisumu - Isebania road (A1) to the north. Minor road system • The market is accessed through a 7-meter access road, which is in fair condition and wide enough to allow turning and access of heavy good vehicles. • To enhance accessibility especially for both freight traffic and pedestrians, the access road needs widening. For freight access, a minimum of 7 m is recommended while, a minimum of 2 m is recommended for pedestrian pathways (but could vary with volume of pedestrians). Therefore, the minimum road width of 10 m is recommended for the access road. • The road intersection of Kisii – Gensoso and access road leading to the market should be improved to support safe pedestrian and vehicle interaction Public transport • For public transport several bus and boda boda stops provided along the external connector - Kisii – Gesonso road and close to Nyanchwa market to support commute for both traders and customers however, these roads do not have provision for sidewalks linking to the market • To improve accessibility of traders and customers, all the access roads need to have allaccessible and safe pedestrian walkways and linked to bus station. NMT provisions • Both the major and minor roads linking to the market lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The market does not have a designated loading and unloading areas, and this causes conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. • Therefore, the site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize conflicts between pedestrian and vehicles. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload. 30 •

Transport accessibility analysis • Egesa mini market is in Egesa area along Kisii – Nyatieko road (C863) and approximately 3.5 km from Daraja Mbili Market. Major road systems • The market is located along the Kisii – Nyatieko road (C863) is which is in good condition and links to other regional trunk roads: Nyamataro – Kisii road (BU) and Kisii – Kisumu road (B3) providing the need regional connectivity • Kisii – Nyatieko has a ROW of 30 metres – which is wide enough to allow for turning and access of heavy good vehicles to the site. Minor road system • The market is also accessed through Bobaracho road, a 15-meter secondary access road, which is in fair condition and wide enough to allow turning and access of heavy good vehicles. Public transport • Several matatu SACCOs ply the Kisii town – Nyatieko route and Bobaracho road, thus the market is served with public transport. The only accessibility concern is the market and bus stops lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. • To improve accessibility of traders and customers, the access road needs to have an all-accessible and safe pedestrian walkway linked to bus stops. NMT facilities • Both the major and minor roads linking to the market lack NMT facilities like sidewalks and cycling paths. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The market does not have a designated loading and unloading areas, and this causes conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. • Therefore, the site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize conflicts between pedestrian and vehicles. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload at the market.

Transport accessibility analysis • It is located close to Nyamataro neighbourhood, along the Kisumu – Migori – Isebania road (A1) and approximately 2.5 km from Daraja Mbili Market Major road systems • Kisumu – Migori – Isebania road (A1) is a major primary road linking to the market Minor Road System • Besides the primary road, the market can be accessed from Makutano – Kisii road (GU ) and Bigogo - Nyakoe road (G) roads which are in fair condition. • These roads have right of way (ROW) of 7-meters, which is enough to allow access of heavy good vehicles to the market but needs to be widened to accommodate NMT facilities. • To enhance accessibility especially for freight traffic and pedestrians, these roads need widening. For freight access, a minimum of 7 m is recommended while, 2m is recommended for pedestrian access. Therefore, the minimum road width of 10 metres is recommended to accommodate both functions. Public transport • Regional public transport access is provided by several matatu SACCOs plying the Kisii town – Kisumu route and Migori – Isebania – Kisumu route connecting through Nyamataro area, while at neighbourhood level, boda bodas provide public transport access. The main concern with public transport is that the bus stops are poorly linked to markets are there are no NMT facilities on the access roads linking to market. • To improve accessibility of traders and customers, the access road needs to have an all-accessible and safe pedestrian walkway linked to bus stops. NMT facilities • Residents within the Nyamataro mini market walk to the market though the major and minor roads lack provisions of non-motorised transport like sidewalks • To improve accessibility for all, all market access roads need to have walkways that are safe, accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, and with market entrance and connected to any pedestrian network. Logistics • The market does not have a designated loading and unloading areas, and this causes conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. • Therefore, the site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize conflicts between pedestrian and vehicles. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload at the market. • Additionally, the market should provide parking spaces for carts on site. 32

Transport accessibility analysis • The market is in Menyinkwa neighbourhood, along the Kisii – Nyamira road (B4) and approximately 5 km from Daraja Mbili Market. Major road network • Major road connecting to the market is the Kisii – Nyamira road (B4) which links back to Kisii – Kisumu (B3) another major primary road. The market is well connected to Kisii and Nyamira towns. Minor road network • The market site has several 7-m murramed access roads which link back to B4 road. • To enhance accessibility especially for freight traffic and pedestrians, these roads need widening. For freight access, a minimum of 7 m is recommended while, 2m is recommended for pedestrian access. Therefore, the minimum road width of 10 metres is recommended to accommodate both functions. Public transport • Public transport access is provided by several matatu SACCOs plying the Kisii -Nyamira route and boda bodas in the area. The main concern with public transport is that the bus stops are poorly linked to markets are there are no NMT facilities on the access roads linking to market. NMT provisions • Both the major and minor roads linking to the market lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. Therefore, to improve accessibility for customers and traders, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload. 33

Transport accessibility analysis • It located in Gesonso neighbourhood, along the Kisumu – Migori - Isebania (A1) and approximately 3.5 km from Daraja Mbili Market and Nyamataro market. Major road systems • The market is along the Kisumu – Migori – Isebania road (A1) a main primary road which links back to Kisumu – Kisii road (B3). Minor road network • Besides the primary road, the market is supported by a set of minor roads e.g. Riana – Gesenso (E6213) and Gesero – Kisii township road (F6150), both with a ROW of 15 m Public transport • Regional public transport access is provided by several matatu SACCOs plying the Migori – Isebania – Kisumu route while at neighbourhood level, boda bodas provide public transport access. The main concern with public transport is that the bus stops are poorly linked to market as there are no NMT facilities on the access roads linking to market. • To improve accessibility of traders and customers, the access road needs to have an all-accessible and safe pedestrian walkway linked to bus stops. NMT provisions • Both the major and minor roads linking to the market lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. Therefore, to improve accessibility for customers and traders, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • Market does not have a designated loading and unloading zone for freight vehicles as a result, there are conflicts of pedestrians and vehicles on site • To promote safe access, the market should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The market should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

SEMI-PERMANENT

Contains sensitive information

SEMI-PERMANENT

• These are trading spaces that operate periodically especially during harvest seasons • Serves local a neighbourhood • Have some low level of infrastructure Sample Site

• These spaces could be turned into trading spaces when pandemic restrictions are enhanced

Water supply and sanitation •

• • •

• •

• • •

According to GWASCO there is no demand deficit in Kisii for water supply and adequate water should be available for additional needs such as cleaning. Mini Market 01 and Bochura Road Mini Market are not on the Additional tap stands should be built so that access from market stalls is easy, and queuing is limited. Taps should be modified so that they do not require to be operated by hand. Operations should be either by a foot or have a leaver so that they can be turned on and off with an elbow. Toilets should be connected to the sewer system where possible and if adequate water is available for flushing. Where there is no sewer system nearby toilets with septic tanks should be implemented. Ideal toilets will be located separately (with men’s and women’s) to avoid crowding. Markers should be put on the floor to ensure queues are socially distanced Handwashing facilities should be located adjacent to the toilets Facilities for menstrual hygiene should be provided (private cubicle with water and sealed waste bin). A campaign on the importance of handwashing and hygiene to prevent COVID may also be useful. This could be simple posters incorporating local artists.

Photo: Toilets for schools, Daily star Zambia, 2018

Contains sensitive information

Power •

• •

•

Solar panels should be provided on pole mounts, in various locations in the market. Each pole should have two panels, battery and inverter, securely fastened to prevent theft. Each pole will cover 8-900m2 of market area. Cabling should be distributed at high level with spur connections to each market stall. When the market is removed, the poles will revert to providing lighting, and the cabling will be securely stored. Photo: Pole mounted solar installation

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Transport accessibility analysis • The proposed site is located along the Kisii – Makutano market road (FU ), off Kisii -Nyamira road (B4). Major road system • The proposed site is approximately 250 m from Kisii – Nyamira road a primary road in the town, which links back to B3. Minor road systems • The market is access along the Kisii – Makutano market road and it has a ROW of 7 metres which is sufficient to allow for turning and access of heavy goods vehicles • The Kisii – Makutano market road is unpaved and in poor condition thus, it will need to be improved to all-weather access to allow for all-year round access of heavy good vehicles accessing the site. • To enhance accessibility especially for both freight traffic and pedestrians, the access road need widening. For freight access, a minimum of 7 m is recommended while, a minimum of 2 m is recommended for pedestrian pathways (but could vary with volume of pedestrians). Therefore, the minimum road width of 10 m is recommended for the access road. Public Transport • Existing bus and boda boda stops are found along the main road – Kisii – Nyamira road. • To improve accessibility to the market, additional bus stops should be provided along the Kisii – Makutano road. Additionally, the access road to the market from the bus stops should be provided with sidewalks to ensure all people have safe and accessible routes to market. NMT provision • Both the major and minor roads linking to the market lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload. 40

Transport accessibility analysis • The proposed market site is located along the along the Kisumu – Migori – Isebania road (A1), and approximately 2 km from Daraja Mbili Market. Major road system • The proposed site along a main primary road: the Kisumu – Isenabia road (A1) that links back to B3 – Kisii – Kisumu road. Kisumu – Isebania road is in a fair condition and has a ROW of 30 metres Public Transport • Public transport access will be provided by the several matatu SACCOs plying the Kisumu – Isebania and Kisii – Kisumu routes and boda bodas in the area and existing bus and boda boda stops. Although the bus stops are within a walking distance to the markets, there are not quite accessible because the access roads lack safe, continuous and accessible pedestrian pathways. Therefore, improve accessibility, it is important to ensure that all access roads to the market are well linked with safe sidewalks and linked to the bus stops. NMT provisions • Both the major and minor roads linking to the market lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

Transport accessibility analysis • The proposed market site is located along the Otamba – Kisii road (BU ) and approximately 6 km from Daraja Mbili market. Major road system • The proposed site is along a main primary road: the Otamba – Kisii road (BU) that links back to Kisii – Kisumu road (B3) Public Transport • Public transport access will be provided by the several matatu SACCOs plying the Otamba – Kisii road (BU ) route through the existing bus stops. • Although the bus stops are within a walking distance to the markets, there are not quite accessible because the access roads lack safe, continuous and accessible pedestrian pathways. Therefore, improve accessibility, it is important to ensure that all access roads to the market are well linked with safe sidewalks and linked to the bus stops. NMT provisions • The site does not have any NMT facilities. • Also, the major and minor roads linking to the market lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

Transport accessibility analysis • The proposed site is along the Nyamataro - Getare road (G ) and it is 1 km from Bochura market and 3 km from Daraja Mbili market Major road system • Nyamataro - Getare road links to Kisii – Nyatieko road that links to Kisii – Nyamataro road and Kisumu – Isebania (A1) road. NMT provision • The site does not have NMT facilities therefore, sidewalks and cycling paths will need to be provided to cater for walking and cycling modes to the market. Public transport • For public transport the market will be served by several bus stops and boda boda stops located along the Nyamataro - Getare road. Though these stops exist, there are no provision for NMT facilities to link the market to the bus stops. It is therefore key to ensure that all access road to the market are well linked with safe and accessible pedestrian walkways and linked to the bus stops. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

Transport accessibility analysis • The proposed site is located along the Nyamagiri - Riana road, 400 metres off Kisumu – Migori – Isebania (A1) road and approximately 1.5 km from Daraja Mbili market Major road systems • The site is close to the Kisumu – Isebania (A1) road that links back to Kisii – Kisumu road and other important regional linkages NMT provisions • The site does not have NMT facilities therefore, sidewalks and cycling paths will need to be provided to cater for walking and cycling modes to the market. Public Transport • For public transport the market will be served by several bus stops and boda boda stops located along the Kisumu – Migori – Isebania (A1) however, additional bus stops could be proposed along Nyamagiri Riana road. Though these stops exist, there are no provision for NMT facilities to link the market to the bus stops. It is therefore important to ensure that all access road to the market are well linked with safe and accessible pedestrian walkways and linked to the bus stops Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

Transport accessibility analysis • It proposed site is located along Bomwanda - Nyamakonye road, off Kisii – Gesonso road (AU). Major road system • The site is 200 m off Kisii – Gesonso road which links to Kisii - Kisumu road. Minor road systems • The site is accessible through the Bomwanda-Nyamakonye road, which has a ROW of 7-metres which is in fair condition. • To enhance accessibility especially for freight traffic and pedestrians, this road needs widening. For freight access, a minimum of 7 m is recommended while, 2m is recommended for pedestrian access. Therefore, the minimum road width to accommodate both functions is recommended to be 10 m. Public Transport • For public transport the market will be served by several bus stops and boda boda stops located along the Kisii – Gesonso road. Though these stops exist, there are no provision for NMT facilities to link the market to the bus stops. It is therefore key to ensure that all access road to the market are well linked with safe and accessible pedestrian walkways and linked to the bus stops. NMT provisions • Both the major and minor roads linking to the market lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload. 45

LOCKDOWN ONLY

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LOCKDOWN ONLY

• These are mainly school compounds • Can only be used when there is lock down and schools are closed Sample Site

• Must be cleaned when trading activities are over

Water supply and sanitation • •

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Where possible the facilities at the centres should be utilised Markers on the floor should be installed so that queuing for taps or toilets is at a safe distance. Where current facilities are not adequate, temporary water tanks with tanks should be supplied (see photos). These will need to be filled by bowsers from the water company. Temporary toilets must be easy to clean and empty by an exhauster truck Ideal toilets will be located separately (with men’s and women’s) to avoid crowding. Markers should be put on the floor to ensure queue are socially distanced Handwashing facilities should be located adjacent to the toilets Facilities for menstrual hygiene should be provided (private cubicle with water and sealed waste bin). A campaign on the importance of handwashing and hygiene to prevent COVID may also be useful. This could be simple posters incorporating local artists

Photo: WaterAid / James Kiyimba

Photo: WaterAid Nepal / Mani Karmachaya

Photo: Karibooloo, Kenya

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Power •

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Transport accessibility analysis • This site is located with Kisii University which is along the Kisii – Kisumu (B3) road and approximately 5km to Daraja Mbili market. Public transport • Public transport facilities including bus stops and boda boda stops are provided along the B3 road, therefore the site will be served by these facilities. • Additionally, to support human traffic to site NMT facilities will be provided to link the market site to the bus stops. NMT provision • Sections of B3 have NMT facilities like sidewalks but area but there are no provisions for safe crossing zones across the road. It is therefore important to provide for safe crossing zones to support ease and safe walking to access the site. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone for freight vehicles to minimize conflicts between pedestrian and vehicles. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

Transport accessibility analysis • This site is located within the old Industrial area near the Daraja Mbili market • The site does not have NMT facilities therefore, sidewalks and cycling paths will need to be provided to cater for walking and cycling modes to the site. Public transport • Public transport facilities including bus stops and boda boda stops are provided along the Kisii – Kisumu and Nyamataro - Kisii roads, therefore the site will be served by these facilities. • Additionally, to support human traffic to site NMT facilities will be provided to link the market site to the bus stops. NMT provisions • Both the major and minor roads linking to the site lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

Transport accessibility analysis • This site is located along Nyamataro - Kisii Township (GU) road, off Cemetery road • The site is 250 m off Cemetery road which links to Kisii – Kisumu (B3) road and rest of the town. Public transport • Public transport facilities including bus stops and boda boda stops are provided along the B3 road, therefore the site will be served by these facilities. • Additionally, to support human traffic to site NMT facilities will be provided to link the market site to the bus stops. NMT provisions • Both the major and minor roads linking to the site lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

Transport accessibility analysis • This site is located along Kisii – Kisumu (B3) road • It is accessed through a 7metres access road which is reported to be in fair condition. Public transport • Public transport facilities including bus stops and boda boda stops are provided along the B3 road, therefore the site will be served by these facilities. • Additionally, to support human traffic to site NMT facilities will be provided to link the market site to the bus stops. NMT provision • Various sections of B3 have NMT facilities like sidewalks but area but there are no provisions for safe crossing zones across the road. It is therefore important to provide for safe crossing zones to support ease and safe walking to access the site and sidewalks on the access road. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

Transport accessibility analysis • This site is located along the Bobaracho road, which links to Kisii – Nyatieko road Major road systems • The road is paved and in fair condition and the road’s ROW is 15 meters which is sufficient to accommodate heavy goods vehicles accessing the market. Public transport • Public transport facilities including bus stops and boda boda stops are provided along the Kisii - Nyatieko road, therefore the site will be served by these facilities. • Additionally, to support human traffic to site NMT facilities will need to be provided to link the market site to the bus stops. NMT provisions • Both the major and minor roads linking to the site lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

Transport accessibility analysis • This site is located along the Makutano market – Kisii road. Public transport • Public transport facilities including bus stops and boda boda stops are provided along the Makutano market – Kisii road, therefore the site will be served by these facilities. • Additionally, to support human traffic to site NMT facilities will need to be provided to link the market site to the bus stops. NMT provisions • Both the major and minor roads linking to the site lack NMT facilities like sidewalks. To improve accessibility for all, all roads need to have walkways that are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities, safe market entrance and connected to the existing pedestrian network. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

EXISTING AND PROPOSED

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EXISTING AND PROPOSED

• These are markets that already exist • Operates almost daily • Have good infrastructure • The aim is to make these sites Sample Sites

covid resilient and reduce the use of these sites as primary markets • Being in the town centre this is a town wide catchment area

Water supply and sanitation •

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According to GWASCO there is no demand deficit in Kisii for water supply and adequate water should be available for additional needs such as cleaning. Additional tap stands should be built so that access from market stalls is easy, and queuing is limited. Taps should be modified so that they do not require to be operated by hand. Operations should be either by a foot or have a leaver so that they can be turned on and off with an elbow. Toilets should be connected to the sewer system where possible and if adequate water is available for flushing. Handwashing facilities should be located adjacent to the toilets Facilities for menstrual hygiene should be provided (private cubicle with water and sealed waste bin). Toilet facilities that can be accessed by children, the elderly and people with disabilities should be provided.

In the diagram above, the water supply network including the bulk transmission, distribution and last mile connectivity is indicated by the blue lines and the wastewater system sewer network by the brown lines.

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Power •

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Solar panels should be provided on the roof of the market, sized to provide enough power to cover lighting demand and an average of 10-20W of power per stall. Batteries should be located in a secure area of the market, to provide continuity of power (i.e. to cover variability of solar) Cabling should be distributed under the roof, with use of drop-down retractable power connectors, as shown below to provide individual power connections to each stall. Photo: retractable power connectors

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Transport accessibility analysis It is located at the heart of Kisii town along the Kisii – Kisumu road (B3) and approximately 1 km from Daraja Mbili market. Major road systems • The market is served by two major roads: B3 and hospital road (BU ) both with a right of way (ROW) of 25m. NMT provision • The two primary roads have sidewalk provisions near the market area but there are no provisions for safe crossing zones across these roads. It is therefore important to provide for safe crossing zones to support ease and safe walking to access the market and town area. Public transport (PT) • The market is served by the main bus stop which is 400m and several boda boda stops along B3 and hospital road. Although the bus stop is within a walking distance, it is not quite accessible because some of the roads leading to the bus station lack safe and accessible pedestrian pathways to the bus station. Therefore, it is important to ensure all access roads to the market are well linked with safe sidewalks and linked to the bus station. Logistics • Presently, loading and unloading of goods takes place at the parking space along the B3 and by the roadside along Hospital road. This function is uncoordinated, and it contributes to increasing congestion challenges within the town. To control this, the market parking space needs to the designed to provide for controlled loading and unloading, waiting and parking areas for the freight vehicles accessing the market.

Transport accessibility analysis This is the main market in Kisii County and is located north of the town along the Kisii – Kisumu (B3) road within the old industrial area. Major road systems • The Daraja Mbili market is served by three primary roads namely B3, Nyamataro – Kisii road and Industrial road • All the three roads are wide enough to allow access for freight vehicles accessing the market. B3 has a ROW of 25 metres, Nyamataro – Kisii road has a ROW OF 25 metres, while Industrial road has a ROW of 25 metres. • The industrial – B3 road intersection should be improved to support safe pedestrian and vehicle interaction Minor road systems • The market has several minor access roads providing access to the market. • These minor roads are narrow (ROW 6m), unpaved and in poor condition. • To enhance accessibility especially for freight traffic to the market, these roads need widening, and their surfaces improved to all weather road. NMT provision • Both the major roads and minor roads named above lack and this hinders ease of access to the market for those walking or cycling. To promote accessibility to the market, it is important to ensure that all walkways are accessible, barrier free for people living with disabilities and the market is connected to existing pedestrian network. • The pedestrian network needs to be designed and planned to accommodate usage of wheelchair for people living with disabilities. Public transport (PT) • For public transport the market is served by several bus stops and boda boda stops located along the B3 and Nyamataro – Kisii road. Though these stops exist, there are no provision for NMT facilities to link the market to the bus stops. It is therefore key to ensure that all access road to the market are well linked with safe and accessible pedestrian walkways and linked to the bus stops. Logistics • Presently, loading and unloading of goods takes place at the parking space along the B3 and by the roadside along Hospital road. This function is uncoordinated, and it contributes to increasing congestion challenges within the town. To control this, the market parking space needs to the designed to provide for controlled loading and unloading, waiting and parking areas for the freight vehicles accessing the market. 61

Transport accessibility analysis It is in Daraja Mbili market area, along the Kisii – Kisumu (B3) road. Major road systems • The market is served by two primary roads: B3 and Nyagwekoa - Raganga road (BU ) with a ROW of 25 m and 12 m respectively • The B3 - Nyagwekoa - Raganga road intersection should be improved to support safe pedestrian and vehicle interaction Minor roads • Access to the new market is by a 7-metres access road . • To enhance accessibility especially for freight traffic and pedestrians, these roads need widening, and their surfaces improved to all weather road. For freight access, a minimum of 7 m is recommended while, 2m is recommended for pedestrian access. Therefore, the minimum road width to accommodate both functions is recommended to be 10 m. Public transport • Public transport is provided by both matatus and boda boda but the areas near the market lack public transport facilities like bus stops and boda boda sheds. • Presently, the available drop and pick-up locations are along the B3. • To support ease of mobility and access to the site there is need to design and provide for public transport facilities like matatu and boda bodas stops close to new Daraja Mbili market and ensure that the bus stops and market are well linked with safe and all-accessible pedestrian pathways. NMT provision • All the roads leading to the market lack NMT facilities. To improve accessibility of the market to traders and customers, it is important to ensure that all access roads are provided with safe, all-accessible and comfortable pathways and linked to the bus stations. Additionally, the NMT facilities should be linked to the rest of the town-wide network • Also, the pedestrian network should ensure there are safe and all-accessible crosswalks at appropriate road intersections and intervals. Logistics • The site should provide a designated loading and unloading zone to minimize pedestrian and vehicular conflicts. • The site should also provide waiting area for freight vehicles awaiting to unload.

SUED's COVID-19 Impact Study on Markets- Kisii

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Key Measures to Minimise Economic Impact of Covid-19 Restrictions

Survey on Impact of the Pandemic

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