H³ - Hybrid Health House by ThaliaBudin

3 Hybrid Health House

Masterthesis Project by Thalia Budin

3 Hybrid Health House

Masterthesis Project by Thalia Budin

mentored and examined by Prof. Lars Steffensen

Chair - Architecture for Health Technical University of Berlin second examiner: Prof. Dr. Ignacio Borrego

Masterthesis Hybrid Health House 05.11.2020 - 03.05.2021 Erstprüfer Prof. Lars Steffensen Architecture for Health Zweitprüfer Prof. Dr. Ignacio Borrego CoLab - Collaborative Laboratory Institute for Architecture Faculty VI, Planning Building Environment Technical University of Berlin ©️ Thalia Mona Budin

Index

01 German Abstract

02 Introduction

03 Scientific Basis

04 Methodology

05 Functional Program

06 Site Introduction

07 Urban Planning

08 Architectural Design

09 Construction

10 Facade

11 Final Statement

12 Appendix

German Abstract

In diesem Booklet präsentiere ich meine Masterarbeit in Architektur mit dem Titel H3 - Hybrid Health House (dt.: H3 - hybrides Gesundheitshaus). Während der Literaturrecherche wurde deutlich, dass die Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik des Alterns höchst relevant ist, da nun mehr fast ein Viertel der deutschen Bevölkerung älter als 65 Jahre ist und damit bei weitem keine Minderheit darstellt [1]. Es wurde deutlich, dass eine Vielzahl an Bestandsbauten, vor allem Wohnraum, den Bedürfnissen der älteren Generationen nicht gerecht wird, weshalb die erste Forschungsfrage wie folgt formuliert wurde:

Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage wurde unter anderem eine Meta-Studie genutzt, welche die Auswirkung von Raumstrukturen und Materialitäten auf Demenzpatienten untersucht hat [14]. Die Studie zeigte deutlich, dass klare Raumstrukturen und die Vermeidung von ungewollten Ablenkungen, durch beispielsweise mangelhaften Schallschutz, sich positiv auf die Patienten auswirkten. Da mit zunehmenden Alter die Schärfe der Sinne stetig abnimmt, scheint die Anwendung der Maßnahmen, welche sich in der Meta-Studie als vorteilhaft erwiesen haben, auch beim Entwerfen von Räumlichkeiten für gesunde Senioren sinnvoll.

Wie können Räume entworfen werden, um die physische und mentale Gesundheit von Menschen in ihrer finalen Lebensphase zu unterstützen?

Innerhalb des Projektes wurden drei Wohnungstypen (für Single, Pärchen und Wohngemeinschaften) entworfen, die an die Bedürfnisse älterer Menschen angepasst sind. Zudem

zial-politischen Angelegenheit: Dem Umschwung von behandlungsfokussierter zu präventiver medizinischer Praxis. Wie unterschiedliche Studien unabhängig voneinander herausgestellt haben, hat die medizinische Versorgung nur bedingt Einfluss auf die Gesundheit der Bevölkerung. Um einiges entscheidener sind der Lebensstil, sozio-ökonomische Faktoren und Umwelteinflüsse [25]. Durch eine präventives Gesundheitssystem kann das Entstehen vieler Leiden verhindert werden und gleichzeitig können unvermeidbare Krankheiten frühzeitig erkannt und dadurch erfolgreicher behandelt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde das Programm des Gesundheitszentrums erarbeitet.

wurde eine stationäre Einrichtung sowie eine Tagespflege für Demenzpatienten entworfen, um der stetig steigenden Anzahl an Demenzfällen [7], gerecht zu werden. Der aktuelle Stand der Forschung wurde während des Entwurfes berücksichtigt und hat diesen maßgeblich beeinflusst. Neben der Berücksichtigung von physischen altersbedingten Einschränkungen ist auch die mentale Gesundheit nicht zu vernachlässigen. Eine repräsentative Studie der deutschen Bevölkerung belegt, dass Einsamkeit ab einem Alter von 75 Jahren kontinuierlich zunimmt [22]. Aus diesem Grund wurde auf die Einbindung von attraktiven Gemeinschaftsräumen für die Bewohner geachtet. Zudem ergab sich die zweite Forschungsfrage:

Architektonisch stand neben der Barrierefreiheit nach dem Konzept des Universal Designs und der Schaffung komfortabler Räumlichkeiten im Sinne des Human Centred Designs, die ökologische Nachhaltigkeit der Bausubstanz im Vordergrund. Aus diesem Grund ist die Gebäudestruktur vornehmlich aus Holzwerkstoffen und für die äußere Fassade ist ein Panel der Firma Neolith vorgesehen, welches durch eine Titaniumbeschichtung Photosynthese betreibt und somit zu einer besseren Stadtluft beiträgt.

Welche öffentlichen Nutzungen können in einer hybriden Gebäudestruktur mit Seniorenwohnraum verbunden werden um soziale Integration zu fördern? Um die Möglichkeit für soziale Interaktion zu maximieren sind unterschiedliche öffentliche Nutzungen sinnvoll, die von einer breiten Masse an Bürgern genutzt werden. Aus diesem Grund sieht das Projekt ein Gemeinschaftszentrum mit Bibliothek, Gastronomiebetrieben und Eventbereich; eine Volkshochschule; sowie ein Gesundheitszentrum vor. Während die ersten zwei Nutzungen vornehmlich der Freizeitgestaltung dienen widmet sich das Gesundheitszentrum einer weiteren so-

Zusammenfassend, wurde mit dem Projekt H3 gezeigt wie Architektur zu einem respektvollen Umgang mit einer alternden Bevölkerung beitragen kann und gleichzeitig klimapolitischen Zielen gerecht wird.

Introduction

In this booklet, I will present my master thesis project: H3 - The Hybrid Health House.

world and society. The current building stock is outdated regarding a full coverage of the recent demand for senior dwellings, not speaking of its uniform approaches.

During my architectural studies, I became increasingly interested in the healthcare sector as one part of the welfare state system. In my understanding, architects have a responsibility to society, especially in Germany where studying is financed by public means. That is one reason why I decided to dedicate my master thesis to a topic that is important for everyone: Aging.

Throughout life, people move according to their changing needs: when studying, working, starting a family, and so on. However, just very few people move when they retire even though their needs have shifted. They would most probably profit more from barrier-free circulation space than two unused children’s rooms. A so-called preventive environment can avert accidents like falling which is the leading cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries among older adults [2].

Globally, there is a constant trend towards an aging society. In Western countries. this demographic shift is already in the middle of the process, whereas in other regions it is just starting to begin [18]. Additionally, rapid technological progress and an ongoing urbanisation shape today’s

However, senior residences that offer age-appropriate spaces are mostly avoided by German citizens [19].

is why the H3 also hosts a dementia care facility. The spatial solutions for this particular user group rely on scientific evidence, following the concept of evidence-based design.

Their bad reputation is partly linked to insufficient numbers of care staff and therefore poor supervision ratios [20]. Yet, this may also evolve from their unappealing appearances. Additionally, there is a lack of adequate alternatives between a full-stationary care home and one’s beloved home. When having only these two options, it is easy to tell what most people prefer as long as they are in a physical and mental state that allows them to choose freely.

Since over 75% of Germany’s citizens live in cities [3], I chose to locate my project within an urban area. This allows possible residents to stay within their neighbourhood when moving, which is the first step towards social integration. Next to a well-embedded site, the integration of public facilities that draw citizens of all generations into the building reduces solitariness of its senior residents.

Considering these circumstances, it becomes evident that there is a demand for investigation on the topic of aging. In terms of architecture, I want to raise the question: How can space be designed to support physical and mental health during the final phase of life? and on a more programmatic level: In a hybrid structure, which public functions could be combined with senior dwellings in order to promote social integration?

In order to ensure the accessibility to medical services for residents in need of care, a health center is a plausible extension of the project’s portfolio. Considering the shift from a treatment-based to a prevention-based medicine in Western countries [4], the health center does not only provide a sense of security for the residents of the dwelling but also attracts citizens of all ages for their prophylactic check-ups. Additionally, a community center, as well as a community college, are part of the project’s portfolio. However, these public functions should not interfere with the dwellings for senior citizens in a negative way. Therefore, the transition zones between the different spaces are carefully designed.

To me, one crucial factor which might convince 55+ years old citizens to move with changing circumstances could be the guarantee that they can stay in the new home for the rest of their lives and do not have to leave it when being dependent on nursing care. Surely, there are exceptions to this proposition, like for persons suffering from severe dementia, but at least physical impairments won’t force any dweller to leave their H3-apartment for good. However, dementia is a common disease and should be considered when speaking about housing for seniors. This

Scientific Basis

Demographic Data The target group of my master thesis are senior citizens, which currently represent over 20% of the German population [1]. One can assume that more than 17 million individuals have different needs and desires when it comes to designing their most private space.

tus can be seen in people with higher ages [6]. This results in a more active generation of senior citizens. Although the health status of older adults is increasingly improving which can be seen in Figure 2, the probability of diseases and dependence on nursing care increases steadily which is shown in Figure 3 [8]. Both can have a big influence on the spatial needs of a person. For some, barrier-free bathrooms and elevators might be enough adjustments to form an ideal environment for their final years. But especially seniors suffering from dementia call for spaces that are carefully designed for their particular user group. As the number of dementia patients increases steadily [7], they have to be taken into account when designing dwellings for senior citizens.

However, senior households seem to have quite uniform structures. 96% of German citizens in the 65+ age group live either with their partner or alone. In the age group from 65 to 84, 65% live in two-person households. Probably due to higher mortality rates, two-person households only constitute 32% in the 85+ age group. Yet, in both age groups, there is a trend towards an increase of two-person households [5]. With increasing longevity, a trend towards better health sta-

Fig. 1 demographic development in 65+ age group based on source [1],[9]

Fig. 2 types of households; well-being according to self-assessment based on source [5],[6]

Fig. 3 age group related percentage of elderly who are in need of care based on source [8]

Fig. 4 evaluation of 227 studies on dementia and architectural planning based on source [14]

Dementia and Space When people think about space for dementia patients, they often focus on the limitations of these seniors. Aging at some point goes hand in hand with the loss of skills - skills that were not even considered as special in an adult’s life. However, there are a lot of things seniors, also the ones suffering from dementia, can do and more importantly can sense and experience. Focusing on the abilities of these older adults rather than on their limitations can avoid frustration and agitative behaviour.

mentia, it now becomes obvious that multisensationality of space should be considered as a design principle. However, it is important to create clear structures and frameworks. The residents should not be overwhelmed by too many sensational impressions at once. Studies show that unique spaces with explicit usage improve the seniors’ orientation. With the creation of different atmospheres in a continuous network of freely accessible rooms, the residents can walk around and choose autonomously where they want to stay. It is therefore not about creating specific atmospheres but offering enough options for the inhabitants so that each of them is able to find a place where they feel comfortable. These spaces won’t be exclusively indoor, also outdoor and in-between areas, like winter gardens are important for a comprehensive spatial offer.

If you take a look at the development of senses and skills in the first phase of human life, you see that the senses and their accompanying skills have their own progression pace. Tactile perception and the vestibular system (sense of equilibrium) already develop within the first trimester of pregnancy. On the contrary, the visual sense develops much slower: right after birth, an infant can only differentiate between light and dark contrasts [16]. An analogy can be seen in the development of senses in infants and their deterioration in older adults. Visual and auditory perception are impaired earlier than tactile sensations which are also related to sensations of taste and smell.

In 2014, an evaluation of 227 studies on the influence of the built environment on seniors suffering from dementia was made [14]. In Figure 4, I have visualised all architectural measures which showed positive effects on dementia patients in most of the conducted studies. This graphic was used throughout the design process of the H3 and helped develop the program of the dementia care facility.

When designing spaces for seniors, especially ones suffering from de-

Preventive Healthcare “Health”, according to the World Health Organisation, “is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” [17]. Yet, in most definitions healthcare facilities are considered as facilities that treat the state of illness and transform it into health and not as places that just help to keep a state of well-being in a preventive manner.

will gain ever more importance within the healthcare sector. Coming back to the definition of health by the World Health Organisation and the terms: “mental and social well-being”, it becomes obvious that health is not only a physical but also a psychological condition. As the definition also clarifies, the absence of severe mental illnesses does not necessarily mean that a person is in a state of mental well-being and therefore in a state of health. Feelings like loneliness are becoming more common, not only during the pandemic situation but also as a consequence of increasing anonymity within the digital age. Especially in urban areas, new single residents, migrants, and the elderly often fall through the social fabric [21].

However, when taking a look at Figure 5 which compares four commonly referenced models of the distribution of health determinants in five sectors, it becomes obvious that prevention-based medicine should be as important as treatment-based one. At the moment, a trend in this direction can be seen in the healthcare sector. Insurances begin to understand that investments in prevention save costs in the long run. Yet, the process of transforming a healthcare system is a slow one, particularly in a bureaucracy-driven country like Germany. This is why the trend to prevention is mainly lead by larger trends like personalisation and digitalisation introduced by enterprises and consumed by society itself: Nutrition tests for self-payers, wearables to track sleep rhythm and heart rate, increasing interest in healthy and sustainable diets as well as trends to a more mindful way of living are just some of the past years’ developments.

In conclusion, a public preventive healthcare strategy should promote physical and mental well-being for all individuals of a society: each child should benefit from a nutritious diet and a loving environment; Each adult should be well-educated and, thus, able to minimize the risks of overlooking the absence of health for themselves and others; lastly, each senior should have the opportunity to age gracefully, socially integrated and with the maximal amount of self-determination. These objectives can only be met when approaching each arising issue in one of the five areas shown in Figure 6 with an interdisciplinary team, following a human-centered design strategy [25].

As these developments are the result of technological progression in a well-educated society, which is likely to improve further in the future, trend researchers agree that prevention

Fig. 5 four common models showing the distribution of health determinants based on source [25]

Fig. 6 determinants of health and factors contributing to these based on source [25]

Methodology

Universal Design and Human-Centered Design In 1991 the UN formulated 18 “Principles for Older Persons” within the subcategories of Independence, Participation, Care, Self-fulfillment, and Dignity. They aim to retain autonomous and active living conditions for seniors as long as possible. The sixth principle says: “Older persons should be able to reside at home for as long as possible.” [10]. How housing space is designed plays a crucial role in enabling this tenet.

Universal Design declares the usage by everyone as the most important design principle. In doing this, minorities such as the elderly, persons of small stature, and with physical, sensory, mental health, or intellectual disabilities are considered during the design process [11]. The seven principles are visualized in Figure 7 on the right-hand side. In favour of a universal design is the social integrity of the project. Additionally, the previously mentioned 65+ age group which consists of more than 17 million individuals in Germany [1], forms most likely a heterogenous user group. Further, the dwellings should not only meet the residents’ needs and desires but also provide a welcoming envi-

During my research, I came across two possible design paths when planning dwellings for senior citizens. The first one strives for a universal design, whereas the second one is perfectly tailored to the user group’s unique needs. I assume both approaches have their pros and cons.

Fig. 7 7 principals of universal design based on source [12], [13]

Robert, 64 former electrician enjoys cooking

Susan and Richard, 70s have three children former theater actors

Hannah, 93 is a social character loves gardening

Alex and Carl, 60s both are socially engaged Carl suffers from dimentia

Lilly, 87 suffers from dementia used to be a pianist

Gabriela and Paul, 70s have four children are both very sporty

Luisa, 34 is a general practitioner enjoys dancing ballet

Lisa and Ben, late 50s are thinking of moving in together within the next year

Peter, 83 gives history classes in the community college

Emma and Tim, 80s have six grand-children enjoy couple dances

Fig. 8 characters living at the H3

Fig. 9 regular users of the H3

ronment for visitors and care staff who diversify the user group even more. When looking at the more general picture, another advantage comes forward: a universal design strategy enables the majority of society to use the building effortlessly thus allowing for easier usage shifts later in the building’s life span.

individual perspectives. To me, the human-centered design sees each human as an individual and therefore seeks to find individual solutions rather than universal ones. Yet, in public architectural projects, there are no particular persons who will use the building forever, so that it would not make sense to tailor the building structure to the personal desire of singular characters. Therefore, the main task lies within designing architecture that can be used by everyone but is easily adjustable to the specific needs of individuals.

Yet, universal design has to be enhanced when it comes to special user groups such as dementia patients. As full-time care residents with an intense urge to move but a poor sense of orientation, they need securely enclosed spaces. However, these spaces should give the patients enough movement options to ensure the obviation of a confined atmosphere.

In order to cross-check my design, I introduce characters that are likely to be the users of the H3, either as dwellers or as visitors and staff. As my thesis mainly focuses on seniors within the urban context, most of the individuals presented in Figures 8 and 9 on the left-hand side are of older age. However, the H3 is partly public and when designing the public areas, the needs of younger generations were also considered during the design process.

In conclusion, a universal design strategy in terms of flexibility of space and an enjoyable environment for everyone is the starting base of the design. Yet, a careful analysis of the special needs and desires of all building users leads to individual finishes. Here comes the human-centered design approach into play:

The main goal during the process was to create the maximal amount of individual settings - linked to the characters’ needs and desires - with the minimal amount of structural diversity. This way, building costs can be reduced to a minimum, while a generic character is obviated and the feeling of belonging is fostered.

Some might equate human-centered design with universal design. However, I would define human-centered design as an approach that considers the usage by everyone as its base rather than its main subject. It then goes one step further by testing concepts and ideas from highly

Age-Friendly Dwellings As we have seen when talking about universal design: It is important to create space that accommodates users at every age. Physical and mental limitations should be considered in a discreet way. Aesthetics are as important as functional characteristics.

special support for specific diseases (e.g. dementia) motion sensor fill level sensor with aqua stop

80 increasing nursing care for everyday tasks monitoring of vital data telemedical services donning aids

Ideally, each apartment respects the needs of the most limited user group. This does not necessarily mean that all requirements are met when people first move into the flat. Yet, the possibility to adjust the dwelling according to the residents’ needs should be seamlessly possible. Therefore, a conceptual distribution in structural and interior elements makes sense. The structural conditions constitute the framework for all possible interior settings. The interior can change with the residents altering needs. Possible adjustments are shown in Figure 10.

mind support shutdown systems (stove, light) surveillance systems guiding landmarks

70 physical support emergency button for services electronically controllable windows and doors

As the project is located within an urban area, where space is a valuable and finite resource, the possibility of sharing particular spaces is considered. In Figure 11 the privacy level of housing functions and therefore their potential as shared spaces is visualised. Throughout the design process of the Hybrid Health House, this graphic was used as a guideline when planning the housing spaces.

sensational support high degree of acoustic insulation lightning and colour concept for weak eyes

60 ensuring basic requirements barrier-free accessibility barrier-free plan structure

Fig. 10 possible age-related adjustments in dwellings based on source [15]

Fig. 11 privatness of spaces

Functional Program

As the name indicates, the Hybrid Health House is an architectural structure hosting different functions. There are more private zones, like dwellings and the dementia care facility, next to more public ones such as the community center and college as well as the healthcare center.

as the patients within these two parts will have different routines. However, some spaces, like the wellness area, could be shared also with the rest of the housing community and used at different times. The community center is a very public building function and will host recreation indoor and outdoor areas as well as a library and an event space that can be used by the healthcare center and the neighbourhood community. The community college is slightly more private as people would go there for specific reasons like music or language classes.

Within the housing section, three different scenarios are considered in order to adapt to the needs of different characters. There are more private flats for singles and couples as well as shared flats. Some spaces like laundry spaces, garden areas, and spacious lounges are shared between the senior dwellers, allowing for social interaction.

Having the research in mind, the healthcare center program focuses on prevention. It, therefore, attracts user groups of all ages, from parents with their infants over middle-aged persons to seniors.

The dementia care facility has two main functions: a stationary institution part and a daycare facility. Most likely, they will be strictly separated

Fig. 12 functional program

Site Introduction

Fig. 13 urban analysis 20

100 m

Urban Analysis The Site is located in the central Berlin district Mitte. It measures about 6000 m2 and is in between new urban developments and typical Berlin Block formation. The U-Bahn-Station Gleisdreieickpark, where the U1 and U2 are operating, is located just half a kilometer east from the site and several bus stops are also close by. Additionally, the Gleisdreieckpark itself is the center of a vivid and diverse area in-between the districts Mitte, Kreuzberg, and Schöneberg. In a one-kilometer radius, there is a multifarious range of grocery shops, from the common supermarkets over Turkish vegetable suppliers to Libanese delicatessen shops. Additionally, restaurants and cafés in all price ranges and even an innercity-brewery are represented. Regarding healthcare services, one can find two dentists close by as well as several pharmacies. Also, less than one-kilometer northwest to the site, there is the Elisabeth Hospital, making another emergency facility superfluous.

Site Analysis When having a closer look at the site, it becomes obvious that it is located in a dense urban area. The neighbouring buildings touch the plot on the western, eastern, and northern border. In-between all of these lines of contact, entry points are possible.

adjoining buildings to the west are mainly hosting office and laboratory spaces and therefore use this road as a supply channel. On its eastern corner, the plot reaches towards new residential developments. By bike and as a pedestrian, the site can be accessed via a nicely designed public zone between the two building structures along Flottwellstraße.

The southern border of the plot is the most prominent one, stretching along Pohlstraße for about 80 meters. One can imagine a big urban structure closing the block like the neighbour to the west. But also a set of smaller volumes seems possible.

An first sight, the urban situation seems to allow for many different options regarding the organisation of an architectural volume with a set of entry points of different privacy levels.

To the northwest, the building can be approached by a delivery road that is accessible from Lützowstraße. The

1850

gardening area

1880

dwellings + gardening

1910

dwellings

RESIDENTIAL AGRICULTURAL MIXED USE COMMUNAL INDUSTRIAL WATER

1940

building land

1986

industrial use

2019

industrial use

Fig. 14 historical maps based on source [26]

Fig. 15 site analysis 10

50 m

Urban Planning

Model Study Within a model study, I explored different approaches for the urban form of the Hybrid Health House. On the following three pages, some of the proposals are introduced. They are presented in the actual order of development. Thus, the design decisions, which were often influenced by the prior models, can be followed easily.

On a programmatic level, the possibility of clear zoning of indoor and outdoor areas is important. As the H3 hosts numerous functions with different levels of privacy, the possibility of different entry points as well as a set of separate outdoor areas seems to be essential. Additionally, the building width should not fall below eight meters in order to create well-functioning floor plans.

The main considerations regarding the urban form were: (1) the volumetric organisation of the southern building part and, therefore, the appearance on Pohlstraße; (2) the proximity to the adjacent building structures; (3) the percentage of built-area; and (4) the building‘s height(s).

The final urban form of the H3 was therefore determined by two factors: an appealing appearance in the urban context and the spatial needs of the project’s functional program.

_01 In this first urban approach, the strategy was to test the maximal volume while ensuring sufficient daylight supply. The height of the building follows the neighbouring structures. Due to only one courtyard, the zoning of outdoor space might be difficult. Also, the distance to the northern building seems to be too narrow.

built area in %

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_02 The second model explores the potential of several courtyards while playing with different heights. The southern building part closes the street block in the south, while the overall volume stays connected to the adjacent building in the north. The gradually reducing building height in the northern direction leads to many shaded areas during the day.

_03 The third proposal also creates several courtyards. However, it is not closing the street block as confidently as the first two options. Additionally, the ring width is rather small, which might be problematic in developing functional plans. However, the number of courtyards allows for a diverse offer of outdoor areas and clear zoning.

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_04 The fourth draft is pretty straightforward. The urban figure consists of two perpendicular bars which connect all of the neighbouring buildings. The east-west bar is taller, has a narrow atrium, and closes the street facade, whereas the south-north bar closes off the backyard which is open to the eastern side of the plot. However, no qualitative outdoor area is created.

_05 In the fifth approach, also a rather urban strategy is followed. Two opposing bars create a gap in the street facade, splitting up the south-eastern corner of the current street block. The gap between the two building parts could be activated through an accessible ground floor. However, it will be most probably public, leaving no space for private outdoor areas.

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_06 The sixth model basically connects all neighbouring buildings with a singular strip. In doing so, a triangular courtyard is created. The height of the model is significantly lower than all other buildings in the street block. This might disturb the appeal of the streetscape. Also, one big courtyard might be hard to zone in order to meet the needs for the different functions.

built area in %

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_07 The seventh idea was inspired by the angles introduced in the sixth approach. The southern building part follows the surrounding buildings' heights, while the northern part is significantly lower. The volume is no longer connected to the northern neighbour like it was in the previous drafts. Clear zoning is enabled by the five courtyards. However, the ring width might be too narrow to develop well-functioning floor plans.

built area in %

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_08 The eighth model uses the angles of the adjacent buildings to create four courtyards while staying within the overall urban volume of the seventh approach. The courtyards allow for a clear zoning of the different functions as well as a diverse offer of outdoor areas. However, the southern courtyards seem to be quite small in relation to the surrounding building height, which relates to the neighbouring structures.

_09 The ninth and final approach is forming four courtyards in two building sections. The southern part closes the street facade neatly by following the adjacent buildings’ heights, whereas the northern part seems to echo the southern one, just like a Berlin Block formation. However, here the echo differs from its precursor. It is smaller and shifts its northern outline in order to stay parallel to the neighbouring building complex.

built area in %

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Architectural Design

Zoning The Hybrid Health House hosts several functions with different privacy levels. The graphic on the right-hand side shows the zoning on each level. In general, the colours are selected by the function itself; green is used for dwellings and dementia care spaces with its communal areas, whereas yellow represents the more public functions such as the community center, healthcare facility, and community college. The colours intensity refers to the privacy level of the spaces: dark colours represent a space that is accessible to a fewer number of persons, whereas light-coloured spaces are shared by more users at once.

and cars as well as some technical rooms.

The basement level is accessible via a ramp from Pohlstraße and the eight main circulation cores which connect all of the building vertically. It hosts parking facilities for bikes

On the fifth floor, the northern building strip is dedicated to the dwellers offering a spacious communal area. To the south, the community college is located.

The ground floor is accessible via nine entry points. Here, four additional circulation cores and one open staircase in the main lobby have their starting point. They are laid out around the three courtyards. In the first and second level of the H3 one can find the healthcare center to the south and the dementia care facility in the northern building part. The third and fourth floor host different types of senior dwellings and visitor apartments.

Fig. 16 zoning diagram

Ground Floor The ground floor has a height of five meters and carries the floors above with its concrete arc structure. It hosts three main usages: (1) the community center in the southern part, (2) the dementia daycare facility, and (3) the pool and spa area that is shared by all building users.

Community Centre The southern floor part stretches along Pohlstraße and is therefore the most prominent one. In this area, the facade is pushed back three meters to create a covered passage which will be activated by the adjacent building functions. There are five entry points: (1) the access to the underground car park, (2) the main entrance in the center of the building and the entrances to (3) the café, (4) the restaurant, and (5) the book shop which is connected to the library. The two southern courtyards are accessible to the public. However, the courtyard to the west is slightly more private as it has fewer entry points and is not connected to the lobby. By this, different atmospheres are created. Next to the functions that were already mentioned, the community center hosts an event hall and a gymnastics studio. The lobby space is also used as an anteroom for the event hall and for temporary exhibitions of public interest.

Fig. 17 ground floor plan 1

10 m

Fig. 18 south-east courtyard restaurant view

Pool and Spa Area The pool area is important for all building functions. As part of the community center, it will be open to the public for swimming classes. Within the healthcare center, it is used for rehabilitation processes. Particularly the streaming pool is important for this usage, but also the saunas and hot pools which follow the Japanese onsen culture are helpful in the prevention of injuries. Additionally, the senior dwellers, as well as the dementia patients, benefit from this spa area in order to improve or just keep their physical and mental health status.

Dementia Daycare Center The dementia daycare facility is separated from the stationary dementia facility in order to respect the patients' different routines. The facility is accessed through the northern entrance which is also the entry point for visitors of the stationary facility who then would go upstairs using one of the circulation cores. Next to a spacious common room with kitchen and recreation areas, the center hosts sports and therapy rooms as well as a garden. Furthermore, there is a staff area with changing rooms and a break room that has its own entry on the eastern facade.

Fig. 19 ground floor zoom-in 1

7.5 m

Fig. 20 ground floor pool and spa area

First Floor The first floor hosts one level of the healthcare center and the dementia care facility. There is one additional courtyard above the pool area which serves as a garden for the dementia patients, staff, and visitors.

Dementia Care Facility The stationary dementia care facility is located in the northern part of the first and second floor of the H3. Each floor hosts four departments of six to seven patients. The main circulation cores are the northern one and the one in the center of the building which allows direct access to all departments. On both floors, there is a communal garden which can be used by all patients, visitors, and staff of both floors. It is important to have outdoor areas on each floor of the facility as some of the patients might not be physically and/or mentally fit enough to change floors autonomously. On the first floor, there is also a gym area, a crafting room, and a snoezel therapy room. The second floor hosts a music room and a light therapy room. These spaces are shared between the eight departments. Both floors have an additional bathing room next to the patients' private bathrooms.

Fig. 21 1st floor plan 1

10 m

Each department has a spacious communal area in which the patients will probably spend most of their time. This area represents a continuous network of different spaces, like the kitchen area, a winter garden, a living room with fireplace and television areas, and places where you can just sit down and watch the scenery. All of the communal areas have a view of one of the courtyards, while the northern departments also touch the outward facade. Additionally, two departments share one staff area with a breakroom, an office, and a nightward room. The residents' rooms' geometry uses the shifting angles of the building's grid. By this, the bathroom widens to the corridor as a soundproof buffer and the room widens to the facade creating more well-lightened living space. Additionally, the bathrooms push into the corridor. This way, the corridor is structured and the room entrances are clearly visible. By giving each of the room entrances an individual look using colours and/or different materials, the orientation of the building's users can be further improved. The facade structure allows for the installation of benches along the facade, as shown in the southern rooms.

Fig. 22 first floor zoom-in dementia department + staff area 0.5 1

Fig. 23 view from dementia care department

Second Floor The second floor hosts the upper level of each: healthcare center and dementia care facility. On this floor, the northern courtyards unite and a rooftop garden in the middle part is created.

Healthcare Center The preventive Healthcare Center is accessible via an open staircase in its center as well as the four southern circulation cores. On two floors, it hosts consultancies of doctors from different specialties. On the first floor is an orthopedic's room next to a gym, physiotherapy rooms, and a radiological unit. On the other side of the first floor, there is a nutritionist and a psychologist with a shared room for group therapy. The very eastern strip is reserved for the staff itself and offers a spacious break room, changing room, and bathrooms. The second floor hosts a sleep lab, ophthalmologist, ENT doctor, dermatologist, general practitioner, a pediatric unit with a parenting center in order to start preventive medicine at its base. Also, there is a gynecologist, as well as further consultancy rooms and a small surgery unit with two operation theaters for ambulant interventions.

Fig. 24 2nd floor plan 1

10 m

Fig. 25 sleep lab patient room

Housing for Seniors On the third and fourth floor of the Hybrid Health House are 26 flats and four small apartments that accommodate up to 56 senior residents and six visitors. All flats are designed barrier-free and are accessible via staircases and lifts. There are three different flat types: Single, Couple, and Shared Units. Within the plan elaboration process, two approaches were tested: (1) a minimal amount of staircases in combination with long hallways from where the living units are accessed and (2) eight cores accessing two units each with a community area on the fifth floor. The first approach was beneficial in terms of being able to use the fifth floor for dwellings; however, the community area would consist only of long hallways. Moreover, in that scenario, the living units could only touch the facade on one side. Therefore, I chose the second approach, working with eight circulation cores and using the fifth floor as a community area. In the current design, all flats are facing at least two compass directions and most touch the outward and the inner courtyard facade. Living and kitchen areas are mostly facing south, whereas bathrooms and sleeping rooms are oriented to the more private northern facade. Each flat has at least one private outdoor area close to the kitchen and living room.

Fig. 26 3rd floor plan 1

10 m

Single Dwelling Unit There are eight single flats on two floors that all have two orientations. Four of the dwelling units are corner apartments and four are facing the outward facade as well as the inner courtyard. In the plan below you can see Robert's apartment. He rents approximately 62m2 of private space and as a morning person, he appreciates the eastern orientation of his living area. As a single father who recently retired, he decided to move to a new community with less private space, but spacious communal areas, including a visitor's room. This was important for him since his children do not live in Berlin and should be able to visit him. Additionally, he appreciates that he can book care services whenever they are required. It just gives him a feeling of security.

Robert, 64 former electrician enjoys cooking

62 1

bathrooms

orientations

barrier-free

Fig. 27 single dwelling unit 0.5 1

Couple Dwelling Unit The H3 hosts twelve apartments for couples. The higher number in couple flats, compared to the single flats, results from the research which has shown that the trend leads towards two-person households in higher age groups. Additionally, the offer for shared dwelling units addresses only single dwellers.

Gabriela and Paul, 70s have four children are both very sporty

90 2

bathrooms

orientations

barrier-free

The plan below shows Gabriela's, Paul's apartment. They are happy that they found a barrier-free apartment in such a vivid area. Gabriela usually swims for about 30 minutes in the morning, which she can do just a few floors downstairs. Paul enjoys jogging and appreciates the proximity to the Gleisdreieckpark. They are also socially engaged, and as a former doctor, Gabriela is involved in most of the exhibition planning of the Healthcare Center.

Fig. 28 couple dwelling unit 0.5 1

Shared Dwelling Unit There are eight shared flats on two floors which all have three orientations. The shared flats always stretch along the north-south strips of the building and stick through either at the northern or southern facade. Each of the flats has a spacious common area that consists of a kitchen, living room, a terrace, and a guest bathroom. These common spaces are orientated to the outward facade. The private rooms are facing the more quiet courtyards and have their own bathrooms as well as an outdoor area.

Hannah, 93 is a social character loves gardening

The plan to the right shows one of the center shared flats. Hannah lives in the room to the west. She loves to sleep long and enjoys the sundowns on her private loggia. Yet, she is a very social character. As one of four siblings, she never lived alone and enjoys being with others. This is why she chose to live in a shared flat in the first place.

220

Hannah spends a lot of time upstairs in the communal area; mostly, she is seen in the garden. In her former home, it was quite hard to garden for her in the past years since all the flower beds were placed on earth level. In the H3, most of the beds are lifted to 50 - 100 cm, some of them can even be underridden with wheelchairs in order to enable everyone to garden effortlessly without the need to kneel down.

total m2

bathrooms

private m2

orientations

communal m2

barrier-free

Fig. 29 shared dwelling unit 0.5 1

Fig. 30 single dwelling eastern corner flat

Fifth Floor The fifth floor is a communal space. It hosts the common area for the senior dwellers in the northern strip as well as the community college.

Community College The community college can be accessed via the four southern circulation cores. The program covers different types of crafts; from sewing to metalwork, lecture-based education such as language and IT courses, cooking classes, a music school, and physical activities such as gymnastics and dancing. The college is planned to be well-embedded in the overarching program of the H3. For example, the kitchen can be used within workshop sessions by the nutritionist of the healthcare center. Also, dwellers and staff are most probably regular users and maybe even teachers in the community college.

Residents' Communal Area The residents of the H3 have a spacious communal area on the fifth floor. It hosts a study space and living room as well as two welcoming laundry spaces with an adjacent kitchen area that allows for social interaction while taking care of everyday tasks.

Fig. 31 5th floor plan 1

10 m

Fig. 32 communal area laundry space

Construction

The load-barring structure of the Hybrid Health House is split into three parts. The base is a prefabricated concrete arc structure with a height of five meters and a spanning width of six meters. The building's ring width is nine meters. The structure usually consists of one full arc and one semi-circular arc which works as a cantilever. In the center of the building, where the northern and southern parts meet, as well as in the pool area, the arc structure covers up more space and creates an even more unique atmosphere. Underneath and above the ground floor, concrete slab ceilings are capping the base.

H3 has three load-barring axis per ring, which align with the arcs on the ground level. The center axes carries most of the weight and is therefore made from cross-laminated timber (CLT) with a 20cm width. Usually, there is a wall, but some parts of the axis are covered with beams. The facade walls are panel wood constructions allowing for numerous openings without weakening the structure. The ceilings are box floors with a maximal spanning width of 6 meters. All of the structural elements are covered with fire-resistant panels to meet the fire protection laws. The fifth floor carries an extensive green roof and is slightly inclined towards the courtyard. It has a beam-ceiling with a 75 cm center distance. The beams are again made of CLT and sufficiently dimensioned to be fire-resistant without any cladding. The ceiling is stiffened with a 5cm slab of laminated veneer lumber (LVL).

The building is stiffened by the twelve circulation cores from which eight stretch vertically through the whole building structure. Apart from these concrete cores, all structural elements starting above the second concrete slab are made from timber. From the first to the fourth floor, the

th. (mm)

CLT beam roof

extensive vegetation erosion control fibre soil retention pad water reservoir pad root-proof sealing 200 pressure resistant insulation vapour barrier 51 LVL board (Heraklith) 100/300 CLT beam 20 90 50 5

th. (mm)

Panel Wood Facade

12.5 fire-proof cladding vapour barrier 27 fir wood panel 90/180 timber studs 180 heat insulation 18 fire-proof cladding sealing 40 pressure resistant insulation 30 vertical battens 30 horizontal battens 6 Neolith facade panel th. (mm) 20 50 30 27 90/200 27 120 80 2x 18

Panel Wood Ceiling flooring composite layer footfall sound insulation fir wood panel timber studs fir wood panel insulation close to the facade insulation fire-proof boards

Fig. 33 facade section 0.5 1

Facade

Fig. 34 southern facade elevevation 1

10 m

Outward Facade The outward facade of the H3 is conceptually split into three parts. The southern facade, which was fully shown on the last two pages and can be seen on the right-hand side, is the calmest one. The ground floor facade is pushed back by the three-meter width of the semi-circular arc, creating a public passage and exposing the strong base of the building. The upper floors facade covers the structural components and wraps the building in a greyish green. The division pattern is rather vertical with a 1.5 m center distance on the first and second floor and a 0.75 m center distance on the upper floors. The first and second floor have a double facade with a chamber for sun protection. Since the healthcare center is mechanically ventilated the double-glazing makes sense from a climate point of view. The third and fourth floor, which accommodate the senior dwellings, are more opaque and loosened by the loggias' interruption of the pattern. The fifth floor is significantly higher than the lower floors

and is again very transparent. By this, it acts as a confident closure. The northern facade follows the southern example and only differs from it by replacing the loggias with terraces and balconies which gives the facade a slightly more dynamic look and also allows for a sunny outdoor space. The facade of the dementia care facility is playing with the grid by changing between 0.75 m and 1.5 m wide openings. It also has varying facade patterns on each floor and, therefore, creates a vivid appearance. The ground floor is following the example above with story-high, mint-green facade panels. The material, which all of the outward facades have in common, is a recyclable facade panel from Neolith. The firm offers a variety of panels that can be covered with a titanium spray which is able to do photosynthesis when getting in contact with UV rays.

Fig. 36 axonometric drawing outward facade

Fig. 35 facade section and elevation 0.5

Courtyard Facades Since the courtyards' facade do not represent the building in the urban context but are rather seen as natural voids within the building structure, another material was necessary. To emphasise the image of a natural void and as a reference to the main structural element of the building, the material of choice is wood.

allowing for more sunlight to enter the courtyard. The third and fourth floor pop out again by being slightly more opaque. Their sun protection is hidden behind a 40 cm mint-green metal panel which is mirrored down as a railing for the loggias on these floor. The dementia care facility with its lower building height loosens up the strict pattern by changing between 1.5m and 75cm wide openings. As on the outward facade, the pattern is shifting on the first and second floor. Additionally, there are six cantilevers pushing one meter over the usual borderline. This way the courtyard seems more tangible and less institutional. The different courtyard levels emphasise this impression even more.

The facade pattern is also vertically divided. As on the outward facade, the southern courtyards are less dynamic than the northern ones. However, in general, the courtyard facades are more playful than the outward ones. On the left-hand side, the southern courtyard elevation is shown. The 75cm center distance stretches down to the first floor. The fifth floor is one meter lower than on the outward facade, thus

Fig. 37 axonometric drawing courtyard facades

Fig. 38 facade section and elevation 0.5

Final Statement

When working on my thesis project, I felt that I had touched upon a very relevant social issue. The research has shown the importance of the confrontation with the topic of aging in general, but also its effect on architectural design or the other way around: the undeniable impact of architectural design on the well-being of older adults.

the findings in favourable spatial adjustments for dementia patients can also be helpful when designing dwellings for healthy seniors. Within the aging process, the steady degradation of senses can be observed. Therefore, interventions that create unique spatial layouts as well as visual and auditory clarity can support seniors in their everyday life. These interventions do not have to look institutional in any way. The increase of contrasts in material choice, sufficient sound insulation, and landmarks that help visitors and dwellers to navigate through a building are effective measures.

Especially in the context of dementia, it was interesting to see how much influence the spatial organisation has on the patients' mental and physical health status as well as on their behaviour. By improving the condition of dementia patients not only themselves but also their relatives and the working staff benefit. Looking back at my first research question: "How can space be designed to support physical and mental health during the final phase of life?" I realised that

When working on the project's functional program, the second research question: "In a hybrid structure, which public functions could be combined with senior dwellings in order to promote social integration?" was ad-

es with early detection in almost all diseases. The use of current technologies within the medical sector allows us to track health-related data on a regular basis and, therefore, detect conspicuous values early on.

dressed. Social integration is usually achieved through regular interaction between individuals. Therefore, the H3 hosts different types of public functions. By this, citizens of all ages visit the building for various reasons, offering the maximal possibility for social interaction and therefore social integration of the dwellers. Yet, not only the elderly benefit. A representative study of the German population has shown that loneliness increases steadily from the age of 75; however, it also has a peak at the age of 30 [22]. Loneliness should be taken seriously; next to poor mental health status, it can lead to numerous diseases. For example, a British study with 6.700 participants which took over 50 years showed that the probability to develop dementia increases by 40% when being lonely [23]. As 49% of Berlin's households are inhabited by only one person, it is probable that some of them would benefit from spaces that offer social interaction [24].

Apart from the offered services within the H3, architecture itself can form a preventive environment. For example, sufficient lighting and barrier-free accessibility help avert accidents like falling, while a comforting interior design can improve the mental well-being of building users. All of these factors were taken into account during the design process of the H3. In conclusion, the Hybrid Health House is an architectural project which allowed me to spatially express the knowledge I have gained over the time of this thesis and the five years of studying architecture. Of course, sustainability was a priority during the constructional elaboration and detail planning. However, to me personally, the social and political sides of the project were the most important aspects. During my career, this project is the first one that is not only research-based but actually achieves the implementation of scientific findings thoroughly.

The Community Centre on the ground floor and the Community College on the fifth floor are these kinds of spaces and help to foster a strong communal network. Additionally, the public functions are lowering the barrier for entering a medical healthcare facility. Citizens can combine their Korean class or yoga course with a medical check-up or a cooking class by the H3 nutritionist. Thereby, preventive healthcare is embedded in everyday life. This is important because several diseases are preventable and if not the chance of recovery increas-

Appendix

List of References [1] Statistisches Bundesamt (2019a). Ältere Menschen. www.destatis.de/ DE/Themen/Querschnitt/Demografischer-Wandel/Aeltere-Menschen/bevoelkerung-ab-65-j.html (Accessed: 14.11.2020). [2] G. Bergen et. al (2014): Falls and Fall Injuries Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years. www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27656914 (Accessed: 14.11.2020). [3] J. Rudnicka (2020): Verteilung der Einwohner in Deutschland nach Gemeindegrößenklassen 2019. de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/161809/umfrage/anteil-der-einwohner-an-der-bevoelkerung-in-deutschland-nach-gemeindegroessenklassen/ (Accessed: 14.11.2020). [4] S. Park et. al (2019): From treatment to prevention: The evolution of digital healthcare. www.nature.com/articles/d42473-019-00274-6 (Accessed: 14.11.2020). [5] Statistisches Bundesamt (2019b). Lebensformen älterer Menschen. www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Querschnitt/Demografischer-Wandel/_inhalt.html;jsessionid=AA326A164E67E891AA01FB8A1C887158.internet8732#sprg371138 (Accessed: 14.11.2020). [6] Statistisches Bundesamt (2019c). Gesundheitliche Situation älterer Menschen. www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Querschnitt/Demografischer-Wandel/_inhalt.html;jsessionid=AA326A164E67E891AA01FB8A1C887158.internet8732#sprg371138 (Accessed: 14.11.2020).

[7] Deutsche Alzheimer Gesellschaft e.V. (2020). Informationsblatt 1 - Die Häufigkeit von Demenzerkrankungen. pp. 6-8. https://www.deutsche-alzheimer. de/fileadmin/alz/pdf/factsheets/infoblatt1_haeufigkeit_demenzerkrankungen_dalzg.pdf (Accessed: 14.11.2020). [8] Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes (2020). Pflegebedürftige (absolut, je 100.000 Einwohner, in Prozent). www.gbe-bund.de/oowa921-install/ servlet/oowa/aw92/dboowasys921.xwdevkit/xwd_init?gbe.isgbetol/xs_ start_neu/&p_aid=3&p_aid=15749822&nummer=107&p_sprache=D&p_indsp=-&p_aid=15472965 (Accessed: 14.11.2020). [9] Statistisches Bundesamt (2019c). Zahl der Älteren Menschen wird zunehmen. Data from interactive graphic “Tatsächlich” and “Moderate Entwicklung, Variante 2”. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Querschnitt/ Demografischer-Wandel/_inhalt.html (Accessed: 14.11.2020). [10] United Nations - General Assembly (1991). Resolution 46/91: United Nations Principles for Older Persons. https://undocs.org/A/RES/46/91 (Accessed: 15.11.2020). [11] National Disability Authory (2020): Definition and Overview. http://universaldesign.ie/What-is-Universal-Design/Definition-and-Overview/ (Accessed: 16.11.2020). [12] National Disability Authory (2020): The 7 Principles. http://universaldesign. ie/What-is-Universal-Design/The-7-Principles/ (Accessed: 16.11.2020). [13] Eckard Feddersen, Insa Lütke (2011). Entwurfsatlas: Wohnen im Alter. Basel, Switzerland. Birkäuser Verlag AG. p. 10 f. [14] Dr. Gesine Marquardt et al. (2014): Architektur für Menschen mit Demenz in stationären Altenpflegeeinrichtungen - Eine evidenzbasierte Übersichtsarbeit. in: Architektur für Menschen mit Demenz. Editors: Gesine Marquardt, Axel Viehweger. Dresden. Technical University Dresden and Verband Sächsischer Wohnungsgenossenschaften e.V. p. 34-64. [15] Alexandra Brylok (2014): Wohnen mit Demenz - Abb.2 Beispiele von Funktionalitäten der „Mitalternden Wohnung”. in: Architektur für Menschen mit Demenz. Editors: Gesine Marquardt, Axel Viehweger. Dresden. Technical University Dresden and Verband Sächsischer Wohnungsgenossenschaften e.V. p. 90. [16] Prof. Dr. Gisela Adam-Lauer (n.d.): Die Entwicklung des Menschen - Das Sinnessystem. https://pub-data.leuphana.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/291/file/sinne2.pdf, p. 8 ff.

[17] World Health Organisation (1946): What is the WHO definition of health? https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/frequently-asked-questions (Accessed: 05.12.2020). [18] United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2019). World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights. New York. United Nations. [19] R+V-Versicherung (2013). R+V-Umfrage: Gewünschte Form der Pflege. https://www.ruv.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/20130729-pflege-umfrage (Accessed: 21.03.2021). [20] Wingenfeld und Schnabel (2000). Pflegebedarf und Leistungsstruktur in vollstationären Pflegeeinrichtungen. https://www.uni-bielefeld.de/gesundhw/ag6/downloads/Pflegebedarf_und_Leistungsstruktur.pdf, p. 132 (Accessed: 21.03.2021). [21] Mazda Adli (2020). Public Debate - Towards a Healthy City. www.ancb.de/ sixcms/detail.php?id=19405408#.X0IQr8gzZPb Lecture Video 56:45-57:20 (Accessed: 21.03.2021) [22] Körber-Stiftung und Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung (2019). (Gem)einsame Stadt? Kommunen gegen soziale Isolation im Alter. Hamburg, Germany. Körber-Stiftung. p. 3. [23] S. B. Rafnsson et al. (2017). Loneliness, Social Integration and Incident Dementia Over 6 Years: Prospective Findings From the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences. [24] Statistik Berlin Brandenburg (2011). Zensus 2011 Bevölkerungsstand 09.05.2011: Haushalte. https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/basiszeitreihegrafik/bas-zensus-haushalte.asp?Sageb=10025&creg=BBB (Accessed: 17.04.2021) [25] Dina Battisto, Jacob J Wilhelm (2020): Architecture and Health - Guiding Principles for Practice. New York, USA. Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group. [26] Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Wohnen (2021). Geoportal Berlin: Fisbroker - Historische Karten. https://stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ geoinformation/fis-broker/ (Accessed: 19.04.2021) [27] Eckhard Fedderson, Insa Lüdtke (Ed.) (2014): raumverloren - Architektur und Demenz. Basel, Schweiz. Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH.

H3 - Hybrid Health House master thesis project by Thalia Budin

mentored and examined by Prof. Lars Steffensen and Prof. Dr. Ignacio Borrego Chair - Architecture for Health Technical University of Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 152 10623 Berlin Germany