Concepts related to tracer study
Dr.V.Thanikachalam
Concepts Defined concepts to describe an activity to the readers of the tracer study report Largely defined in the educational process May be redefined to suit the views or the processes described
Advisory committee Specially constituted committee consisting of experts drawn from industry / higher education / national or state research laboratories / consultants Limited tenure Mostly to assist the curriculum development / revision / instructional planning
Affiliated institutions Diploma / degree awarding institutions which will conduct prescribed courses. The end examinations will be conducted by the State Board of Technical Education for diploma / post diploma programmes The university will conduct the end examinations in the case of degree /post graduate / doctoral degree programmes.
Autonomous institutions(Academic) The curriculum will be planned by the institutions for the approved programmes The final examinations will be conducted by the institutions. The diploma / degree will be awarded by the State Board / University.
ASSURE ACRONIYUM A: ANALYSE THE LEARNER S:STATE THE OBJECTIVES S: SELECT THE MATERIALS U:UTILIZE THE MATERIALS R:REQUEST LEARNERS RESPONSE E:EVALUATE THE INSTRUCTION
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMY PERMITED TO TAKE ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS , but to be approved by the government. HAS A DUELY CONTITUTED BOARD OF GOVERNORS BY THE GOVERNMENT CONSISTS OF MEMBERS DRAWN FROM INDUSTRY, UNIVERSITY, AICTE,STATE, CENTER,FACULTY REFRESENTATIVE(S ) C.E.O IS THE SECRETARY Of the Board. Enjoys partial financial autonomy Academic autonomy is not given sometimes.
Academic council Body to take academic decisions Experts from the universities / other higher education institutions are included Curriculum will have to approved by this council Examination is to be approved by the council.
Technical Skills Technical skills:Investigation, testing, planning,designing,proto type developing,operating, testing, improving,testing,certifying,mass manufacturing, Costing,Estimating,value engineering, testing and certifying, maintaining,total quality management,marketing
Managerial skills Manufacturing technology Industrial engineering Leadership Human resource management Communication skills Financial management Organizational development Innovation in products and services
Apprentice Trainee under Board of Apprenticeship scheme One year industrial training Stipend is paid by government of India and industry equally.
Internship Paid work / job before getting the degree / diploma Usually for one year only Does not need any change in the visa status Companies pay less to the interns than regular employees
Assignment Exercise to gain mastery Compulsory follow up activity Carries internal marks Transfer exercise to real life problem
Board of Studies A committee constitutes to check the relevance,contents,objectives,courses,e valuation processes. Clears the proposal for the review of the academic council
Boundary Theoretical line around the institutes Represents the communication practices in decision making “Closed boundary” represents the internal decision making with external consultation. “Open boundary” represents the wide consultation with the stake holders
Institutional location Rural –remote place in the state Semi-urban –Municipal towns,district head quarters Urban-Municipal corporations,A / A1 class cities,adjoining areas of A1 cities. Remote areas-hilly states without industries
Cognitive strategies Higher order intellectual skills Most suitable decision based on the current technology Meets the long-term needs of the project / client
competencies
Competencies Total professional skills,technical skills,attitudes,problem solving skills, communication skills, human resource skills Professional standards are specified by the industry
Case study An academic input to get field experience to analyze a stated problem, with the given data and information. Can generate acceptable solutions The decision making capacity increases.
Center of excellence Center devoted for conducting specific long-term,short-term courses, implementing significant research and development studies,under taking valuable consultancy projects for the government and industries.
Center for excellence Center organized to conduct specific long-term and short- term courses,to implement significant research and development studies and to undertake valuable consultancy for the government and industries
Course plan Instructional plan for the whole semester Specifies the topic, objectives,prerequisite reading, May provide references for consultation May prescribe follow up assignment
Curriculum Describes the objectives of learning Prescribes the process of achievement of the objectives Relates to the world of work / employers demands Includes total learning experiences Contents are derived from the objectives
Market / Demand driven curriculum The objectives are based on the market needs The employers are consulted for planning the curriculum Interdisciplinary approach Employability is maximum Requires constant improvement
Curriculum evaluation To check the relevance,adequacy,validity of curriculum against the current market / learner needs Stake holders are usually consulted.
Credit A measure of learning One credit is equal to one hour of class meeting per week per semester. One credit is also equal to two hours of lab./ Work shop / practical work per week per semester To get the diploma or degree the Board / University prescribes the total credits to be earned.
Credit transfer Transfer of learning completed from one institution to another institutions which will be counted for the requirement May limit the quantum Certain credits are not acceptable by the transferee institutions based on the objectives prescribed.
CIPP A model for the curriculum evaluation C –Context (Industrial development / economy/ human resources needs) I-Input P-Process (instructional process / evaluation process adopted) P-Product (graduates with specified competencies)
Goal free model Michael Screivan’s model evaluation Evaluate the programme Synthesize the goals Compare with the stated goals Draw your inferences
Judgement model of evaluation Describes the rationale of a programme States the goals,objectives,courses Presents the implementation processes Illustrates the standards, norms,and regulations Compares the achievements against the standards and pronounces the judgement
C.E.O Chief executive officer (Dean / Director /Principal/ Chairman/ ?) Takes all key decisions in programme planning / implementation / stopping / restarting / ?) Accountable to the Board / Government
Earn while you learn scheme Apprenticeship training is inbuilt in the cooperative programme Stipend is paid for one year under the Government of India apprenticeship Act
Contact programme Prescribed contact class as a part of the programme A part of correspondence cum contact programme Some times compulsory
Course A part of a subject Course of learning with fixed credit Offered by a faculty Prescribed hours of meeting per week May have a prerequisite course for registration
Just in time learning Selected topics based on the immediate needs Exposure to new theories / processes Training on the current equipment / instruments / machineries Activities based on the new rules / laws / regulations / standards
Drop out Learner who dropped out of the programme May not continue the programme May be due to disinterest in the programme May be due to ineffective curriculum / instructional process
Evaluation A method to judge the achievement of the learner The instructor monitors the progress made by the learner and judges the achievement.
End examination Final examination prescribed in the curriculum Mostly closed book test for 2-3 hours Sometimes viva-voce is conducted May be term paper is prescribed.
Effectiveness A measure of the achievement prescribed Testing the achievement of the stated goal
Efficiency Economy in achieving the prescribed goal In percentage =Output / input x 100
Elective course Course based on the individual needs,but qualifies for credit accumulation Based on the job needs / higher education needs Offered by a qualified faculty
Prerequisite Course which requires a set of certain accepted competencies through completion of accredited course
Employability Possess the competencies required by the employer Meets the prescribed jobs in the industry
Pass-out / Product One who successfully completed the programme May not get high paying jobs due to lack of industry / employer specific skills / competencies
Market potential Programmes based on assumed competencies / skills to meet the market needs Based on the current industrial technology application May be meeting future market needs
Employee Paid worker in an organization Possess prescribed educational qualification and experiences Fixed working hours Gets the prescribed compensation
Employee development programme Training programme offered by the industry A part of skill development To meet the current / future job needs
Entrepreneur Person develops enterprise and earns his income. May use the technical competencies Takes risks in planning and implementing the enterprise activities Self confident Vision to be an independent and successful organizer
End written examinations BASED ON THE CURRICULUM SAMPLED QUESTIONS THROUGH A TABLE SPECIFED BY THE BOARD OF STUDIES SET BY AN APPROVED EXTERNAL EXAMINER FIXED DURATION DETAILED MARKING SCHEME EVALUATED BY THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Term papers as end examinations Creative research work Aa a proof of the mastery of the curriculum Developing creative solutions for the open ended problems The instructor evaluates the paper
Feedback Views expressed by the participant on the programme underwent Views expressed by the employer on the performance of the employee Mostly written Or oral based on the interview
Flexible programme Duration is flexible and can be extended Courses are plenty to choose Can select the courses based on the individual needs Can transfer credits Credits are normally offered for the individual projects
M.P.E.C.S MULTI POINT ENTRY AND CREDIT SYSTEM STUDENT BASED COURSE SELECTION CREDITS ARE TO BE ACCUMULATED BASED ON THE CAREER GOALS TO MEET THE OPPORTUNITIES
Goals Overall statement about the programme outcome
Objectives Prescribes the performance of the learner after completing the lesson/ course Prescribes the standards of performance Indicates the conditions under which the performance can be accomplished.
Industry –institute partnership Through consultancy projects / research and development Through continuing education / training Programmes for industry professionals Through testing and calibration services Through product development Through job works Through maintenance services
Industry institute partnership‌ Obtaining industrial human resource needs Planning cooperative programmes Technology utilization and current industrial processes Data / information for preparing case studies / projects Request for experts / resource persons for guest lectures / project / curriculum evaluation
Instrument for the study Set of questions to get the data / opinion May have to give the rating to the statements Validated for the occasion / project based on the purpose May include space for open remarks by respondent
Item bank Validated question bank Tested for its content validity Checked for the learners outcome Exhaustive list based the curriculum Could be used for preparing the end examination question paper
Industrial exposure/ training Exposure to observe the industrial process as a part of the curriculum Training is a part of skill development Stated in the prescribed course Could be selected to prepare a new project
International organization Organizations having production centers in various countries May have common products and processes May prescribe common job descriptions May have standard skill sets
SME Small,medium enterprises May employ a small number of technical persons Commercially viable Profit making units
Job description Statement of necessary educational qualifications, experiences, competencies,technical skills expected Range duties are specified
Job specification Statement advertised in the news papers for calling applications. Job title is stated Pay / compensation is indicated
Job work Small production work based on the sub contract Uses the spare capacity of the workshop May offer work to the learners with wage
Learner analysis Investigates the prior learning experiences Explores the needs of the learner Invites to specify the objectives of learning Identifies the roots of motivation
Lesson plan Programme for the class interaction Specifies the activities of the instructor and the learner Motivates the learner Incorporates the participation Provides appropriate transfer exercises
Learner participation Deliberate attempt to involve the learner / participant in the learning process Seeking the opinion / answers / feedback / doubts / any other relevant view point to enhance learning of transfer to the field
Multimedia Use of appropriate software for presentation of information Incorporates video clippings Integrates in built exercises Provides branching of the lesson Keeps the motivation in the learning
Learning aids Scale models Cut models Working models Simulations Charts Slides Video programmes
Measurement Measuring the achievement of the students through the performance tests Objective tests Open ended questions Restricted response items Case analysis and problem solving
On-line education Internet based education A sort of distance education Given by open / corporate universities / organizations / international development organizations Lead to certificate to postgraduate programmes May have contact phases
Programme Full time / part time programme based on the approved curriculum with specified credits and end examinations Prescribed evaluation and classification of pass marks
Students seminar Based on the theme approved by the instructor Given by the learner in the class Evaluated by other participants and the instructor Students creativity, problem solving and communication skills are evaluated
Students Projects Synthesis of the knowledge gained Transfer to the field / research problem Largely industry specific Proof for problem solving ability
Questionnaire A set of selected questions based on the needs to obtain feedback or information or data or opinion form the stake holder
Quiz/ Test Test conducted for measuring the knowledge gained A part of formative evaluation Mostly consist of objective items Added to internal evaluation marks
Strategic planning A planning process based on vision Development of mission statements for achieving the stated vision Prescribing achievable goals Stating the objectives for programme planning and implementation,and review
SWOT analysis S:Strength (internal) W: Weakness (internal) O:Opportunities (external) T:Threats (external) Develop strategies to utilize the opportunities based on the strengths and over come the weaknesses and threats.
Term paper Alter to end examination paper Research work pertaining to the curriculum Alternate to end examination Creative solution Proof of transfer of learned knowledge to solve defined problem
Transfer exercise Transfer of gained knowledge to the field Proof of competency gained
2-4-6 2: Fixed curriculum 4: Four walls of class room 6: Six hours of class contact per day Educational institutions have to plan for excellence to over come 2-4-6 syndrome. Tracer study will provide appropriate feedback.
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