INTERNATIONALISATION OF INDIAN TECHNICAL EDUCATION
VedhathiriThanikachalam B.E., M.Tech, Ph.D, M.S, F.I.E, F.I.G.S, L.M.I.S.T.D, L.M.I.S.T.E,
Indian Heritage Ancient Indian Universities – Takshashila in the North – Nalanda and Vikramashila in the East – Vallabhi in Kathiawad – Kanchi in the South – Nadia in Bengal
International Scholars Scholars from the Fareast Japan, Korea and China Scholars from the South Srilanka Scholars from the mid East Greece, Afghanistan and Iran.
Areas of Education offered by the Ancient Indian Universities
Medical, Public Administration, Astronomy, Religion, Defence, Architecture, Agriculture and Strategies of expansion.
Impact of Foreign Invaders Destruction of Institutions Low priority to Education Destruction of Educationalists Destruction of Materials Diversion of Resources
Middle of 19 Century th
Establishment of three Universities by the British – University of Calcutta – University of Bombay – University of Madras – 150 years of existence.
Third Largest Higher Education System in the World Attract international students – From Developing Countries – Low cost – Cultural closeness – Closer distance – Historical linkage
Scope to Expand Higher Technical Educational System National Perspectives International Perspectives
International Higher Education ď ˇ The process of integrating an international, intercultural and / or global dimension into the goals, functions, (teaching / learning, research, services) and delivery of higher education
Why Internationalisation? ď ˇ Internationalisation of education is high on the agenda of most of the universities in the developed world. ď ˇ The prevailing view in these countries is the universities that do not make major efforts to become more international run the risk of being progressively left out at international, as well as the local levels.
India – a preferred destination for international students.
Low cost Education in English Global recognition to Indian professionals Strong University network Liberal visa policy Infrastructure – international standards in selected institutions Quality Education in selected Institutions.
Motivation for integrating an international dimension into higher education Academic Excellence Social / Cultural consideration Political and Economic reasons Needs to market technology based products Market Leadership
Factors responsible for the growth of Internationalisation Rising demand for education in the parts of the world where adequate facilities and personnel are not available Surplus educational capacities in many countries Universities and higher education institutions need to raise funds Shortage of human resources for research & development workers
Economic development due to international students. ď ˇ Availability of high quality graduate students ď ˇ Getting political support from international participants countries ď ˇ Facilitating technology transfer.
Acquiring leadership and creating innovation Sustenance of innovation Rapid progress in Research & Development Projects Access to technology, human resources & markets.
Advantages of Internationalisation Promotes values and culture Generates goodwill Enriches the educational processes Enhances the quality of education Ahead of competitors Assists to generate financial resources Helps to enroll the best brains.
General principles of Internationalisation of Higher Technical Education
Equal access for all even if students are financially weak System of international cooperation in higher education Should be transparent Convincingly evident between the countries Long-term sustainable collaboration and co operation Focus on the social and cultural impact of internationalisation of higher education.
Goals of Internationalisation ď ˇ Creation of favourable conditions for outwardly mobile students and faculty ď ˇ Facilitating their studies or trading in other countries.creation of conditions that enable foreign students to gain access to local study programmes ď ˇ International dimension to course contents and teaching methods
Cooperation with foreign partners ď ˇ Developing relevant curricula and instructional strategies and methods ď ˇ Quality to meet international standards ď ˇ Marketability of higher education programmes
Context of Internationalisation Economics Solidarity in relation to developing countries Humanitarian Peace keeping aims
Process of development
Complex process Goals Curriculum Education Accreditation Credit Transfer Instructional process & medium –Materials –Standards –Case studies –Projects
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) ď ˇ A set of multilateral legally enforceable rules ď ˇ Governing international trade in services
World Trade Organization
Came into force in 1995 GATS covers 12 different sectors in services Transportation Recreation Construction Education ..
Sectors of education Primary Secondary Higher education – – – – – – – – – –
Technical education Vocational education Agricultural education Medical education Veterinary education Legal education Physical education Science education Arts education Adult education.
Mode of supply Cross border supply Consumption aboard Commercial presence Presence of natural persons
Cross border supply Programme mobility – Distance education – Online education – Course franchising
Consumption aboard ď ˇ Student mobility ď ˇ Foreign students enrollment
Commercial presence ď ˇ Institution mobility ď ˇ Branch campus / extension center/ college/ university
Presence of natural mobility Academic mobility – Professors and researchers working
temporarily aboard – Contract faculty
ASSOCIATION OF INDIAN UNIVERSITIES (AIU)Initiatives Organising visits of Vice Chancellors’ delegation to different countries Visits of Vice Chancellors to France, Australia, and Thailand Held joint seminars with AIU Australian vice chancellors committee Signing of MoU s with different organizations Participated in Asia Link Programmes of European Union AIU – German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD) AIU –La Coference de Presidents d’ Universite (CPU), France
DAAD Interactions ď ˇ Held Roundtables on Internationalization of higher education with international faculty
MoUs Signed MoUs with the Vice Chancellors committee of Australia (AVCC) Hochshul Rertoren Konferenz, Germany (HRK) La conference des Presidents d’ Universite (CPU) of France Committee of Vice Chancellors and Directors (CVCD) of Srilanka & Mauritious
A I U’s Interactions Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU), London International Association of Universities (IAU) Paris Commonwealth of Learning , Canada UNESCO Global University Network for Innovation (GUNI) International University Sports Federation (FISU) World Bank
Problems ď ˇ Commercial and financial interests have gained prominence in the internationalization process ď ˇ Threaten to displace the more utilitarian & necessary transformation of higher education
NEEDS ď ˇ Evolve policies and mechanisms to promote internationalization of higher education ď ˇ Curb the exploitation of developing countries by the developed countries
Government of India policies relating to the promotion of Indian Education Aboard
Amendment of UGC Act 1956 The Act of AICTE Allow Universities to open off-shore campuses Export Indian education through distance mode Enact legislation that would regulate the operation of foreign institutions Prevent the gross commercialization of education Regulate the operation of foreign institutions Allow only genuine academic institutions to operate in India Simplify, within the existing legal framework, procedures relating to registration, entry-test requirement Issue ‘No Objection Certificate's and extension of VISA
Role of Indian Embassies and High Commissions aboard Play a proactive role in providing information regarding the facilities for higher education available in India Assist in the conduct of fair entrance examination & students recruitment Establish educational counseling & assistance units through educational attaché Raise the limit of percentage of international institutions & Indian professional institutions Creation of supernumery seats.
The Mysore Statement Outcome of the Roundtable on internationalization of Indian Higher Education (Feb 26-28, 2001) Restructure University Administration Create & implement reforms in academic activities Implement credit system Allow and qualify for credit transfer Internationalise curriculum Bridge programme in English Develop “Study Indian Programme” in the Foreign Universities.
UGC Initiatives Promotion of Indian Higher Education Aboard (PIHEAD) committee 2001 Operative mechanisms for exporting Indian Education Formal leading edge programmes offered regularly in Indian Institutions. Short-term credit based courses to meet the specific needs of foreign students Educational fairs for formal degree programmes Programmes offered through distance education Promote Indian Education Aboard through our Prestigious Institutions
UGC Conditions for Internationalization of Higher Education ď ˇ Academic collaboration with the foreign universities for the grant of any degree/ diploma / certificate shall require prior approval of the commission. ď ˇ If a University enters into any academic collaboration such as franchise, study center tie-up or the twinning arrangement etc. with any foreign university leading to award of any degree / diploma / certificate will have to seek prior approval of the commission.
Changes in the Enrollment of International students in USA Countries
2003-2004
Percent (%)
2004-2005
Percent
China
79736
24.48
80446
24.42
India
57206
17.55
56509
17.15
Republic of Korea
52484
16.11
5358
16.20
Japan
40835
12.53
42215
12.82
Canada
27017
8.29
28140
8.58
Taiwan
26178
8.08
25914
7.87
Mexico
13329
4.09
13063
3.97
Turkey
11398
3.50
12474
3.79
Germany
8745
2.68
8640
2.62
Thailand
8937
2.74
8637
2.62
Source: Report on Int.Edn Exchange (I.I.E)
Continent wise enrolment of Students in Higher Education Asia
4,70,42,355 42.22%
Europe North America
2,82,57,589 25.36% 1,99,25,718 17.88%
South America
84,45,751
7.58
Africa Oceania
66,80,500 10,61,313
6.00% 0.89%
Asian Distribution of Students in Higher Education Countries
Enrolment
Percent
China
12 million
25.53
India
10 million
21.28
Japan
4 million
8.51
Indonesia
3.1 million
6.60
Republic of Korea
3.1 million
6.60
Others
14.8 million 31.48
Indian Higher Education Universities
356
Colleges Faculty Students
17,625 4,71,931 1,04,81,042
Indian Universities Central Universities
20
State Universities
211
Deemed Universities
107
Institutions of National Importance
18
Total
356
International students in Indian Universities Countries
Number
Percent
Asia
10,436
78.67
Africa America Europe
2,005 593 178
15.11 4.47 1.34
Australia Total
55 13,267
0.41
International students in Top Ten Universities UNIVERSITY
NUMBER
Percent
University of Pune
2144
23.48
Bangalore University
1996
21.86
Manipal Academy of Higher Edn
1130
12.37
University of Delhi
1003
10.98
IGNOU
963
10.54
BITS-PILANI
648
7.09
University of Madras
363
3.97
University of Mysore
333
3.65
Osmania University
279
3.05
Bharathi Vidhyapeeth Pune
275
3.01
Total
9134
Academic level of International students in Indian Universities Under graduate
77.58%
Post graduate
12.45%
Research (Ph.D)
1.39%
Others
8.58%
Sponsoring Agencies Govt. of India Foreign governments International Development Agencies like Asian Development Bank,World Bank,UNESCO,UNDP,CPSC,SIDA, DANIDA Multinational organizations Self- financing students
Indian students studying in foreign countries COUNTRY
Number
%
USA
80466
60.33
Australia
21000
15.75
UK
16000
12.00
Canada
7500
5.62
Germany
4200
3.15
New Zealand
3000
2.25
France
1200
0.90
Total
1,33.366
Foreign Education Providers (FEP) (1.1.2005 – 30.12.2005) FEP operating in their respective campuses
327
89.84%
FEP through twinning programmes
20
5.49%
FEP through programme collaboration
15
4.12%
FEP through branch campus
2
0.55%
Total
364
Foreign Education Providers who Operate on their home campuses advertising in India Home country
No of universities % / institutions
UK
133
40.67
Australia
46
14.07
Canada
39
11.93
USA
31
9.48
New Zealand
17
5.20
Misc. countries
61
18.65
Total
327
Misc. Countries providing FE Operating on their home campuses and advertising in India Ireland
12
China
8
Switzerland
7
Singapore
6
Cyprus
5
Holland
4
France
4
UAE
3
Ukraine
2
Bahraine, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Malta, Nepal, Sweden, West Indies
1 each
Foreign Education Providers Operating in India Country
Number
Percent(%)
UK USA
8 5
47.06 29.42
Switzerland 2 Canada 1
11.76 5.88
Australia Total
5.88
1 17
Foreign Education Providers Under Twinning Programme USA
10
50%
UK
5
25%
Switzerland 2
10%
Canada
1
5%
Thailand
1
5%
West Indies 1
5%
Total 20
Status of Indian Partners Foreign Education Providers under Twinning Programme Affiliated to Indian 13 Universities Not affiliated
7
Summary of Foreign Educational Providers From home campuses
327
89.84%
Twinning Programme
20
5.49%
Operating in India
17
4.67%
Total
364
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WHY SHOULD WE INTERNATIONALISE HIGHER EDUCATION?
Why should we internationalize higher education? Academic excellence Cultural consideration Social consideration Political advantage Economic benefits
What is the impact? ď ˇ 7 out of 10 Public funded Universities attract maximum international students
Why? Long standing credibility Quality Economy
What else to be done? More flexibility Global curriculum Educational fairs in other countries in Asia & Africa Assistance from Indian Missions / High Commissions Strategies for getting sponsors Additional seats Infrastructure adequacy Cost based seats Proactive council (AICTE)
Develop Leading Edge Programmes in Engineering & Technology Implement as global programmes Involve Indian High Commissions / Missions Generate excellent services Generate funds
GOOD LUCK Be global Indian !