The Cascade Volume 8 Special Human Rights Issue 2000-12-11

-Margaret Mead

Human rights boil down to one simple axiom: that is every person deserves to be treated with dignity. Every problem concerning human rights, stems from a lack of respect between two or more people, or groups. If everybody was granted their dignity, then the issues of human rights would not exist.

ing an historic chance for the advancement of civilization, but still many of the old habits of human suffering persist. The present time, as always, remains the optimal time for change. The enthusiasm, found earlier this century has stalled, and needs to be taken up again.

After the disorder of the Second World War, and the horrors perpetrated in the holocaust being exposed to the outside world, governments

erect in Europe, and with a fit of u.n ch a r act eris tic en thus i as m drafted the United Nations Uni versa! Declaration of Human Rights. While it took decades to realize the significance of this document, and with the progress made in the civil rights and gender equality movements, it is only now, that people are really trying to apply this document to better nity looks like a very hopeless, their personal, as well as their and n a i v e ambition . S o, w it h- countries, posit ion . W it h the out this, society has to have a dissemination of human rights strong desire to move forward, to advance to a time when true equality and respect are not· adistant wish. Our global village has to ensure that everY. person lives in a safe and secure atmosphere, and possess the ability to meet basic human needs (such as the ability to obtain food, clean water, and basic shelter). Civilization has to realize that no one persons r i g h t s s h o u Id e v e r t a k e p rec eden c e over another persons rights, and all peoplehave the responsibility, as humans, to respect the inherent rights of others. These are necessary steps forward, in the battle for human rights.

The struggle for equality has taken thousands of years of human progression, and the positive steps made in the last century have been the most significant to date. With the disposal of most dictatorships over the last decade, and the fracturing of the colonial and feudal systems before that, the human race stands at an i n ere d i b Ie pre c i p i c e over I o o k-

literature, and with practice in dealing with governmental bureaucracy, there has been a proliferation of new causes, which fall under the human rights banner. Senior rights, immigrant rights, aboriginal rights, workers rights, gay / Ies b i an / bi sex u a I / and t ran ssexual rights, handicapped rights, and even voter rights are now represented on the international human rights agenda. While the pro Ii feration of causes is encouraging, the pace of concerned citizens has not kept up. The result is a littering of poorly run causes with little hope of becoming productive towards their respective causes. I am not advocating the abandoning of any ca u s e , but am s i m p I y h i g h1i g ht in g the need for more people to get involved in the pursuit for global human equality.

It is easy for Canadians to become indifferent to human rights, simply because they retain the ability to exercise most of them, yet this is

ability to change the world.

the very reason that the people of this country should be pushing forward with. the cause. Coming from an extremely influential, and prosperous country, one in which most inhabitants roundly agree to being the best in the world, the people of Canada have the responsibility to try and grant basic human dignity to those who do not possess the ability to acquire it themselves. Complacency is simply not an option. Canadians have to Un fortunate I y the issue does from around the w or Id g at h- be I i eve that they have the exist, and remains an essential problem that humanity has to overcome, in order to progress as a society. Any time a person i s n o t gr an t e d th e i r ow n h o no u r, other problems of humanrights are created, so human dignity- remains at the core of personal rights. At the present time, and with the modern p o I i t i c a), a.n d e c o.n o m i c s y s t e m , the granting of universal dig-

Human rights should not be thought of as a distant cause, one which does not affect their daily lives. Rights can be defended abroad, as well as domestically; they should be defended, vigorously, at every, and all opportunities because when left on there own, human rights are impinged on by those in whose interest it is to do so. One of the largest obstacles in overcoming the problems which exist, is instilling a desire in those who have their rights, to continue to advance the cause. Effort is needed, and people no longer find it necessary to undertake the endeavour, being satisfied with what they have achieved. But people have to realize that the contemporary financial system, will always push for human rights restrictions, as it is in their interests to do so. This can be seen in the companies willing to do business in Burma, China, and Indonesia, as wel I as those behind the war in Sierra Leone, which has the diamond business as its major impetus.

While these are foreign atrocities, the abuses caused there are fuelled by companies owned by western countries, who are selling their wares to w e s t e r n c o n s u m er s T h e fa c e1es s leadership of these corpor a t i o n s , Ie n d s i t s e I f c o n v en i en t Iy to the horrible loss of humanity created by their business practices. Every Canadian has a responsibility to understand what their con-

cascade staff

Sarah CONNER editor-in-chief

Dean Huston managing edit.or Christopher BOLSTER· news • feaures editor

Jessica DANYLCHUK sports • afs editor

Kathryn FRIESE photJ:J~clitor Dave PETERS production •Office hours posted outside A226

The Cascade is the UCFV students' free press. Editorial content in 100 per cent separate from the students' governing body, the UCFV Student Union. The Cascade is published sixteen times per year, from September to April. The Cascade has a circulation of two thousand papers, distributed through out Abbotsford, Chilliwack and Mission. The Cascade is a proud member of the Canadian University Press, a national cooperative of •university and college newspapers. The Cascade follows the CUP ethical policy concerning material of prejudicial or oppressive nature.

Cascade contributors

"Never doubt that a small group citizens can change of thoughtful, the world." committed

Darrell Alary Specialty Issue Coordinator

Darrell Alary Heather Munroe Christine Muise Beth Kelleher Ron Dart

Andrew Bingham And so many IT!Ore

Taking rights for granted

... it must stop

By Beth Kelleher Cascade Writer

Everyday millions of

North Americans eat breakfast before heading off to school or work. They assume that offices, and classrooms await them, as well as fully equipped lunch and conference rooms, 1n which they will spend approximately 9 hours of their d a y , a n d t h e y a re r a re I y m i stake n in th_ese presumably simple assumptions. They are encouraged to invent, learn, accept· and'~communicate new Jciea; 1 '.1i!'1d"_ex_plore unlimited rv.~.O.U.tCfS of information on ;_§pbjeqts ranging from math and English to philosophy and political science. However, as many have come to know by the unfulfilled feelings hidden deep within us, our first world standard has accomplished the opposite of satisfying us; it has enhanced our senseless quest for human rights, beyond what is fair to demand.

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2

sumer mentality creates. How can anybody justify supporting a company which is doing business, with a government who utilizes slave labour; or

In a political world and democratic society, it is often the loudest voice or the unified voices of a collective are most apparent. The subject of Human Rights seems to have abandoned the humble beginnings from which it first emerged in Europe in the lateseventeenth century to become the raging wars of rallies, speeches, petitions, and fiercely passionate speakers we think of today. Human Rights have evolved into a favourite conversation topic among the intensely politically and socially minded, however, all Canadians, having been steeped in the conventions of our Red Tory Tradition, claim to pride themselves in the social

portray the attitude of most NorthAmericans today: We shout out our rights and liberties until our own voices grow hoarse from the effort and until we eventually forget the significance of what we're declaring in the first place. Evidently, Freedom of Speech has produced the mentality: We w a n t t o s p e a k , a n d m o re i m p o Ft ant I y, we insist our voices be heard, no matter what we say.

However this is not the case around the world. I would like to introduce to you two people, whose stories changed my entire perspective on this once-so-simple subject: Leelee is almost 15 now, but she has been caring for her 7 younger siblings since I met her 3 consciousness we find years -ago island of Mindanao ingrained in our constitution .. in the Philippines. She had The active declaration of just turned 11 when a volcano prom1s1ng singer and song-

writer, Kendal Payne that, "I will not be bound by want they tell me I should say or be. I will not be silent; I will speak my liberty" seem to accurately

es are other methods of becoming inyolved.

This issue of the Cascade hopes to attract as many people as possible to the movement. uses torture, assassinations, We attempted to include as and mutilation as motivational many objectives as possible, to techniques; or applies severe demonstrate how large the political repression to anybody field of human rights has with an opinion which varies become, and to strike a chord from their own; or endorses with a large group of people, the subservience of half of 1n the hope that many will their population, through antiquated mentality? Canad has to start the process of giving the rest of the world th ab i Ii t y to acquire their personal rights.

So what can Canadians do? The key is having desire for change. Once imbued, there are many one can travel on to help th cause. Getting involved Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, or th Canadian Human Rights Foundation is a positive Another approach would be t simply become aware of th companies and governments who consistently impinge on peoples rights. Then attempt t avoid supporting those organizations. Involvement in lette w r i t i n g c a m p a i g n s , o r m arc h-

ravaged her viii.age, burnedher family's bamboo home and killed both of her parents. Though she lives with her uncle, Leelee must care for her siblings alone, while fighting pangs of hunger and the i n c e s s a n t r i s k o f i n f e c t i o u s d i seas e produced by poor sanitation and a contaminated water supply. I asked her if she had ever been to school, and her sad, round eyes betrayed that she'd likely never learn to read; yet she was already old beyond her years. No Filipinos chant on Leelee's behalf and she does not voice her own misfortunes because she is not even aware that her condition is unfortunate.

Hector was 18 when met him 1n a Nicaraguan makeshift clinic last summer. He stumbled in faint, as his foot

Wanna

A letter:

someone, yet he proceeded to the library in respect for stuask me if I would leave. dents who need quiet studying

we were 111 a public area, implying that I had every right to be there with my little girl. However, he asked me again to leave. I did leave, although I felt almost ashamed of myself for doing so. I knew t h a t my r i g h ts w e re b e i n g v i o1ate d; only my discomfort· of the situation urged me to leave.

On Friday, December /st, my Frustrated, I reminded him that time. However, I wish other If you would like to stop JO month old daughter and I •,vaited for her father to complete one of his assignments. We chose to pass the time in a public lounge area 111 the D building, just outside of the disability resource center. My Daughter, Willow, laughed and happily exp res s e d he rs elf, as we played and read the surrounding bulletin boards

go to the library, a-designated quiet place? I wonder if he would have asked a group of peers conversing at the same low noise level to leave as well, or if he simply thinks that school is not a place for children?

I avoid taking my daughter to

If this fellow student wanted together. From a room across less distractions why didn't he the lounge came a fellow student who appeared nervous and irritated. He told me that my daughter's voice distracted him from studying in a nearby empty classroom, then asked me why I was there if I was waiting for him that I someone. I told was waiting for

bled profusely. Through a Spanish translator, his story poured forth: He was 14 when an American verted him M i s s i o n a r y c o nt o Protestant

Christianity and, as a result, he was banished from his father's house. He lived on the streets until he was 16, old enough to join the Nicaraguan army. Yet,

students would respect my studying needs as student and mother who chooses not to put her breastfeeding child in daycare. The majority of the school is a public place in which we are free to work and socialize. My daughter and I are not.excluded from this simply because her age differs from that of UCFV students.

this type of human rights violation, or solve other similar social problems, please contact Heather or Ann about volunteering in the Women's Center. We offer a wide variety of services including. a free clothing exchange for women and children and valuable

em p Io y men t olr acceptance into programs such as the PDP. Hope to see y o-u soon ... Room A224 (il~xt to the Cascade)

Heather Munro

Thank you to the many st u- v o I u n t e e r s references to seeking dents and profes:;ors who have accepted and e nco u raged the role of mothering students. After reading this, hopefully those who lack tolerance and understanding will follow your lead.

Sherry Hunt

his wages were not enough to support himself, so he did odd construction jobs in his spare time, until he was struck ill with malaria, three months

just as real was the possibility t h a t t h i s y o u n g m a n w o u I d I i k e1y not live past 25.

I think bf these unsung heroes every time the topic of I met him. Human Rights surfaces: every and broke, a time someone plasters another pastor took him in and benefit concert poster in front cared for him, on the of my face, every time someone that Hector announces another women's for the rights rally and every time an in building a overzealous radio preacher when he was sings the praises of our Prime This seemed like Minister for sparing $10 for a fair arrangement, homeless man. Human Rights w i t h f e w a re a b o u t m o re t h a n o u r i d e1aw s and no ologies and words. Vibrant work-safe regulations speakers and their calls to in Nicaragua, Hector's zeal and eagerness to his kindbenefactor led into 16 hour days atop constructed church frame, which weakened in a tropical

action, too often inspire me, as well, but I have found that their fervour rarely outlasts t h e r i d e h o m e o r t h e p r e p rep are d meal that awaits me.

It is terrific to proclaim victims rights, women's rights or aboriginal rights from the rooftops, however in doing so storm, causing we often forget that our basic two star i e s , n a r ro w I y e s c a ping broken bones but unluckily landing on

Human Rights (food clothing and shelter) have already been met. In other words, in this culture where a nail board. As I everything, is something cleansed and stitched his torn flesh, I knew risk of gangrene

have, it is far forget to be all the rights, and tetanus were freedoms and privileges we high, but sadder and already enjoy!

anyone can too easy to thankful for

By Ron Dart UCFV Professor

It is even possible to speak of a distinctively Canadian school of rights philosophy that includes Kymlicka,

should come as no surprise to the alert that Michael Ignatieff was chosen to give the Massey Lectures this autumn, and the topic of his lectures is 'The Rights Rev o I u ti on'; the I ang u age of rights and the many Charles Taylor, James Michael IgnatieffTully Peter Russell' 'THE RIGHTS REVOLUTION

books by Ignatieff are Stephane Dion, and (Toronto: Anansi, 2000)TheseGuy Laforest. quite trendy at this moment in Canadian histo-thinkers are making a theory out of the elemental experience of Canadian politics: the adjudication of rights claims between national minorities, aboriginal groups, and individuals. Michael Ignatieff (p.11)

The Canadian Massey Lectures began in 1961, and since that time leading Canadian liberals have been chosen to address Canadians on important issues

ry.

It is significant that Ignatieff chose 'The Rights Revolution' as his topic; this again positions Ignatieff, the Massey Lectures, and the liberal orthodox view front and centre before the Canadian people. The language and philosophy of rights is a liberal sacred t r u st , an d be c au s·e o f th i s th e liberal mandarin class see them s e Ives as g u a r_di ans of

Ignatieff, true to liberal form, is quick to deflect criticisms from both the political right (which he falsely calls conservative) and the left (which he equates with Marxism); he is aware that Marx called the rights revolution a bourgeois ideology. This positioning of himself in the centre between interest does such an agenda the left and right is predictable serve? There is a predictable for those who give the Massey perspective at work in the Lectures. Ignatieff calls himMassey Lectures and such a self a 'secular liberal' (72) who perspective tends to reflect the seeks to protect the liberal reigning liberal ethos. It rights revolution from becom-

ing a cult of rights without any sense of responsibility (97). This again is a typical liberal menu. Before I offer a critique of the lectures, let me quickly give an overview of the intent and

since the 6 0 s, the rights rev o1u ti on has accelerated and enriched this country and land. Ignatieff (true to liberal form ) uses such up to date I i be r a I language as inclusivitism, differences, authenticity, content of 'The Rights recognition, minority rights, Revolution'. It is interesting .and multicult.uralism to justify to note that even though the liberal embrace of I gnat i e ff has not Ii v e d i n women' s, ab origin a I, gay /I esC an ada since 1969, 'The Rights bian and alternative family Revolution' attempts to discuss the meaning and significance of human rights within Canada since the 1960s.

There are five lectures in the Massey entitled Lectures Ignatieff his chapters I) Democracy and the Rights Revolution; 2) Human Rights and Human Differences; 3) The Pool Table or the Patchwork Quilt: Individual and Group R.i g ht s ; 4) R i g ht s , Inti m a c y ,

structure r_ights. Starting from such liberal premises, I g n a t i e ff i s p e r f e c t Iy c o n s i st en t. He also wants to make it quite clear that rights do entail and presuppose responsibilities. He stands firmly and s o I i d I y w i th i n t h e c e n t r i s t I i be r a I tra.dition that has little patience for the way the language of liberty and rights can be u s e d to Ie g i t i m ate a n d s u pp or t a s i 11y re Iat i v ism or ego istic and narcissistic individual-

and how to respond to such such an inheritance. and Family Life; and 5) Rights, ism. 'The Rights Revolution' is issues. Because of this the Massey Lectures have reflected the ethos, prejudices and orthodox dogma of the reigning liberal class. When thinking about the lectures it is important to ask these simple questions: who 1s chosen to give the • Massey Lectures? Why are they chosen? Whose

Recognition, and Nationalism. very much about finding a The main emphasis and thrust sane and balanced middle way; of the lectures is that the Ian-in this approach lgnatieff guage and liberal philosophy reflects both Charles Taylor's of rights reflects a predictable earlier Massey Lectures, 'The liberal view of history. We are Malaise of Modernity' (1991) ever moving forward into and John Ralston Saul's 'The greater insight and clarity, and the liberal notions of liberty, equality and fraternity

Unconscious (1995). Civilization' are our guides in this unfurl-The problem that Ignatieff ing human journey. We have (hence all liberals), must face but no choice to join this all too is this: once we begin with an true parade into the future. open-ended view of human 'The Rights Revolution' seeks nature, and once we insist that to highlight how in Canada, the dogma and creed of liberty

5thAnnualAmnestyInternationalFilm Festval

A few weeks back, Amnesty Intern at ion a I s po ns ere d their fifth annual Film Festival, showcasing a number of local and international movies.

B r i t Topics ranged from shColumbia M u I t i c u I t u r i s m to i n tern at i o na I people-smuggling. Most of the pictures had their prod u ce rs in to present their work, and answer questions, or guest speakers were on hand to answer questions about the subject presented. At many points the festival offered sobering I ooks at serious human rights problems, yet, if a positive can be found 111 these disparaging tales, many people left energized in their beliefs and efforts, as most of the attendees participate, or work directly in, the human rights field. These events are i m po rt a n t be c a u s e th e y s uppo rt the producers who make these films, and with the media consolidation happening a r o u n d t h e w o r I d a t t h e p resent time, they represent a voice t.hat simply needs. to .tie heard a lot more often. The movies reviewed were a 11 extremely well done, and s ho u I d be seen by an y concerned person, but because of t he i r I o w b u d get , a n yo n e w i shi ng to see them, has to keep a look-out for them. The Pacific

Adjustment Programs on the people, and economy of Nicaragua. Terse interviews w i t h p e a s a n t s w e re i n t e r w oven with interviews of World Bank and IMF employees, and these institutions promotional v~deos. Nicaragua now faces over 60 per cent unemployment, and a populace who look fondly back at the days of Samoza and the Sandanistas. T h e p res e n t s i t u at i o n i s e s p ec i a 11y brutal to the women of the country, and this short film emotionally documents the plight of some of them. The poor blames the World Bank, and its methods, for funneling the money needed for social programs, to Wall St., and not to where it is most needed. The end of the movie, suggests some grassroots solutions to Nicaragua's problems.

-Lie Trygue

Hoods in the Woods: Battle for the Stoltman Director: Daniel P. Gautreau

Hoods in the Woods cent r e s a r o u n d a s i n ~I e e v e n t i n the Stoltman, between loggers and environmentalists, which occurred on 15 September I 9 9 9 . 0 n th at d a y , e i g h t protesters were assaulted by roughly one hundred Interfor employees, three victims were hospitalized because of the Cinematheque, on Howe St. in conflict. The protestors were V an c o u v e r, i s o n e o f t h re e c i ne mas. which consistently show human rights movies. The other two. Blinding Lights Cinema, in Gastown and the Yan East, on Commercial, are

using their rights to peacefully gather, to draw attention to the cutting of trees, which have stood since "the time of Mohammed", in the sacred Elaho Valley. They charge that both on the web, and even the event was organized and when not showing human had police complicity, a charge rights films they show excel-which was not substantially lent foreign films. Places like this desperate I y need to be sup-_ ported, so that they continue to

the movie does a good job in showing the contradictions between Canada's desired international image, and -it's actions towards the environment.

-Dag Hammarskjold

The Diplomat East Timor Director:

Tom Zubrycki

The Diplomat is mainly based around the trials and t r i b u I a t i o n s s u r r o u n d i n g t h ea tt empts of Jose Ramos Horta to use the United Nations, and other world organizations, to put pressure on the Indonesian government to allow for East Timorese independence. The movie does and excellent job in i.,xplaining the history of East Timor, from the times of first contact with the Dutch, through gaining its dependence from that European power 111 1975, and its subsequent invasion from Indonesia, as well as its attempts at political sovereignty Si 11Ce the Indonesian takeover. It has an incredible amount of rare footage, including film from the takeover, the Santa Cruz massacre of 12 November 1991, and private

moments with Jose Ramos Horta. Horta is a tireless supporter of East Tim or, and the movie captures a side of him that is not usually known through his writings or interviews. That is, an extremely skeptic a I man, with a dry, s a rd on i c wit, who often alienates himself, even amongst the expat East Timorese community, to further his vision for the future of his home country. Especially poignant points of the film showed his first meeting with jailed Timorese army leader, Xanana Gusmao, 111 twenty-three years; and his return to his home,-country, after being homelesi' since the h o st i I e Indonesian t arke over.

The guest speaker Jo_r this film was Elain Briear, from Mission, who was one of the last western reporters in East Timor, before the invasion. She has produced her own video on the subject (Bitter Paradise available in the U.C.F.V. Amnesty International office), and provid_ed a knowledgeable update on the East Timor situation.

-U Thant

authorities to overlook human rights abuses in the face of big business.

backed up 111 the movie, but this fact should not talk away from the message of the movie: exhibit these important that is the willingness of the movies. It think about, is something to the next time you re in Vancouver.

-Darrell Alary

DeadlyEmbrace: Nicaragua, B a n k The a n d World T h e

International Monetary Fund Director: Elizabeth Canner

This movie documented the horrible effects of

The closing moments of the movie, included an interview with a seventy-one year old grandmother, who is now doing one year in jail, for her support of these protestors. In an event which marked the September 15th conflict, this lady, known as "Betty", was arrested for trespassing and resisting arrest. Obviously trying to create an emotional International Monetary fund bond between the protestors and World Bank Structural cause, and the affable Betty,

It marks two anniversaries: likely to be vicitimized by a one in which the women in this country made strides towards equality, and the other marks the worst mass killings in Canadian history.

spouse than men are. -45% of women who experienced spousal violence indicated that they had suffered injury, and 43% of these

Any inspiration derived from women required medical attenthe electing of school teacher tion. Agnes MacPhail to the House of -85% of abused women in shelCommons, the first women to ters are seeking refuge from reach this position, in 1921, is someone with whom they had crushed by the weight of the an intimate relationship. Montreal Massacre. -56% of women escaping abuIt was eleven years ago, when sive situations are admitted to a crazed assassin took the lives shelters with of fourteen young women at children and many of these the !'Ecole Polytechnique, in women are protecting their Montreal.

The Montreal Massacre anniversary serves as a

continued from page 6 Z a p a t i s t a .c h i a p a s , I n s i d e Burma: Land of Mexico

children from abuse. f o u r i n t e n w o m e n w h o e x p er i enc e violence report that reminder that violence still their children also witness the occurs against women, as a day to honour all women who have suffered through violence.

violence. This means that one million Canadian children have witnessed violence by Rowley and Ben Eichert Munro; Reporter John Some sobering statistics from their fathers against their

The po,p:ular topic of Pilger Chiapas;, predictably drew the biggest crowd of the festival, which was fortunate because the people who came were able to watch a good quality, high

Using extremely rare film, Inside Burma takes the viewer inside one of the most odious dictatorships in history. The filmmakers won • the

the Ministry of Women,s mothers. Equality, reveal that people still need to be educated, in order for ch~nge to occur: -81 % (four out of fi Ve)

-Girls are two to three times more likely to experience sexual abuse than boys. -the rate of sexual for girls with dis ab i Ii ties is quad ru-

budget documentary. This film International award for Risk Canadi·an women who were pie that of the national included interviews by those Journalism, with this movie, murdered were killed by their average. involved directly in the issue, and deservedly so. They went spouse or partner as well as many famous commentators on the subject, notably Subcommandante Marcos, Commandantes Tacho, David, and Zebedeo, as well as academic celebrity Noam Chomsky and ex-Rage Against the Machine frontman, singer Zach de la Rocha.

The film, itself, did a good job in describing the brief history of the rebellion, as well as setting the situation in a relevant historical sett i n g , It a I s o e ff e c t i v e Iy d i sp I aye d the effects oft.he rebelI ion on the p e a~sants , high1i g ht in g the plight of women, in the area. The film also included songs by Neil Young, Rage Against the Machine, and the Cuban folk singer Silvio Rodriquez.

-Kurt Waldheim

undercover to show the military juanta's use of over one mi 11ion s Iaves, to bu i Id the n e ce s s a r y infrastructure, demanded by western business interests, to do business in that country. They showed the brutal repression of the 1988 uprising, a movement which preceeded, and was much bloodier, then the events of Tiananmen square. Horrific in its tales, the movie documents cases of extreme torture, and e x c e e d i n g I y re p res s i v e m e as ur es, inf Ii ct e d on a peaceful, Buddhist populace. This movie is definitely not for the weak at heart, but it should be necessary viewing for anybody who has never thought about where their cheap clothes and shoes were made.

-Javier Perez

Protecting your health.

We offer Canada'sonly accreditedfour-year,full-time professional programeducatingdoctors of naturopathic medicine,regulatedgeneralpractitionersof naturalmedicine. Naturopathicmedicalstudentsreceivemore than 4,500 hours of instructionin biomedicalsciences, diagnosticmedicalsciencesand naturopathictherapies.

Program requirements: Candidates must have a minimum of three years of study (15 full-year credits) at an accredited university including: general biology, general chemistry, biochemistry, organic chemistry and psychology.

ApplicationdeadlinefortheSeptember200 rogramis January31, 200 I

The CanadianCollegeof NaturopathicMedicine 1255SheppardAve.E.,Toronto,ONM2K 1E2 (416) 498-1255ext. 311 info@ccnm.edu www.ccnm.edu

Barbara Beattie works with her detector dog Rookie and her colleagues at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. They help stop forbidden items from entering Canada that could damage our plants and animals or contaminate our food supply. This is just one of many services aimed at protecting the health of all Canadians.

To learn more about the hundreds of services available from the Government of Canada:

• Visit the Service Canada Access Centre nearest you

• Visit www.canada.gc.ca

• Call 1 800 O-Canada (1 800 622-6232), TTY ffDD: 1 800 465-7735 Canada

December 6 is a day of extreme significance to Canadian Women.

Director: Richard Fear Director: David

-Women are eight times more

Freedom of Speach in the Graphic Design department

I would like to introduc_e

the subject matter for multiple political cartoons which came out in print.. A majority of these 'jokes' were based on his personal views about creation and comments he and his party members had made during being the infamous Graphic their campaign. Design program. I .would like to state that I am an adult with a mind of my own. I am not easily influenced by anyone politically, religiously and/or morally. Also, I do not believe everything I read forming my own opinions based on what I hold to be true. For those of you

Political cartoons have existed for centuries and have ridiculed the likes of the queen, a number of presidents and even the Pope. I be! ieve this to be what we call freedom of speech. It is well known that when you are in the spotlight, who are not aware of what has not everyone 1s on your side. been going on in our little You are open for commentary, department, here is a brief summary.

( q u i t e bad I y ) , com i n g i n second place which makes him the alternative.

faced Mr. Day and he became a national election and he lost We learn the human anatomy myself as a student attending UCFV in a program that over the last few weeks has received some extraordinary press coverage by The Abbotsford News ( a s u p p o s e d I y u n b i a s e d n e w spa per). The course in question

At this point I would like to express an opinion where most assuredly will receive

by drawing it 'undraped' or 'nude' if you will. Models are paid to pose for hours on end in this class. I can feel a few of y o _u f u n d a m e n t a I i s t s o u t r a g e d at this. One of our models, who I shall call 'John' (to protect his identity), caught wind of this "p O [it i C a [ C a rt O O n S h a V e sat i r i ca I ass i g nHe went ex is t e d_ f o r men t. andeithercenturies directly or likesindirectly to Chuckhave ridiculed the Strahl, who as you of the queen, a numberknow JS the of presidents the Pope."

and Alliance MP for our even Fraser Va 11e y rid-

ing.

especially when it concerns politics, which is often viewed in a circus like fashion.

An assignment on satire' was recently to the second year

'political given out students. The procedure here was to satirize a politician based on the issues and the platform of their party. The politician chosen by the teacher was Stockwell Day, the outspoken leader of the Federal Alliance Party of Canada. The class was asked if they objected ~o this assignment for any reasons. No one responded negatively and the assignment was apparently met with a humorous attitude.

Mr. Day (who shall hereafter be called 'Doris' in the sp,irit of satire) was chosen as the candidate in the assignment for a number of reasons. My opinion being the fact that he was an easy target. The press knows this and utilizes it daily. When you have 'alternative' views a n d e x p re s s th em fro m a s o a ,Jb ox, you should expect some opposition. Sometimes you get verbally slapped for your ideas. Once again, this is freedom of speech. The views

essarily 'alternative' in this region some call 'the Bible belt'. Nationally it is a different story. Doris was running in

that 'slap' from some of the fundamentalists out there. Stockwell 'Doris' Day is not Jesus Christ. He is not the saviour returned. He is simply a man with certain Christian views who wants to lead this country. He is not the she pherd and you are not the sheep, although many within this community seem to be acting that way. I apologize to the 'good' Christians of Abbotsford and understand your embarrassment ·of your radical brethren.

Mr. Strahl, who evidently felt a 'smear propaganda mill', imbedded in a school in which he or his party privately funds, went directly to the Dean of studies. M e a n w h i I e ' J o h n • w a s w h i pp in g up frenzy with Trudy Beyak, an Abbotsford News reporter, and most likely an Alliance supporter. As most of us know, the press loves sensationalism and uses it to sell papers. What a 'huge' story for the little town of Abbotsford to chew on. What Chuckie and the press overlooked were the fact that this 'huge' story was a Anyhow, to continue the school assignment. It was not expressed by Doris are not nee-story, one of our classes in meant for mass consumption or At this point during election time numerous newspapers across the country had picked up on the flamboyant fresh

Graphic Design is L f e Drawing.

,%~,_I

used for political motives. It was an assignment meant for stepped classroom critique. These and offered images were not to be posted in an interany department other than view. Beyak Graphic Design. They were not requested going to be shown amongst the community and most imp ort ant l y, not during the election. In fact, many of the projects were still in pre-press mode or going to print on the Friday following the Tuesday election.

So, our MP Chuckie (not to be confused with the rapper) phones up the Dean. He then phones Marion Llewellyn, the department head and incidentally the teacher who assigned the project.

"We have a problem here, Marion."

Meanwhile, the wheels of the press were churning, distorting and creating a story for a town, which hasn't had any "big· news in awhile except for the Sumas power plant issue. The press was floating around the department digging for the 'poop' from the students when

interview be behind closed doors, but ' Marion asked for her students to be present for she h ad n o t h i n g t o h i de I w a s p resent for the interview and fully remember a request for no photographs. The photographer ignored this request and started shooting pictures mid interview. Beyak seemed to be quite biased in her body I ang u age and was a little offensive. She had an uncomfortable look on her face as if she was amongst enemies.

In the interview Marion _stated that the assignment was a 'political satire' using a digital medium (computer graphics) as the format. She also stated that only one individual (Stockwell err Doris) was to be used for this assign-

men t comparable marking purposes. This all seemed valid to me and I was quite amazed by a 11 this at tenti on paid to a simple school assignment.

• Over the weekend I picked up the local newspaper because I saw Marion's picture on the front page. I had actually forgotten about the interview with Ms. Beyak and had dismissed it as a 'no story'. I read the headline 'Politics 101: Smear Day, Get marks' and remember saying, "Holy shit!" out loud. The article contained the word 'smear' multiple times and it was polished with cheap press tricks such as using. 'a UCFV student' instead of actually naming the source of the information. This

remindme of those tabloid papers you see in the grocery store while waiting to pay for your eggs and milk. The picture of Marion was obviously picked because it was the worst of the twenty or so photographs taken without her permission. I was angered and started to feel sick about the sleaze we call 'the press'.

In my opinion Marion was (to overuse a term) 'smeared'.

In the article there was a comment that painted us (the graphic design students) as nominded impressionable fiveyear-olds. I respond to this portrayal directly to Trudy Beyak in my most immature fashion, "Fuck You Trudy!" I would also like to add that Ms. Beyak's career choice was poorly decided. She would be better suited as a garbage person. Now that's a SMEAR!

On the topic of character, I would like to express my feelings about Marion Llewellyn. Marion is a dedicated, knowle d g e a b I e t e a c h e r w i t h a p a ss i on for our fie I d and her st ud en ts' education. She is one of the best! She is realistic about things and I feel privileged to be her student. She .would be sorely missed and the program would suffer greatly with her absence.

I can honestly say I know nothing of 'John' except for his obviously small penis and his overwhelming need to express himself. One UCFV student said that he was an excoke dealer and another student has said that he came to his first modeling a fluffed up hard on. or Whosay ! (Thanks for style Trudy!)

Issues of the Abbotsford News following the election have had a number of letters to the editor slamming Marion and our department. Most of these came from Alliance backbenchers, religious extremists and bible school teachers. This does not sound very Ch r i st i an, to me. I

started to read these letters and noticed references to 'hate mongers' and holocaust references. I noticed a piranha like frenzy reminiscent of the witch-hunts in the middle ages. It seemed contagious and the facts became more distorted and dizzying.

In the last few days Marion has received obscene phone

Doris supporters. All I can say to these people is "Hey he lost. I move on scumbags!" The funny fact about this whole incident is that the supposed offensive material hasn't even been viewed yet. Does this not seem ridiculous?

Before finish up, should write that the Abbotsford News has just today calls and numerous e-published a page of letters mails from from 'our side'. Bravo! Maybe they're not as one sided as I had originally thought

By Beth Kelleher

"-.We are Jane's feet. We are the only part of Jane's body that is i n· ·co n s t a n t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e "ground. thus we are the most humble. over-worked and natu r a 11y therefore. the most sen-'s ible parts of Jane's body. For this reason, and tha_t there are two of us, we should, be at the forefront of Jane's\agenda; receiving unique treat~ent of expensive creams, lo~ns, ::a \ p o w de rs , a n d a v a r i e t y o f s p,~c i a't;.,coverings even at the cost of cut backs to other parts of the body.

most powerful of the five senses. We allow Jane to see herself and the world around her. Since we are undoubtedly the most influential part of Jane's body, we deserve the most care and attention. Though they will be rarely used, we require both expensive g I asses in sty Ii sh frames, and contacts with organic solution. We also think that it is only fair if we be allowed to use cucumbers for cosmetic purposes because our beauty is far more important that the appearance of any other part of Jane's body.

to taste, and for detecting unseen changes in Jane's physical environment. Because my job involves little authority and constant at tenti on I have become a victim of the apathy around me. I am frequently subjected to harsh natural conditions, while having no coverings to call my own. Though I really offer no service to Jane's body that is vital to sustaining her life, I think that I am grossly overlooked.

tion we are given, especially since we are expected to deal with these catastrophes when they do happen.

We are Jane's hands. We are the most important parts of Jane's body that are able to carry out the practical actions stemming from Jane's thoughts, We are obviously the

We are Jane's ears. Though, we are se\Jdom seen, we always ear. We allow Jane to understand the world around her, thus we are by far the most int e 11e ct ua 11y necessary part of Jane's

I am Jane's skin. I am the most evident part of Jane's body; I am all seeing, and most seen. I see the problems, weaknesses and issues within and outside of Jane, thus I have become somewhat critical and analytical and demanding. Also, I am most likely to be judged

We are Jane's eyes. We have the most compelling affect on Jane's thought and We are the

w e r e q u i t.e , a re -e x a m i n a t i o n of e x p e n s i v e c ream s , Io t i o n s , of worker, s rights. We w o u-1d a n d like a paid vacation, maximum number of 16 consecutive working hours, and compensation, paid in solitude, for overtime. As well, it is only fair that our opinion be heard, with regards to who Jane is with throughout her day because we have to deal with· the verbal consequences, thus we demand peace talks with Jane's feet.

I am Jane's nose. I am responsible for 90% of Jane's ability

beautifying products. As well, contrary to popular belief I pr.ide myself in modesty, hence I think it is very reasonable to request and expec_t the social support of an extensive wardrobe.

We are Jane's lungs. Although we are never visible, we are essential to Jane's life. We al low Jane to make use of the air around her to maintain breathing. However, we our is find vita I that role ·becoming thankless, quite of

I ate. We vi o I en t-

people, but this is no different than saying that my skin is most important just because it covers the largest portion of my body. We each have concerns and causes about which we are passionate whether they be women's rights, student's rights, victim's rights, environmental

I am Jane. I am a complete body not the sum of my many parts, however I relate my_ story as a composition of such to make a point: We, as members of humanity, each have a voice. We may attempt to strengthen our voice by uniti ng with others Ii k e ourselves, similar to the way in w h i c h m y f e e t t h o,u g h t t h e y should have more of a voice because they outnumber the nose and skin, however we are sti 11 just i ndi v id ua Is or disc onnected parts, helpless to survive on our own without each other. We may argue that some interest groups should have most multi-talented and versa-body. We are never able to stop on my appearance so I, too, priority over others because ti Ie part of Jane's body. or rest, so it is only logical that require the economic support they are larger or affect more Because of this, we expect our concerns to be addressed as Jane ' s top priority. It is par amount that we be properly washed, manicured and kept at a comfortable temperature at all times. We realize that this requires time and effort, but the other parts of Jane's body need to make a few sacrifices and realize how important we are.

rights, etc and we run the risk of a 11owing our n a rr ow passion to obscure the larger picture of a greater good for all. Just as it was impossible for the parts of my body to agree on what is most important, we cannot all have the same abilities or concerns. So rather than fighti.ng for a louder, different, or more powerful voice, use the one that you ' v e been given, expecting that others will do the same, and respecting that, though their concerns are

ShakehBake

Aung San Suu Kyi

Rustin Bayard, "When an i11di1·id11a/ is protesting society's refusal to acknowledge his dignity as a country into a strong nation that allows a variety of races, languages, beliefs, and cul-

"If there is student discontent, a strong impulse to see it tried "Unity in diversity has to be the authorities should seek to on him personally." the principle of those who redress the ills that lie at the g e n u i n e Iy w is h to h u i I d o u r r o o t of th is di s c o n t e n t : t h e W i 11i a m P i t t , in 1783,

protests of the young often "Necessity is the plea human being, his very UC/ of di,r:nity 011reflect the general malaise of for every infringement of protest confers th e i r so c i e t y " h um a n fr e e do m I t is th e him."

tures to flourish in peaceful and happy co-existence. Only Lewis Carrol, a g o v e r n m e n t that to I e rates opinions and attitudes diF f'erent from its own will be able to create an environ-

Alice in Wonderland "/' II he the judge, I' II be the jury," Fury: "I'll said cunning old try the whole ment where peoples of diverse cause, traditions and aspirations can and condemn you to death." breathe freely in an

argument of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves."

Ayn Rand, "Individual rights are not subject to a public vote:' a

George Bernard Shaw, "Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men dread it."

majority has no right to vote Percy Bysshe Shelley, away the rights of a minority; "Rise like lions after atmosphere of mutual understanding and trust."

Winston Churchill, the political function of rights "Democracy is the worst form is precisely to p r o t e c t of government, except for a II minorities from oppression by

Abraham Lincoln, dom of peaceful change." " W h e n e v e r I h e a r a n yon e arguing for slavery, I feel

majorities (and the s ma II est had fa II en on you ye a re minority o·n earth is the indi- many they are few." vidual)."

slumber 111 unvanguishable number shake your chains to earth like dew which in sleep "It is never easy to convince the rest." those who have acquired power forcibly of the wis-

Josiah Thompson, "Commerce can1,

JO In us at the cascade

have a very happy holiday

Gathered in the mystery of this

dominated professions, deep sadness, life.

I do not forget, I can not for-We must throw our full support The doctors term this as a Gathered in one strong body, get, I remember. behind their cause. major depression, Gathered in the struggle and The women we have lost For every man who will not They are·wrong. the power. around the world, al low a woman to leave, My spirit draws near. The women we have lost at We must try to understand and find -resolution.home,

The call to change!

p I ace In this world!

Do you remember them? The women who simply wish to For every woman killed for not being an obedient servant,Do you hear their whispers? be citizens, Do you hear the screams? Fighting for their rightful We shall stand together strong. For every woman or child whose soul is stolen by the reality of abuse.

I have learned many lessons in the last year, We belong in academe. We must prepare for the battle. I have come to understand on a We belong In the public. deep level what it is to be a woman.

And what it'·means to be part of i he,· st r'u g grf 1 n ,, I ·1 ·'-r ') It' fra's 'been eleven years since -1 :J f. r~ rJ the Montreal Massacre. E !even years!

And the fight continues. And the candle continues to burn. We cannot forget our fallen sisters in the struggle. Prevention can only come

We belong In politics, And our voices must be heard.

War of the heart, tearing off the layers of op·pres·sion

In reality it is oppression, Deeply instilled years of abuse, mistreatment, pain, and suffering at the hands of society, Early indoctrination into patriarchal religion 2000 years of resistance

We must move past remembrance and into the struggle.

W e m u s t b e g i n w i t h th e p r ot e ct ion of our children, Their souls must be kept from harm

Women's Rights are Human Rights!

Our bodies, our souls, our lives,

The battle for the self, the battle for the soul, the battle for the collective conscience, As women, we must fight daily Our choices, our freedom, and for our place in the communiour safety, ty, in society and in the world. We must seize for ourselves. We must not let our sister's Female political prisoners are down. not physically restrained in We must all carry on the strug-jail in Canada, gle. They are captured within their There is no more room for heart and soul.

They must be educated and raised in a wa·y thai do~s not entrap their hearts.

Our sons must learn th at V ioJenee and hatred are not the way, And our daughters must be tau g h t th at they be Io n g anywhere.

through remembrance.

murder,

We want justice for.all, Education·and speaking out is And no more room for violence Justice for all prisoners of key. The streets of Montreal were or degrad'at(on.

conscience, political, social ·All forms o.f violence must end. cold that day.

December 6th, 1989 We lost fourteen of our daughters. sisters and citizens. It was a politically motivated murder.·

Patriarchal misogyny!

For the fourteen women killed at L'ecole Polytechnique University We can not afford to forget. For all women taking their

and economical We've been fighting and fighting for justice All the while, being prisoners of our own conscience

place 1n the world in male • So many women trapped by a

I remember my fallen sisters, And I dream of freedom for all women throughout the globe.

Christine Muise

Brahamanism

"Do naught unto others which would cause you pain if done to you."

-The Mahabharata Buddhism "Hurt not others in that you yourself find hurtful."

ways WO u ld

-Udana-Varga: 5, 18 Christianity "Always treat others as you would like them to treat you."

-New Testament. Matthew 7: 1 2

Confucianism "Do not unto others that lYou would not have then do unto you."

-Analects, XV, 23

behaviour. Ignatieff and honest questioning is negated sent some of the finest think- has had to fight for an authenthose like him are doing their best to rescue liberalism against its excesses on the anarchist left and the libertari a n r i g h t , b u t i t i s m e re Iy a re sc u e operation. There is

i n t h e n a m e o f a r e i g n i n g i d eo Io g y. When liberals fail to see that they can be as ideological as any other group, a sort of repressive tolerance dominates the day.

ing going on in Canada today.

Ignatieff concludes his Massey Lectures with 'Rights, Recognition, and Nationalism'. The distinction is made

tic nationalist vision. lgnatieff does, in a suggestive manner, ask why the rights of the poor have taken a backstage place in regards to other more trendy rights in the culture absolutely no reason, given between 'ethnic nationalism' wars, but he devotes much the liberal starting that .we must a void (see more of his time to the more point and premises, that the anarchist left and the libertar-

Ignatieff states in the lectures that 'Our idea of human rights

Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Bosnia, Germany etc.)

we must applaud. Ignatieff has done much work on the horrors of Germany, Russia and the Balkans, and Isaiah Berlin is his guide in much of this(he did a biography on Berlin). It is this

poor, we all realize, don't have the resources to get all the attention other interest groups do.

juicy and front stage rights that, at the present time, ian right should not be able to descends from this tradition of and a 'civic nationalism' that receive more attention. The use their freedom and sense of authenticity to do as they chose in the areas of economics, p r o p e rt y r i g h t s , m a r k e t e c o n om y , p o r n o g r a p h y , a n d i r r esp on s i bl e attitudes towards both raising children and the importance of families. lgnatieff is well aware of these problems, but he really has no solution. This is the constant deeper philosophical problem of liberalism: when freedoms collide, who decides whose freedom should win the day and

epoch, and why are they the ones to decide. If all insights and opinions are equal, if most longings and desires are valid, it is virtually impossible to. hold together a community or nation. The real issues Ignatieff and liberals must face are not necessarily the hot button content iss.ues in our ever controversial culture wars, but the pro_blems of some of the premises and principles. Liberals are often terrified of questioning and deconstructing, bringing to the dock of serious thought some of the limitations and weaknesses of the liberal project, creed and dogma. In this sense they can be as author~tarian as a fundamen-

natural law' (43). Of course, much hinges on what we mean by natural law and how it is interpreted. There is a Tory interpretation of natural law that suggests that there is an order in the universe and the human soul and to a degree that we both know order and attune ourselves to that order, we will be free. There is a liberal interpretation of natural law that is quite skeptical and cynical about any sort of deep order and nature at the centre and heart of things and this interpret ati on gave birth to the language rights and the b ourge o is-rights revolution. It is this liberal tradition of liberty, equality, and fraternity that has come to both trump and reinterpret the older Tory notion of natural law that highlighted order, hierarchy (there is good, better, best,bad, worse, worst) and an organic v i e w of soc i et y . It i s th i s deeper level that most liberals and lgnatieff never really goes to in 'The Rights Revolution'.

The older Tory tradition tends to be simplistically and caricatured then dismissed, the liberal tradition is idealized and elevated, and serious thinking is banished. This is all so sad

'Ci Vic nationalism' that lgnatieff assumes will lead us into the future in a positive and meaningful manner. I must admit, I have a few troubling questions that won't go away when I hear Ignatieff go on about his notion of 'civic nationalism'. Canadians live on the border of the greatest empire that has ever existed in human history. This empire has done much, throughout our history, to snuff out any sort of nationalism. It seems to me that Ignatieff's notion of 'civic nationalism' can only be purchased at the pr~ce of ignoring much larger questions. I g n at i e ff n e v e r re a 11y d i s c u s se s the FTA, NAFTA, MAI, the American empire and Canada's co Ion ial status: WHY? lg nat ieff is a typical and predictable liberal in all of this. We can do the rights thing for women, gays, First Nations, handicapped, and alternative family structures, but don't ask any questions (beyond a few polite talist. It is always a tragedy given the fact the Massey ones) about the larger economw h e n c r i t i c a I t h i n k i n g a n d L e c t u re s a re m e a n t t o re p re-i c i s s u e s a n d th e b a tt Ie C a n ad a

In conclusion, 'The Rights Revolution' is a predictable tract for the times. The liberal premises are questioned or they are the

never really interrogated; creed all must recite and workJrom-political thought and action is really5; i ••. just a matter of fleshinK out the ', ;~ sign if i can c e of such pr inc ip I es. What has happened to critical thinking in all this? lgnatieff's notion of nationalism is tame at best, conformist and a dutiful Canadian colonial and comprador at worst. Should we expect more from the Massey Lectures, given our knowledge of who is asked to give them and their purpose? The pattern was set in 1961, and the i n t e 11 e c t ua I has never genetic code been altered since then. Ignatieff is just a child of his times and he speaks the language inscripted and planted within him Is it even po ss i b I e to expect more given the fact that the liberal premises are the Sinai Law before which all within the inner Ii be r a I Sanhedrin must bow.

Classifieds

TUTORS NEEDED

All Grades, All Subjects!

Driving an Asset. Toll Free 1-866-888-8677 (Leave your name and number,and you will be called for an over-the-phone interview.)

WARMEST WISHES

The Cascade wants to wish you and yours the happiest holiday season possible. We look forward to seeing everyone back in January for a brand new year.

TEXT BOOK SALES

Don't forget to send in your classifieds to sell used text books right here in the Cascade!.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

servitude; slavery and the slave trade riage, during marriage and at its dis-leisure, including reasonable limitashall be prohibited in all their forms.

solution.

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalien-

Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture able rights of all members of the or to cruel, inhuman or degrading human family is the foundation of treatment or punishment. freedom. justice and peace in the Art i c I e 6 world. Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind.

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

tion of working hours and periodic 2. Marriage shall be entered holidays with pay. into only with the free and full con- Article 25 sent of the intending spouses. 3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 7

entitled without any discrimination to equal protection against any discrimination 111 violation of this Dec Ia ration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8

Article 17 I. Everyone has the right to

association with others.

2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18

widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom. either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to

2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock. shall enjoy the same social protection.

l. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of and the advent of a world in which All are equal before the law and are own property alone as well as in unemployment, sickness, disability, human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people. Whereas it is essential. if man is not to be compelled to have recourse. as a last resort. to rebellion against tyranny and oppression. that human rights should be protected by the rule of law. Whereas it is essential

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair, and public hearing by an independent and impartia_l tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11

I. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the to promote the development of constitution or by law. friendly relations between nations. Art i c I e 9 Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights. in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve. in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms 1s of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge. Now. therefore, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Prue/aims this U11i1·ersal Declaratiu11 uf Huma11 Rights as a cummun standard uf achieveme111 fur all peoples a 11d a II II a r i u II s. ru rhe e 11d rha r every i11di1·idual a11d every organ of sociery, keepi11g this Declara1io11 co11s1a11tly i11 111i11d,shall srri1·e by reachi 11g a II d e du c a t i o 11 ro p r o m o re respecr fur rhese rights and freedoms

Article 26

I. Everyone has the right to manifest his religion or belief in education. Education shall be free, at teaching, pr_actice, worship and least in the elementary and funclaobservance.

Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21

I. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.

2. Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.

mental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

2. Education shall be directed 'to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations. racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

3. Parents have ·a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27

I, Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor and by progressive measures, nariun- to attacks upon his honour and repal and international, to secure their utation. Everyone has the right to the u11i1·ersal a11d effecri1·e recognirion protection of the law against such a II d ubseri·a II ce, bo rh among the peuples uf Member Srares themse!i-es a11d amo11g rhe peoples uf terrilories u11der their jurisclictio11.

Article I

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind. such as race, colour, sex. language. religion, political or other opinion. national or social origin, property. birth or other status.

Furthermore. no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political. jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a

interference or attacks, Article 13

I. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within' the borders of each State.

2. Everyone has the right to leave any country. including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14

1, Everyone has the right to seek and to ei;ijoy in other countries asylum from persecution,

2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crime.s or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Natio.ns.

Article 15

3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free develpment of his personality.

Article 23

1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.

2, Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 28

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29

I. Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.

2, In the exercise of his rights and freedoms. everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality; public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

1. Everyone has the right to a nationality.

2. No one shall be arbitrarily

nationality, Article 16

Article 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person.

Article 4 No one shall be held in slavery or

I. Men and women of full age, without any limitation clue to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to mar-

3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his

3. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the person belongs, whether it be incle-deprived of his nationality nor family an existence worthy of human United Nations. pendent. trust. non-self-gove·rning or denied the right to change his dignity, and supplemented, if neces- A rt i cl e 30 under any other limitation of sovereignty.

sary, by other means of social protection, 4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24

Everyone has the right to rest and

Nothing in this Declaration may be i,nterpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.