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Hilton Head Island Hilton Head Island, sometimes referred to as simply Hilton Head, is a Lowcountry resort town and barrier island in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States. It is 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Savannah, Georgia, and 95 miles (153 km) southwest of Charleston. The island is named after Captain William Hilton, who in 1663 identified a headland near the entrance to Port Royal Sound, which mapmakers named “Hilton’s Headland.” The island features 12 miles (19 km) of beachfront on the Atlantic Ocean and is a popular vacation destination. In 2004, an estimated 2.25 million visitors infused more than $1.5 billion into the local economy. The year-round population was 37,099 at the 2010 census, although during the peak of summer vacation season the population can swell to 150,000. Over the past decade, the island’s population growth rate was 32%. Hilton Head Island is a primary city within the Hilton Head IslandBluffton-Beaufort metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 207,413 in 2015. The island has a rich history that started with seasonal occupation by Native Americans thousands of years ago and continued with European exploration and the Sea Island Cotton trade. It became an important base of operations for the Union blockade of the Southern ports during the Civil War. Once the island fell to Union troops, hundreds of exslaves flocked to Hilton Head, which is still home to many of whom are descendants of freed slaves known as the Gullah (or Geechee) who have managed to hold on to much of their ethnic and cultural identity.

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The Town of Hilton Head Island incorporated as a municipality in 1983 and is well known for its eco-friendly development. The town’s Natural Resources Division enforces the Land Management Ordinance which minimizes the impact of development and governs the style of buildings and how they are situated amongst existing trees. As a result, Hilton Head Island enjoys an unusual amount of tree cover relative to the amount of development. Approximately 70% of the island, including most of the tourist areas, is located inside gated communities. However, the town maintains several public beach access points, including one for the exclusive use of town residents, who have approved several multimillion-dollar land-buying bond referendums to control commercial growth.

Indians who lived in the interior of the ring, which was kept clear and used as a common area. Two other shell rings on Hilton Head were destroyed when the shells were removed and used to make tabby for roads and buildings. The Green’s Shell Enclosure, Sea Pines, and Skull Creek shell rings are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and are protected by law. Since the beginning of recorded history in the New World, the waters around Hilton Head Island have been known, occupied and fought for in turn by the English, Spanish, French, and Scots. A Spanish expedition led by Francisco Cordillo explored the area in 1521, initiating European contact with local tribes. In 1663, Captain William Hilton sailed on the Adventure from Barbados to explore lands granted by King Charles II of England to the eight Lords Proprietor. In his travels, he identified a headland near the entrance to Port Royal Sound. He named it “Hilton’s Head” after himself. He stayed for several days, making note of the trees, crops, “sweet water”, and “clear sweet air”.

Hilton Head Island offers an unusual number of cultural opportunities for a community its size, including plays at the Arts Center of Coastal Carolina, the 120-member full chorus of the Hilton Head Choral Society, the Hilton Head Symphony Orchestra, an annual outdoor, tented wine tasting event on the east coast, and several other annual community festivals. It also hosts the Heritage Golf Classic, a PGA Tour tournament played on the Harbour Town In 1698, Hilton Head Island was granted Golf Links in Sea Pines Resort. as part of a barony to John Bayley of The Sea Pines shell ring can be seen near the Ballingclough, County of Tipperary, Kingdom east entrance to the Sea Pines Forest Preserve. of Ireland. Another John Bayley, son of the The ring, one of at least 50 known to exist, is first, appointed Alexander Trench as the 150 feet (46 m) in diameter and is believed to island’s first retail agent. For a time, Hilton be over 4,000 years old. Archeologists believe Head was known as Trench’s Island. In 1729, that the ring was a refuse heap, created by Trench sold some land to John Gascoine

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which Gascoine named “John’s Island” after a prominent island planter during the himself. The land later came to be known as Revolutionary War, is memorialized there. Davant was shot by Captain Martinangel of Jenkin’s Island after another owner. Daufuskie Island in 1781. This location is In the mid-1740s, the South Carolina also home to the oldest intact structure on provincial half-galley Beaufort was stationed Hilton Head Island, the Baynard Mausoleum, in a cove at the southern tip of Hilton Head which was built in 1846. to guard against intrusions by the Spanish of St. Augustine. The point and cove are William Elliott II of Myrtle Bank Plantation named after Captain David Cutler Braddock, grew the first crop of Sea Island Cotton in commander of the Beaufort. Captain South Carolina on Hilton Head Island in 1790. Braddock was a mariner and privateer of note in Colonial times. Earlier, he had been During the Civil War, Fort Walker was placed in command of the Georgia schooner a Confederate fort in what is now Port Norfolk by James Oglethorpe, founder of Royal Plantation. The fort was a station for Georgia, and helped chase the Spanish Confederate troops, and its guns helped back to St. Augustine after their failed protect the 2-mile wide (3 km) entrance 1742 invasion of St. Simons Island. After to Port Royal Sound, which is fed by two relocating to Savannah in 1746, he served slow-moving and navigable rivers, the two terms in the Georgia Commons House of Broad River and the Beaufort River. It was Assembly while earning a living as a highly vital to the Sea Island Cotton trade and the active privateer. He drew a well-known chart southern economy. On October 29, 1861, of the Florida Keys while on a privateering the largest fleet ever assembled in North venture in 1756. The chart is in the Library America moved south to seize it. In the of Congress. Battle of Port Royal, the fort came under attack by the U.S. Navy, and on November In 1788, a small Episcopal church called 7, 1861, it fell to over 12,000 Union troops. the Zion Chapel of Ease was constructed The fort was renamed Fort Welles, in honor for plantation owners. The chapel’s old of Gideon Welles, the Secretary of the Navy. cemetery, located near the corner of William Hilton Parkway and Mathews Drive (Folly Field), is all that remains. Charles Davant,

843-573-5443 Hilton Head Island had tremendous significance in the Civil War and became an important base of operations for the Union blockade of the Southern ports, particularly Savannah and Charleston. The Union also built a military hospital on Hilton Head Island with a 1,200-foot (370 m) frontage and a floor area of 60,000 square feet (6,000 m2). Hundreds of ex-slaves flocked to Hilton Head Island, where they could buy land, go to school, live in government housing, and serve in what was called the First Regiment of South Carolina Volunteers (although in the beginning, many were “recruited” at the point of a bayonet). A community called Mitchelville (in honor of General Ormsby M. Mitchel) was constructed on the north end of the island to house them. The Leamington Lighthouse was built in the 1870s on the southern edge of what is now Palmetto Dunes. On August 27, 1893, the Sea Islands Hurricane made landfall near Savannah, with a storm surge of 16 feet (5 m), and swept north across South Carolina, killing over a thousand and leaving tens of thousands homeless.

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Harbour Town Lighthouse The Harbour Town Lighthouse is a lighthouse at the Harbour Town Marina at Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. It was privately built and is a private aid to navigation. Although initially ridiculed by local residents during the planning and construction phases, the lighthouse became instantly popular and is today the most recognizable symbol of Hilton Head Island and Sea Pines Resort. The annually televised golf tournament has helped increase the lighthouse’s fame to millions of golf fans worldwide, and the 18th hole at the Harbour Town Golf Links has become one of the most popular and recognizable finishing holes in golf.

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Skull Creek Skull Creek is a historic archeological site located at Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina. The site includes two of 20 or more prehistoric Indian shell middens in a ring shape located from the central coast of South Carolina to the central coast of Georgia. It probably dates from early in the second millennium BC, and is likely to contain some of the earliest pottery known in North America. The Skull Creek rings are the only known example of a later ring superimposed over an earlier one. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

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Daufuskie Island

Daufuskie Island, located between Hilton Head Island and Savannah, is the southernmost inhabited sea island in South Carolina. It is 5 miles (8 km) long by almost 2.5 miles (4.0 km) wide – approximate surface area of 8 square miles (21 km2) (5,000 acres). With over 3 miles (5 km) of beachfront, Daufuskie is surrounded by the waters of Calibogue Sound, the Intracoastal Waterway and the Atlantic Ocean. Accessible only by ferry or barge, and with a fulltime population of just over 400, Daufuskie Island encompasses a rich cultural experience, with environmental preserves, private communities, resorts, Gullah houses, diverse art galleries and history. The island was named a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places due to its Gullah and Civil War history. The island is also the setting of Pat Conroy’s memoir The Water Is Wide recounting Conroy’s experiences teaching on Daufuskie in the 1960s. For thousands of years early humans called Daufuskie Island home, as evidenced by ancient piles of discarded oyster shells exhibiting pottery shards from all phases of the hunter gathering period. Prior to European arrival numerous Indian tribes inhabited the Lowcountry and islands. Culturally and linguistically these tribes were of Muskogean stock. Daufuskie comes from the Muscogee language and means “sharp feather”, for the island’s distinctive shape. As early as 1523, Spanish explorers were sailing the southeastern coast of North America in search of potential settlements. By 1565, the Spanish had settled in St. Augustine, Florida, and were pushing up the coast establishing and maintaining additional colonies. Concurrent with these 16th century ambitions for settlement, the French also made attempts at colonization in South Carolina Lowcountry areas. By the mid-1600s the English began to explore the southern coast. Prosperous Caribbean planters sponsored several expeditions to South Carolina. Captain William Hilton and Robert Sandford both made voyages to Port Royal Sound and vicinity. In July 1666 Sanford entered Calibogue Sound between Hilton Head and Daufuskie. It was during this period of early exploration that Spanish settlers introduced their distinctive Iberian horses to the Southeastern coast. Today the descendants of these horses are known as “Carolina Marsh Tacky”. These sturdy, intelligent horses are particularly well adapted to the swampy and marshy lowcountry region. Examples of this rare breed can still be found on Daufuskie. In 1684, Spanish soldiers enlisted the help of native warriors to fight Scottish settlers in Port Royal, and thus began the uneasy and difficult history of native entanglement in European settlement history. The inevitable clash of cultures culminated with the socalled Yamasee uprising that consisted of three brutal battles on the southwestern shore of Daufuskie Island between 1715 and 1717 that gave this piece of land the name it still bears today, Bloody Point. The quest for religious freedom ultimately brought two European families to Daufuskie Island—the great grandson of French Huguenot David Mongin, and the daughter of Italian Prince Filippo de Martinangelo who escaped the Inquisition. The story of these two founding families is intertwined throughout their long history, and both rose to become powerful island plantation owners.

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Call Us Today to Schedule Your FREE Hearing Evaluation The American Revolution brought divided loyalties to the lowcountry. Daufuskie received the nickname “Little Bermuda” during the Revolution due to the residents’ Loyalist sentiments. After the Revolution, Daufuskie thrived with the introduction of world-famous sea island cotton, a variety prized by European mills. High quality, sea island cotton exceeded all other long-staple cottons in fiber length, as well as fineness and strength. It was during this period of strong economic growth that several large plantation mansions were constructed.

Prior to the Civil War, there were eleven plantations on Daufuskie. Large homes were constructed on several of these tracts – Oakley Hall at Bloody Point, Melrose, and Haig Point. The mansion at Haig Point was unique as it was built of tabby. It was the largest tabby domestic building erected in coastal South Carolina. Introduced in the southeast by early Spanish settlers, tabby is a type of concrete made by burning oyster shells to create lime, then mixing it with water, sand, ash and broken oyster shells. Three of the best preserved, tabby-walled single slave dwellings still standing in Beaufort County can be found today at Haig Point. Early in the Civil War, Union forces occupied the Beaufort-area islands. Union troops on Daufuskie supported the siege and reduction of Fort Pulaski protecting the Savannah River entrance. This Union presence caused white plantation owners to flee, leaving property and slaves behind. After the war, Daufuskie’s remoteness allowed Gullah culture to survive and flourish through the generations.

The building of American wooden tall ships triggered the demand for timber from live oak trees abundant on Daufuskie. This hardwood species, unique to the southeastern coast, was prized by shipbuilders for its strength and resistance to rot, as well as its naturally curved limbs. Daufuskie was in the center of the “live oaking” trade crucial to the development of US maritime power. Shipwrights traveled to Daufuskie and the lowcountry to fell the oaks, hew them, and lug the pieces by oxen to coastal landings. The USS Constitution—”Old Ironsides”—was constructed with live oak.

The Gullah language is a legacy of the original slaves and later laborers who remained once the plantations folded. The lowcountry was remote until the mid-20th century, but the isolation of Daufuskie created the perfect climate for the language and manners of the Gullah people to remain remarkably well preserved. The language is a colorful and rhythmic blend of West African and rural English dialect that is becoming increasingly rare to hear. Daufuskie is in the center of the Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor. Following the Civil War the farming, mining, and timber industries were re-established in Beaufort County and the lowcountry. This activity meant the waterways around

Daufuskie, with its critical position between Port Royal and Savannah, became very busy. Navigation aids became necessary to support the increased volume of shipping. In 1873 the Haig Point Range Lights were constructed on the island’s northern end. This was followed by the Bloody Point Range Lights in 1883 built to assist ships approaching the Savannah River entrance. From the 1880s the oyster industry flourished on Daufuskie. By the turn of the century the island had a population of 2,000-3,000, most of whom worked in this lucrative shellfish trade. The flat coastline, saltmarsh estuary, and natural oyster reefs, combined with a lengthy spawning season, make waters surrounding Daufuskie the perfect habitat for growing abundant clusters of meaty, briny oysters. Daufuskie oysters were known as far away as Bar Harbor and New York. It is reported that the Tsar of Russia preferred Daufuskie oysters. Eventually, in the 1950s, pollution closed the oyster beds and the island’s economy declined.Electricity came to the island in 1953 and telephones in 1972; however, with few opportunities for work, the population shrank to less than a hundred people, leaving a legacy of rich Gullah history. In the 1980s developers started making plans to make Daufuskie Island a residential development destination, and the planned developments of Bloody Point, Melrose, Haig Point, and Oakridge were born. Despite this progress and development, the island’s historic district has remained untouched to preserve the Gullah culture, and today the entire island is on the National Register of Historic Places.

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Fort Fremont Historical Park Fort Fremont was a military installation on Saint Helena Island, South Carolina. Construction of coastal batteries was authorized by Congress under the $50 million Harbor Fortification Defense Act of 1898. Fort Fremont was built by the Corps of Engineers on condemned private property with construction starting in 1899. Former owners of portions of the condemned land were Ellen A. Crofut, F.A. Dran, Jacob Meyers, Jack Freeman, July Fripp, Andrew Jenkins and Ellen Williams. The Corps of Engineers hired labor from the Beaufort area to build the military complex. In 1900, Fort Fremont was turned over to the Coast Artillery. The National Register of Historic Places documentation states that “Fort Fremont is one of only two extant Spanish–American War fortifications which retain their character from that period.” The complex at Fort Fremont consist-

ed of almost 170 acres of land with numerous outbuildings, including an Administration building, guard house, barracks, hospital, stable, mess hall, bakery, commissary, post exchange, lavatory, and water tower. Of these, only the 10 inch battery, the rapid-fire battery and the brick hospital built in 1906 survive. All the other structures were made of wood and were demolished at various points before 1989 when documentation was submitted to the National Register of Historic Places. The garrison’s single artillery company manned three 10-inch disappearing guns and two 4.7-inch rapid fire guns. Much of the bastions and the concrete emplacements for the guns remain today. (The March 2, 1899 issue of The Palmetto Post told that “a large force of laborers” was at work on the fortifications, that the 4.7-inch guns had already been mounted, and the emplacements had been completed for the larger weapons). As early as 1906, however, the War Department gave serious consideration to the closing of Fort Fremont,

due to budgetary constraints. Regarding reports that Fort Fremont would be sold or abandoned, the April 16, 1912 issue of the Beaufort Gazette quoted the Assistant Secretary of War: “... I have the honor to inform you that no such action is contemplated at present. A small detachment of soldiers had been serving as caretakers at the fort after troops stationed there had been reassigned to Galveston the previous year. A December 7, 1921 Charleston News and Courier article reported that the U.S. Treasury Department requested Fort Fremont from the U.S. War Department for use as a quarantine station. The property had by then been placed on the Secretary of War’s list of properties no longer needed for military purposes and available for sale. Fort Fremont was subsequently deactivated as a military installation in 1921. Today the Fort is a Historical Preserve.

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Creation of Mitchelville

Mitchelville was a town built during the American Civil War for escaped slaves, located on what is now Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. It was named for one of the local Union Army generals, Ormsby M. Mitchel. The town was a population center for the enterprise known as the Port Royal Experiment. History: During the first year of the Civil War, on November 7, 1861, Union forces consisting of approximately 60 ships and 20,000 men under the command of Union Navy Captain Samuel F. DuPont and Army General Thomas W. Sherman attacked Confederate forces commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Drayton (a local planter) defending Hilton Head Island at Fort Walker and Fort Beauregard. By 3:00 p.m., the Confederate forces had retreated from the forts; when Union troops landed on Hilton Head Island, they encountered no resistance and discovered that the white inhabitants of the island had already fled to the mainland. Hilton Head Island became the Union’s southern headquarters for the war and a military supply depot. Fortifications (such as Fort Howell), a hospital, barracks, and other utilitarian structures were built for the military, which at times numbered 30,000 men. The island was used as a staging ground for the blockading of Savannah and Charleston.

Within two days of the Union capture of the island, approximately 150 escaped slaves (or those left behind by the Hilton Head Island planters when they fled the island) came to the Union army’s encampment; by December 15, approximately 320 escaped slaves had sought refuge at the Union army’s encampment. These escaped slaves were regarded as “contraband of war” or as simply “contrabands;” they were not yet technically “freedmen”, and the Union army was unsure of what to do with them. General Thomas West Sherman repeatedly wrote his superiors in Washington asking for guidance regarding, and supplies for, the “contrabands”. Official policy regarding “contrabands” varied between Unionoccupied areas, a problem which persisted throughout the war. On February 6, 1862, General Sherman issued General Order 9, which requested assistance for the contrabands from the “highly favored and philanthropic people” in the north. Help came from two sources: from the philanthropic northerners whom Sherman requested assistance from (such as that given by the American Missionary Association); and from Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, who sent his colleague and outspoken opponent of slavery Edward L. Pierce to Port Royal to examine and eventually

oversee the government effort regarding the freed slaves. Pierce and representatives from the American Missionary Association quickly devised a plan for the education, welfare, and employment of the former slaves. freeing the blacks on the Sea Islands. On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in the rebellious/Confederate states, which included South Carolina: The Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom ... and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages Many Union officers complained that the ex-slaves “were becoming a burden and a nuisance.” Some Union troops stole from the ex-slaves, and it is apparent from primary resources that the racial attitudes of some of the Union troops towards the blacks were negative; General Mitchel remarked that he found “a feeling prevailing among the officers and soldiers of prejudice against the blacks.” By February 1862, the ex-slaves were living inside the Union camps, in white-

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washed, wooden barrack-like structures built specifically for them and under the control of the Quartermaster’s Department; similar camps were also built in nearby Beaufort, Bay Point, and Otter Island. But by October 1862, however, Union leaders believed this approach was a failure, as living conditions for the freedmen were substandard and there was a need to separate the soldiers from the ex-slaves, and vice versa: Some wholesome changes are contemplated by the new regime, not the least of which is the removal of the negro quarters beyond the stockade, where they can at once have more comfort and freedom for improvement ... Accordingly, a spot has been selected near the Drayton Plantation for a Negro village. They are able to build their own houses, and will probably be encouraged to establish their own police. Maj. Gen. Ormsby M. Mitchel, Commander of the Department of the South and headquartered at Hilton Head, decided to develop a town for the escaped slaves. Built in a cotton field on the former Drayton Plantation and in close proximity to the military camps,

it was eventually known as Mitchelville after the commander. Unlike other contraband camps, Mitchelville was developed as a regular town, with roads, one-quarter-acre lots, elected officials (some officials were appointed by the Union military, however), a church, various laws addressing such issues as community behavior and sanitation, collection of taxes, and a compulsory education law for children between the ages of six and fifteen. This was likely the first such law in the South. By late November 1862, Federal tax commissioners were able to fix taxes on local plantations, with Fish Hall (Tract No. 3) being assessed as being worth $5,200.00, with $156.00 in taxes owed. When Thomas Drayton failed to pay the taxes due on the property, it was advertised for sale by the Federal government. The government purchased it, holding it until 1875, when white Democrats regained control of the state legislature shortly before the end of Reconstruction. The town was established by late 1862, and contained about 1,500 residents by November 1865. The residents of Mitch-

elville supported themselves largely by wage labor for the military, earning mostly between four dollars and twelve dollars a month, depending on their level of skill. Nearly all of the wage jobs for the residents of Mitchelville ceased when the Union military departed the island in 1868, more than two years after the end of the war. The residents switched to a subsistence farming-based economy, with many forming farming collectives, joining together to rent large tracts of land from the government. Documents show that many of the Hilton Head Island freedmen experienced an extreme shortage of food after the military departed the island. The town or village continued relatively intact into the early 1870s. But sometime in the early 1880s, Mitchelville ceased being a true town. It dissolved to a small, kinship-based community that survived into the 1920s. A 1920 topographic map of Hilton Head Island shows a cluster of buildings centered around a church. Previous archaeological investigations have concluded that the majority of Mitchelville was abandoned by c. 1890.

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10 Things You Might Not Know about Hilton Head Island

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2. Ever hear someone mention the toe of Hilton Head and wonder what in the world they meant? The island is shaped like a foot. People refer to the heel, toe or ankle of the island when describing locations. 3. There is not a single neon sign on Hilton Head. The island was developed to try to remain in harmony with the natural world, so all the signs are in natural, neutral colors, with definitely no blinking neon. 4. Before the Civil War, two dozen plantations on the island grew famous Sea Island Cotton. Nowadays, when you hear someone refer to “plantations” on Hilton Head, they are talking about the large resort communities that use the term. 5. Until World War II’s D-Day, the largest amphibious landing in US history happened on Hilton Head. On Nov. 7, 1861, Union troops stormed and captured the island during the American Civil War. 6. The first self-governed freedman’s town in the United States was founded at Mitchelville on Hilton Head Island during the Civil War by the formerly enslaved people who worked the plantations on the island.

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7. Hilton Head is one of the Sea Islands where the Gullah culture developed. Isolated from the mainland, the freedmen of the Sea Islands created their own culture. Learn more about this vibrant and fascinating culture’s foods, language, art and more when visiting Hilton Head. The Coastal Discovery Museum is a great place to start your education.

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8. Until 1956, the only way to get to and from the island was by boat. Resort development began the same year, when Charles Fraser began planning and building Sea Pines Plantation, the first and best-known resort community on the island.

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10. The red and white striped lighthouse in Harbour Town has never been a functioning lighthouse at all. It was built to be a gift shop and tourist attraction. Early doubters called it “Fraser’s Folly,” after the early developer who built it, but it has become an iconic and beloved symbol of Hilton Head.

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Sea Pines Resort - Heron Point by Pete Dye Designed by legendary course architect Pete Dye, Heron Point is nothing short of a modern work of art, the centerpiece of any Hilton Head Island golf vacation.

Sea Pines Resort - Atlantic Dunes The exciting new Atlantic Dunes by Davis Love III, featuring a pronounced seaside ambiance and one of Hilton Head Island’s only two oceanfront holes, introduces an entirely rebuilt layout to accommodate modern shot values and frame scenic corridors. 32 Greenwood Drive, HILTON HEAD ISLAND SC 29928 www.seapines.com

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