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SEPTEMBER 2018
GRAIN BIN INDUSTRY FEELS IMPACT OF STEEL TARIFFS, LOW GRAIN PRICES
11 On-call combine mechanics
PLAY VITAL ROLE
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INSIDE THIS ISSUE On the cover
GRAIN BIN INDUSTRY FEELS IMPACTS OF STEEL TARIFFS 11
The flooring is the final part of a grain bin to be installed for the construction project that typically takes two to two-and-a-half days from start to finish to install. (Matt Gade / Republic)
Features Ag specialist
links cover crops to highway safety
On-call combine mechanics
Grain bin industry
Global middle class brings
Year-old SDSU facility
Winter wheat breeding
The environmental disease
play vital role during harvest season feels impacts of steel tariffs
new market opportunities to South Dakota already strapped for space increases yield potential called pinkeye
5 6 11 18 21 29 30
Publisher JO N I H A R M S Editor L U K E H AG EN Advertising Director LO R I E H A N S EN Layout Design DA N YO U N G South Dakota Farm & Ranch is a monthly agricultural publication dedicated to informing South Dakota area farmers and ranchers about current topics, news and the future of agriculture. This publication fits the niche of our unique farmers and ranchers of South Dakota, and the diverseness we have in our state. Although the Missouri River divides our state, we are all South Dakotans and thank the land for supporting us each and every day. You, our readers, may be livestock ranchers, or row crop farmers, and everywhere in between, however, we all have a common goal in mind. We feed and support the growing population and want the next generation to find that same love, dedication and support that agriculture can offer. To subscribe to this FREE publication, contact South Dakota Farm & Ranch.
Contact Us PO BOX 1288 • MITCHELL , SD 605-996-5514
sdfarmandranch September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 3
4 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH September 2018
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Ag specialist links cover crops to highway safety C
BY JAKE SHAMA For South Dakota Farm and Ranch
over crops are known for improving soil health, but one agriculture specialist says they might also improve public safety. “This past year we had some major dust storms in the Midwest that included deaths and car accidents,” said Sara Bauder, agronomy field specialist for South Dakota State University Extension in Mitchell. “One of the main principles of soil health includes keeping the soil covered — one of the original intentions behind cover crops.” According to the National Weather Service, dust storms impacted South Dakota on May 28, 2017, and June 1, 2018, the latter of which “caused a few traffic incidents.” And according to a Facebook post from the South Dakota Highway Patrol, a dirt storm caused “multiple crashes along a two-mile stretch of roadway” on April 29 west of Miller, and the Associated Press reported one fatality in Nebraska from the same storm. All of these storms occured in late spring or early summer — after cover crops are typically removed to make room for cash crops. But Bauder said planting cover crops can still have an impact. “By leaving the residue of the cover crops on the soil surface and implementing no-till practices, we can reduce erosion. No matter what time of year — early spring to late fall is, of course, the hardest — we try to keep our soils covered and reduce topsoil erosion. Cover crops are a big aid in that process,” Bauder said. “So even if they are dead, as long as they are left on the surface or some portion of them is, that dead material is like armor for the soil.”
More popular, many choices Bauder said cover crop usage across the state seems to be growing in popularity, especially as soil health becomes a popular topic. However, she said SDSU Extension doesn’t have stats on the actual number of acres planted, as there is no required federal reporting system or survey for cover crops. “In the past five years it has really taken off as Extension, NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service), and many private industry businesses focus more on soil health and extended grazing seasons,” Bauder said. “Because we don’t have hard numbers I can’t say how much, but acres are definitely growing.” Beyond curbing erosion, cover crops also break up soil compaction, increase biological soil activity, extend the grazing season, increase forage supply, improve water quality, suppress weeds and pests and increase soil health and moisture, Bauder said. As for which cover crop to plant, Bauder said South Dakotans have a wide variety of choices, including clover, ryegrass, barley, radish, turnip, rapeseed, buckwheat, canola, vetch, cowpea, flax, sorghum, sudangrass, hairy vetch, lentil, oat, pea, sugar beet, sunn hemp, teff grass, triticale and winter rye among others. Depending on the crops chosen, Bauder has helped farmers create crop mixes costing between $13 and $25 per acre. But she said farmers should look at cover crops as a long-term investment. “The benefits of cover crops are not simply measurable in one year. There are long-term benefits as well as short-term ones, especially depending upon the intended use,” Bauder said.
Low maintenance crops After planting, cover crops usually require little maintenance. But like all crops, they are affected by moisture. “Much like any crop, moisture is generally the limiting factor in South Dakota,” Bauder said. Beyond making sure the seed gets moisture and germinates, Bauder said most producers then allow the cover crops to grow on their own without fertilizers or herbicide, as they aren’t intended to be harvested for grain. Instead of being harvested, cover crops may be allowed to die from frost or sprayed with herbicide. So cover crops soak up nutrients in the soil and then release them back into the ground before planting begins. The process also adds organic matter, soil coverage, living roots and more. Plus, livestock may graze on cover crop, while others cut it for hay. “Generally speaking,” Bauder said, “I’d say most producers grow and leave them in the field to die or be killed before planting their cash crop, or they graze them.” September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 5
On-call combine mechanics play vital role during harvest season STORY AND PHOTOS BY SAM FOSNESS South Dakota Farm and Ranch
H
arvest season is a pinnacle time for farmers, but what happens when a combine breaks down in the peak of the season? A service mechanic drops what they are doing to get the nearly half-million-dollar equipment up and running in minimal time. Chris Scott, owner of Scott Supply Co. in Mitchell, has four on-call mechanics designated to fix combines during harvest season, which has already begun for some area farmers. “Our on-call service guys have to be ready to go come harvest season, and they have to juggle a lot of farmers needing to service their combines when the pressure is on,” Scott said. “We try taking care of customers first, but we do our best to help everyone, no matter what color their equipment is.” Maverick Harrington, a combine service mechanic with Scott Supply Co. in Mitchell, is one of the 6 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH September 2018
technicians who takes on the task of being an on-call service mechanic during harvest. “I usually get about four or five calls per day during the harvest season, and the type of mechanical problems vary with each piece of equipment,” said Harrington, taking a break from fixing a combine in the shop area of Scott Supply Co. The high volume of mechanical problems and breakdowns bring additional pressure to on-call mechanics like Harrington. “Everyone needs their piece of equipment to be up and running during harvest, so being quick helps,” Harrington said. While Harrington said the goal is to be able to fix the combines in the field, Scott Supply Co. has three semis available if a combine breakdown is so severe it requires servicing in the shop. Continued on page 9
Above: Maverick Harrington, a service technician at Scott Supply Co. in Mitchell, works on a Case IH combine in the shop during harvest season.
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“If there is a complicated electrical issue or something got into the harness, then we may have to transport the combine back to the shop,” Harrington said. “It could also be a hydraulic issue, which requires us to bring the combine in to do more testing.” While gradual improvements of combine technology are designed to help farmers during harvest, it can add challenges to a service mechanic’s task of fixing a combine when the pressure is on. Scott said new combines have more electrical problems due to the advancements of combine technology. “Reliability is always getting better in combines, but the problems are changing a bit,” Scott said. “There are more electrical problems, and mechanics get more questions regarding how to operate the GPS systems and other technology improvements in combines.” The type of mechanical problems farmers experience vary, but Harrington said electrical issues are chief among those problems. Harrington is able to fix some unique electrical issues over the phone, but he is typically required to assess the problems in the field. With farmers being scattered throughout South Dakota, deciding the distance to send on-call service mechanics can be a tricky process for Scott.
Scott said his service mechanics usually stay within a 50-mile radius from the dealership in Mitchell, but they do make exceptions. One of those exceptions is farmers harvesting areas west of Kimball. “Especially out west, we go further than the 50-mile radius, mainly because the dealers are fewer and farther between in that area,” Scott said. Training mechanics to adapt to the new technology improvements is something Scott takes seriously. He said to be a certified Case IH pinnacle dealer, there are strict training requirements that the implement technicians have to go through each year. “All of our technicians train on one product or another, and every year they have to go through update training,” Scott said. Update training is a process that Scott’s technicians participate in, which aims to help mechanics learn how to better service common problems that farmers experienced the previous year. “Mechanics also learn about any product updates that have been made to combines and agriculture equipment while they are going through the update training,” Scott added. While Scott said the training is very expensive, it is something he values as an owner of a large implement business in farm country.
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September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 9
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Grain bin industry feels impact of steel tariffs, low grain prices BY ABBIE LAMBERT South Dakota Farm and Ranch PHOTOS BY MATT GADE
A
RMOUR — The end of September and early October not only marks the busy season for farmers, but also for businesses like Bob’s Farm Service of Armour, which specializes in farm bin equipment. A full schedule and waiting list for grain bin installations is often a common sign of a good year for the grain bin building business. “We’re fully booked through the end of October easily at this point,” said Kendall Strand, president of
Bob’s Farm Service. “And we could have sold at least 20 more bins.” Strand said a fully booked fall schedule is not uncommon for the family-run business. Grain bins are assets to the farming business, allowing farmers to write off taxes, control when they harvest and decide when their grain goes to market. Bob’s Farm Service also receives many service calls each year as farmers swap old grains for the new yield.
Above: In two days a 33,000 bushel grain bin was installed on a farm south of Mount Vernon by Bob’s Farm Service out of Armour.
Continued on page 13 September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 11
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GRAIN BINS
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Proud to be family owned since 1919
The flooring is the final part of a grain bin to be installed for the construction project that typically takes two to two-and-a-half days from start to finish to install.
Continued from page 11
This year has been a good year for the company. While many bin orders were place throughout the winter, half of the total grain bins sold by Bob’s Farm Service were bought within the last 60 days. Strand believes this delayed rush is due to the new steel tariffs and low soybean and corn prices impacting the Midwest. On June 1, the United States imposed a 25 percent tariff on imports of steel from the European Union, Canada and Mexico, hitting many farmers hard with low grain prices. Farmers are stuck making the decision to sell their yield at a loss or store it until grain prices increase. Neither is an easy choice. “It is kind of a dual impact,” Strand said. “Grain prices have been down for quite a while, but it really takes that last nudge to push farmers over the top.” Even with the impact of low grain prices and steel tariffs, the business overall is installing, on average, the same number of bins as the last three years. Kendall Stewart of Bob’s Farm Service out of Armour installed a 49 foot, 33,000 bushel grain bin on a farm south of Mount Vernon.
Continued on page 14
September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 13
Weather and wind especially make it difficult to install grain bins according to Kendall Stewart of Bob’s Farm Service out of Armour.
Continued from page 13
“As a former banker, I can tell you that’s due to the economy,” Strand said. “Lots of bankers are saying no, and I would say two-thirds of our farmers are doing grain bins this year with the government’s Farm Storage Facility Loan Program.”
Bob’s Farm Service typically sells and builds 75 to 100 grain bins each year. On average, a 33,000 bushel grain bin takes only a few days to construct from bottom to top. Strand and his crew of dedicated staff try hard to complete projects quickly, but many times weather plays a large role in the installation
14 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH September 2018
time. Because a grain bin is built from the ground up, starting with the roof, each piece is lifted by jacks until the steel bin is assembled. According to Strand, wind and an unfinished grain bin don’t mix. “It’s like a big 30,000 pound kite,” he said. “If the wind is north of 15 miles per hour it gets pretty hairy.”
To farmers looking to purchase a grain bin in the future, Strand said the best thing to do is to be proactive and plan ahead. “Buy in the winter so that way you’re first up to bat and you’re not trying to get the grain bin finished right before harvest,” Strand said.
It typically takes two to two-and-a-half days from start to finish to install a grain bin according to Kendall Stewart of Bob’s Farm Service out of Armour.
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Explosive growth in global middle class brings new market opportunities to South Dakota High demand for soybeans, feed and livestock predicted for export market to China STORY AND PHOTOS BY SHEILA SLATER South Dakota Farm and Ranch
S
Farmers, ranchers and producers listen in at a work session titled 'State of Ag' presented by Nate Franzén, President of the Agri Division at First Dakota National Bank during DakotaFest last week.
18 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH September 2018
weeping economic change and social transformation are pushing more and more people out of poverty around the world. The fastest growing areas globally continue to be the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) countries and economists suggest similar expectations for growth in 2019. But what does this mean for South Dakota’s agriculture? In China, for example, the decades ahead middle class’s continued expansion will be driven by labor
market and policy initiatives that push wages up, trigger financial reforms that stimulate employment and income growth, and encourage productivity. If it plays out as expected, urban household income in China will at least double by 2022. People will have more discretionary income, will spend more money and consume more food, and over the long run this is certain to have a positive effect on the agricultural markets in South Dakota, believes Nate Franzén,
president of the Agri-business Division at First Dakota National Bank in Yankton. During an informative work session hosted by First Dakota National Bank at DakotaFest in Mitchell last month, Franzén stressed the value of the global markets and the importance of imports and exports on United States agriculture in general. “China will offer a lot of great opportunities for us in the next couple of decades. Over the long term the outlook is predicted to flatten by 2022, mainly due to the one child policy China had. Their growing aging population will be less productive in the future than the younger generations,” Franzén said. China’s meat consumption has continued to grow significantly over the past years. The Smithsonian Institute reports the country consumes 28 percent of the world’s meat — twice as much as the United States. As more Chinese crave western style diets and are consuming more meat, more animals are being raised and that could open up the feed market for American producers. “It’s not just an opportunity for the livestock and feed market, but also for the grain market. The soybean market is another huge opportunity for us and we are keeping a real close eye on the trade deals and tariffs,” Franzén said, shying away from becoming
Nate Franzén, President of the Agri Division at First Dakota National Bank, is bullish on the market during his presentation of a work session titled ‘State of Ag’ at DakotaFest last week.
Farmers, ranchers and producers gather at First Dakota National Bank’s booth during DakotaFest to listen in on a work session titled ‘State of Ag’ last week.
too political in reference to the protectionist trade policies coming from Washington. Good to excellent crop ratings for this year’s harvest solidify a positive outlook for most of our regional farmers and producers. A big part of the state was struck with a drought last year, but looking at the corn belt where most of the crop gets raised, the general conditions have been better this year. “Of course there will be pockets in South Dakota where it is not so good; for example, the Aberdeen or Vermillion area where there has been a lot of flooding. Almost everybody else in the state is looking good and we might bring home our biggest crops yet,” Franzén said. Canada, Mexico, China, Japan and the European Union are expected to continue to be our biggest export markets and trade partners. Fourteen percent of our corn and 50 percent of our soybeans and wheat are exported around the world. “Anytime you have 10 percent or more of your market going to export, you have to pay attention to it. If anything happens to that 10 percent market it can have a big impact on price,” Franzén said.
The trade and tariff wars with our biggest global trading partners inevitably create a volatile environment and market prices will adjust to include environmental costs and benefits. “That is one reason why risk management is more important than ever when you are out there working on your farm,” Franzén said. Many farmers fondly remember the last Super Cycle in the United States impacting the oil, metal and agricultural markets, which ended some years ago. During the Super Cycle, prices for corn held steady between $7 and $8, however, the new normal is between $3 and $4. The prediction of a new upcoming Super Cycle in the commodity markets is considered to be premature by economic experts and strategists. “If I were a producer I wouldn’t be making all my investments and decisions on the farm based on $6 corn. I do not see that as a sustainable or a normal price. I would be making my decisions based on $3.50 for corn and hope for the best,” Franzén said. The spread in commodity pricing between corn and soybeans has grown and is giving producers more incentives to plant beans
instead of corn in our state, with China again being the driving force; because the demand of the Chinese for soybeans has grown more rapidly than that for corn. Franzén recommends looking at the net positions in the commodity markets and monitoring where the fund managers are betting their money at any given time. “When we chart the commodity market a big correlation can be found as to how the market moves. There is also enough money in commodity funds to really move the market, regardless what position the funds take one way or the other,” Franzén said. The banker further advises to watch the gap in the commodity charts to make informed pricing decisions, following the rule to typically sell when the fund’s position pulls the price up. On yield trends Franzén explained, “Demand continues to grow and so do the yields. We’ve gotten better and better on growing crops more efficiently, on less resources and more sustainably, and that’s a good thing. But the balance between supply and demand is ultimately what hits the price.”
September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 19
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Year-old SDSU plant science research facility already strapped for space STORY AND PHOTOS BY LAURA BUTTERBRODT For South Dakota Farm and Ranch
T
he new plant science research support facility, which has been open since August 2017, has provided researchers an upgraded workspace for seed research and testing that is being used to its fullest capacity. “We are stuffed in there. The building is not large enough,” said David Wright, head of the Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science. “Because our research programs have grown as a department, we’re out of space already.”
The main programs housed in the research facility are oat breeding, spring and winter wheat breeding, and crop performance testing. General Mills also shares the building for its oat research. The $4.5 million, 17,000 square-foot building was built to replace the 71-year-old Seedhouse. It is roughly the same size as the old facility, but is more modern and has a different layout.
Above: The main hallway in the seed support facility separates the crop breeding programs and provides overflow storage space for packaged seeds.
Continued on page 22 September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 21
Thumbiko Mkandawire, who works in winter wheat breeding, prepares to sort seeds into cells before they are planted.
Continued from page 21
Karl Glover, head of spring wheat research, said there is a lot of empty square footage in the new facility that gives it less lab and storage space, but it’s still adequate. “It’s not something we can’t get around,” Glover said. “I mean, we’re
not going to shut the program down because we don’t have the right place to store things, but it is more difficult.” The main areas of the building that are filling up are the seed drying facility and storage units. There is also weak ventilation throughout the building that is
22 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH September 2018
currently being investigated for reconfiguration. Although the lack of space isn’t ideal for researchers, the reason behind it is “a great problem to have,” according to Wright. The department’s enrollment is increasing in undergraduate and graduate research programs. Because of the success in the
research programs, the school was awarded $8.6 million last year for research. Since 2013, research awards have increased 156 percent. Even though the programs have a new home, the research methods continue to operate how they always have. Continued on page 25
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The new plant science research support facility opened in August 2017. The 17,000 square-foot research center is home to oat breeding, spring and winter wheat breeding, and forage breeding.
New office spaces in the plant science research support facility give project directors and employees space separate from the laboratories to conduct research. There is enough room for six full-time employees.
Continued from page 22
Glover’s spring wheat program and researcher Sunish Sehgal’s winter wheat program work to develop crops that bring high yields, are high in protein, are disease resistant and are ideal for flour production.
The oat-breeding program, led by Melanie Caffe-Treml, works toward similar things. She and her employees are developing new varieties of oats that have a high yield, are nutritious and have good milling properties. Jon Kleinjan, director of crop testing, uses the facility to test varieties of oats, wheat, corn
and soybeans. He appreciates the security of the new facility in comparison to the Seedhouse, where he said, “sometimes things would just disappear.” Now, there are six individual offices and lockable workrooms. Caffe-Treml said she finds the close proximity of the seed support facility to the new
campus greenhouses and the equipment sheds across the parking lot to be beneficial. She also said sharing the facility with General Mills is advantageous because they are able share equipment, even though they are working on separate research. Continued on page 27
September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 25
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The old Seedhouse testing facility will be demolished to make room for the new Precision Agriculture building, which will begin construction next summer.
Continued from page 25
General Mills’ Paul Richter agreed, saying the company “has a great relationship with South Dakota State.” Wright said he does not foresee an expansion on the seed support facility. Researchers will most likely have to find additional research space elsewhere on campus. This shouldn’t prove to be too difficult, Wright said, as the plant science research support facility is just one of many major projects to provide campus with adequate research and teaching opportunities. The Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory is currently being renovated, and there is also a new greenhouse complex. The old Seedhouse will be demolished to make room for the upcoming Precision Agriculture building. Groundbreaking for the new facility is set for Oct. 6.
Spring wheat samples collected in the plant science research support facility are packaged and ready for testing and distribution.
September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 27
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Winter wheat breeding increases yield potential
B
ROOKINGS — It’s been a good year for winter wheat in South Dakota. “I’m very happy with the results this year,” said South Dakota State University Winter Wheat Breeder Sunish Sehgal. “We have several good experimental lines which showed up to 10 percent increase in yield over our released varieties. Though early heat stress at the end of May hurt the yield potential, South Dakota genotypes did quite well.” In eastern and central South Dakota, SDSU varieties and experimental lines were among the top entries in the trials, while in western South Dakota, both private industry and SDSU material did well. “Producers should look at multiple years of data from sites closer to their location when selecting the variety,” said Sehgal, who is an assistant professor in the Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science. He says the winter wheat varieties developed by SDSU named Ideal, Oahe, Thompson and Redfield, which have already been released, did very well. “The winter wheat crop, in general, looked good in terms of test weight and protein and the market is far better than last two years,” Sehgal said. In 2017, only 50 percent of South Dakota winter wheat acres were harvested because of the severe drought. He expects the winter wheat harvest this year will increase by 80 percent over last year.
Expanding yield trials, sites During the last four years, Sehgal has increased the number of lines being tested by nearly 50 percent. He has expanded the test plot locations from five to seven last year. “We initiated early yield trials of 1,000 new genotypes at the Dakota Lakes Research Farm east of Pierre,” he said. The two new locations are near Hayes, which is about 40 miles west of Pierre, and near Wall in western South Dakota. This fall he plans to add a site near Mount Vernon, just west of Mitchell, as another test location. “We have expanded the program considerably,” Sehgal said. He emphasized the importance of early generation testing in central and western South Dakota where most of the winter wheat is grown. These areas tend to experience drier growing conditions than eastern South Dakota. “Breeding is a long-term process,” he said, noting that it takes nearly 12 years from when the cross is made to the release of a new variety. Therefore, Sehgal emphasized the need to anticipate potential challenges years ahead and develop germplasm in that direction. “We need to keep investing in breeding for the long-term good of the program,” he said. The SDSU winter wheat program is supported by growers through wheat checkoff funding administered by the South Dakota Wheat Commission. “This is the backbone for all important research, along with federal USDA- National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) support,” Sehgal said. Reid Christopherson, executive director of the South Dakota Wheat Commission, said, “The winter wheat breeding program at SDSU is integral to providing farmers with new varieties that offer improved yield potential and disease resistance.” In addition, the South Dakota Crop Improvement Association and South Dakota Foundation Seed Stock helped make the breeding program more efficient by supporting the purchase of a new combine and tractor as well as repairs for other equipment. Neal Foster, executive director of the South Dakota Crop Improvement Association, said, “The SDSU breeding programs — winter wheat, spring wheat, and oats — are an extremely important investment for South Dakota farmers. By investing in these programs new varieties are brought forward sooner getting better genetics out to our producers quicker to meet the ever-changing growing environment that they face.” Bill Gibbons, interim director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, said, “The SDSU breeding programs are critical to providing our producers with varieties that will perform well across South Dakota’s diverse topography and climate. In addition to improved yields and pest resistance, our breeding efforts are focused on creating varieties with desired milling properties and nutritional profiles. These are features that are important to grain processors and consumers.”
Using genomic resources to enhance yield and disease resistance Increasing wheat yield is a major objective of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Wheat Coordinated Agricultural Products Grant. South Dakota State is one of 15 breeding programs participating in the $9 million program, which is led by University of California-Davis. Sehgal and his team will receive $432,000 during a five-year period to work on cloning yieldrelated genes. One doctoral student is working on this project. In addition, Sehgal led the physical mapping of four wheat chromosomes as part of the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, which recently published a fully annotated reference wheat genome in the August issue of Science magazine. The wheat genome is more than five times the size of the human genome. “The challenge is to enhance yield while maintaining good quality and disease resistance,” Sehgal said. Using genomewide association and the new wheat genome sequence, he and his team identified six genomic regions highly associated with resistance to spot blotch, a fungal disease that affects the leaves and typically leads to yield losses around 20 percent. Three of these genomic regions are new, he said. In addition, the researchers developed some molecular markers, which can be used to monitor the movement of these genes. Their results were published in Frontiers in Plant Science. “The wheat genome sequence is going to be a revolutionary change to the way we have been doing wheat breeding,” Sehgal said. “It will open avenues for far higher precision breeding and precision genetics, such as CRISPR-CAS9. The genome sequence will become a regular tool in the breeder’s toolbox in coming years.” — Source: SDSU Extension September 2018 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH 29
The environmental disease called Pinkeye BY RUSS DALY, PROFESSOR SDSU Extension Veterinarian
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ave you ever thought about how some years get labeled “bad years” for a certain animal disease? There is still talk of how early 2018 was a “bad year” for calf scours. Likewise, there are “bad years” for calf pneumonia and even “bad years” for breeding on pasture. Plentiful moisture in parts of the area during the summer might contribute to what could be called a “bad year” for a certain cattle disease: pinkeye. What is it about those bad years? Are there years when there are just a lot more germs around for some random reason? The reasons behind cattle diseases exploding in certain years and not others have to do with the fact that our animals are beholden to their environment. Climatic conditions such as snow, rain, heat, or humidity can affect the ability of the animal to resist a certain disease or succumb to it. Additionally, weather conditions can be beneficial to the growth and survival of certain illnesscausing germs or they can be detrimental. This is illustrated by the concept of the “epidemiologic triad” — the concept that the interaction among the animal, the germs, and the environment affects whether an animal gets sick or stays healthy. Cattle are among the domestic animals most affected by our fickle weather conditions here in the Northern Plains. Not unfamiliar to cattle producers, pinkeye is a bacterial infection of the surface of the eye. What starts out as red, weepy eyes quickly progresses to severe inflammation and an eating-away of the clear portion of the eyeball. It’s a painful problem for affected cattle; left untreated, it can lead to blindness. Different types of germs have been identified in affected eyes, with Moraxella bovis being the one most commonly found. So what makes it a potentially “bad year” for pinkeye? Again, it’s not simply because there are more germs around. In fact, cattle pinkeye is quite different from some diseases where just being exposed to the germ equates to an illness (influenza, for example). Researchers tell us that pinkeye germs can be found in the eyes of normal cattle. What’s more, when they try to artificially create the disease experimentally, they can’t do it by just squirting the bacteria in the calf’s eye. It’s not just the germ; there has to be something more. That something more is irritation. The normal eye is very good at resisting infection. In order to cause infection and inflammation, pathogenic bacteria have to stick to the eye surface, multiply, and release enzymes that damage the cornea. But this surface is constantly washed by tears, which also contain antibacterial substances. Simple blinking also brushes bacteria off the cornea. Even if some of the bacteria happen to stick, the cells of the cornea (the clear portion of the eye) turn over every five to seven days. But, irritation to the eye surface is just the chink in all this armor that Moraxella is waiting for — and the opportunities are plentiful during moist summers. Tall grass can scratch the eye surface, and pollen is an additional irritant. Flies and other insects become more plentiful, and they are particularly drawn to tears and gunk that forms in the corner of the eye, causing more irritation. Even strong sunlight provides an irritation that the bacteria can take advantage of. Because bovine pinkeye can’t easily be replicated by simple exposure to the bacteria, it could very well be considered an environmental disease. Reducing the pinkeye risk for pasture cattle means addressing their environment. The role of the bacteria should not be entirely discounted, however. Pinkeye tends to affect multiple cattle in a herd. When the bacteria is successful at infecting an animal, there’s more of it around to spread to another by flies or direct contact. Exposure to higher bacterial numbers means less of an irritation is needed for an infection to start. It’s easier said than done, but controlling the environmental aspects of pinkeye through fly control shade, and clipping tall grass should be considered. While the success of pinkeye vaccines is erratic, they should also be discussed with your veterinarian. Just because the environmental aspects of pinkeye may be hard to control, producers should still should do what they can to protect cattle from this painful, production-robbing disease. — Source: SDSU Extension 30 SOUTH DAKOTA FARM & RANCH September 2018
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