The Trail Volume 13, Issue 2 December 2020
Photography by Marissa Guzik
Rutgers University Department of Human Ecology
To Our Readers‌ As the winter weather arrives, so too does the second issue of Volume 13 of The Trail. Join us to learn about food insecurity during the pandemic, the impacts of climate change on women, and how aquariums are acting with ethics among other topics. We hope you enjoy the winter break and offer you these articles and poems as one way to stay entertained. We appreciate your continued support, and you can look forward to new issues in the new year. As always, feel free to reach out to our email address epibtrail@gmail.com with any comments or questions. We are currently recruiting new writers, editors, and graphic designers, so please get in touch if you are interested in joining the publication.
Best wishes, Micah and Marissa
The Trail Staff… Editor-in-Chief: Micah Gartenberg Head Graphic Designer: Marissa Guzik Editors:
Authors:
Micah Gartenberg (lead)
Natalia Binkowski
Natalia Binkowski
Rebecca Bright
Sarah Ekẹnẹzar
Carina Hawryluk
Anna Forsman
Basil McQuade
Jeremy Lewan
Angelica Rojas
Naajia Shakir
Designers:
Marissa Guzik (lead)
Sarah Ekẹnẹzar
Carina Hawryluk
Table of Contents * Tip: For quick access to an article click on the title of the article.
Women & Climate. Natalia Binkowski……………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 1
HOME GREEN HOME. Sarah Ekenezar……………………………………………....………………………………………………………….. 4
Food Insecurity during COVID-19. Naajia Shakir…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….. 7
Animals are Not Ours: Dolphins in Aquariums are Being Replaced with Robots? Angelica Rojas …..……………………………………………………………………………………………………..….11
Bucket List for the Traveler: Yucatán, Mexico. Jeremy Lewan ………..….……………………………………………………………………..…………………….… 13
Poetry. Anna Forsman ..………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 20
Trail Mix. ……………….……………………………………………………………………………………………...…. 23
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Women
Climate Change By: Natalia Binkowski
For one of my classes this semester, I researched the many effects of climate change on women. This research opened my eyes more than I could ever have imagined. I struggle to even begin to wrap my head around all of the issues and consequences environmental change has on everyone, especially women. I have read so many articles about feminism and sustainability, and right when I start to think that I have a grasp on things,
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I find more information that frustrates me, confuses me, or shocks me even further. To clarify, I am not saying that men do not face consequences due to climate change. This article just focuses on a few of the effects that climate change has on women in particular.
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To start, I found a quote in Saoirse Joubert’s article, “Feminism and Sustainability” which explains that “environmental change affects
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different parts of the world and different individuals in different ways, but it will entail more negative effects and more prominent challenges for the most vulnerable groups in society, and particularly marginalized women” (Joubert). Climate change affects women in social, political, physical, cultural, and economic ways, especially in areas of the world that are less developed. Climate change deepens the inequalities that already exist and makes livelihoods more difficult for women. According to Joe McCarthy, a writer at Global Citizen, “heat waves, droughts, rising sea levels, and extreme storms disproportionately affect women”, and this is because “women are more likely to live in poverty than men, have less
access to basic human rights like the ability to freely move and acquire land, and face systematic violence that escalates during periods of instability” (McCarthy). So many women in the world do not have the means to protect themselves from the effects of climate change. They often have to work in industries, such as the garment industry, that add to climate change and are heavily maleowned. Unfortunately, in many countries, “women are desirable in the garment industry because employers take advantage of cultural stereotypes” (Clean Clothes Campaign). In these factories where many women work, they face harsh working conditions, sexism, and health hazards. The men that own these factories take advantage of these women, and the women often
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cannot stand up for themselves because they might lose their job or face abuse. This is all incredibly frustrating and does not earn enough awareness. I can go on and on about all of the hardships that climate change places on women. This goes to show how much work we still have to do in order to see real change when it comes to both gender equality and solving climate change. These two issues are so large on their own that when thinking of how they affect each other, it becomes one massive conglomerate issue that has a plethora of implications and externalities that affect us all. I hope to write more about this in future articles, so stay tuned if this interests you!
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Sources "Gender: Women Workers Mistreated." Clean Clothes Campaign. 29 Apr. 2013. Web. 03 Dec. 2020. Joubert, Saoirse. "Feminism and Sustainability." 02 Oct. 2019. Web. 03 Dec. 2020. McCarthy, Joe. "Why Climate Change Disproportionately Affects Women." Global Citizen. Global Citizen, 05 Mar. 2020. Web. 03 Dec. 2020. Image Sources: Dreamer80, Missouri. "Ecofeminism and Nature as Female." Midwest Dreams Blog. 16 Aug. 2011. Web. 03 Dec. 2020. (https:// missouridreamer80.wordpress.com/2011/0 8/13/ecofeminism-and-nature-as-female/) Ink, Social. "Feminist Mural." WE ACT for Environmental Justice. Web. 03 Dec. 2020. (https://www.weact.org/2016/06/growingthe-roots-of-ecofeminism/ecofeminismheader/)
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HOME GREEN HOME By: Sarah Ekenezar
When people go house hunting, they
of a green home is known as an Earthship.
often want to know if the house is in a neighborhood they like, has adequate amenities, and most importantly, it fits within their budget. In recent years, the costs of housing and energy-related expenses have gone up significantly, causing prospective homeowners to seek more affordable options in unexpected ways (Heidenry). People started to realize that efficiently and sustainably-built structures can use less energy (Heidenry). Together with the gradual acceptance of environmentally -conscious behavior, the green home market seems to be thriving today (Heidenry). One successful type
An Earthship is a “radically sustainable living structure which was developed and has been under advancement by architect Michael Reynolds” for over forty years (Rinkesh). What sets it apart from some other green homes is that it has a “passive solar system,” which uses the climate and the house’s design to collect solar energy (Rinkesh). Earthships are made with natural and upcycled materials, like tires (Rinkesh). With several years of research and development, Earthships have become more affordable and even selfsustaining in some instances
Mr. Reynolds
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(Rinkesh). To clarify, some Earthships are considered self-sustaining because they provide six things that allow people to live off the grid: “food production, electricity, temperature regulation, water, sewage treatment...and housing” (Rinkesh).
The Earthship creator, Michael Reynolds, created the concept as he wanted a type of inexpensive green home that could be constructed with “readily available materials,” and be relatively simple to build for people with minimal building experience (Rinkesh). For starters, the location of the planned Earthship is very important because the direction of the sun’s rays will determine the amount of energy that can be provided for electricity (Rinkesh). If someone wanted to rely on wind turbines for energy as well, they would need to consider a location that is not heavily forested, as the presence of trees will hinder the strength of the wind (Rinkesh). The energy collected from the solar panels and turbines is known as direct
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current (DC) electricity, which is stored in deepcycle batteries for later use (Rinkesh). For the foundation, objects like tires are ideal as they are not biodegradable and will not have to be replaced for a long time (Rinkesh). Additionally, the roof of the Earthship is usually slanted as well to allow water from the rain or snow to collect in a cistern by a gutter; there is also a filtration process via a sieve and other mechanisms that remove solid particles or harmful microbes from the water (Rinkesh). Collected water can be used for multiple uses in the home (Rinkesh). Once used, the water from sinks and showers is called greywater which is then reused to water plants and flush toilets. Blackwater comes from toilets and is sent to a septic tank, and parts of
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itself.” (Basehart 0:02-0:10). To this day, Basehart and his wife, Sarah Basehart, educate “hundreds of students every year” on the importance of sustainability in housing, by occasionally offering tours of their home (VisitNewMexico). Their story is inspiring as it demonstrates how individuals can take a small initiative to make something truly great.
the waste can be used for “biogas production” (Rinkesh). Mr. Reynolds’ work inspired other people to build their own Earthships, like Phil Basehart. He had a desire to try something new and moved to Taos, New Mexico, the Earthship homeplace, in 1992 (VisitNewMexico). He paid $100 to the local county for a building permit and began the construction process (VisitNewMexico). He used any garbage he could find, including scrap metal from electrical appliances “I was 29 with no mortgage and no utility bills and a nice house (Basehart 1:55-2:00). Additionally, Phil said that “The Earthship concept is all about taking care of human beings without pulling from anything outside of the house
Works Cited VisitNewMexico. (2018, February 6). EarthshipsNew Mexico True Stories [Video]. Youtube. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPbUXaXpMBM Rinkesh. (n.d.). What is a Earthship? https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/ earthship-construction-design-and-examples.p hp Heidenry, M. (2016, October 26). What Is a Green Home? A Great Way to Save Money and the Environment. Realtor.com. https://www.realtor.com/advice/homeimprovement/what-are-green-homes/
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F
or several years, people within urban and rural areas have been affected by food insecurity, in which they do not have access to affordable, healthy, and nutritious foods. Since the pandemic began, more families have been affected by food insecurity than in previous years. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported about 13.6% of households with children were food insecure last year, but in June of this year, Brookings Institution conducted an analysis stating that now 27.5% of households with children were affected by food insecurity (Silva, 2020). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, more people have lost their jobs or have been forced to resign because they are immuno-
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compromised, making it hard for them to work without being at risk. This resulted in more people struggling to provide healthy foods for their families, on top of paying bills. This is especially true for parents and guardians who make “too much money� to attain SNAP Food Benefits from their state, even if they still struggle to place food on the table for their children.
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Ultimately, unemployed guardians of households were left with the option of applying to government unemployment checks and going
to food pantries. Thankfully, there are also other resources that are helping families attain food for their households.
families still have to apply to receive these benefits (“What is Pandemic EBT?�). Though the government provided these families with some extra money for food, the support still may have not been enough to buy fresh produce and ingredients to cook healthy meals for the whole month. As a result, the USDA was able to grant waivers around the nation to different school districts to provide home-delivered and grab-and-go meals to families so that children will have food in their
Since the COVID-19 pandemic arrived so abruptly, the government had to scramble to create programs that would give meals to families that are food insecure. One of these plans included the Pandemic EBT card, which provides food benefits to families with children that are eligible for free or reduced-price breakfast and lunch at school. This plan includes any student from kindergarten to twelfth grade, but
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homes throughout the week while attending school online (McLoughlin et al, 2020). These measures were put in place to combat food insecurity in households as many people strive to isolate and stay safe during these scary times. Other organizations that have supplied community members with fresh produce during the pandemic include some local farms which created mutual aid fund programs. Currently, I serve as a Co-Manager and Community Organizer at Resilient Roots Farm with VietLead in Camden, New Jersey. Almost every week from the beginning of September to mid-November, we were able to provide different vegetables we grew at the farm to
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some of our local neighbors. The produce that we delivered each week included: bell peppers, tomatoes, okra, eggplant, Thai basil, and green beans. We often did not charge our neighbors for our produce because we distributed them via our sliding scale system, meaning that we allowed our community members to set the price for our vegetables or pay what they were able to if they could. Though many of our neighbors were not able to pay for our mutual aid bags, we still gifted them with produce because, like thousands of families around the country, their ability to buy groceries has been impacted by the pandemic. Since most of our local neighbors are elders, we would deliver the boxes directly to their doorsteps throughout the
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mutual aid program. This was a great opportunity to interact with community members around Camden while also staying safe and social distancing. This year has been very long and families have felt the impact of COVID-19 in so many ways. The most important thing to remember is that there is always light at the end of the tunnel and though this changed world may be the new normal, life will still go on.
Works Cited What is Pandemic EBT? (2020, September 14). Retrieved 2020, from https://medium.com/@waOSPI/whatis-pandemic-ebt-a7a086fcaf94 Silva, C. (2020, September 27). Food Insecurity In The U.S. By The Numbers. Retrieved 2020, from https:// www.npr.org/2020/09/27/912486921/ food-insecurity-in-the-u-s-by-thenumbers McLoughlin, G. M., McCarthy, J. A., McGuirt, J. T., Singleton, C. R., Dunn, C. G., & Gadhoke, P. G. (2020, September 21). Addressing Food Insecurity through a Health Equity Lens: A Case Study of Large Urban School Districts during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Retrieved 2020, from https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s11524-020-004760#citeas
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Animals are Not Ours: Dolphins in Aquariums are Being Replaced with Robots? By: Angelica Rojas
Y
ou have heard of dolphins saving humans in the wild, but have you ever heard of humans saving dolphins' lives? For many years, dolphins have been held captive in aquariums and open tanks separated from their families. Dolphins have been forced to adapt to conditions dissimilar to their natural environment, including living in pacts in the ocean and navigating far distances by echolocation, which is the act of bouncing sonar off of other objects to determine their shape, density, and location. In the wild, dolphins may live up to their 50’s, but more than 80% in captivity do not live past 20
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(“Marine Animal Exhibits” 5). Keeping dolphins confined in tanks has a harmful effect on their emotional and biological processes. The stress of captivity may result in infections, painful ulcers, and even premature death. Dolphins have been treated very poorly by corporations, such as Sea World. Sea World has dolphins living in chemically treated tanks and uses them as breeding machines to create and sell the best-fit calves to other locations (Sullivan 7). Now, thanks to Edge Innovations, there has been a breakthrough in technology using animatronic dolphins. This will revolutionize the way marine wildlife parks are operated and enable the freedom of thousands of marine animals held in captivity. This innovation was created in 1991, by Roger Holzberg and Walt Conti who have a San-Francisco based engineering company that focuses on creating creatures,
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submersibles, and effects for Hollywood. Edge Innovations specializes in the design, development, and production of complex highly integrated technology-based systems known not only for their newest robot dolphin, but other creatures like an orca, snake, and Amino Avatar character (Prockross 10). Presenttime animatronics are hyper-real creatures capable of delivering technological and animalistic dream experiences. The goal of the project is to reimagine the entertainment, educational, and business potential of the marine animal industry in a way that protects wildlife (Pockross 3). Currently, the robotic dolphin is located in California which is valued at a minimum of 3-5 million dollars and is shown in a tank to children, with the ability to respond back to their questions through remote controlled gestures. It weighs 550 pounds, and is 8.5 feet long, with skin made of medical-grade
silicone. The company has partnered with TeachKind, part of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). The creators of Edge Innovations wish to generate more creatures for different projects and purposes, especially incorporating more robot dolphins to replace real life dolphins (Frandino 10). Marine dolphins finally have a closer chance of being freed from captivity and released back into the ocean away from harm and stress.
Works Cited Frandino, Nathan. “The Robot Dolphin That Could Replace Captive Animals at Theme Parks One Day. Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 14 Oct. 2020, www.reuters.com/article/us-tech-conservation-robotdolphin/the-robot-dolphin-thatcould-replace-captiveanimals-at-theme-parks-one-day-idUSKBN26Z1QV. Marine Animal Exhibits: Chlorinated Prisons, PETA, 20 Nov. 2019, www.peta.org/issues/animals-inentertainment/animals-used entertainment factsheets/marine-animal-exhibits-chlorinatedprisons/. Pockross, Adam. “Robot Dolphins Are Here to Free Willy and Revolutionize Marine Theme Parks.†SYFY WIRE, SYFY WIRE, 24 Aug. 2020, www.syfy.com/ syfywire/robot-dolphins-ai-android-animals-themeparks-aquariums Sullivan, Katherine. “A First-of-Its-Kind Robotic Dolphin? SeaWorld, Take Note.†A Robotic Dolphin to Replace Captive Ones? Sign SeaWorld Up, PETA, 22
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Yucatรกn, Mexico Over the Spring Break of 2019, I
was fortunate to be accepted to an Honors Study Abroad Program at the Yucatรกn Peninsula in Mexico. While I was there, I visited three places which increased my scientific knowledge and allowed me to experience biodiversity and ecosystem interactions first hand.
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The first visit was to La Reserva Biocultural de Kaxil Kiuic (pronounced “Kashil Kooeek“). “Kax” in Mayan means “forest”, and “Kiuic” means “a place to come together.” The Biocultural Reserve’s name “Kaxil Kiuic” literally means “a place of convergence in the forest.” In this forest, biology and culture converge, ancient ruins and present day life converge, and the ocean and the land converge (The Millsaps). Let me explain: Kaxil Kiuic is a nonprofit private reserve created in 2002 by Millsaps College run by Dr. James Callahan. According to Walking into Kaxil Kiuic, Dr. Callahan is seen in the its mission statement, its purpose is center of the photo. to “conserve through research and education” (The Millsaps). The reserve encompasses 4,500 acres of tropical dry forest. Data is collected regarding the forest’s ecology and capacity to sequester carbon dioxide, a very important means of fighting climate change. According to the latest experiments, Kaxil Kiuic’s forest stores about 215,000 tons of carbon in its above-ground biomass and soil (The Millsaps). Kaxil Kiuic has a nursery where produce-bearing plants are grown. These are provided to more than 400 Mayan farmers and 5 private property owners in 5 counties in the region. The plants help to provide support for production in agriculture and biodiversity in the Yucatán (The Millsaps). Table of Contents
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At the top of the tower of Kaxil Kiuic. You can see the limestone and dolomite hills behind us!
Kaxil Kiuic is also an archaeological site, where for almost 20 years, archaeologists have been unearthing ruins of the houses, pyramids, and town squares of the early inhabitants of this region. Located in the Puuc region (“Puuc” is Mayan for “hills”), the area was covered by an ocean millions of years ago. As the creatures that lived in this ocean died, their skeletons and shells fell to the ocean floor (What is a Cenote). Their remains were compressed over time into layers of limestone and dolomite, both types of sedimentary rock. As the continents Swimming in the cenote!
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Kaxil Kiuic is important for its biodiversity: 247 bird, 14 amphibian, 52 reptile, and 63 mammal species call Kaxil Kiuic their home. 29.2% of the birds present in the Yucatán Peninsula and 14.3% of birds in Mexico live in Kaxil Kiuic. Also, five of the six large feline species endemic to Mexico, including jaguars, live in Kaxil Kiuic (The Millsaps).
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The red mangroves off the coast of RĂo Largartos. Red mangroves are so-called because they color their surrounding waters red!
shifted, the ocean bottom and these layers were lifted out of the water and exist where they do today (What is a Cenote). Rainwater mixes with other acids in the soil creating a weak carbonic acid that reacts with the calcium in limestone and dolomite, slowly dissolving the rock. As the water travels through breaks in the bedrock, cracks widen to form underground passages and caves. This can explain the existence of cenotes (underground swimming holes) in the YucatĂĄn (What is a Cenote)! The second place we visited was RĂo Lagartos, which is home to a very important ecosystem: the mangrove. There are different variations of mangrove present here, including black, white, and the most common, red. Regardless of their color, mangroves perform several crucial ecological functions. They act as a natural barrier for storm surge coastal flooding during hurricanes. They are a nursery habitat for lots of species - from crocodiles to raccoons to birds. Finally, they provide nutrients for the fish in the water as they drop leaves to expel excess salts (WWF). Unfortunately, thousands of acres of mangroves have been removed from
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the coasts of Mexico to make room for development of resorts and homes, especially along the Caribbean Sea in cities like Cancún and Playa Del Carmen. The harmful effects of their removal have become increasingly apparent in recent years, as the coastal cities of Mexico have experienced severe flooding as a result of more intense and frequent tropical storms.
Flamingos in their natural habitat!
Luckily, not all of Mexico’s mangroves will suffer the same fate. Our group took a boat trip on the northern coast of the Yucatán through the mangroves of Río Lagartos, whose survival was ensured when they were designated a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2004. We spotted lots of pelicans, willets, white egrets, great blue herons, black hawks, ospreys, cormorants, and a roseate spoonbill. Our boat ride took us all out to a desolate beach where we saw hundreds of flamingos in their natural habitat, squawking like geese and burying their heads in the sand as they
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looked for shrimp to eat. There were so many, the clouds above acquired a rosy hue! It was a truly amazing sight. Our final destination of the trip was Puerto Morelos, where hundreds of miles of coastal reef exist a short boat ride from the beach. Our snorkeling expedition was awesome. There stretched miles of dazzling coral forests and kaleidoscopic marine life. We saw barracudas, garfish, butterfly fish, and a shark! Me snorkeling off the Coast of Puerto Morelos. Just like the mangroves, coral reefs provide important ecological functions: they act as a barrier of wave energy during storms, decreasing storm surge flooding, and provide a habitat where underwater creatures can thrive (Bauer). Our guide Carlos informed us that, as a matter of fact, the health of the mangrove depends on the good health of the coral reef! However, as climate change increases ocean temperatures above the corals’ optimum growth parameters, pesticides and fertilizers choke the reefs, and oceanic acidification causes corals to produce weaker calcium structures, they are now in peril of extinction (Bauer).
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The 2019 Pantone Color of the Year was announced to be “Living Coral,” a deep shade of pink. Reflecting on my experiences snorkeling along the coral reefs in Puerto Morelos, I can only hope that these beautiful and vital ecosystems will be able to remain “living” and future generations will be able to witness their actual color in real life, rather than just marvel at it in Pantone’s color book. Reflecting on my experience as a whole, I can’t help but to think of a quote by Gustave Flaubert: “Travel makes one modest. You see what a tiny place you occupy in the world” (Flaubert). Going on this trip truly made me realize how big our world really is and how small I am in it. It also made me crave exploration and adventure into the unknown.
References Bauer, A. (n.d.). Importance of Coral Reefs - Biodiscovery and the Great Barrier Reef - Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 29, 2020, from https://www.qm.qld.gov.au/microsites/biodiscovery/05human-impact/ importance-of-coral-reefs.html Flaubert, G. (n.d.). Travel Quotes. Retrieved November 29, 2020, from https://www.goodreads.com/ quotes/76288-travel-makes-one-modest-you-see-what-a-tiny-place
The Millsaps Biocultural Reserve. (2013). Retrieved November 29, 2020, from http://www.kiuic.org/ index.html What is a Cenote and How Were They Formed? (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2020, from https:// www.divecenotesmexico.com/cenotes WWF: Mangrove Importance. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2020, from https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/ our_focus/oceans_practice/coasts/mangroves/mangrove_importance/
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Poetry By: Anna Forsman
Cycle A year later I went to the ocean
And dropped my own name in the sand I invited you to leave my head In the same place as when you entered in I’ve forgiven it And I’ve since Forgotten myself And seen a reflection on this continental shelf Aware of a need to repeat and rebel Rearranging the same 77 words I’ve only heard From a voice in my head
Repeat, and embody til it ends How did we let go of the place we’ve always known?
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Maintenance I slept well on the days I could forget myself And fell behind Setting my easel on our continental shelf I’m aware and recycling muses, So forgive me while I craft a mosaic of the people I have known. And the puzzle has recalibrated with my revisions; we have grown And our end is ever-changing
And our legacies are built in phases Concerned with our old names, And the prospect of new stages
Pristine You seem to move between the trees You seem to forget how I rarely sleep It is quiet near our house But for the restlessness of leaves I hide the truth in circuits Operate everything I need
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On sleeping while there’s Sun Tell myself I’m visiting Sommarøy it is three in the morning eyes forced shut doors left open four cups of coffee today
and tomorrow’s making me anxious but I’m here now I hear laughing They go swimming 5 are fishing There is light we are drifting
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Trail
Start here
Mix ANIMAL
POETRY
DOLPHIN
WOMEN
FOOD
CYCLES
INSECURE
EVOLUTION
WINTER
HOME
BIRDS
PRISTINE
ENVIRONMENT
YUCATAN
HABITAT
<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/background'>Background vector created by nenilkime - www.freepik.com</a>
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Enjoy
Winter Break 2020