The Explorer Islamabad: Journal of Social Sciences ISSN: 2411-0132(E), 2411-5487(P) Vol-2, Issue (1): 23-26 www.theexplorerpak.org
BOOK REVIEW
LET SHEPHERDING ENDURE by Gideon M. Kressel Reviewed by: Iqra Rehman, Dr. Anwaar Mohyuddin Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Corresponding Author; Dr. Anwaar Mohyuddin Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad unwaar@gmail.com INTRODUCTION In this book writer Gideon M. Kressel has discussed about the applied anthropology and from Applied Anthropology to save the culture and traditions of two local Israel and Middle East. By the recommendation of writer following determinants were focused which includes the support of development for the improvement which were financed externally, planning, programming policy were important and these things were required the community contribution. Different objectives are required, the role and responsibility of women is essential, resources should be preserved. NGO’s role and the role of power are needed and partnership between the herders and farmer is vital. The long-standing decline of pastoral nomadic, the result of the attack of global systems and populations into territories earlier the field of tribal societies. It is evidently part of larger universal trends immerse native and minor level of cultures, societies, and economies. In this book the writer did analysis on the case study of social course on the ethnic people. There are total nine chapters in which historical perspective, government role, policies and other different anthropological perspective have been discussed. These chapters include the discussion of rationality and plans for development of villages. And he tried to point out other issues which are related marketing and economically intensifying of sheep in Israel. In the last chapter writer discussed about the plans accomplishment.
The main thing is the self sufficiency and dependency in the area of the Middle East. The perspective of power has created the relations between ternary things which are pastoralist, agriculturist and the state. These relationships were based on the exchange of goods and supplies. Many questions were a raised on the phenomena of accumulation migration. Migration was used to do in the Middle East and the nomadic people migrated for the sake of resources and migration it is also depend on the arid or non arid area when the state and peasantry interaction is required treatment at that time state interrupt agricultural life and commercial existence. Beneficial interaction in the middle of pastoralists and agriculturalists through proportional trade could on a basic level have improved the welfare of both, however, since the conditions helpful for stable business relations between them were outside their control, a third operator, the state, was expected to guarantee the sought result, for the occasion, by standardizing and directing the commercial centre. The different ancient and historical invaders are discussed of the Middle East. Many groups intrude in Egypt, which was Hyksos after that another group entered the Middle East whose political power structure was like the Israelites. Different more groups move towards these areas. And no one nomadic tribal’s moves from east to west, but they tried to move from east to Africa. The dynasties which move towards Egypt were Hyksos, Israelis, Turkish, and Fatimid. After these, in the beginning of 1024-1030 another tribe 23
entered and that tribe started migration from east to west. The Ottoman Empire was not the nomadic or pastorals when they conquered Egypt and other states. When the Egypt enjoyed the affluence, pastorals were attracted towards it and the migration from east to west was started at the start of the 19th century for that migration there were some of the good reasons. In this chapter migration along with the historical perspective and also recent perspective of migration are focused. Another 3 major factors are deliberated in this book which has appealed the transition of Bedouin from pastorals to agriculturalist Prosperity in major institutions like economics, politics and military Purchasing of lands By the influence of tribes or tribal people. The tribal people demand for lands for the settlement and then this settlement has converted those pastorals into agriculturalist. When different tribes started owing the lands then the major thing was the distribution of the land means inheritance and the writer has briefly talked about the inheritance of lands. In the third chapter of this book the writer has tried to discuss about the difference about basic and applied research according to writer it depends on the respective goals and for the improvement of Negev Bedouins has been concern in the research few points on which the research was based which are as follows To resolve the settlement of pastoralists problems Improvement of the desert for different purpose Housing scheme Different other proposed plans of development Change of government policies The important thing was to change the government for the benefit of Bedouins different policies were build. Land ownership was under the Israel land authority and every transition was by the authority of Minhal. After the Minhal come under the agricultural ministry and it was linked with housing ministry when agriculture was becoming non-profitable, then Israelis
started focusing on the political system and adopted the American politics. The writer has briefly talked about the problems, suffering of the Jewish people and the green patrol was the agency which was governmental agency which preserve the land and the safe the lands which are used for farming. The state claims land in which the Bedouins were living and Bedouins claims for the basic rights because they don’t have any other option. In the next chapter the writer has focused on the policies towards the Bedouins. The Bedouins were losing power and have no power to obtain their rights. Tribal feuds were increasing and the conflict of lands between Arabs and Jews was also increased, Middle East people feel threatened due to their past. Bedouins were not able to claim their demands in their tribal’s division for better living. The Bedouins have the ability of being settled in any community. Because of the separation between the land ownership and private sectors plots, the ruler section of Israeli’s was safe by the law and order not non permanent rental of plots of non Jews were facing many hurdles. In the start of 1986 policy of owning private land Jewish people were allowed to sell their private property and Jews people who stopped farming they were not allowed to back that governmental properties. There are three important things which were used to keep an eye on the plots and that were adviser, consultant and counsellor these were made by the green patrol. The ministries of interior of government try to resolve the social issues and they started doing research on the Bedouin. They tried to focus on 3 main points. Firstly was to collect information of Bedouins. Secondly they did conferences with the in-charge of the southern area for the benefit of Bedouins and thirdly to determine the development and by the comparison of socioeconomic and demographic information. But this was not an easy task to determine all the various points. Because of the Jewish nationalism the Arab nationalism was in danger and itself it has raised many questions. After that all the disputes were on the lands. The different options were available for Negev Bedouins that is continuation of their traditional way of living and other is urbanization. There are three basic elements in which writer have
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focused for the settlement of Bedouins. First was for the herders that feeding of animal in every season, secondly to avoid intra heredity conflicts for design village and thirdly was the Bedouins accommodates life for enduring arrangement. As applied anthropology research is not only a research but also it is a goal oriented research means it can help and give benefit and further it can help in development. In November 1990 another alternative plan was introduced that was the improvement of pasture area and other new ways of nourishing natural vegetation. They also tried to introduce the annual system of vegetation. Agriculture incorporating the farming of plants and trees for the improvement off landscape and try to increase inside tourism. The diet of Bedouins was not so good and their diet was poor in vitamins. There was the vast plan which was created for the shepherd’s village. Other than that development plans for settlement in arid land were created for the Middle East different parts. Other newly Arab states have never experienced about the colonization but the difference has been done on the social problem and these people were not aware of new or modern thing and that was the different task. The village design was planned for the Negev Bedouins and standard was made and that was according to the modern designs communication and transport system was made comfortable other than that electricity was given and water system, track for sheep and goats development of woods for the purpose of agriculture. A different question was arises like who is going to live in this state? What criteria should be than for living in that town? Then it was answered that starting numbers of families should not exceed eighty houses. Actually that village was design for the herders. In the town for feeding cattle’s the feed was available. The structures of houses were compact and that keeps family privacy and retains of socialization. Other facilities were education, health centre, sewage system planning and other community. The social change was observed the state–tribe relationship was created with the adoption of modernity and legal system was recognized. The traditional methods were used there, for rearing of goats and sheep. In Israel the kibbutzim and moshavin area the dairy products
and the meat was very popular. In Arab community the meat is increasingly becoming famous. In this book the writer has discussed the dialogue between himself and the Mr. Golan in which he has answered aspects. The religious institution has been discussed along with that the economic value especially wool production and the business and marketing. In the last chapter the writer has focused on the better plans of action. The two basic problems has been discussed firstly the supply of forage has decreased because of dearth and overgrazing. Secondly the numbers of herders were declines who take their animals for grazing. After that the solution of these problems were discussed the foremost solution was the improvement of live style of Bedouins. The area which was wasted due to the agro forestry and national parks development the herding land was decreased. And the Bedouins were concern with lands for herding and anthropologist also felt concern for their problem. The writer has discussed about the economical and the sociological factors of herders in Middle East. The main aspect for the big reduction in the land was the adaptation of land to agro land and farming of cereal. This was also due to the privatization and enormous of inhabitant’s growth in the area. The consequence of decades of misconduct, overstocking and overgrazing and the amount of edible has been condensed and forage condition diminished. The development area are accountable landlord and to accept the development. The writer was of the view that the Bedouins were familiar with implementation of policy of development. But some of the other requirements were also there which includes the state ownership and the long terms of user lease of residence for lands suitable for the grazing. The road system should be improved. Another agreement was the transferring of properties. Collecting money from everyone for the year of drought and plenty of rain. Improvement of range of employment, other than herding. Provide these villages with electricity, running water, and new modern facilities so that the younger generation wishes to stay in the village. CONCLUSION The declining of pastorals in Middle East and Israel is because of the economical development
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and adoption of modern way of earning. But the traditional way of earning was the same was used for earning. And another issue was the plenty of rain and the season of drought which has reduced herding. The conflict between the Arabs and Jews has also reduced the pastoralist. In Israel the efforts were more for the settlement of Negev then other Middle East countries. The problem of water was one of the main issues. At the end writer has recommended that state has the duty to resolve different issues which are faced by the Bedouins and especially the water problem. Publication Date: Jan-31 -2016 © 2016 “The Explorer Islamabad” Journal of Social Sciences-Pakistan
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