The Explorer Islamabad: Journal of Social Sciences ISSN: 2411-0132(E), 2411-5487(P) Vol-1, Issue (9):307-310 www.theexplorerpak.org
A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF PAKISTAN Muhammad Shahzad, Muhammad Nadir Shahzad, Farooq Abdullah, Farhan Riaz, Shazia Mehmood PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Corresponding Author: Muhammad Shahzad Department of Sociology PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Lashari003@gmail.com Abstract: First-class governance is concerned with every institution of the society and above all with the educational institution. The foundation of learning has always been deserted at various levels by the relevant authorities. Pakistan inherited the structure of education from British but soon after the creation of Pakistan, political infantile behavior and power struggle among politicians affected the educational structure leading to serious neglect and hindrance in educational development. Pakistan lagged behind in national expansion and growth due to frail educational structure. Unfortunately, it took decades to formulate the educational strategy and more than half of the century to put into practice its spirit but still waited for ideal function of educational course of action. In this research to explore the problem of educational system of Pakistan especially public sector education is facing numerous problems of academic and administration, governance, which are affecting student’s performances openly. Content analysis was used to conduct this study. The school-level organization, the organizational structure of a school involves teaching staff, administrators and other staffs who operate at the district level. Nevertheless the school management committee should give preference to those stake holders who are neighboring to the school for the betterment of the school.
Key Words: Education, Governance, Schools, Professional, Training INTRODUCTION Education in any era objectively does have a purpose, even if this goal is not implicit by the people of society. As regards to the reason of education, then it is effortless to educate population and to construct a particular statistics of division of people over particular mindsets, skills, etc. This speculated statistics is defined by the `idea of the education. Governance and Educational Institutions At first sight 'governance' seems to be uncomplicated and understandable: it is an implement of authority, manage or course. Governance in Higher Education is a procedure in which institutions are scientifically established and managed. Governance means follow the rules appropriately. It also means that an institution is organizing and functioning absolutely order and properly that help to attain its goals. It is mandatory for all field of life, like students, professors, society, trade market, industry etc . Realistically mentioned that there is no one established model of good governance, responsibility, precision, and helpfulness are key elements for a good governance structure (Akhtar and Kalsoom 2012).
Educational governance is concerned with how school systems compose policies, produce funds, and expend funds, teacher preparation for teaching, scheming curricula and administration of school population. School governance is responsible for school effectiveness, quality and accountability (Khalique 2010). Diverse educational policies of the government of Pakistan had recognized the attractiveness of decentralization of responsibility and authority in the education sector and infrequently recommended unambiguous strategies and structure to attain this goal. Keeping in view the need of the day, the government of Pakistan launched decentralization plan in 1999 all the way through local government ordinance (Shah 2009). Governance is about the evaluation of excellence and presentation articulated through responsibility, simplicity, efficiency, empowerment, participation, sustainability, fairness and justice. It has at the moment gained massive magnitude in development discourse and is considered a central component in formulating any enlargement line of attack. Apart from its wide spread receiving, theory of governance is still transitory through a development segment, as its concept distinct by diverse scholars more or less varies (Sarda 2011).
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Educational governance organization deals with the changes in the way school-systems go about assembling policy, generating funds, expend funds, training teachers, making curricula, and organizing local schools. The decentralized governance system makes successful participation of community, parents, teachers, administration and management in decision concerning curricula, funding, and projects, monitoring to evaluate teacher and student performance, and on the whole superiority of education (Akhtar and Kalsoom 2012). It recognizes that without the addition of local community, school management and teachers, government would not be capable to formulate policies and tackle the issues of education properly (Fiske 1996). Well-governed schools had a well-built culture of recognized self-review. There are many schools where governance desired to be strengthened, conference, scheduling and reporting requirements as an area for improvement to enhance the quality education in the community Supervision Process The method of monitoring in the educational structure is more skillfully described in the policies and strategies but deficiently accomplished in the real life. The process of supervision in primary schools is burdened with numerous weaknesses. The supervisors are not trained professionally. The procedure of monitoring and supervision is overflowing with bureaucratic underpinnings. After the passage of local government ordinance 2002, the government has introduced the system of devolution in education. But weak management of education system at district level has slowed down the process of improvement of primary education (Khan 1992). The process of supervision in Pakistan is characterized with the idea of assessment. Supervisors behave with teachers in an egotistical approach this trend has finished the reason of professional supervision in schools due to which teachers get unenthusiastic and undergo inferior. The supervisors do not care for teachers and and behaved like salves. This tendency has created distrust and discouragement between the teachers (Rasheed 2004). Public schools constantly face difficulty of governance and continuation since selfdetermination of our Pakistan. Schools comprise administrators who are accountable for all of the school matters or problems and direction and teachers alienated into teams founded on academic subject areas or grade levels (Leithwood, et al. 2004).
The management comprises of Principle or Assistant Principle. Administrators handle supervision of students and teachers and make school wide decisions, occasionally after consulting with teachers and other staff members. A school’s administrative team is answerable for building and enforcing school set of laws and district-level policies, rules and measures. Administrators also are charged with constructing positive that teachers are effectively teaching students the necessary curriculum (Spillane 2003). LITERATURE Governance is an impartial idea surrounding the instrument, procedure, associations and establishment throughout which populace and grouping fluent their wellbeing, work out their privileges and responsibilities and arbitrate their dissimilarities (Sardar 2011). In Pakistan education governance piercing towards the hard work completed to get better the school governance through transference in order to accomplish superiority in education of schools and to construct it additional grass root slanting to accomplish competence and harmonization between administration and restricted guidance (Khalique 2010). Agreement of responsibility, accountability and influence is necessary for successful managerial structures accomplishment. Pertinent people are not completely conscious of their responsibility and tasks. They in fact do not recognize that what responsibility they have to participate and what they are liability and how efficiently they can carry out their obligation and what role in point of fact they do not encompass to participate. Pakistan requests to cautiously check in cooperation the procedure and the goods of education transference in order to appreciate best perform (Winkler and Hatfield 2002). At the same time as it is simple to keep an eye on transitional measures of ending enrollment rates, teacher presence, expenditures for each pupil, etc. There is no institutionalized instrument at hand, at whichever height of government, which efforts to do checking and to methodically feedback best carry out into the plan and completion of education strategy. Governance is the manager of an action by a number of means that a variety of preferred outcomes are accomplished is on the other hand, not just the region of the state (Lindbladet, et al. 2002). To a certain extent, it is a purpose that can be carried out by an extensive diversity of public associations and performance. All present school reform hard work aim to get better education and learning. But there are
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enormous dissimilarities in how they depart concerning it (Leithwood, et al. 2004). A number of improvements paying attention on innovative curricula characteristically deal with one part of a school’s agenda and aim for extensive accomplishment, while innovative move towards teaching, such as helpful learning, anticipate altering teachers’ performance one teacher at a moment. The obligation for school-based management is to make available more straight appearance of responsibility, to endow with better alternative in the use of resources and to construct more use of the specialized abilities of employees (Ainley and Mckenzie 2000). Managerial school-based administration is planned at designation of authority from the middle place of work to the principal and is thoughtful on increased effectiveness in the use of possessions and on answerability through the most important. Professional manages school-based administration emphases on the position of teachers and decisionmaking preparations within schools and augments the competence of specialized staff in schools. Community site-based administration is worried with answerability to parents and the community at great and often is connected with a set of courses. The main principle for introducing governance in schooling is to augment high-quality education (Alhomod and Shafi 2012). Governance in education make available new traditions of corresponds to the students, new habits of communicating education and new conduct of putting in order and transporting information and services. Transference in education augment the competence of educational system all the way through manufacture policy, producing revenues, expenditure finances, preparation teacher, scheming curriculum, and organization limited schools (Fiske 1996). The principle of the school governance arrangement is the efficiency of educational system in conditions of excellence, clearness, answerability and improved circumstances of life for the people finally, the disadvantaged and susceptible associates of the society who have normally been disqualified from organism the beneficiaries of any social benefits and had a modest right of entry to education. Schooling is a specialized action. There are newfangled alters that happen on permanent basis in the social order and approximately the planet. Teachers require being incessantly side by side with newest theories, investigate and new information (Ahmad, et al. 2013). Teachers who are not
competently sound cannot resolve their specialized and social matters. Teachers who obtain newest information and expand their skills teach efficiently. There are fewer training make easily available to teachers’ at most important level in Pakistan. Due to require of newest information and skills the teachers are establish weak in solving the troubles of students in the procedure of coaching. The functions of school management are to promote the in civilizing the good organization of schools (Spillane 2003). School management has a very significant responsibility to play vital role i9n the development. Researchers have established the necessary role of school management in mounting and upholding school-level circumstances essential for educational development. Good governance is a primary precondition issue to go aboard on the very spirit of strategy to build up society from side to side enters education. Good governance leads judgment class or selected legislative body to take very stepladder that has far accomplishment collision on the socio- economic location. In Pakistan, there have been gaps towards accomplishment of qualitative education in explanation of weak management. Since its extremely beginning, the education system of Pakistan stays behind central at the federal and provincial level. Pakistan presents at birth this central educational managerial set of connections from the British in 1947 (Shah 2003). The arrangement had been enhanced to some extent through a quantity of administrative reforms but refurbish of managerial structures did not get place. It has been incessantly realized that central system of education has been basket the competence and efficiency of delivery overhaul at the grass root height. CONCLUSION Since the existence of Pakistan, the educational system was never ought to be upgraded with the ever-changing scenario in the educational world. The negligence has had been seen on the part of government where policies were to be made and in fact made but the liability and political will was found missing in order to implement the policies in accordance with the intention to promote the good governance at school level and produce the robust results. The decentralization of education and dichotomy between governance and government had been mysterious in Pakistan which ultimately affected the accountability, transparency, and effectiveness that are key elements for a good governance framework and yield unfailing government comes once implemented acutely. The decentralization would only reinforce the
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governance at school level by creating network, involving community, generating funds, teacher trainings and design of curricula. But firstly, it required decentralization and implementation of at least one of the educational policy in its true letter and spirit which may strengthen the training, supervision, equity, and empowerment that would bring the sustainability. The management and administration in Schools need revolutionary measures for the infusion of good governance through effective implementation of National Education. REFERENCES Ahmad, Iqbal, Muhammad Rauf, Aqeela Rashid, Shahfiq ur Rehman and Muhammad Salam 2013 Analysis of the Problems of Primary Education System in Pakistan: Critical Review of Literature. Academic Research International 4(2):324-331. Ainley, John, and Phillip McKenzie 2000 School Governance: Research on Educational and Management Issues. International Education Journal 1(3):139151. Akhtar, Mahr Muhammad Saeed, and Tahira Kalsoom 2012 Issues of Universities’ Governance in Pakistan. Journal of Elementary Education 22(2):81-94. Alhomod, Sami M, and Mohd Mudasir Shafi 2012 Governance in Education: Reasons for Introduction and Impact. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 3(2):1-4. Fiske, Edward B 1996 Decentralization of Education: Politics and Consensus. World Bank Publications.
Leithwood, Kenneth, Karen Seashore Louis, Stephen Anderson and Kyla Wahlstrom 2004 How Leadership Influences Student LearningOntario Institute for Studies in Education. Lindblad, Sverker, Ingolfur Asgeir Johannesson, and Hannu Simola 2002 Education Governance in Transition: An Introduction.Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research46(3):237245. Rasheed. M. 2004 Educational Administration and Supervision. Islamabad: Allama Iqbal Open University. Shah, Dawood 2003 Decentralization in the Education System of Pakistan: Policies and Strategies. Academy of Educational Planning and Management Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Spillane, P.J. 2003 Educational Leadership: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. 25(4) : 343-346. Sardar, Syed Imran 2011 Good Governance: The Achilles’heel of South Asia—Is there a Way Forward? Regional Studies. 29(4). 1-34. Winkler, Don, and Randy Hatfield 2002 The Devolution of Education in Pakistan. World Bank. Washington, DC. © 2015“The Explorer Islamabad” Journal of Social Sciences-Pakistan
Khalique, Harris 2010 Education Governance in Pakistan: An Indicative Study. Pakistan Coalition for Education Policy once in the history of Pakistan. Khan, N. I 1992 Evaluation of the Administrative Structure of High (Secondary) Schools in Punjab.The University of Punjab, Lahore.
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