Friday, December First Interstate Center for the Arts

INSIDE

VOL. 30, NO. 6 | COVER ILLUSTRATION: EMMA NOYES

COMMENT NEWS COVER STORY CULTURE 5 8 16 29 FOOD SCREEN MUSIC EVENTS 34 38 40 44 I SAW YOU GREEN ZONE BULLETIN BOARD 46 50 55

EDITOR’S NOTE

When the temperature is just right, the mists of the Spokane Falls rise above the Monroe Street Bridge like a powerful fog. I can see it from my office window. I can’t see the falls themselves, but their powerful presence becomes known as the frigid airborne waters envelop the stately structure, engulfing it like smoke from a raging fire.

I think about the falls a lot. How their central position made this city, yet how the city did its best for decades to forsake them with concrete. I think it’s a story similar to the Salish language, and Interior Salish culture. A culture and people that have called the Inland Northwest home for untold generations have always been here, but for too long were buried in history books in favor of the city’s so-called fathers.

This week’s cover story — hec yoyotwílšm nqélixʷcnm, or the Salish Resurgence — seeks to do what our wintry air does occasionally for the Spokane Falls. By letting the people most intimately aware of a still living language, its teachers and speakers, talk about what Salish means to them, we hope our readers will get a better sense of a language that’s been spoken in the Inland Northwest since time immemorial. To hear something that was here long before the city, that was ignored and derided for too long. To better appreciate something that never went away. That’s why we’re proud to turn the cover completely over to the Salish language this week.

This cover story and illustration owes everything to the people who made it happen — Marsha Wynecoop, LaRae Wiley, Emma Noyes, Barry Moses, Caj Matheson and JR Bluff. Hear what they have to say beginning on page 16. — NICHOLAS DESHAIS

WHITE OUT PAGE 6 CLUB REBOUND PAGE 29

City Sidewalks

DowntownSpokane.org

SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION Page 26

INLANDER 1227 W. Summit Parkway, Spokane, WA 99201 PHONE: 509-325-0634 EMAIL: info@inlander.com SPOKANE • EASTERN WASHINGTON • NORTH IDAHO • INLANDER.COM

THE INLANDER is a locally owned, independent newspaper founded on Oct. 20, 1993. Please recycle THE INLANDER after you’re done with it. One copy free per person per week; extra copies are $1 each (call x226). For ADVERTISING information, email advertising@inlander.com. To have a SUBSCRIPTION mailed to you, call x210 ($50 per year). To find one of our more than 1,000 NEWSRACKS where you can pick up a paper free every Thursday, call x226 or email frankd@ inlander.com. THE INLANDER is a member of the Association of Alternative Newsmedia and is published at least twice per month. All contents of this newspaper are protected by United States copyright law. © 2022, Inland Publications, Inc.

spokaneshogun.com 20 N Raymond Road Spokane Valley

hey i have questions about abortions

plannedparenthood.org/chat text “ppnow” to 774636 (ppinfo)

We provide jobs for former refugees in Spokane!

Our thrift store has over 10,000 square feet of quality items at great prices. Furniture, clothing, shoes, home goods, books, electronics, and more!

GONZAGA UNIVERSITY

919 E Trent Ave • gnthrift.com

Mon-Sat 10am-7pm / Sun 10am-5pm

DONATE TODAY

EXIT 282

SPOKANE • SOUTH HILL

New Patient Special Off er

Mention You Saw Our Ad in The Inlander

As a new patient and receive either a Free Sonicare toothbrush, or $100 off your fi rst treatment Comprehensive Local Dental Experts

COMMENT

STAFF DIRECTORY

PHONE: 509-325-0634

Ted S. McGregor Jr. (tedm@inlander.com)

PUBLISHER Jer McGregor (x224)

GENERAL MANAGER EDITORIAL

Nicholas Deshais (x239)

EDITOR Chey Scott (x225)

ARTS & CULTURE EDITOR Derek Harrison (x248)

CREATIVE DIRECTOR Seth Sommerfeld (x250)

MUSIC & SCREEN EDITOR Samantha Wohlfeil (x234)

BREAKING NEWS EDITOR Daniel Walters (x263)

SENIOR INVESTIGATIVE REPORTER Madison Pearson (x218)

LISTINGS EDITOR Nate Sanford (x282), Carrie Scozzaro (x232)

STAFF WRITERS Chris Frisella

COPY CHIEF Young Kwak, Erick Doxey

PHOTOGRAPHERS Samantha Holm, Chiana McInelly, Cate Wilson

INTERNS Josh Bell, JR Bluff , CMarie Fuhrman, Caj Matheson, Will Maupin, Barry Moses, Jack Nisbet, LaRae Wiley, Marsha Wynecoop

CONTRIBUTORS ADVERTISING

Kristi Gotzian (x215)

ADVERTISING DIRECTOR Carolyn Padgham (x214), Autumn Potts (x251)

SENIOR ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES Jeanne Inman (x235), Tracy Menasco (x260), Claire Price (x217), Stephanie Grinols (x216), Skyler Strahl (x247)

ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES Tamara McGregor (x233)

COMMUNICATION & EVENTS DIRECTOR Kristina Smith (x223)

EVENT & SPECIAL PROJECTS MANAGER Colleen Bell-Craig (x212), Raja Bejjani (x242)

ADVERTISING ASSISTANTS PRODUCTION

Tom Stover (x265)

PRODUCTION MANAGER Ali Blackwood (x228)

CREATIVE LEAD & MARKETING MANAGER Derrick King (x238)

SENIOR GRAPHIC DESIGNER Todd Goodner (x231)

GRAPHIC DESIGNER OPERATIONS

Dee Ann Cook (x211)

BUSINESS MANAGER Kristin Wagner (x210)

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE CIRCULATION

CAN YOU SPEAK MORE THAN ONE LANGUAGE?

FAITH BISHOP-PURKEY

No, I really wish I did. I know little bits of other languages.

What is one language you wish you could be fluent in and why? I would do Swahili because I work with World Relief, and right now I’m working with a family who speaks primarily Swahili, so it would be really cool to be able to interact with them.

EMIGEH WALLACE

No, I don’t.

What is one language you wish you could be fluent in and why? I think I probably want to be fluent in sign language. I think it’d be really cool because I’m really interested in working with the Deaf culture.

SAGE LEVORA

I do not.

What is one language you wish you could be fluent in and why? I would speak Spanish because several members of my family are bilingual and Spanish.

KELSEY BITTON

Yes. I started doing Duolingo French in middle school, but I really started to learn French at (Spokane Falls Community College) under Elodie Goodman.

What’s your favorite word in French? I have many favorite words. I really like étoile, which means star, because it’s really pretty sounding.

RICKY WRIGHT

I do not speak more than one language.

Which language would you like to speak? I would very much like to speak French because I have a girlfriend (Kelsey, above) who speaks French, and she would love to live in France someday. 1414 N. Hamilton St.

PNW BEER BAR | DINE-IN | TAKE-OUT | DELIVERY CATERING & EVENTS |ZAG GAMES

Ask about our Family Value Meals!

Come down to Skippers on

Monroe! They have the new prime rib & jumbo prawns Friday Special! Totally Bomb! They are a ten out of ten every time - customer service is amazing as well! - Lexi D

Taco Tuesdays | Prime Rib Fridays | Now Serving Beer

3320 N MONROE ST, SPOKANE, WA | 509443-5487 | eatatskippers.com

Uppercased and Erased

Even the computer codes that autocorrect our words enforce a subtle racism

BY CMARIE FUHRMAN

It started with an introduction to a poem by my friend, Ruby. I was trying to write the word “English” without capitalizing the “e.” I would type the word in all small letters, tap the spacebar, the e would go from small to large. The noun had control. After three tries, I gave up.

I tried to think of another way to write what I wanted to say without using the word. To go around the rules. But the point I needed to make was the point that autocorrect wouldn’t allow. That the language we share forces us into accepting norms of a broader American culture, which is why it is so important to keep Native languages awake. And american autocorrected to American. I was able to change it back, but not without consequence. A red line appeared beneath the word. And as I continued, adding notes about how the Osage words looked on the page, more red

lines appeared. I right-clicked. The program insisted that instead of Osage, I meant dosage. I tried opening an online doc; that software suggested I add the word to my personal dictionary. It reminded me, as I hovered over the word english, that this word was always capitalized.

I think of a documentary I watched called Our Spirits Don’t Speak English: Indian Boarding School and an interview in particular that begins, “My name is Andrew Windyboy. I’m a Chippewa Cree. I did two boarding schools, one in Wahpeton Indian School in Wahpeton, North Dakota, and the other one is Flandreau Indian School in Flandreau, South Dakota… They took me to the boarding school where I wasn’t allowed to talk my Native tongue or practice my Native ways. Numerous times they put on this big old white, big huge white cone. They put it on there, it said ‘dunce.’ I didn’t know what it meant. I didn’t know english. They put it on me, made me wear it all over. Kids laughed at me. [They] took me away from all of that and punished me for talking… It was my first language. I didn’t know any other language. And when I would talk, it came out, Cree would come out. Whenever I talked I would get hit. I got hit so much I lost my tongue, lost my native tongue…They beat me every day. Beat me badly.

“I hope someday somebody will hear me...”

The software suggests, instead of Cree I mean Creed, Creek, Creep, Crete or even Crew. It suggests that I might even mean “free.” The red line appears under Windyboy and suggests I mean windy boy. Another program says there is no reference for this word. Yet another, without my permission, changes Andrew’s last name to Windsor. A subtle reminder of the assimilation era when given names were not acceptable, when english names were the rule.

I turn to another project. A conference meant to discuss traditional homelands, about acknowledgment of the Native people removed from that land. I am asking my friend, a Nimiipuu scientist to join me. I write, Dear Sapóoq’is Wíit’… not only does it take five extra keystrokes, but when I am done, I am corrected to Dear Susan. I chose to compose the note in the most popular, most used word processing software. It suggests that instead of Nimiipuu I mean “Miniplug, Maipu, or Minipig” all nonwords. Nimiipuutimt, Nez Perce language has been spoken here for more than 10,000 years, yet Microsoft (which always autocorrects a capital M) says there is “no reference,” and yet I type luddites and it autocorrects… to Luddites.

A note at the bottom of the document says my writing is accessible, that it’s “good to go.” Yet those red lines, that tell me something is incorrect, and the blue dotted lines, that suggest I’m not communicating clearly, are pointing toward something else. And the other times when something I write is, without my permission, changed. When my words are ostensibly taken away. Erased. Perhaps those attempts toward correction are not as egregious as fists or dunce caps, but violence lives in their subtlety. constant correction toward colonialism. So I search for the ways to turn it off, to stop the suggestions that tell me I am wrong; is there a way to stop being corrected to whiteness? n

That software… reminded me, as I hovered over the word english, that this word was always capitalized.

CMarie Fuhrman is the author of Camped Beneath the Dam: Poems and co-editor of Native Voices: Indigenous Poetry, Craft, and Conversations. She has published or forthcoming poetry and nonfiction in multiple journals and several anthologies. CMarie is a regular columnist for the Inlander, Translations Editor for Broadsided Press and Director of the Elk River Writers Workshop. She is Director of Poetry at Western Colorado University, where she also teaches Nature Writing. CMarie is 2021-23 Idaho Writer in Residence.

YOUR DONATIONS ARE GREATLY NEEDED DURING OUR NOVEMBER FOOD DRIVE

BRING IN CANNED FOOD AND SAVE EVEN MORE!

BRING non-perishable canned food item PURCHASE anything in the store RECEIVE discount equivalent to the sales tax on your entire purchase Donations benefi t Community Action Partnership Food Bank

YEARS FINANCING AVAILABLE • LOW PRICE GUARANTEE

303 E Spokane Ave, Cd’A • 208 664-2131 rungefurniture.com

AMERICAN IMPRESSIONISM

TREASURES FROM THE DAYWOOD COLLECTION THROUGH JANUARY 8

Support provided by:

Merrill O’Brien | Jim & Ann Price George & Lila Girvin | The Broadway Group

northwestmuseum.org

With urging from local advocates, Spokane’s court system is working to improve language access.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE ¿SE HABLA INGLÉS?

For those with limited English proficiency, the court system can be even more confusing, but Spokane County is working to improve access — in Spanish, Russian and more

BY SAMANTHA WOHLFEIL

Navigating the Spokane County Courthouse is confusing enough without a language barrier. Yet, until recently, there were very few resources to help people who speak limited to no English steer through the already complicated court system.

For instance, people who ask for certified interpreters for their court hearings have to seek help from someone who only speaks English — ironically facing a language barrier to access the language resources that do exist.

The good news is, with the urging and help of advocacy groups, the county may soon have resources available in multiple languages, including Spanish and Russian, as well as Marshallese and Arabic.

One group pushing for change, Mujeres in Action, works with victims of domestic violence and sexual assault within the Latinx community (the organization prefers this gender-neutral term). Advocates with the organization successfully worked with the court administrator to put up a sign that says “I speak…” followed by language names, written in both English and other languages. By pointing at the correct language, people can get in touch with the proper interpreter.

While the sign is helpful, interpreters are only available for court hearings or attorney meetings, not for routine court activities such as filling out forms. More is needed to make the court system accessible to those who have a limited understanding of English, says Ana Trusty, director of communications for Mujeres in Action (MiA).

“Not only does that courthouse look like a maze, but figuring out who can do what is another issue in itself,” Trusty says. “It’s really hard to navigate for somebody that speaks English, much more so for somebody that doesn’t.”

MiA advocates tell their participants about the pros and cons of officially seeking things such as a civil protection order (sometimes known as a restraining order) or a parenting custody plan.

Local police are not supposed to ask about immigration status, and the courthouse is supposed to serve as a safe space where immigration enforcement is not allowed, Trusty says. But still, that extra layer of fear may be there for victims, along with more complex emotions: If an abuser is found guilty of certain crimes, and they’re undocumented, they may be deported.

“We work with a lot of Latinx community members who don’t speak English and are undocumented, and they’re fearful of the court system,” says Trusty. “Even if they’re undocumented there are rights that the United States offers them. As we navigate the court system with participants, we realize there are a lot of barriers and gaps, and even when we helped one person, that wasn’t helping the broader community.”

Rather than work with victims one by one to translate forms, for instance, MiA has started working with other nonprofits and Spokane County Clerk Tim Fitzgerald to address some of the need by translating the directions for filling out civil protection orders into the five most common languages outside of English in this area.

Fitzgerald says he’s enthusiastic about improving that access, and his office already has those directions translated into Spanish and Russian.

“What we’ve been working on is trying to get the instructions on these six types of civil protection orders written in different languages so people can read that and fill out their legal documents before they go down to the court,” Fitzgerald says. “The next thing we’re trying to do is get the actual orders themselves translated into Spanish and Russian. That way they can see the order, they can read the order, and when they get the English version they’ll have a better understanding.”

SPANISH, RUSSIAN, MARSHALLESE AND ARABIC

Part of what’s driving the push for language access in the courts is a change to protective orders that the Legislature made. Starting this July, a simplified form has enabled victims to seek one of six different civil protection orders (domestic violence, extreme risk, sexual assault, stalking, anti-harassment or vulnerable adult) by filling out a single document. In the past, both victim and court time would often be wasted if someone chose the wrong form for the type of order they needed. The new form is meant to avoid sending someone back to fill out the right paperwork.

Along with simplifying the protection order process, lawmakers mandated that the Administrative Office of the Courts, which works with courts at all levels across Washington state, translate the brochures and directions for protection orders into the five most common languages outside of English.

However, those languages needed statewide vary from what’s most helpful in Spokane. ...continued on page 10

NEWS | CRIMINAL JUSTICE “¿SE HABLA INGLÉS?,” CONTINUED...

The Administrative Office of the Courts is working to translate those directions by a Dec. 30 deadline into Korean, Chinese, Spanish, Tagalog and Vietnamese, says office spokeswoman Lorrie Thompson by email.

But according to a records request that MiA made to Spokane County’s courts, the languages that were most commonly requested for interpretation services over the last three years were Spanish and Russian, closely followed by Marshallese and Arabic. It’s hard to say what the fifth most common language would be as a few other languages were commonly requested, including Chuukese, Thai and Tigrinya.

“I’ve got two already done [in Spanish and Russian], and we’re kind of looking at what we think are our other non-English populations, which could be Ukrainian, Marshallese and Arabic,” Fitzgerald says. “We’re putting this out there trying to figure out how best to get the top five that we need, or, if we see a trend where a specific community is coming in a lot, we’ll try to make instructions for that language.”

Fitzgerald says he hopes to work with MiA and similar organizations as they translate the most common forms and directions for those communities, and then send those documents to the Administrative Office of the Courts to ensure they meet legal requirements.

One of the difficulties for Spokane is that our courts have decided to use their own forms for many processes, rather than a standard form that might be used statewide. For example, in trying to simplify the single protection order form to fewer pages, the county now requires its own translation, Fitzgerald says. BENEFITING AN ENTIRE POPULATION Saw Gary, program manager for Thrive International, a nonprofit working with refugees from Ukraine and other places, was a court interpreter for about 10 years, helping translate Thai, Karen, Burmese and other Asian languages.

He says he regularly saw clients get confused as they tried to find the right courtrooms or offices within the courthouse, often getting sent back to the same place they’d been before.

One way to help could be hiring a court coordinator,

Gary says, whose sole job would be to direct people to the forms and offices they need and help them navigate the complicated system. “Hiring a cultural navigator here through the courts in Spokane would be helpful,” Gary says. Interpreters, like victim advocates, cannot help clients fill out their legal forms because they are not allowed to offer legal advice, Gary says. However, MiA’s advocates have been able to help with a workaround by translating the actual form questions into Spanish when needed. Then, advocates like Citlalli Briseño (who is now the program supervisor for MiA’s various services) can help clients use Microsoft Word to dictate their answers and copy them Thrive’s Sajida Nelson and Saw Gary both used to work as interpreters in Spokane. YOUNG KWAK PHOTO into the correct court forms. The software is able to convert Spanish voice dictation to text, and then once the victim reads over their words to ensure they are accurate, the software can translate it into English, as all forms need to be submitted to the court in English. “We’re hoping we can bring these things to light and help ease those barriers for participants. Because we’re sure that it’s not just in the Latino community,” Briseño says. “The whole immigrant community is growing in Spokane, there’s Russian, Marshallese, Ukrainian, a bunch of different people coming in, so this would benefit a huge population.” One of the most important elements to ensuring language access involves making sure that places like hospitals and the courts aren’t having children or an

LISTEN TO...

JAY AND KEVIN IN THE MORNING

THE BIG DRIVE WITH JIM DIAMOND AFTERNOONS

abuser do the translation for someone, as the details can get lost in translation, sometimes intentionally, Briseño says.

“It’s very disappointing to see, as an advocate, the hesitancy there is and the lack of accessibility there is for these resources,” Briseño says. “They deserve to have a certified interpreter.”

While advocacy agencies push for even more forms to be translated into other languages and ultimately would like to see the courts accept forms filled out in other languages, Spokane’s office is taking other positive steps.

In addition to translation, Fitzgerald says he’s working to secure a private room where advocacy agencies like MiA, Lutheran Community Services and the YWCA could sit with people to fill out their forms in private kiosks.

Right now, his team ensures that protection orders are immediately filed electronically with police so those are available to officers the moment someone steps outside the courthouse. Victims receive certified copies of their orders before they leave, but they are asked to wait on benches in the hallway while the team completes that work, Fitzgerald says.

“We’re not doing a very good job with trauma-informed petitions for survivors of violence,” Fitzgerald says. “They fill out these orders, they have to go to court, which can be intimidating, then they come back upstairs, and I would like to put them in a quiet area.”

Fitzgerald submitted a funding request to the county for new laptops and a table and chairs through the COVID-related American Rescue Plan process, but he says he was told the request for a few thousand dollars was actually too small. Now, he’ll wait to go through an official budget request to try to create that private area.

“Space in the courthouse is at a premium, but we’re trying to figure this out,” Fitzgerald says. “We’re going to make this happen, I just can’t give you a timeline. We understand the challenge.” n samanthaw@inlander.com

November 18-19-20, 2022

46th Annual Christmas

FEATURING NORTHWEST ARTISANS

FINE ART | HAND CRAFT | SPECIALTY FOODS

TICKETS ON SALE NOW! www.CusterShows.com

CusterShows.comSpokane Fair & Expo Center $8 Admission | Free Parking 509.924.0588

Friday 10AM—8PM Saturday 9AM—6PM Sunday 10AM—4PM

Powered by pride.

EXPERIENCE KALISPEL CULTURE AND TRADITION AT NORTHERN QUEST.

Owned and operated by the Kalispel Tribe of Indians, tribal heritage inspires everything we do. From the rich history you’ll find woven throughout property to a dedicated month of celebrations each November, we honor Kalispel culture in countless ways.

W We continue our celebration of Native American Heritage Month with Native Dance Exhibitions and Indigenous comedian Tonia Jo Hall on November 19. Please join us for these free events.

LEARN MORE AT NORTHERNQUEST.COM

Brad Little (left) easily won the Idaho’s governor race, but it was a tight race for second place between Stephen Heidt (center) and far-right cowboy Ammon Bundy.

Moderates Do (Moderately) Well

How far-right candidates fared in Spokane Valley and Idaho

Spokane Valley Republican and once-and-future state Rep. Leonard Christian is something of an expert at losing.

He lost the race for county auditor in 2010, the race for state House in 2014, the race for county assessor in 2018, and another race for state House in 2020.

“One of my best financial supporters says, ‘You’ve got to pay off sometime. This is a stranded investment going nowhere,’” says a chuckling Christian, who was appointed to the state House in 2014 before losing in the ensuing election.

And just because his opponent this year, fellow Republican and incumbent Rob Chase, was a QAnondabbling conspiracy theorist, it didn’t necessarily mean Christian had a great shot at winning.

If anything, Chase was a lot gentler than the man he took over for: the equally conspiratorial Matt Shea. Until Shea decided not to run in 2020, he’d repeatedly shrugged off attempts to unseat him, including from members of his own party. Reams of critical reporting — about the gun Shea pulled during a road rage incident and his never-fully-explained “Biblical Basis for War” document that seemed to endorse killing males who didn’t yield to theocratic rule — only seemed to make him more beloved in his district.

And yet this year, the comparatively moderate Christian defeated Chase in Shea’s district, 50 percent to 47.6 percent.

Maybe it was because Christian’s persistence finally paid off. Maybe his name wormed its way into voters’ brains. Maybe it was the recent redistricting (though the Legislative District 4 didn’t get any less Republican, we don’t know whether the kind of Republican in the district changed).

Or maybe it’s that Shea wielded conspiracy theories like a weapon — using them to whip up crowds and inspire an intensely loyal podcast following — while Chase seemed more content to wander down conspiratorial rabbit holes without any particular destination in mind. Voters like confidence, after all.

Or maybe voters have finally rebelled against extremists.

“I think you saw that nationwide,” Christian says of moderates triumphing at the polls. “A lot of the Trumpbacked candidates didn’t fare well.”

And yet, just across the state border, Idaho showed that the far right is alive and well. While incumbent Idaho Gov. Brad Little, a Republican, waltzed easily to victory, the battle for second place was neck and neck, with Democrat Stephen Heidt edging out independent Ammon Bundy by only three percentage points. (Little received three times as many votes as Heidt.)

Who’s Bundy, you ask? Well, remember how Shea got investigated for “domestic terrorism” because of his involvement with an armed standoff at an Oregon national wildlife refuge? Well, Bundy actually led that standoff.

In fact, in more than three-quarters of Idaho’s counties, including most of North Idaho, Bundy actually beat the Democrats. It’s hard to tell how much of that is about the weakness of Democrats in Idaho, how much is about conservative backlash against Little, and how much is about Bundy’s own strength.

What’s more, Bundy’s fundraising haul of over $640,000 is 22 times what Heidt raised. One slickly produced ad featured Bundy in a U-Haul truck promising to pay the moving costs for liberals who vowed to leave the state if he won.

“No one is saying you have to leave,” Bundy said, turning to the camera to give a wink — complete with an audible “ding!” sound effect. “But if you‘re going to stay here, then you have to work like the rest of us.”

Devin Burghart, director of the Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights, found the ad telling.

“Toward the end of his campaign, where he was talking about liberals and poor people from the state, he was widely cheered by a lot of folks,” Burghart says. “That says a lot about both the state of politics of Idaho and the direction folks like Ammon Bundy want to take it.”

He says one legacy of Bundy’s campaign this year is how he introduced parts of the far right to each other. The same thing happened in the 1980s and ’90s in Idaho, he says, with permanent results.

“These disparate types of far-right activists together under one umbrella began to work with one another, sharing ideas and building a larger movement that wasn’t dependent on any one organization or individual,” Burghart says. “That changed the landscape out here for a number of years.” n

BY DANIEL WALTERS