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300 Years of Anderson’s Constitutions
above: The Constitutions of the Free-Masons, 1723. Scottish Rite Masonic Museum & Library, RARE 31 .A547 1723, c.2
by Jeffrey Croteau, Director , Van Gorden-Williams Library and Archives
The year 2023 marked the 300th anniversary of the printing of The Constitutions of the Free-Masons, a book that codified the earliest rules and regulations of organized Freemasonry. To mark this anniversary, the Scottish Rite Masonic Museum & Library’s Van Gorden-Williams Library & Archives is displaying early editions of this important book in its reading room. In the 1700s, beautifully rendered frontispieces, rich with symbols, distinguished new editions. On view are three editions printed during the 1700s, along with two reprints of the 1723 edition published during the 1800s and another published for the 200th anniversary in 1923.
The Grand Lodge system of organized Freemasonry can be traced back to the 1717 founding of the Grand Lodge of England in London. The group published its first Constitutions in 1723. This work contained a mythologized history of Freemasonry, as well as the group’s Charges and Regulations, a set of rules governing lodges, and the expected behavior of Masons. Although often referred to as “Anderson’s Constitutions” after one of its authors, today, the 1723 Constitutions is viewed as the work of three people — the Reverend James Anderson (1679-1739), the Reverend Dr. John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683-1744), and George Payne (ca. 1685-1757).
The 1723 Constitutions begins with a “traditional history” of Freemasonry written by Anderson. This narrative fancifully traces Freemasonry back to the biblical Adam in the Garden of Eden. Anderson’s history was intended — and should be read — as literary hyperbole, created to burnish the young organization by giving it a place within a well-known narrative. Following this is a section setting out rules and regulations stipulating who could join, as well as the Enlightenment principles of meritocracy and egalitarianism governing Freemasons. The ideas behind these rules and regulations still govern Masons today. They include civic responsibility, emphasis on personal merit above wealth or social standing, civility and morality, as well as a belief in a Supreme Being. Payne, who served as the Grand Lodge’s Grand Master in 1718 and 1720, wrote the General Regulations which laid out the governance and operation of the Grand Lodge and its subordinate lodges.
Three centuries after its publication, the Constitutions still contain ideals and sentiments that Masons look to today. Although the United Grand Lodge of England’s Constitutions have undergone extensive revisions over the years, its Constitutions and those that help govern Grand Lodges throughout the world can still be traced back to Anderson’s 1723 Constitutions.
