Re-envisioning informal streetscape Flexible housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
University of Rwanda, UR College of science and technology, CST Faculty of Architecture and environmental design School of Architecture
Final Year Project by Theophile UWAYEZU Instructors : Arch. Zeno Riondato Arch. Nerea Amoros Elorduy Advisors: Arch. Michelle Stadelman Arch. Yutaka Sho Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
02 DECLARATION
I, Theophile Uwayezu, declare that this final year project book presented for the fulfilment of academic requirement for 5th year student following the program of Architecture in the School of Architecture at College of Science and Technology (CST) is my own work. It has never been presented or submitted in any University or Institution of higher learning.
Theophile Uwayezu .........................................
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Reg. No: GS20101212
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
03 Dedication This final year project is dedicated to my family, academic members and many friends. A special feeling of gratitude to my loving parent, whose words of encouragement and push for tenacity guided me from my childhood to date . My brothers and sisters who have never left my side. I dedicate this work and give special thanks to my academic members; the Dean, for his effort in providing the necessary tools; the thesis instructors and advisory team for their kind support of ideas,design options and following up from the beginning to the completion of the project. I also dedicate this final project to my many friends who have supported me throughout the process. I will always appreciate all they have done, to develop my skills. All of you have been my best cheerleaders.
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
04 Acknowledgement I take this opportunity to thank, I have taken efforts in this final year project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly grateful to my instructors, Zeno RIONDATO and Nerea Amoros ELORDUY; my second advisors Michelle STADELMAN and Yutaka SHO for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary instruction regarding the project. I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project. My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
05 Abstract
The project ‘Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible housing and street design for adaptive transformation’ aims to develop housing along the street in an informal settlement of Kigali. The concept of flexibility and adaptive transformation come in as a design and implementation strategy aiming to provide basic housing solution for people who are not able to get up to the standards of housing in the context of the city. The project proposes a new vision for the informal street and design of housing units with provision of future expansion according to people’s needs. Learning from the informal settlements streets, the project explores how people try to use streets in informal settlements as selling points or external social spaces. It is an approach to maintain the intimacy between people and their places and avoid relocation. This is a growing neighbourhood with incremental strategy for housing units to allow future expansion and avoid uprooting occupants. The street is a pedestrian corridor of socio-economic activities linking Nyabugogo to the city centre, new central business district. The houses are in units of two to three family occupancy with access to the street. The project will create a contrast between the public street activities and private life in house units and backyard. Since the project provides solution for new housing without moving people elsewhere,as the design implementation strategy;temporary houses are designed in some free spaces to accommodate those people. In addition to housing facility, from the program point of view, the project becomes an arena for opportunities to empower local community. Those include socio-interactive facilities as playground places for children to improve the life of the settlement. The main public buildings are developed at the streets junctions and include a commercial and community buildings . The project consists of low and middle rise housing development as the master plan recommended for that site. This also includes more green space,improved living conditions with good infrastructural support;streetscape, drainage and green spaces.
Keywords: Street; streetscape;street infrastructure;housing;flexibility,flexible housing,adaptive transformation,expansion. Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
06 glossary of key words
Street: A public travel-way. Streetscape: The scenery viewed from a street and the visual positive or negative experience or feelings generated by such. Street infrastructure: Physical elements that define a street. It includes pavements,drainage systems, street furniture,trees and other green spaces Housing: Houses and flats considered collectively.[Housing development] Synonyms: homes, houses, places of residence, buildings; accommodation, living quarters; formal dwellings, dwelling places, habitations, abodes, domiciles. Flexibility: Adjustability, open-endedness, openness, openness to change, changeability, freedom, latitude, mobility, variability, fluidity, versatility, Flexible housing: Housing that favours the future modification and adjustment of use of space Adaptive transformation: Quick and easy changes that anybody can be able to do. Expansion: Growth, increase in size, enlargement, extension, augmentation, development, evolution
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
07 Table of content
Introduction........................................................................................................................................10 Justification.......................................................................................................................................12 Methodology.........................................................................................................................................15 Precedents..........................................................................................................................................16 Analysis............................................................................................................................................22 Programs......................................................................................................................................................................................31 Design development..............................................................................................................................................................32 Design Implementation.........................................................................................................................................................35 Housing units.............................................................................................................................................................................41 Systems
and
Structures.....................................................................................................................................43
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................................................................47
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
08 ABBREVIATIONS
DU: dwelling unit G+1:Ground and first floor
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
04 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1:Projected population and household growth of Kigali city Fig 2:Concept of flexibility and street design ideas Fig.3:Precedents location map Fig.4:incremental housing concept;Pune,India Fig.5:Incremental housing concept;Aranya,India Fig.6:completed settlement;Aranya,India Fig.7:View from the street,Mountain dwelling Fig.8:Housing on slope,Åre Solbringen residences;Denmark Fig.9:View towards the lake,Åre Solbringen residences;Denmark Fig.10:High-line,New York Fig.11:Compound growth trend in informal settlements Fig.12:Kigali housing status in informal settlements Fig.13:Project location map Fig.14:Topographic conditions of the site Fig.15:View of the site from the South,Kimisagara Fig.16:People and housing analysis Fig.17:Economic activities of the Site Fig.18:Compounds study Fig.19:Projection of the population on site Fig.20:Kigali city master plan Fig.21:Programs analysis Fig.22:Conception and design iteration Fig.23:Design guidelines and iteration Fig.24:Site plan Fig.25:Project implementation approach Fig.26:Street design and its relationship with the dwelling units Fig.27:Design of important nodes and street sections Fig.28:housing units Fig.29:Street façades and top view Fig.30:3D visualization Fig.31:Typical ground and roof plan Fig.32:Detailed unit plans,elevation Fig.33:Street view of the units Fig.34:Fig.34:Wall structural design and section perspective Fig.36:Structural Axonometric Fig.35:Typical Foundation plan Fig.37:Plumbing system
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
10 01 INTRODUCTION
Presently the city of Kigali is facing challenges to provide housing solution for its overgrowing population. Many people live without shelter or in shelters in bad condition ,lacking basic needs. Most of people are subjected to relocation when the city wants to develop an area. The statistics from the city council show that a half of the houses in Kigali are in bad condition. The Kigali city council says that Kigali urgently needs to build at least 344,068 new housing units over the next ten years for its residents; which requires financial capacity from the City council. A question towards architecture is how this can provide the basics for housing people. This should be flexible for modification throughout the time according to the future needs of the users. This project tests architectural design and responds to different changes and uses according to the needs and time. In fact the project will seek to redevelop an informal settlement in Nyabugogo and provide housing for the community and develop the street-scape as a spine for housing to be developed along it. This will be conducted through different mapping of relationships between the street and its surrounding;pattern of activities and people. Moreover, the project proposes a new solution and vision to the problem of maximizing the use of space and subsequent loss of communal areas by inhabitants. The project is flexible in a way that it ease future expansion and prioritize the meaning of communal spaces in the settlements and household specifically. This will express the meaning of the street, the house next to it and the backyard as one system together. This approach will start from the street and develop housing according to its conditions. The project will start with a linear organization along that spine,but flexible enough to expand vertically and horizontally in the future. Introduction
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
11 01 Introduction BACKGROUND Population1 The population of Rwanda is around 11 millions. The Rwandan population increased from 1.5 million people in 1934 to 9,344,399 in 2007; National census(1978 and 1991). A half of the population are below the poverty line. Urban growth2
1.957.312
1.750.507
1.655.449
1.565.553
1.480.539
1.400.141
1.324.109
1.252.206
1.184.207
2017
458.265
2016
429.219
2015
402.014
2014
376.534
2013
352.669
309.380
0 2012
0.5
330.316
289.771
1 271.405
For low income earners Kigali needs 186.163 housing units. That category includes people who get between 35000 and 200000rwf wage per month (KCC,2012)
1.5
254.202
Introduction
2 1.119.901
A half of the population of Kigali city lives in overclouded and low quality housing that does not meet habitable standards. They live in old shacks with mud bricks,leaky and rust roofs. Those situations are mostly found in Biryogo, Nyamirambo,Kimisagara,Gatsata,Muhima...
Millions
238091
Housing status in Kigali3
1.851.024
Urbanization in Rwanda is very recent. It is concentrated in Kigali city,rating from 236,000 people in 1991 to 800,000 people in 2007 and 1.119.901 people in 2012.In Rwanda,83.5% of the population live in rural areas and farming is their daily activity;l, 9 % live in urban areas, and 7.5% is in Kigali. Kigali is facing an overgrowing population at a rate of 5.7% people per annum. The more people come to urban areas the more informal settlements are created. As it happened for other Cities in Africa and Caribbean and pacific cities,Kigali lacks houses up-standards for that population.
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Fig 1:Projected population and household growth of Kigali city
Housing needs/annum
Poverty status Monthly income Poverty line National institute of statistics,population census(2012) National urban housing policy,Dec.23(2008) 3 Kigali housing market: Investor brochure(2012)
1,2
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
250000 4500
3000 =2500000Rwf Cost of a single house in Kigali
3500 Demand
2000 1000
1000 Supply
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
12 02 Rationale and justification
Claim under investigation The population growth in Kigali city is high and that raises issue of housing mostly for low income people who are subjected to expropriation from their former living and activity places because they don’t have means to respond to the city development. Supporting Premises Architecture can provide the core solution for housing;as a starting point of redeveloping informal settlement that is flexible for future expansion. People living in informal settlement for long time,develop different activities to survive mostly economic activities along their streets or pathways . In addition to that most of informal settlements are developed nearby places where jobs are frequently available. Research questions How architecture can provide solution to overgrowing population and its household in informal settlements. A house can be a growing entity to host changes of people’s needs throughout the time. In what ways can architecture provide housing solutions where users have freedom to expand and change their living units according to their future needs.
Introduction Justification
How people are currently evolving and shaping their lives within and along informal street. Are relocation and expropriation the best solutions to good housing issue and how it has been done in past years;what is its impact on people evicted? Is a house the best solution to many problems found in informal settlements? What are supportive programs can be added to it. What is the relationship between a street and a house. What are the other important character of the street rather that being a connection or passageway.
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
13 02 Rationale and justification
Architectural intention Streetscape The main architectural concern of the project is to integrate street and streetscape design with housing. This is a overlapping of housing units and street to trace the relationship between a house and a street in informal settlement from a socio-economic point of view. Flexibility,adaptability and transformation
Street
Following the meaning of flexibility and flexible housing,the project explore the concept of flexible design that allow people to modify the design according to their needs. The design should be flexible to allow people transform,add and remove elements.
Streetscape
Housing along the street
Introduction Justification
Re-positionable partition
Ada
Add/remove,open/close
ptab
ility
Free design/open floor plan
Univ
ersa
l
tran
sfor
mab
le
Fig 2:Concept of flexibility and street design ideas Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
14 02 Rationale and justification
Design parameters Identity: An emphasis on residents values and social character of the neighbourhood. Iconic and uniqueness of the settlement-Visual graphic/sign Entrances to the settlement to attract people Infrastructure: Waste/garbage management Improved drainage system Rain water harvesting Compost toilets Enhancing greenery: Outdoor spaces and green buffer Urban agriculture(terraces and vertical agriculture to maximize the use of space) Community encouragement: Public vs. private Communal spaces;events,workshops,playgrounds Space for economic activities to create economic interdependency within the settlement.
Introduction Justification
Street space variations: Street furniture,a street as not only a passage way for people or cars but a living room where people meet each other and chat. Green space,enhancement of greenery on the street.
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
15 03 Methodology
Design
Implementation strategy
Through use of sketches , computer drawings and physical models,the project is presented with full two and three dimensional drawings with all required details and documentation. Construction drawings will be provided to highlight different constructional details that are helpful for the design implementation and project execution.
The implementation starts with building a house that temporally host families while upgrading their homes. By taking advantage of free spaces within the settlement,this will be the starting point of the implementation of housing. Beforehand,the project will start with construction of street infrastructure and drainage system(treatment of ditches). The market won’t be removed but integrated in that building.
Project presentation The project is presented with both physical models;detailed and massing models of different options of the design iteration and computer aided drawings printed and projected presentation.
The important spot for this project are the entrances and street intersections. For the entrances,the bottom will act as hub of the commercial activities and community places. The top end entrance will be mostly greenery and park that encourages the natural landscaping within low rise housing.
Site documentation The site is analysed through observations,sketches and photos of the existing situation;mapping activities,people(how they use space to be flexible for their daily activities),housing typologies and materials. Topical interviews are performed for people living and working in the settlements and local authorities to see how they understand their lifestyle and what they think about their houses in the future Kigali. Programs development Introduction Justification Methodology
The programs are based on the existing economic activities,housing and socio-interactive space that are harmoniously shuffled to make the neighbourhood more organized,profitable and productive for its residents and the surroundings environment. By means of an architectural order from the existing activity pattern,the project sets an organisational structure for the current and future use of space. Conception The design potentially follows the existing street as a spine for the its overall development by envisaging its importance to the lifestyle of the people. It also explores different options of how the houses related to the street and their programmatic use. The housing units are low and middle rise housing with two to three family occupancy. Structurally the houses are provided with basic element;a skeleton and space for expansion.
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
16 04 Precedents
Precedents are chosen according to the issues to be addressed,the site itself and strategy envisaged by the design.
-Incremental housing projects: This includes projects developed when upgrading informal settlements around the word. It involves community planning and community participation from the design to implementation stage of the project. The examples are from India;Yerawada incremental housing and Aranya community housing. -Housing on slope: It includes projects that are build on a slope. Through understanding of how the building must touch the ground and how the slope can be a potential tool for housing to encourage privacy within units. -Street-scape projects: As described in previous chapters,the street will be the spinal cord for this project. This will be an understanding of the relationship between the street,activity pattern around it. How the street;public interacts with a house;private.
Fig.3:Precedents location map
-Case studies on housing in informal settlements of Kigali.
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents
The high line
Ă…re Solbringen residences Mountain dwelling,Copenhagen Aranya community housing Incremental housing,Pune
Housing on a slope Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Streetscape
Incremental housing Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
17 04 Precedents
1.Incremental Projects Three typologies developed for the community
-Yerawada Incremental housing in Pune,Bombay4 Yerawada slum, Pune,India Architects: Filipe Balestra and Sara GĂśransson Date:2008-2011
Type A: G+1 The units are fixed directly one next to another and seem to be one block. The owners had to choose colours they want to be painted on the principal front facade. The final picture of the completed project looks like collage with variation of open spaces(future expansion spaces) the windows and other openings. As for the housing projects the elevation is one important thing to consider while designing the units. The housing is not a unit of bedrooms,kitchen. The more important aspects of a good housing projects is have social spaces for people and children. Those spaces are shaped by houses elevation and the context within which the house seats. The project aimed to create skeleton/structure for people to fill walls in the future. The three typologies were placed one next to another and create a collage with different colours according to people’s will.
Incremented by adding another floor
Type B: G+2 The first floor is reserved for the future expansion: it can be a living room or Laundry
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents
Type C: G+2 Ground floor can be Incremented and acts as a shop or parking place. Fig.4:incremental housing concept;Pune,India Implementation collage Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
4
www.dezeen.com/2009/05/05/incremental-housing-strategy-by-filipe-balestra-and-sara-goransson/
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
18 04 Precedents
-Aranya community housing Location: Indore, India (South Asia) Architect: Vastu-Shilpa Foundation, Balkrishna V. Doshi Completed: 1989 Site size: 862’400 m²
The houses were provided with the core layout /program of the house and people can add more units according to their future needs. The back is for domestic activities like laundry,kitchen and other private activities and the front that faces the street has potential of creating a connection between with provision of balconies and roof terrace. A layout that allows future expansion of units: horizontally and vertically.
More importantly,this project tried to allow people use materials that are locally available like bricks and stones. I liked the way they managed to use different brick patterns to provide uniqueness within housing units. The key objectives of the project were to create a township with a sense of continuity and secure living environment;create a harmony between built environment and the people to achieve a community character/identity and balanced community of different socio-economic groups.
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents
Same units but different elevation
Fig.5:Incremental housing concept;Aranya,India
5
Aranya community housing,Indore,India;summary 025
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Fig.6:completed settlement;Aranya,India Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
19 04 Precedents
2.Housing on a slope -MD,Copenhagen-Danmark Mountain dwelling,Copenhagen-Danmark Location: Ă˜restad, Copenhagen, Denmark Architects: BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group + JDS Architects Area:33,000 m2 Date: 2008 This project is not build on sloppy terrain,but the architects tried to make terraced dwellings to maximize privacy within the units and intensify dwellings. The parking lot was provided underneath the dwelling units and that have avoided creation of two different infrastructure for cars and dwellings. Parking are potentially integrated within the dwelling units. The program,however, is 2/3 parking and 1/3 living that include 80 dwelling units and 240 parking spaces. Dwellings Through combination of different needs of parking area which needs a direct connection to the street and dwellings need sunlight,fresh air ,privacy and views;the parking were made base for the dwellings with provision of nice roof garden and terracing with good views to the surrounding neighbourhood. The Project creates a mountain of dwellings and it is perceived as suburban neighbourhood;tranquil6 Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents
Parking
Fig.7:View from the street,Mountain dwelling 6
housevariety.blogspot.com/2011/10/mountain-dwellings-by-big-bjarke-ingels.html#.Ukf5eoayySo
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
20 04 Precedents
-2. Åre Solbringen residences7 Location: Ørestad, Copenhagen, Denmark Architects: BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group + JDS Architects Area:33,000 m2 Date: 2008 The project consists of three retreat homes. The shape follows the landscape of the sloppy site and seems sliding towards the valley. They touch the ground with a minimum impact on it. The materials are wood panels for walls and floor with concrete footings. A wide view to the lake is provided at the bottom part of each house. Lake
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents
Touching the ground
Fig.8:Housing on slope,Åre Solbringen residences;Denmark 7
archpick.com/1513/linking-a-living-space-to-the-land
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Fig.9:View towards the lake,Åre Solbringen residences;Denmark Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
21 04 Precedents
Highline,NY New York Central Railroad;NY Landscape Architects: James Corner Field Operations Architects: Diller Scofidio + Renfro
This is landscape project in New York,USA. The project revitalized the old railway which was passing within the city. The main thing they provided is pedestrian separation with car traffic;provision of urban furniture and green spaces enhancement to have a natural environment within the city. The high line s not only walkway but space where people meet and interact.
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents
Street furniture and green spaces
Fig.10:Highline,New York Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
22 05 CASE STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS Kigali housing typologies in informal settlements In Kigali,most of informal settlement are shaped by low income activities. Those activities include commercial retail shops and other socio-economic activities. Throughout the time people change their dwellings by adding more rooms for commercial purpose;shops and/or rooms for rent. This horizontal expansion decreases public spaces. the case studies shows what is happening in different informal settlements in Kigali. Those are Nyabugogo,Biryogo,Kimisagara and Kacyiru.
Fig.12:Kigali housing status in informal settlements
Street
Nyabugogo
Fig.11:Compound growth trend in informal settlements
Street
17M
Kacyiru
Development of annexes
Street Can we compress?
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Biryogo
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis
Kimisagara
Beginning
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
23 05 CASE STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS Site analysis The site is in Nyabugogo-Muhima settlement. The place is mostly pedestrian and links Nyabugogo with the city Centre. It is always crowded with people from or to downtown. This gave opportunity to people to develop a commercial corridor to get profit from those movement of people. As for the other settlements, people tried to maximize the use of their plots and add more units to accommodate as many renters as they could, getting profit of their proximity to the city centre and the main taxi hub in Kigali.
Site location Gasabo district
Kigali
district PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONALKicukiro PRODUCT
Nyarugenge district
Fig.13:Project location map Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Kigali
CED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Rwanda
Nyabugogo taxi hub
Main round about
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PROD
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis
24 05 CASE STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS Site analysis Topography:
80 85
20
14
15
14
10
14
05
14
00
13
95
13
90
13
13
13
75
The site is sloppy on the eastern part. That influenced people to make big retaining walls while building their houses and connections. The slope varies between 1380-1430; 50meters difference=5.90
35
14
50 14
aa
14
45
bb
14
40
14
cc
Site
dd
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis
30
14
25
14
Section D-D
Section C-C
Section B-B
Wetland Scale:1/4000
Section A-A Scale:1/1000
Fig.14:Topographic conditions of the site Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
25 05 CASE STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS Site analysis Nyabugogo Market
Nyabugogo Taxi Hub
Kigali Main Roundabout
KIMISAGA RA
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis
Scale:1/5000 Central prison
Kigali city market
Fig.15:View of the site from the South,Kimisagara
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
26 05 CASE STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS Site analysis People&Housing There is a lot of flux of people during mornings and evenings because the site is a good short-cut between Nyabugogo and the up hill downtown. A lot of people work in the city centre and live in the site. It is best suitable for pedestrian and that why people take advantage of that corridor and develop different economic activities along the street. Currently the site has 109 houses to be upgraded with 545 people in total. It is a fringe area nearby the Muhima central business district proposed by the Kigali city master plan.
People’s traffic
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis
Morning
24 /min Mid-day
5 /min
Nyabugogo
Evening 0
16
32m
Fig.16:People and housing analysis Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
24 /min
Toward City centre
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
27 05 CASE STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS Site analysis The current situation of the public activities of the site. They are more economic based activities(microeconomy) to help residents in their life.
Residential: 109 houses
Boutiques: 31 Charcoal Kitchen utensils Vegetables Shoe stalls
Eat/drink 10 Restaurants+ Canteens 2 Bars
Leisure 11 Hair salons 2 cinema+studio 1 Billiard
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis
Fig.17:Economic activities of the Site
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
28 05 CASE STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS Site analysis Compounds Basically the compounds in that area are composed of owners and renters .The fact that the place accommodate many people from the countryside seeking and/or working in the city centre;the houses are mostly single units.
21 single bedroom
17single bedroom+living
9two bedroom
3three bedroom 1four bedroom Key Sleeping Living room Cooking space
Bathroom
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis
Shops
Fig.18:Compounds study Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
29 05 CASE STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS Site analysis Statistics: Households projection from 2012 to 2022 of the settlement and the density.
Consider 159DU/Ha medium rise and 79DU/ha low rise in 2022
0 2012
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
859 171
162
770 154
748 149
708 141
671 134
635 127
609 121
576
545
2013
115
102
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis
109
500
514
1000
813
People
2022
Households occupancy in Kigali
Key:
=
=
This doesn’t meet the required density in 2022. 171DU/1.9ha=80DU/ha
159DU/ha
Fig.19:Projection of the population on site Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
30 05 CASE STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS Site analysis
Kigali city Master plan
KIGALI CITY SUB-AREAS PLANNING I ZONING AND URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES REPORT FOR NYARUGENGE DISTRICT I FEB 2010
Projection in 2022 Medium rise residential district 159DU/ha
For this fringe area,the master plan proposes a development of row and medium rise housing units for families or social housing blocks with a maximum of seven floor height. According to Kgali city master plan,Kigali housing council and the needs of the population within the area;i projected the dwelling units needed for the area/. In order to achieve the density required by the City,my place should host 226 dwelling units in total that accommodates 1130 people for 1.9 ha( the area that i investigated). Because the project will be developed on both side of the street(0.6ha);my project proposes 56 dwelling units. Each unit hosts 3 families. Max. Heights: Ground and first floor development for row up to 5 floors middle rise
Row rise residential district 79DU/ha
Total area:1.9 ha Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis
Medium rise residential district 151DU needed Figure 4.3: Nyarugenge District Zoning Plan Year X. Source: Surbana 4-11
Low rise residential district 75DU/ha
Total DU=226 DU
Fig.20:Kigali city maaster plan Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
31 06 programs Site analysis Apart from the dwelling units,the existing programs wiil be kept and be redesigned in a different way. Some shops are integrated within the units and other programs are concentrated at the nodes.
50%green spaces
resto
50
Leisure/educational
18%triple bedroom
18%double bedroom
Typologies
34%Single bedroom2
40%Single bedroom1
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs
100
shops
Services+landscaping 40%=0.76
Residential 60% =1.14ha=226 dwelling units
Boutiques
Fig.21:Programs analysis Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Restaurants
Workshop
Bars Canteens
Community hall,training center...
Kitchen garden
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
32 07 design development Site analysis Inspiration: Spinal cord It is a spine where the sternum is attached. The street is a spine and housing aside connected to it. This interaction between the street and housing creates a good relationship between the street and residential.
Me
diu
Ro
m
w
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design
ris
ris
e
e
Terraces/ Identifying potential
Analysis
green roof
nodes KCMP Fig.22:Conception and design iteration
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
33 07 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Grid
Ravines/drainage
Landscape and connections
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design
Re-envisaging the existing informal vegetables street market and turn it into a community market. Economic node that includes restaurants,hair saloon and pub
Social node with workshops,community hall
Fig.23:Design guidelines and iteration The infrastructural support of the project,streetscape and drainage system is the master key of the project. Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
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07 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design
0
8m
Fig.24:Site plan Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
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Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
35 08 Implementation process The implementation part is a key design consideration as an approach to avoid relocation to elsewhere. This needs to have a starting point where it won’t disturb anyone or activities to keep the neighbourhood running. This is phased into three different parts: 1. Streetscape Infrastructure This starts with street design and drainage infrastructure. Because the drainage system and waste water management is a problem in most informal settlements. Street elements such as trees,paver and bench seating. This also includes natural water treatment and that water is channelled to the wetland.
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation
Dwelling units
2. Public nodes
226 in total
The nodes are the entrances and two public facilities at the street junctions. The bottom entrance is a building provided for street sellers to avoid illegal practice and have a good shelter for their products. A commercial nodes that has retail shops and cafeteria is connected to the existing Nyabugogo market,200m.this supports other small shops and becomes a hub for the economic activities of the settlement. A community hall that host community events and meetings. It also includes spaces for workshops so that women can gather and do handicrafts. The top entrance is a park-like entryway because of the topography and hard to provide hard structure. It includes a trees and street furniture and a pavilion.
Nodes for public services
Green space enhancement
3. Housing units The units are divided into 3 different typologies and follow how people live today on site but in a different settings. The implementation of the units first use free spaces and some commercial places in bad conditions.
Entrances
Fig.25:Project implementation approach Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
36 08 implementation process PHASE 1: Streetscape Drainage and green spaces area key elements of the streetscape. Trees include canopy trees to provide shade and columnar trees in the middle of the street. The pavement is porous paver to allow water infiltration.
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation
0
8
16m
Fig.26:Street design and its relationship with the dwelling units Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
37 08 Implementation process PHASE 2: nodes FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES Two entrances and two middle nodes are the second stage of the implementation of project. This accommodates a good number of economic and public activities to free up space for housing. At the bottom part there are small pavilion for small businesses. The first units are also provided for this stage to host people affected by both the streetscapes and this second stage as well
0
8
16m
Entrance market Stalls and retail shops Size:400sqm
Commercial node Cafe+retail shops Size:280 sqm
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation
Community node Workshops+community meetings Size:300 sqm
Fig.27:Design of important nodes and street sections 0
4
8m
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
38 08 implementation process PHASE 3: housing units The units are divided in three typologies that are sized and designed according to the way people live and use their spaces. Some of them have shops open to the street. This maintain how people maximize the use of their spaces and make it more productive and useful for their life.
12.2000
6.2000
1.Two Owners + shop -Single bedroom +Living room -2+1 bedroom+living room -Duplex -12.2x6.2m -150sqm -14 units in total Average cost: 141.5$/sqm Total cost:21225$ 2.Three Owners -2&3 bedroom -2-3+3 bedroom+living room -Triplex -12.2x8.2m -300sqm -26 units in total Average cost/unit:141.5$/sqm Total cost:42450$ Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation
Fig.28:housing units
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3.Three Owners -Single bedroom -1+1 bedroom+living room -Duplex -12.2x8.2m -200sqm -16 units in total Average cost/unit:141.5$/sqm Total cost:28300$
12.2001
8.3064
12.2000
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
6.2000
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
39 08 Implimentation process Fig.29:Street faรงades and top view
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation 0
4
8m
Street Facades Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
40
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08 implementation process
Fig.30:3D visualization
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Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
41 09 housing units
The total number of units 37 that accommodates 617 people in total. The units occupy 60% of the total area of the project.
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation Housing units
0
4
Rain water collection tanks
8m
Fig.31:Typical ground and roof plan
Section E-E
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Section F-F
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
42 09 housing units
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation Housing units
Fig.32:Detailed unit plans,elevation 0
2
4m
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Fig.33:Street view of the units
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
43 10 Structural design
The structure is basically load bearing walls. Those are interlocking and reinforced hydra-form blocks. The slab is made of prefabricated concrete T section and brick arch slab to avoid use of concrete or a lot of cement. Arch Brick arch floors were widely used from the early 1800s onwards and, in fact, new brick arch floors were still being built as late as the early 1920s.8“The standard bay size was approximately 10 by 20 feet, in other words the columns were about 10 feet apart and the beams were about 20 feet long.� Gutter
Load bearing masonry of interlocking blocks Tests have been conducted from time to time for conformity of dry stacked masonry in G+2 storey building. Fly Ash based interlocking blocks can be made of higher compressive strength to suit the Load bearing construction requirements beyond Ground floor to suit structural requirements. In terms of IS 1905, masonry can be done with thin mortar slurry of 1:3 to satisfy this requirement.
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation Housing units Systems & structures
www.uwe.port.ac.uk/commercial/offices_shops/section6.htm,accessed on23-02-2014,08:16am
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9
Roof
8th International Masonry Conference, Dresden 2010 Slab
Window
Wall
Foundation
Fig.34:Wall structural design and section perspective Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
0
1
2m
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
44 10 systems and structures
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The ceiling is left exposed and the beams painted. Electrical Installations and plumbing systems pass through the slab and that allows an easy distribution of those systems.
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Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation Housing units Systems&Structures
Fig.35:Typical Foundation plan
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0
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
4
8m
Fig.36:Structural Axonometric Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
45 10 Systems and structures
This includes sustainable strategies regarding rain water harvesting,sewage management and materiality of the building. To retain water and use it for domestic activities I use water tanks installed on top of each unit. This serves the lower floors in cleaning and in other utility works. Each unit has its own sewage management system and that is channelled to the main sewage tank.
Electrical and plumbing installations pass through the slab
The bricks that is used are hydra-form bricks. They don’t require the use of concrete and they have less embedded energy that the normal bricks. PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
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8m
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Fig.37:Plumbing system Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation Housing units Systems&Structures
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
0
46 10 Systems And Structures
Advantages of Interlocking hydraform blocks
Interlocking blocks 300x150x100mm hollow interlocking blocks Suitable for plumbing pipes and other installations
No Mortar –Only Optional Slurry! No Burning -Energy & Eco-Efficient Blocks! Blocks from Fly Ash –Cement or Soil -Cement Finished Exterior without Plastering! High Strength & Technical superiority over conventional methods InterlockingBlocks providing Mechanical Bonding Follows Basic Construction Norms Low Embodied Energy Other specification for hydraform construction
1/2 interlocking hollow blocks 1.Structure
2. Wall 230mm Thick Brick Masonry In 1:6 Cement : Coarse Sand, Mortar 3.Roof Flat with arched ceiling 15x7x5Mm bricks;low concrete (M20),100 Mm Thick tiles and bitumen topping 4 Flooring 20 Mm Thick Cement screed (1:2:4) and 20Mm hydraform tiles flooring 5. Plaster 12/15mm 1:6 Cement : Coarse Sand
Interlocking dry stacking block
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation Housing units Systems&Structures
Load Bearing Structure
Process
Materials
Tools required Hydraform Machine
Local sand and soil
Comparison of embodied energy of different building materials Material Brick;Conventional, 229x114x76 Hydraform blocks, 300x150x100 Solid concrete block; 300x200x150 Soil cement block; 230x220x115
Dry mix of sand and cement at 10%.
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Embodied energy;MJ/Kg 1.64 0.41 0.48 0.55
10% cement
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali
47 11 bibliography
Christensen,A.J.(2005)Dictionary of landscape architecture and construction Hillier, B., Hanson, J,(1984), The Social Logic of Space, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hillier, B., Penn A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T., Xu, J.(1993), “Natural Movement: Or Configurational and Attraction in Urban Pedestrian Movement�,Environment & Planning B 20, pp.29-66. Mugabo,P.(2013),Share the road programme Kigali NMT pilot project: Nairobi,Kenya Mugisha,I.(2012) Acute housing shortage projected in Kigali City: The New Times OZ architects,(2007),Kigali conceptual master plan,Kigali Rwanda Shafiei,K.(.(2007)Internal commercial streets and the consolidation of large informal neighbourhoods: the case of Zahedan, Iran; Proceedings, 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, Istanbul Tsinda,A. Abbott,P.(2012), Catalysing Self-Sustaining Sanitation Chains in Informal Settlements: A review and Analysis of the Situation pertaining to the Provision of Sanitation to Low-Income Settlements in Kigali City (Rwanda)
Introduction Justification Methodology Precedents Analysis Programs Design Implementation Housing units Systems&Structures Bibliography
Theophile Uwayezu/School of Architecture-UR
Final Year Project: Re-envisioning informal streetscape: Flexible Housing and street design for adaptive transformation in Kigali