November 7, 2013

DSM-5 Changes

Psychology manual draws criticism

Pages 4-5

Volume 70, No. 11

November 7, 2013

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November 7, 2013

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Vol. 70, No. 11

The Pan American

Why sex ed. should be taught in grade school Ismael Melendez

Social Media Editor “She’s pregnant.” These words spread through the halls of middle schools and high schools in Texas and the rest of the nation. But many times, students just continue their regular lives, never getting a talk from their parents or educators about having safe sex and healthy relationships. Youths are left to themselves to learn about sex and relationships. Part of the problem stems from parents not knowing how and when to talk about sex with their children. Sometimes, parents don’t have the necessary information themselves. Another problem is that youths do not know where to go for information. With the availability of the internet, Google becomes their best source. The problem is they could be reading misleading or wrong infor-

mation. Teens also talk to their friends or older siblings, but many times their friends and siblings don’t know either, but they act like they do and misinformation continues to spread. Many students learn about their sexuality for the first time when they go to college either on their own or at presentations put on by their university or an organization. The perplexed faces and stares of students as they learn about different birth control methods is priceless. Sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancies, however, are not. It is well known that students in college have sex. Furthermore, nearly half of the 20 million new sexually transmitted diseases are among people ages 15–24 according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This statistic should be enough to prompt students to use pro-

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Mia Infante/The Pan American UTPA guard Shaquille Boga (left) blocks opposing player Robert Eledu Nov. 2. The Broncs beat Texas A&M University-Kingsville in an exhibiton game at the Field House with a score of 74-56.

tection and get tested for STDs regularly. Students should also take advantage of free resources provided by the University and health organizations, such as the Student Health Services. People should not have to go

ment strategies to “delay initiation of sexual activity as part of a continuum of services to decrease the teen pregnancy rate and rate of sexually transmitted infections in youth ages 15-19.” However, Texas continues to

Sex education should include discussion about sex, peer pressure, birth control, LGBQTIA issues, and sexual consent. It should be medically accurate and age appropriate. to college to learn about sex and relationships. Such information is necessary because sex and relationships are part of almost everyone’s life. Texas policy makers are committed to a mostly abstinence-only approach to sexual education, which according to the Texas Department of State Health Services, tries to imple-

have the third highest rate of teen pregnancies in the nation, according to CDC statistics. Teen pregnancies cost taxpayers money and, most importantly, limit the future potential of young mothers. According to the TDSHS, the rate of adolescent mothers is higher for Hidalgo compared to the state

rate, 6.3 and 4.7 respectively. Comprehensive sexual education, which discusses healthy relationships and different types of birth control beyond abstinence, should be taught in grade school. It should be more than one week of health class; there is too much information to cover. Sex education should include discussions about sex, peer pressure, birth control, LGBQTIA issues and sexual consent. It should be medically accurate and age appropriate. Ultimately, health professionals and parents should have more input in coming up with the curriculum and not politicians with a religious or political agenda. Texas needs sexual education to prevent teen pregnancies, STDs, abortions, rape and unhealthy relationships.

Fighting Today For A Clean Tomorrow

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3102 ,5November rebmet31, 2013 peS7,2013 January

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Shipment cally used in combat operations School of Rural Public Health X i n e T araising t psiH awareness and a D r u g ( d e a arg METS Th“ maet reh htiw sojo c ot seitinutrop ecneics htiw amssergnthe taerg a si APTU niH nébuR nfighting po eupeople o q more than 1,700 allegfor flight, plus food expenses by rail is currently being conto remove forest cover, destroy in McAllen.” C Keystone Pipeline i n u e v g i n d g i i v o a o s t rpmi ni c lliw tI“ .dias r dna drawa eht d etaudarg tsom e cnuowork al aSenvironment stneduts sthe nna to incorporate ”,stneduts edly affected azby during their.sstay. sidered as an alternative to the crops and clear vegetation near Ineht oaddition, rising XL, eand a c u t d c a e r h M t t t a E g t e n T a t i a h S v udargrednu rof t ISH a fo elpm ah htam dna ”.yaw evfrom tsovorp ecwas itisopAgent axe o i R tal contamination biggest challenge project, according to Reuters. military base perimeters during sea-level at South Padre Island is solar energy.” a ni rof l“The e h t iv ,elyorC n tsir ni noit asoporp a dettim .margorp MET ni stneduts ruo K S .yeinllathe us maet reh dnThe iproject g n i t n a V c a Orange in the area around nfinancing trip,” b21-year-old is undergoing a the Vietnam War 1950s. another concern for Morin and The group u e e d s d u e n y a m b r G a hsilbatsethe a t r aht eveileb od I of students plans gorp eht ni yltn a ,noitacude sreerac rof meh ot troffe na ni o “ e r r t u g c n s i t l r w n a e p g o d a raey efinal erp dthat ut 30 Lavallee. the Mission Helena Chemical Ceo said. “We looked for sponreview.nk gniylpAs more than predict aware of envina saxeto no tnenvironmental pa nai ygresult, dna ,meScientists T hmake arg eht tuoS pothers etarts yranilpics S ht gniydaer era eed dna ygoloib sa chemical idretni Plant during the 1950s. The sors and, thankfully, there exists produced over the next 100 years,ewseas ronmental issues in Texas and , s d hcus ,stcejbucompanies l e fi i M t e p E m T S o c eht ni s METS morf e eht ni erutuf th rof RGV eraperp dnaAgent g g d i r e b a experience affected her life in a solid group of passionate peo- PROBLEMS IN THE Orange, along with other heated by global warming could the Valley. r t o a e s f s o ,y lliks a hsilbatse joniH dias ”,tek ytinutroppo eh ot ,arbegla ram labolg lacig rtnuoc ruo vi more than one way. ple who were able to help fund For several attendees, the t nedeadly chemicals, including the rise by a 1.5 to 3 feet, affect- olo“Banning nhcet evit plastic bags can ot dna spohskro g era yeTh .loohcs etaudarg .62South yluJ esaehelp deing w evitcaChemical tinU l e r “I was born with endocrine our expenses. We are indebted motivation to fight efor climate Helena Plant. coastal areas such as ssreduce e erp a nitons of waste,” anh r e t t n n i i , n e i g e a tapicitrap ot tnavdA METS tats-fo-tuo ni sr eeOften p htiwreferred nidroccA Stefanie Herweck, erged s’raccording problems and a calcified tumor to them.” awareness and cleangnenergy the “en- PadreseIsland, to The ot gnounced krowtentodas o l e h imocpufor c n a b a levart fo driht eht fo tsil etelpm eht ,tnoidHerald. ylno ,setprofessor behind my ear linked back to This year, the Power Shift future generationsrecomes Brownsville and bag ban ocmassacre atS da nI .sdlefi ME -enoEnglish A .secnerof ffo ot sfrom efnMisah margovironmental oc TS ni era denia r e p h M t s E k n T a S r eht after m t b u o r the Agent Orange environ- conference included more their own personalsnstruggles Texas,” Texas leader, at the EAC meeting Oct. secnerethe o F c i m oitacilppa ehsion, f o noc nocE dlroW su t o“If igitswe 331 fTHE erPget the momentum o tuo VALLEY no detacol era s htiw gnola mental pollution in Mission,” than 200 panel discussions, SHIFTING 26. 8 4 r e b m u n sa setatS detin enilda htam fand U o ytilinspired .etisbew METS ed dna auq ni seirby Morin said. “My mother used workshops, concerts, as well as Impacted in Edinburg, we can start tnuocgoing s ’ A depoleved P T U argorp hcraeseR Itekisil smnecessary for all students to work in the Helena Chemi- various speakers, who presented Power Shift, as well as their the domino effect in the Rio . n o i t acude ecneics d “ na noitcnujnoc ni na tneduts a ev , cal Plant in Mission. Conse- about the dangers of fracking personal experiences, the group Grande Valley.” A P T i U g ) , 2002 nI to -nunderstand ETS( importance -iH namssergno u ecneirepxe elb Mthe C fo ecffiO eAccording quently, my sister and I were and coal-mining practices. of studentsci plans to implement to Herweck, if arapmocni ht htiw n odnesoR a p s i of environmental injustice H t s rfi eht dezinagthey dias ”,re born with endocrine problems “I liked the educational what it learned in Pittsburgh Edinburg would ro ,assucceed, o j o -lonhceT a htiw detaudar hto yna ekil n dna ecneicS ,gn g ohwdisruptions crimes rand climate in our , r a i z r and hormone imbalances.” sessions the most,” Ceo, a junow that they have returned to be the third city in the RGV to a e l e a n S i gnE etupmoc ni eer lliw hcihw ,CE ged s’rolehcab TSEH .ban keewbags, Morin was one of seven nior, said. “I didn’t think there the Valley.detroppus sa after Brownsville and y community. g o tI“ .3102 gnirp h ,21-7 .tcO ec sn alp ekPadre members of the UTPA Envi- would be much related to my “We,saash part Island, who comat ti esuaceb detic i ecneics dna sof levthe el llEnvirona ta noitacudSouth x e e m t o g e METStheir ban on bags in Fernandez covda rof leClub, -i-nuAlessandria ronmental Awareness Club who major and kind of expected mental-taAwareness have menced troppo eht em d o m l a noitan a emoce evag htuback b2011. oS gnthe yEAC m dnapmember omaorganization attended Power Shift, a four- more environmental science brought xe ot yt snoitapucco MJanuary ETS gni y l t n a e n g i d m e oderShift lwonk p era to day national climate change subjects, but it was a pleasant skills from Power stratWith o h w stneduts saxeT bag bans already in -ided etisbew a ot gnidrofor conference held in Pittsburgh surprise to see that there was so egize greener compromises in the Valley, and the cca ,ceffect inapsiH .tneve lauareas, Oct. 17-21. The group, along much. I learned about Capital- and experiences. Commission on Environmen- the safety of residential nna eht Hidalgo ot detac County Courthouse with more than 8,000 other ism, the economy, divestment “These issues should not tal Quality held investigations divestment from toxic indus- investing time in Green Inicollege students from across and the profitability of clean be taken lightly,” said Morin, during the late 1990s, the area tries and to create jobs to sustain tiatives, the group of students the United States, traveled to energy sources.” who developed health issues as was declared the top contami- our cities instead of destroying recognizes that there is hope in protest against the country’s One of the best parts of the a result of indirect exposure to nated site in the state of Texas them,” said Alessandria Fernan- the RGV, but still a lot to do. dependence on fossil fuels and conference, according to EAC Agent Orange. “People have and made the federal registry dez, an anthropology major. “It is necessary for all stuwhat they see as environmental members, was exchanging been seriously affected by the as a Superfund site. According “We plan to empower folks dents to understand the imporinjustices, such as the Keystone stories with fellow students environmental injustices in the to the EPA, a Superfund site is around us and drag them out of tance of environmental injustice XL oil pipeline. The potential from the other 720 participat- Rio Grande Valley.” any land in the United States this tunneled harmful lifestyle crimes and climate disruptions pipeline would connect Canada ing colleges. Agent Orange contains that has been contaminated that they are accustomed to.” in our community,” Fernandez to U.S. Gulf Coast refineries. “It was very encouraging to tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by hazardous waste and poses Currently, members of the said. “We can’t continue waitHosted by the Energy know that we are not alone in (TCDD), the most toxic dioxin a risk to human health and/or Sierra Club, along with help ing generation after generation Action Coalition, Power Shift this battle to save our planet... classified as a human carcino- the environment. from members of the EAC, are for someone else to do it. The is a biannual gathering of en- there are thousands of people gen by the Environmental ProHowever, Mission is not the working on a petition to restrict change starts now with us.” vironmental activists seeking to like us,” said Katie Lavallee, a tection Agency. Birth defects only region facing environmen- the use of plastic bags throughThe seven students who launch campaigns for commu- freshman biology major. “I felt and cancers have been linked to tal issues in the Valley. out the city of Edinburg. attended Power Shift last month nities, states and regions and to proud to represent the RGV exposure, according to several “It is not just Mission,” “Texas is huge, so it can have will be sharing their experiences advocate fracking resistance. because we are on the front- studies conducted by the Amer- Morin stated. “There are 33 a monumental impact on the and knowledge at the Science According to Raul Ceo, a line in most environmental is- ican Cancer Society and Center acres of benzene contamina- nation. Especially if we were Building, Room 1.288 Nov. 7 finance major, despite strug- sues. Whether it’s the Keystone for Disease Control. tion on 23rd Street in McAllen, to turn green and become the from noon to 1 p.m. gling to attain sponsors to cover pipeline, hydraulic fracking… The “tactical herbicide,” as Donna Lake and tons more cas- first sustainable state,” Lavallee their travel expenses, the group or anticipated sea-level rising at referred to by the U.S Depart- es. I have worked directly with said. “I’m excited to be a part of members worked hard for weeks South Padre Island.” ment of Veteran’s Affairs, was a lot of the families affected by the Edinburg Bag Ban committo plan and attend the national U.S. officials are currently developed by the U.S Depart- environmental injustices when tee and Save the McAllen Bo-

ekil smargorp hcraeseR tneduts aagainst Students at Power Shift protest injustices evig )MEenvironmental T S ( ecneirepxe elb arapmocni na .rehto yna ekil nu

Page 4

November 7, 2013

THE PAN AMERICAN

November 7, 2013

Intellectual Disability

DSM-5 draws criticism from mental health professionals

Diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability emphasizes the need for an assessment of both cognitive capacity (IQ) and adaptive functioning. Severity is determined by adaptive functioning rather than IQ score. The term “mental retardation” was used in DSM-IV.

Communication Disorders

By Susan Gonzalez The Pan American

Homosexuality is a mental illness. At least it was according to the second edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a reference book published in 1968. This version of the DSM persisted until a reprint was issued in 1974, after drawing criticism from gay rights activists, as stated in The American Journal of Psychiatry. Nearly 40 years later, the DSM, a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association that provides standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders, is still drawing criticism from mental health professionals, but for different reasons. According to Frederick Ernst, problems with the latest edition range from changes to Major Depressive Disorder to the inclusion of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. “More than 50,000 mental health professionals signed a petition around DSM-5 to cease and desist,” said Ernst, a professor in the Department of Psychology who wanted the manual’s production to be stopped and not be taken up later. “That’s how bad everyone thought it was.” Ernst, a committee member of Boycott DSM-5, adamantly opposes the latest edition of the manual, which was released May of this year. He serves on the committee with other mental health professionals, such as Dan Fisher, the executive director for the National Coalition

for Mental Health Recovery. “The director of the National Institute of Mental Health went on record saying this is not only a disservice to the people who have been characterized as mentally ill, but (NIMH was) no longer going to fund research on the basis of the diagnostic groups (in DSM-5),” Ernst said. According to Psych Central, the Internet’s largest independent mental health social network, one of the biggest changes was made to the Major Depressive Disorder category. In the DSM-IV, if a person was grieving the loss of a loved one, he or she couldn’t be diagnosed with Major Depression during the first two months of bereavement. In the latest edition, this allotted time period is eliminated, a decision Ernst believes was motivated by the pharmaceutical industry. “Of the committee members (for DSMIV), 56 percent were on the payrolls of the pharmaceutical industry,” he said. “For DSM-5, it was 77 percent. So a lot of (mental health professionals) are suspicious that the influence on DSM-5 was more interested in marketing psycho-pharmaceuticals than in the interest of characterizing suffering in the population for its eventual intervention and treatment.” Bereavement and grief aren’t mental health issues unless the person is exhibiting signs of psychotic or suicidal behavior, Ernst said, and he believes it was

a poor decision to include them in the DSM-5. It could potentially lead to people being prescribed unnecessary medications, such as antidepressants, he said. “It takes a year to two years to get over the loss of a spouse, parent, someone very close,” Ernst said. “Now, the issue of a grief can be changed into a Major Depressive Disorder if, in the opinion of the clinician, the person is not adjusting adequately within t w o

In addition, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, a severe form of premenstrual syndrome, is now categorized as a mental illness. PMDD affects approximately 2 to 5 percent of premenopausal women, according to The American Journal of Psychiatry. To be diagnosed with PMDD, the DSM lists three main specifications: symptoms must correspond with the menstrual cycle for a minimum o f

More than 50,000 mental health professionals signed a petition around DSM-5 to cease and desist. - Frederick Ernst Psychology professor

months of the loss of a loved one. I think it’s a perfectly normal phenomenon and these people are best left untreated because you know the real treatment for that problem is time.”

two successive months, the symptoms disrupt a person’s ability to carry out normal activities and the depressive mood should not be experienced all the time,

only during days leading up to menstruation. One issue with the inclusion of PMDD is that it could potentially be overdiagnosed, said Sarah Gehlert in an October article on the National Public Radio website. Gehlert, who researches women’s health and mental health issues at Washington University in St. Louis, is worried that this could lead to pathologizing healthy women who are experiencing normal hormonal shifts. Ernst agrees with Gehlert. “That is a problem best addressed by a gynecologist,” he said. “It’s a normal, common phenomenon. To pathologize it opens the door for treatment... which could be medication (that is not needed).” For senior psychology major Alfredo De Leon, one of the most important changes made to the manual was in the category of Autism. Instead of having four separate disorders under the umbrella of Autism, there is now a single condition called Autism Spectrum Disorder. With the subdiagnoses eliminated, De Leon thinks there could be benefits to the change, such as being able to determine where a person falls on the spectrum rather than having to follow rigid

criteria for each subcategory. But he also thinks there are drawbacks, since some patients fit neatly into one specific subdiagnosis. “In a way, it’s good, it can be on a rating scale, but it can also be bad. It does away with the variables of each one,” De Leon, who has friends with Autism, said. “They may need treatment for one specific disorder and now that disorder is part of one broad diagnosis, which could prevent them from getting the treatment they need.” However, Jeffrey Lieberman, president of the American Psychiatric Association from May 2013 to May 2014, said changes to the DSM should not be cause for concern and that the manual is a relevant and important diagnostic tool. “It is not a how-to guide on how to practice psychiatry, or any other mental health discipline,” said Lieberman in an article on the Fox News website in November 2012, in response to early criticism of the DSM. “It is a tool with tremendous value for diagnosing patients that should be used as a part of a comprehensive patient assessment.” While De Leon takes issue with some of the changes made to the DSM, he also does not view the manual as the final word in the world of psychology. “For the most part, the DSM is the basic bible for psychologists,” he said. “Of course, for me, I would say to take it with a grain of salt.”

The DSM-5 communication disorders include language disorder, speech sound disorder (a new name for phonological disorder) and childhood-onset fluency disorder (a new name for stuttering). Also included is social (pragmatic) communication disorder, a new condition for persistent difficulties in the social uses of verbal and nonverbal communication.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a new DSM-5 name that reflects a scientific consensus that four previously separate disorders are actually a single condition with different levels of symptom severity in two core domains.

Schizophrenia subtypes

The DSM-IV subtypes of schizophrenia (paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated and residual types) were eliminated due to their limited diagnostic stability, low reliability and poor validity.

Anxiety Disorders

The DSM-5 chapter on anxiety disorder no longer includes obsessive-compulsive disorder (which is included with the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders) or post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder (which is included with the trauma and stressor-related disorders).

Hoarding Disorder

Hoarding disorder is a new diagnosis in DSM-5. DSM-IV lists hoarding as one of the possible symptoms of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and notes that extreme hoarding may occur in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

THE PAN AMERICAN

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