APPROACHES TO CLIMATE CHANGE

When it comes to climate change action there are two broad approaches:

▶ Adaptation: defined by any action taken to adjust to climate change.

▶ Mitigation: defined as action taken to reduce, avoid or sequester greenhouse gas emissions.

ADAPTATION

Due to their vulnerability to the effects of climate change, and negligible contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions, small states’ responses should largely prioritise adaptation. Identifying and implementing appropriate and effective adaptation responses is a complex issue and the vulnerability and needs across and within small states also varies.

A priority for small states is in identifying appropriate climate change adaptation actions. Good adaptation responses should fit the adaptation problems being addressed, reduce targeted vulnerabilities and manage uncertainty, all while meeting sustainable development goals and objectives. Small states have in many cases been effective at identifying and addressing their own vulnerabilities, however challenges remain. This often stems from the fact that the vulnerabilities and needs often differ within jurisdictions. Addressing climate change at the national level therefore requires identifying adaptation priorities and basing action on scientific data or other credible evidence.

Most adaptive measures in small states are undertaken by national governments, either solely or in collaboration with other actors that may include: other country governments (bilaterally), regional and intergovernmental organisations, NGOS, private sector and industry, and civil society. Another approach is ground-up adaptation, undertaken independently of national governments. Although much less frequent in small states, there are examples of actions being undertaken at the local level. Potential actors include schools, universities, local governments, church groups, local communities and home/landowners, among others.

INSIGHT: COMMUNITY-BASED ADAPTATION

One approach to ground-up climate change adaptation is Community-Based Adaptation. This approach seeks to include citizens and communities, particularly vulnerable people, in the design and implementation of projects and project activities. This can include simple, yet accessible technologies, such as storing freshwater during flooding, or more complex forms of resilience, such as reducing the vulnerability of social groups disproportionately affected by climate change. Local communities, including traditional village leadership systems can be a strong source of community cohesion and mobilisation. Their inclusion in the design and implementation stages, can also improve the sustainability and longevity of projects. Community-Based Adaptation can also complement other more common forms of adaptation, such as at the government level. It can act as small-scale/policy laboratories, generating knowledge about how to address vulnerabilities at the local level while generating broader lessons on inclusive climate change policy.

MITIGATION

Mitigation is about reducing the release of greenhouse gas emissions that are warming the planet. This is done by either reducing sources of these gases (for example the burning of fossil fuels) or enhancing “sinks” that accumulate and store these gases (such as oceans, forests, soil). Because the contribution of small states towards global emissions is negligible, investing in climate change mitigation may seem like a pointless, or even diversionary endeavour. However, pursuing mitigation strategies is important for several reasons:

It provides the opportunity for small states to achieve other development objectives, for example, achieving energy security and reliable, resilient energy infrastructure.

It showcases leadership in low carbon development, which has a positive effect on development overall and applies pressure for the biggest emitters to follow - especially if small states transform energy plans at a regional or inter-island level.

It can inform investment decisions to avoid locking in higher levels of emissions in long-term infrastructure and assets.

It provides opportunities for resilience building from the resulting economic transformation of investing in renewable energy.

There exists various mitigation strategies, such as adopting renewable energy sources like solar, wind hydropower, or developing more sustainable transport such as electric vehicles and biofuels. The range of options fall under what the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) labels the “four pillars” of action to reduce emissions. These are:

Reducing energy use: Decreasing the amount of energy required to run homes and fuel the economy and to produce more using less energy.

Switch to cleaner fuels: Once electricity is powered by clean energy, switch energy activities, convert to electricity and to low-emissions alternatives.

Produce cleaner electricity: Transition electricity generation away from imported fossil fuels to cleaner, locally produced low emissions sources such as solar, wind, hydro and bioenergy.

Reduce non-energy emissions and increase carbon storage: Reducing non-energy emissions like agriculture and refrigerant gases and capture and store remaining emissions through actions like restoring forests and blue-carbon ecosystems.

The potential for renewables in small states is huge. With many rich in energy sources, especially from wind, solar, tidal and geothermal, they have the potential to meet most, or all, of their domestic energy needs. Progress has been made in implementing alternative energy plans and most have set ambitious national renewable energy targets. However, with renewables comprising approximately 10% of the power sectors of SIDS much work is yet to be done. Parliamentarians can play a key role in shaping energy policy and ensuring governments meet targets and commit to renewable energy.

CASE STUDY: ENHANCED SYSTEMS PLANNING IN SAMOA

With approximately 70% of the Samoan population living within one kilometre of the coast, infrastructure, economic assets, and livelihoods are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and natural disasters. Past cyclones and tsunamis have critically damaged the country’s transport infrastructure. Although the response to such events has been swift, systematic planning to prepare transport infrastructure has historically been lacking.

In response to its vulnerabilities and deficiencies, Samoa has implemented a number of projects to improve its approach to systems planning. This includes the construction of new roads and bridges as an alternative to high-risk coastal routes, development of a climate resilient road strategy and the design of national standards for the maintenance and construction of future climate resilient infrastructure. The measures were completed under a number of projects, most notably the Samoa Post Tsunami Reconstruction Project (PTRP) and Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) and were helped realised through financial credit of the World Bank.