CREATING A BETTER FUTURE FOR 8 BILLION PEOPLE

URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN THE COMMONWEALTH

CREATING A BETTER FUTURE FOR 8 BILLION PEOPLE

As the global population reaches the landmark figure of 8 billion people, UN-Habitat’s Executive Director examines how multi-level governance on urbanisation is a key goal for a sustainable future.

The world’s population has reached 8 billion. It is another milestone in human development. For us, it is also a time to pause and rethink how to make our home, our planet, sustainable. If we fail to take care of the natural and built environments, we risk ruining our home and displacing billions of people.

It took the world 125 years to grow from 1 billion to 2 billion and only 12 years to get from 7 billion to 8 billion. There are more and more of us in the world. We have diversity, infinite opportunities, and multiple possibilities. However, our challenges and problems are not only multiplying but intensifying as well.

Urban areas absorb almost all the current and future population growth. Today, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities and towns. By 2050, this number will reach 70%. The future of humanity is undoubtedly urban. We will continue to urbanise rapidly, especially in some countries in Asia and Africa. But our urban future is not uniform across regions and poses different scenarios.

In countries of the global north, where urbanisation is stabilising and slowing down, key priorities for the future of cities include managing cultural diversity, upgrading and modernising aging infrastructure, addressing the problem of shrinking and declining cities, and catering to the need of the ageing population. At the same time, cities and human settlements of the global south struggle with different challenges – rising poverty, informal settlements, high levels of youth unemployment, and lack of basic services.

Today, one billion people live in slums and informal settlements. And this number is on the rise. It is most prevalent in three regions, home to about 85% of slum residents globally – Central and Southern Asia, 359 million; Eastern and Southeast Asia, 306 million and sub-Saharan Africa, 230 million, according to the data of the UN-Habitat World Cities Report 2022.

The recent quadruple ‘C’ crisis – COVID, Climate, Conflict, and Capital – has created even more challenges and put more pressure on urban areas both in the global north and south. Lack of affordable and adequate housing, natural disasters caused by extreme temperatures, ongoing conflicts, and rising living costs affect everyone. As UN-Habitat’s 2022 World Cities Report revealed, the COVID-19 pandemic created nearly 163 million newly poor people in 2021. Newly poor are those who have fallen into poverty due to the pandemic or those who could have exited poverty but remain poor.

UN-Habitat’s data reveals that, over the next five decades, most expansion and urban growth will occur in low-income countries, 141% of the growth will happen there. Lower-middle-income and high-income countries will only experience 44% and 34% growth, respectively.

Studies show that normally urban land expansion happens at a slightly higher rate than population growth. This means that urban and territorial planning, resource allocation and technical skills on the city level are extremely important for the future of our cities and our planet. Small cities and towns will be critical in ensuring we make progress toward sustainability.

City densities need to be planned so they do not exert pressure on existing open land. Cities must also ensure that proper infrastructure and basic services are in place. Urban growth should be planned and not lead to overcrowding or unsustainable sprawl. For this, smaller and mid-sized cities need resources and training to raise specialists. For example, Asia and Africa have only one urban planner for about 77,000 and 100,000 people, respectively.

Above: During CHOGM 2022 in Rwanda, UN Habitat’s Executive Director, Ms Maimunah Mohd Sharif spoke about the need for multi-level and multi-sectoral cooperation to achieve sustainable urbanisation at a panel discussion on the topic of ‘Empowering Cities to Deliver’ organised by the Commonwealth Sustainable Cities Initiative. During an intense week of activity in Rwanda, the UN-Habitat Executive Director joined the Rwandan Minister of Infrastructure, Hon. Dr Ernest Nsabimana and Commonwealth partners, city mayors, Ministers, representatives of civil society, built environment professionals, technical experts, development partners and private sector partners from all regions of the Commonwealth to promote the ‘Call to Action on Sustainable Urbanisation across the Commonwealth’.

We must also consider adopting a new universal social contract that stipulates basic income, health coverage and housing. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated to us how important housing is. Proper and adequate housing was the best vaccine against the virus. However, when people had to shelter in their places, a billion people could not do it simply because they did not have an adequate place to call home. Affordable housing programmes are essential to house growing populations. At the same time, investment in housing can create economic opportunities and more jobs in the construction sector.

Last but not least, we need to think about effective multi-level governance. In practice, it means that all levels of government – city, regional and national - work together and adopt collaborative strategies and policies and allocate sufficient resources for implementing these policies. National urban policies need to connect with regional and local action plans and be translated into master plans and even district mappings. Cities and regions need funds in their coffers to implement these plans. This is what we mean when discussing effective local action and localisation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

The future of our planet and humanity will be determined in cities. It is high time we pay more attention to planning and managing our cities and human settlements. It is our chance to create a better quality of life for 8 billion people worldwide.

Ms Maimunah Mohd Sharif is the UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), appointed by the UN Secretary-General, following an election by the UN General Assembly on 22 December 2017. In January 2022, her tenure was extended for the second term. Since joining the United Nations, Ms Sharif has re-positioned UN-Habitat as a thought-leader in sustainable urbanisation and an agency that advocates for the implementation of the New Urban Agenda to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and the nationally determined contributions to the Climate Action Paris Agreement. Prior to UN-Habitat, she was the Mayor of the City Council of Penang Island, Malaysia and was the first woman to be appointed as President of the Municipal Council of Seberang Perai in 2011. She began her career as a Town Planner at the Municipal Council of Penang Island in 1985. In 2009, she was entrusted as the first General Manager to establish George Town World Heritage Incorporated and manage the George Town World Heritage Site which was inscribed by UNESCO in July 2008.