Journalism in Jeopardy

Story by Skijler Hutson, Zoey Greenwald, Mina Jang, and Sophia Kriegel Photos by Skijler Hutson Graphics by Mina Jang

I step into my first day of Journalism class. It is junior year, and I am late to the writing game, but still I’m here. I’ve got a shiny, new notebook in one hand and a ballpoint in the other. Here, I am going to be a real writer. The kind of writer who says what needs to be heard -- who writes about politics and social issues and sexism and racism and flawed institutions.

The teacher tells us that our writing means something. That our voices need to be heard. That our words are important. She pats us on the back and sends us to the computers.

I decide to write about spirit days. I write about the school dress code. I write about all the pretty things at West Ranch High School. I get a gold star. Then, I see my fellow journalists write about the not-so-pretty things at West Ranch High School. They observe, and they reveal. They write with a freedom which they believe they have. They write what needs to be heard.

They both get called to the principal’s office. Their words are taken down. They are censored.

High school is the first real taste of freedom that a student feels; its endless hallways hold promises of parties and late nights, football games and 4 a.m. drives. This treat, sugar-coated and shiny, is artificially sweetened with smoke and mirrors. There is a false freedom that comes when you enter those gates.

It is the encouraging posters that hang on pasty

white walls. It is the administration, saying to write what needs to be heard, but only when they agree. Only when West Ranch is depicted as a shining beacon of beauty.

It is all which glimmers with an idealistic promise of autonomy, cradled in a contradiction. There is no truth where there is no freedom.

What Happened

Skijler Hutson’s story on the rivalry between West Ranch and Golden Valley was pulled from publication by administration in the Fall of 2017. Mina Jang’s critique of the Associated Student Body was asked to be taken off The Paw Print’s website in the Spring of 2018. Sophia Kriegel’s light-hearted satire on restroom vaping was deemed an inappropriate subject for publication.

We believe that such prohibitions have not been enacted on terms of irresponsible reporting, but rather because the content of the articles was found to be distasteful or controversial by administration.

None of the articles were meant to cause harm or be outrightly rebellious. They simply were meant to start a conversation, and hopefully effect some change. That is the point of all investigative articles. The articles are opinion pieces. As long as the content of the article is true and doesn’t pose a clear and imminent threat, opinion writers are free

to write whatever they choose.

After the first incident, we thought about the nature of the content we were writing and what might have triggered the censorship, but after the third instance, we began to ask ourselves if the administration even had the right to censor us. That is an interesting question, and it took some digging to figure out.

The landmark court case Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) is familiar to many. After students were suspended for wearing black armbands to school in protest of the Vietnam war, the Supreme Court ruled that students and teachers do not “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.” This case has protected student journalists for the better part of 20 years, but its overarching protection of students was challenged in 1988.

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier was brought to the Supreme Court in 1988 after the principal of Hazelwood East High School censored a special edition of the school newspaper covering divorce and teen pregnancy. The court decided that “educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in school-sponsored expressive activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.” Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier felt like a dead end, but then we thought to check California state laws. In 1977, California passed Education Code 48907, which states that “pupils of the public schools, including charter schools, shall have the right to exercise freedom of speech and of the press including [...] the right of expression in official publications, whether or not the publications or other means of expression are supported financially by the school or by use of school facilities.”

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier simply enables schools to censor school-sponsored publications if they so choose. California, by passing Education Code 48907, decided to counter this in an effort to provide more freedoms to student journalists. California Education Code effectively supersedes Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier. Educators and staff in public schools are required to follow Education Code 48907.

In short, school administration cannot censor The Paw Print, unless what is printed is obscene, libelous, slanderous or incites violence. What we wrote was not.

Why This Matters

Excluding works that are outrightly obscene, libelous, slanderous or incite violence, the administration does not have the right to censor The Paw Print. But the whole situation has brought up questions far beyond a few articles. Say, hypothetically, the administration could indeed legally censor the school’s newspaper, as they can in most states. Then what? The students would have virtually no way of appealing, stuck in a loop of censorship and demoralization.

The point of this all is not so that a few high school articles can be published. If the administration had let The Paw Print publish them in the first place, the controversy would have probably passed within a week. The question instead becomes a moral one -- one that directly relates to the state of free speech in America and how we teach kids to exercise their First Amendment right.

In America, at large, the free press is under attack. Since the last presidential election, the press’ reputation has been called into question at every turn. In July at the VFW National Convention, the President even said, “Stick with us. Don’t believe the crap you see from these people, the fake news. What you’re seeing and what you’re reading is not what’s happening.”

We understand that sometimes it can be hard to trust what you are reading. There are so many opposing views and opinions being thrown around that it can feel like all information sources are the enemy. But that is by no means a warrant to discount the press altogether. Most established newspapers, including The Paw Print, now more than ever make it a point to uphold the highest of journalistic standards.

Free speech and consequently, a free press, is a cornerstone of American democracy. If a populace is denied such rights, then they become an intellectually repressed society, incapable of progress. We do not ask for these rights for the sake of our own persons; we ask for them because we recognize their importance in the larger scheme of American politics, and how they are currently in jeopardy.

The Paw Print is an extension of the student body. As students ourselves, we know what issues ebb and flow through the halls of this campus. When we write opinion pieces about these problems, it often means we have seen the problem permeate through many facets of life at school, most of the time in areas that administrators and staff are blind to. When we are censored, we are effectively being told that we are not to be taken seriously as a resource of correspondence between administrators and the student body.

If our school paper does not serve as an outlet for the problems we see on our campus, then what is our school paper but bulletins and announcements?

Furthermore, we have to consider what exactly is communicated to our youth when they are censored. Since elementary school, the First Amendment of our Constitution has been repeated to us over and over again. Growing up, we are told that the right to free speech is guaranteed to us. In our social science classes we learn what our rights are, in our English classes we are taught the rhetoric to defend those rights, and in every classroom we are reminded of those rights by an American flag hanging on the wall and a pledge of allegiance. Not only is censorship of The Paw Print against Education Code -- it fundamentally counters all that our education system has taught us since the first grade. Students are taught neat lessons about free and open discourse which often hold true within the walls of a classroom. But, when removed from this curated reality and placed in the real

We ask for the freedom to run The Paw Print as an accurate reflection of the studentbody.

world, these teachings fall apart, even and especially under the watchful eye of the very people who taught them. This contradiction ultimately results in confusion within the student and a hesitation to share their true opinions or beliefs. This is how you break a society. Censorship is not a concentrated issue -- its national reach has had an impact on a multitude of schools and students alike. On Feb. 1, 2018, at Herriman High in Utah, two students investigated the removal of a teacher. After publishing an article with their findings, the school’s administration almost immediately removed it from the website. On March 2, 2018, in Pennsylvania at Elizabethtown Area High School, students published a quote from a teacher about homosexuality and Darwinism. The principal attempted to censor these words as well, even go as far as to threaten the removal of the publication program all together. On April 5, 2015, Fauquier High School in Virginia suffered from censorship when a student journalist wrote a piece on a new drug trend that she saw sweeping her school. Although it was written to inform and protect students from the harms on the new fad, the principal deemed it “too mature” and censored her words.

The idea that students’ words are malleable and subject to the ideas of those with authority over them plagues school papers across the country. Not only do we recognize that this issue is present in our school, but we would also like to bring attention to the rampant censorship that occurs in schools everywhere and across the United States.

Dear Administration,

With the best interests of the student body in mind, we ask for the freedom to run The Paw Print as an accurate reflection of the student body.

We ask that our paper may no longer be censored, and we promise that we shall not publish anything obscene, libelous, or slanderous as prohibited by California Education Code.

We ask for the liberty to better the community through productive discourse and free speech.

Most importantly, we ask for your trust, so that we may continue to uphold the highest of journalistic standards.

There is no truth where there is no freedom.

Signed, The Paw Print

A Response from the Administration:

Being an administrator for a comprehensive public high school can be a daunting job. The safety and betterment of 2,500 students and 165 staff members are among the numerous tasks we deal with everyday. Our obvious goal is to provide the best academic programs we can to ready our students for whatever it is they want to do after high school. But we know that high school is more than that, and should be. We want to provide a wide variety of extracurricular activities, performing arts, clubs, athletics, and classes that go beyond the everyday English, Math, Science, and History.

One of the important aspects to a high school campus is the student newspaper, the Paw Print here at West Ranch. It gives students that are interested in journalism the opportunity to experience what it is like to work on a newspaper. Getting a chance to investigate, write, edit, work within a deadline, and working as a team are all part of the experience. The other aspect that is learned is the responsibility that comes along with writing for a newspaper. The freedom of the press is an important part of our way of life. With this freedom comes a responsibility.

The administration of West Ranch takes this freedom and responsibility very seriously. Based on court cases there are justifications when administration can limit the pieces that are published in a school publication. When the expression will/can create a disruption of school activities or becomes an invasion of the rights of others (Tinker v. Des Moines). When the expression is vulgar, lewd, or indecent (Bethel School District v. Fraser). When the expression advocates illegal drug use (Morse v. Frederick). When the expression is in a school-sponsored, non-public forum, school officials can censor based on a reasonable educational justification (Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier).

As administrators we have the responsibility to think about the safety and welfare of all 2,500 students and 165 staff members. The decisions we make have to take into account the entire campus.

Ultimately, the West Ranch administration wants to work with the Paw Print to make sure that we have freedom of the press, while understanding the responsibility that goes with it. In the cases where changes were made in stories, West Ranch administration worked with journalists from the Paw Print to avoid items that fell within the legal parameters, while still making sure the story those journalists were trying to tell was evident. We felt the changes were minimal. We did not want the stories to be pulled entirely. We are not trying to hide these items, but in these isolated cases, we wanted to make sure it went beyond finger pointing to problem solving.

We know West Ranch is not perfect. We know there are aspects of our school we want to improve. The goal should be to look at these items and discuss how we can improve. What we don’t want is to divide students and create an atmosphere of “us and them.” I think we would all agree that there is enough of that all around us in the current climate.

To the student journalists of the Paw Print,

We believe in the freedom of the press. We want to empower you to use this freedom for the betterment of the entire student body.

We also feel strongly about the responsibility bestowed on us to oversee the safety and welfare of our student body and staff. We ask you to understand that this is part of our job.

We ask you to work with us to examine what we can do better, and to investigate solutions to make those changes a reality.

Signed, West Ranch Administration