Asquith, C. (2014). Where Airstrikes Fall Short, the West Can Still Act to End Violence Against Women. Solutions 5(6): 23-26. https://thesolutionsjournal.com/article/where-airstrikes-fall-short-the-west-can-still-act-to-end-violence-against-women/
Perspectives Where Airstrikes Fall Short, the West Can Still Act to End Violence Against Women by Christina Asquith
Mocassino
Women in Syria face increased threats from ISIS in addition to a poor women’s rights culture across the greater region.
T
he Islamic State in Iraq and Syria’s (ISIS) atrocities against women have provoked worldwide outrage, generating increased support for U.S. action in the region and hundreds of airstrikes in Iraq and Syria since August. Yet for all this indignation, similar abuses against women, including child marriages, legalized marital rape, and domestic abuse, occur in countries across the Middle East, often without legal consequences. With or without ISIS, defense of women’s rights in the region has long been weak. Domestic violence
was legal in Saudi Arabia until 2013 and in Lebanon until this year.1,2 In Turkey, rates of domestic violence are two to three times higher than in either the United States or Europe, and increasing.3 Furthermore, crimes committed against women, such as rape, not only go unpunished, but are also frequently blamed on the victims. This belief that a woman bears responsibility for her rape often results in an “honor crime,” in which the victim’s family kills her to restore their honor. Thousands of “honor crimes” are estimated to occur
each year in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Jordan, Turkey, and elsewhere, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India.4 ISIS’s atrocities to women are not so unique in a region that ranks at the bottom of indices that measure women’s political empowerment, property rights, and economic freedoms.5 In January 2014—six months before the arrival of ISIS in Mosul—the Iraqi government pushed forth legislation known as “Jaafari Person Status Law” that would allow child marriage, facilitate polygamy, and restrict women’s rights in matters of inheritance and
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Perspectives
NATO Training Mission- Afghanistan
Afghan police women graduate from Police Corps training. The US has funded the recruitment of women into Afghan security forces.
parenting after divorce.6 In Saudi Arabia, women are forbidden from driving, must be accompanied by a male chaperone, and are required to wear a full facial covering in public. Women accused of adultery are still stoned to death in public settings. Earlier this year, a Saudi woman was executed on charges of “sorcery.”7 Until the United States directly addresses this violence and inequality, women in the Middle East will continue to be oppressed and brutalized, and the underlying ISIS’s actions will not change. Along these lines, there is
much the West can do, such as include trained gender advisors in military missions, fund female police training and recruitment, support the inclusion of women in teams negotiating to end violence, and pressure allies such as Saudi Arabia to support the advancement of women.8,9 To begin, the United States should develop contacts and regularly communicate with women’s advocates when developing their military policies in places like Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan. When the United States sends military and political advisors
24 | Solutions | November-December 2014 | www.thesolutionsjournal.org
to conflict zones, for example Iraq and Afghanistan, it should also include those trained in women’s issues and sexual violence, according to Michelle Barsa of the Institute for Inclusive Security. Though the U.S. military does not currently deploy gender advisors, such positions do exist in other militaries, for example, Sweden’s.10 Women are also critical in the fight against domestic violence; in the 1970s and 1980s, the United States witnessed higher rates of reporting of domestic violence, better treatment of victims, and stronger efforts to prosecute
Perspectives
UK Department for International Development
UK International Development Secretary Justine Greening meets with women refugees from Syria in Lebanon.
offenders by integrating women into the police force. Yet in many countries, women are largely left out of security forces that respond to such crimes. In 2014, the United States appropriated $25 million for recruiting, retaining, and training women in the Afghan security forces. The same steps could be taken throughout the Middle East and in Pakistan, where the United States also funds security forces and less than 1 percent of the police force is women.
ending sexual violence, while all-male teams tend to overlook those issues. The United Nations can support this effort by appointing more women as special representatives and envoys and expanding women’s role in peacekeeping operations, particularly among military observers. Women’s involvement in negotiations is also beneficial in creating long-lasting stability. Peace processes that include women tend to be
In 2014, the United States appropriated $25 million for recruiting, retaining, and training women in the Afghan security forces. Women should be included at the negotiating table in peace processes and post-conflict scenarios. Negotiating teams that include women are far more likely to prioritize issues related to protection measures for women, such as
more stable and resilient than those where women are absent. In Syria, for example, women are leading the ceasefire negotiations in the Damascus suburbs and elsewhere.11,12 By taking advantage of the perception that they
are less threatening, women are able to move more freely across borders, access restricted spaces, and engage with parties to the conflict that would not otherwise be available to men. Yet despite all they have to offer, a UN review of 21 major peace processes since 1992 found that women were less than 8 percent of the delegates to talks and less than 3 percent of agreement signatories.13 Those numbers are not only unacceptable; they represent a missed opportunity. Though ISIS’s recent atrocities have generated a tidal wave of media attention, the problems of gender inequality and violence against women are not new to the Middle East. It is time for the United States to address this issue head on and take concrete steps to empower women in the region. Only when we begin to see women in positions of power and influence can we imagine a Middle East in which violence against women is not just exclusive to extremist groups—it is nonexistent.
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Perspectives References 1. Malik, N. Saudia Arabia’s domestic violence law
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9. Di Giovanni, J. When It Comes to Beheadings, ISIS
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6. Coleman, I. Status Anxiety: How the Jaafari Personal Status Law Could Set Iraqi Women Back Decades. Foreign Affairs [online] (2014). http://www.
when-it-comes-beheadings-isis-has-nothing-oversaudi-arabia-277385.html. 10. Isaksson, C. GenderForce: why didn’t we do this
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genderforce-why-didnt-we-do-this-before. 11. Koppell, C. Supporting Women in Negotiations:
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A Model for Elevating their Voices and Reflecting
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saudiarabia/8952641/Saudi-Arabia-execution-of-
Their Agenda in Peace Deals. The Institute for
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meforum.org/2646/worldwide-trends-in-honor-
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5. McDowall, A. Saudi Arabia makes advances on women’s rights, but still far behind: poll.
inclusivesecurity.org/publication/supportingwomen-in-negotiations-a-model-for-elevating-theirvoices-and-reflecting-their-agenda-in-peace-deals/. 12. Barsa, M & Williams, K. Syrian Women Know How
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US Embassy Kabul Afghanistan
In March 2014, the US Ambassador to Afghanistan met with a group of female legal professionals to discuss gains and strategies in empowering women in Northern Afghanistan. 26 | Solutions | November-December 2014 | www.thesolutionsjournal.org