7
6
5
4
3
2
1
K
Sodium
Calcium
Strontium
137
38
226
56
Y
Yttrium
139
39
89
Scandium
21
Barium
88
Radium
90
Tantalum
Tungsten
Name f
60
144
74
1
1
Rhenium
101
26
Iron
Osmium
59
63.5
65
103
27
Cobalt 106
28
Nickel 108
29
Copper 112
30
Zinc
Gallium
152
77
Iridium
Ir
Rhodium 192
45
73
P
197
47
Silver
159
79
Gold
Mercury
Tc
Plutonium
94
Technetium
Neptunium
93 96
Curium
247
Gadolinium
64
Terbium
Berkelium
97
247
65
Californium
98
252
Dysprosium
66
Green outline artificially prepared Symbol colours, at room temperature: Black = Solid Green = Liquid Blue = Gas
Americium
95
243
Europium
63
162
80
201
Cadmium
48
204
49
Indium 207
50
119
Germanium
32
122
33
75
Phosphorus
15
N Nitrogen
79
16
32
8
O Sulphur
S
Oxygen
80
17
F Chlorine
Cl
Fluorine 35.5
9
19
7
84
18
40
10
20
2
Argon
Ar
Neon
Ne
Helium
He
Arsenic
Tin
Antimony
Thallium
Holmium
167
82
Lead
Bismuth
Erbium
Fermium
100
257
68
Thulium
Mendelevium
101
257
68
169
83
Receive Metals
Metals
Background colours:
Einsteinium
99
254
67
165
81
210
51
Tellurium
Ytterbium
Non-Metals
Nobelium
102
255
70
173
Polonium
84
210
52
128
Selenium
34
210
53
Iodine
I
Bromine 127
35
222
54
Xenon
Xe
Krypton 131
36
Astatine
Lutetium
86
Radon
Noble gases
Lawrencium
86
256
71
175
85
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Platinum
157
78
195
Palladium
46
115
31
70
Si Silicon
31
6
16
6
U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Uranium
244
Samarium
62
150
76
190
Ruthenium
44
H
92
237
Promethium
61
147
75
186
Technetium
43
99
Manganese
25
Hydrogen
Protactinium
91
231
238
Praseodymium Neodymium
Th Pa
Cerium
59
141
73
184
Molybdenum
42
96
59
14
C Carbon
14
5
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Thorium
232
58
Niobium
181
41
93
56
Al
28
6
12
4
4
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Chromium
24
55
Hf Ta W Re Os
Hafnium
140
72
Mass Number (Atomic Mass) f Proton Number (Atomic Number) f
Actinoids
Actinium
89
227
Lanthanum
57
178
V
Vanadium
23
52
B Boron
Aluminum
13
27
5
11
3
NON-METALS
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Titanium
Zirconium
40
91
22
51
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
METALS
Periodic Table
Lanthanoids
Francium
48
An Ice Molecule
Ca Sc Ti
45
Fr Ra Ac
Cesium
223
87
88
20
40
Magnesium
12
Cs Ba La
133
Rubidium
55
Berylium
Rb Sr
88.5
37
24
4
Na Mg
Lithium
Potassium
19
39
11
9
Li Be
Hydrogen
23
3
7
1
H
0
1
1
NOBLE GASES
GROUP
The e Key Learning Points
REEGULAR GULAR V VERBS ERBS: SINGLE SYLLABLE VERBS English Imperative Past Future Present Conditional Clean Glan Ghlan Glanfaidh Glanann Ghlanfadh Run Rith Rith Rithfidh Ritheann Rithfeadh Drink Ól D’ól Ólfaidh Ólann D’ólfadh Praise Mol Mhol Molfaidh Molann Mholfadh Leave Fág D’fhág Fágfaidh Fágfann D’fhágfadh Spend Caith Chaith Caithfidh Caitheann Chaithfeadh Ask Iarr D’iarr Iarrfaidh Iarrann D’iarrfadh Burn Dóigh Dhóigh Dófaidh Dónn Dhófadh Read Léigh Léigh Léifidh Léann Léifeadh Discuss Pléigh Phléigh Pléfidh Pléann Pléifeadh Modh Coinníollach endings: -finn, -feá, -feadh sé, -fimis, -feadh sibh, -fidis
REGULAR VERBS: TWO SYLLABLE VERBS English Buy Greet Arrange Rise Question Help Tie Banish Threaten Pull
Imperative Past Future Present Conditional Ceannaigh Cheannaigh Ceannóidh Ceannaíonn Cheannódh Beannaigh Bheannaigh Beannóidh Beannaíonn Bheannódh Socraigh Shocraigh Socróidh Socraíonn Shocródh Éirigh D’éirigh Éireoidh Éiríonn D’éireodh Ceistigh Cheistigh Ceisteoidh Ceistíonn Cheisteodh Cabhraigh Chabhraigh Cabhróidh Cabhraíonn Chabhródh Ceangail Cheangail Ceanglóidh Ceanglaíonn Cheanglódh Díbir Dhíbir Díbreoidh Díbríonn Dhíbreodh Bagair Bhagair Bagróidh Bagraíonn Bhagródh Tarraing Tharraing Tarraingeoidh Tarraingíonn Tharraingeodh Modh Coinníollach endings: -óinn,-ófá, -ódh, -óimis, -odh sibh, -oidis
SÉIMHIÚ AGUS ÚRÚ Put a séimhiú (h) in a word in the following cases: after
Put an urú on a word in the following cases: after
Séimhiú sa sa phictiúrlann mo mo chóta do do chóta ar ar chapall Urú ár ár mbróga bhur bhur mbróga a(their) a mbróga ar an ar an mbord ag an ag an ngeata tríd tríd an ngloine
den don a(his) ó
den bhord don chailín a chóta ó Bhríd
i ón go as an thar faoi(n)
i dtrioblóid ón bhfarraige go hÉirinn as an mbosca thar an ngeata faoin mbord
tán a u r c g i a r a c Aithnítear
Key Learning Points
IRRREGULAR REGULAR V VERBS ERBS English Imperative
Past
Future
Present
Conditional
Be
Bí
Bhí Ní raibh An raibh?
Beidh
Tá Níl An bhfuil?
Bheadh
Catch
Beir
Rug
Béarfaidh
Beireann
Bhéarfadh
Come
Tar
Tháinig
Tiocfaidh
Tagann
Thiocfadh
Do/make
Déan
Rinne Ní dhearna An ndearna?
Déanfaidh
Déanann
Dhéanfadh
Eat
Ith
D’ith
Íosfaidh
Itheann
D’íosfadh
Get
Faigh
Fuair Ní bhfuair An bhfuair?
Gheobhaidh Ní bhfaighidh An bhfaighidh?
Faighim
Gheobhadh Ní bhfaigheadh An bhfaigheadh?
Give
Tabhair
Thug
Tabharfaidh
Tugann
Thabharfadh
Go
Téigh
Chuaigh Ní dheachaigh An ndeachaigh
Rachaidh
Téann
Rachadh
Hear
Clois/Cluin
Chuala
Cloisfidh Cluinfidh
Cloiseann Cluineann
Chloisfeadh
Say
Abair
Dúirt Ní dúirt
Déarfaidh Ní déarfaidh
Deir Ní deir
Déarfadh
See
Feic
Chonaic Ní fhaca An bhfaca?
Feicfidh
Feiceann
D’fheicfeadh
AR
orm, ort, air, uirthi, orainn, oraibh, orthu
DO
dom, duit, dó, di, dúinn, daoibh, dóibh
AG
agam, agat, aige, aici, againn, agaibh, acu
Ó
uaim, uait, uaidh, uaithi, uainn, uaibh, uathu
LE
liom, leat, leis, léi, linn, libh, leo
FAOI
fúm, fút, faoi, fuithi, fúinn, fúibh, futhu
Ní bhíonn saoi gan loch t!
Francais L E PR RÉSENT ÉSENT: I DO / I AM DOING Regular verbs donner = donn je donne tu donnes il / elle / on donne nous donnons vous donnez ils / elles donnent
finir = fin je finis tu finis il / elle / on finit nous finissons vous finissez ils / elles finissent
Vendre = vend je vends tu vends il / elle / on vend_ nous vendons vous vendez ils / elles vendent
Common Irregulars Avoir (to have) J’ai tu as il / elle / on a nous avons vous avez ils / elles ont
Être (to be) Je suis tu es il / elle / on est nous sommes vous êtes ils / elles sont
Faire (to do/make) Je fais tu fais il / elle /on fait nous faisons vous faites ils / elles font
Aller (to go) Je vais tu vas il / elle / on va nous allons vous allez ils / elles vont
LE FUTUR: I WILL DO Regular formation Donner Finir Vendre je donnerai nous donnerons je finirai nous finirons je vendrai nous vendrons tu donneras vous donnerez tu finiras vous finirez tu vendras vous vendrez il/elle donnera ils/elles donneront il/elle finira ils/elles finiront il/elle vendra ils/elles vendront
Key Learning Points
LE CONDITIONNEL: I WOULD DO Regular formation donner
finir
vendre
je donnerais
nous donnerions
je finirais
nous finirions
je vendrais
tu donnerais
vous donneriez
tu finirais
vous finiriez
tu vendrais
nous vendrions vous vendriez
il/elle donnerait ils/elles donneraient il/elle finirait ils/elles finiraient il/elle vendrait
ils/elles vendraient
Irregular verbs in the Future and Conditional Infinitive Future ending Infinitive Future ending 1) aller j’ir 9) pleuvoir il pleuvr 2) avoir j’aur 10) pouvoir je pourr 3) courir je courr 11) recevoir je recevr 4) devoir je devr 12) savoir je saur 5) envoyer j’enverr 13) tenir je tiendr 6) être je ser 14) venir je viendr 7) faire je fer 15) voir je verr 8) falloir Il faudr 16) vouloir je voudr E.g. J’irai / tu iras / il ira etc. = I will go / you will go / he will go, etc. J‘irais / tu irais / il irait etc. = I would go / you would go / he would go, etc.
LE PASSÉ COMPOSÉ: I DID / I HAVE DONE FORMATION In order to form the passé composé you need to use either the verb ‘avoir’ or ‘être’.
TAKE THE INFINITIVE AND MAKE THE FOLLOWING CHANGES Infinitive ending donner (er) finir (ir) vendre (re)
Avoir J’ai Tu as Il/Elle a donné/fini/vendu Nous avons Vous avez Ils/Elles ont
Passé Composé é i u
Example donné fini vendu
Être Je suis Tu es Il/Elle est allé(e)(s)/arrivé(e)(s) Nous sommes Vous êtes Ils/Elles sont
Francais IR RREGULAR REGULAR VERBS WITH AVOIR Infinitive avoir boire connaître construire courir croire détruire devoir dire écrire être faire lire
Passé Composé eu bu connu construit couru cru détruit dû dit écrit été fait lu
Infinitive mettre ouvrir pouvoir prendre recevoir rire savoir sourire suivre tenir vivre voir vouloir
Passé Composé mis ouvert pu pris reçu ri su souri suivi tenu vécu vu voulu
Most verbs in the passé composé take ‘avoir’ except for the following : Dr. & Mrs. P.Vandertramp is a good way to learn the verbs that go with être !!! Devenir devenu* Descendre descendu Revenir revenu* Entrer entré Monter monté Rentrer rentré Rester resté Tomber tombé Sortir sorti Retourner retourné Passer passé Arriver arrivé Venir venu* Mourir mort* Aller allé Partir parti Naître né* NB: Add extra ‘e’ (fem) & ‘s’ (plur) NOTE: Passer can take avoir and être – with avoir = spend (time) / with être = pass / go by
L’IMPARFAIT: I WAS DOING / I USED TO DO In order to form the Imparfait you need to: Take the ‘nous’ form of the present tense Drop the ‘ons’ and add: donner nous donnons = donn je donnais tu donnais il / elle / on donnait nous donnions vous donniez ils / elles donnaient
Finir nous finissons = finiss je finissais tu finissais il / elle / on finissait nous finissions vous finissiez ils / elles finissaient
Vendre nous vendons = vend Je vendais tu vendais il / elle / on vendait nous vendions vous vendiez ils / elles vendaient
Key Learning Points
Deutsch
BASIC GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES OF GERMAN The definite article – ‘The’ Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
Masculine der den des dem
Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
Masculine ein einen eines einem
Feminine die die der der
Neutral das das des dem
Plural die die der den
The indefinite article – ‘A’ Feminine eine eine einer einer
Ich spiele Hockey
Neutral ein ein eines einem
jeden Montag nach
Plural -
der Schule
be!! ab gab fg Aufg Auf t Au ute gute Ich möchte in der Zukunft eine g Declension D De eclen l sion i off the h regular verb Spielen- ‘To Play’ Ich spiele Du spielst Er spielt Sie spielt Es spielt Wir spielen Ihr spielt Sie spielen
Ending e st t t t en t en
Some common irregular verbs in the perfect past tense Essen (to eat) Fahren (to travel) Gehen (to go) Haben (to have) Rennen (to run) Schreiben (to write) Sehen (to see) Trinken (to drink)
Ich habe gegessen Ich bin gefahren Ich bin gegangen Ich habe gehabt Ich bin gerannt Ich habe geschrieben Ich habe gesehen Ich habe getrunken
Espanol VERBS Regular Verbs Infinitive Present I speak
Future I will speak
Conditional I would speak
Preterite I spoke
Imperfect I was speaking / I used to speak
AR verbs
ER verbs
IR verbs
Hablar To speak
Comer To eat
Vivir To live
Key Irregular Verbs Ser To be
Estar To be
Tener To have
Ir To go
Hacer do/make
hablo hablas habla hablamos habláis hablan
como comes come comemos coméis comen
vivo vives vive vivimos vivís viven
soy eres es somos sois son
estoy estás está estamos estáis están
tengo tienes tiene tenemos tenéis tienen
voy vas va vamos vais van
hago haces hace hacemos hacéis hacen
hablaré hablarás hablará hablaremos hablaréis hablarán
comeré comerás comerá comeremos comeréis comerán
viviré vivirás vivirá viviremos viviréis vivirán
seré serás será seremos seréis serán
estaré estarás estará estaremos estaréis estarán
tendré tendrás tendrá tendremos tendréis tendrán
iré irás irá iremos iréis irán
haré harás hará haremos haréis harán
hablaría hablarías hablaría hablaríamos hablaríais hablarían
comería comerías comería comeríamos comerías comerían
viviría vivirías viviría viviríamos vivirías vivirían
sería serías sería seríamos seríais serían
estaría estarías estaría estaríamos estaríais estarían
tendría tendrías tendría tendríamos tendríais tendrían
iría irías iría iríamos iríais irían
haría harías haría haríamos haríais harían
hablé hablaste habló hablamos hablasteis hablaron
comí comiste comió comimos comisteis comieron
viví viviste vivió vivimos vivisteis vivieron
fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron
tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron
fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron
hablaba hablabas hablaba hablábamos hablabais hablaban
comía comías comía comíamos comíais comían
vivía vivías vivía vivíamos vivíais vivían
era eras era éramos erais eran
estaba estabas estaba estábamos estabais estaban
tenía tenías tenía teníamos teníais tenían
iba ibas iba íbamos ibais iban
hacía hacías hacía hacíamos hacíais hacían
coma comas coma comamos comáis coman
viva vivas viva vivamos viváis vivan
sea seas sea seamos seáis sean
esté estés esté estemos estéis estén
tenga tengas tenga tengamos tengáis tengan
vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayáis vayan
haga hagas haga hagamos hagáis hagan
Present Subjunctive hable hables that I speak hable hablemos habléis hablen
la vid a es gra n!
Key Learning Points
Indefinite Article a / some
Definite Article the Sing el (m) la (f)
Plural los (m) las (f)
Sing un (m) una (f)
Plur unos (m) unas (f)
Subject Pronouns yo tú él / ella / usted
I you he / she / you (formal)
nosotros vosotros ellos / ellas / ustedes
we you (plural) they / you (formal plural)
Possessive Adjectives my / your / his / her / our / their mi tu su nuestro vuestro
mis tus sus nuestra vuestra
nuestros vuestros
nuestras vuestras
su
sus
Demonstrative Adjectives this / that / these / those
Masc Fem
This
These
That
Those pl esos
That (over there) sing aquel
Those (over there) pl aquellos
sing este
pl estos
sing ese
esta
estas
esa
esas
aquella
aquellas
Common Interrogative words ¿Qué? ¿Cuándo? ¿Dónde? ¿adónde? ¿Cuánto? ¿Quién? ¿Quiénes? ¿a quién? ¿a quiénes? ¿Cómo? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? ¿Por qué?
what? when? where? to where? how much / how many? who? whom? how? which? why?
TRIGONOMETRY Special angles: 45°, 30° and 60° There are three special angles whose sines, cosines and tangents ratios can be p p fractions or surds. expressed as simple sin 45o = cos 45o =
1 2
45°
2
1
l
2
tan 45o = 1
45° l
1 2
sin 60o =
3 2
sin 30o =
cos 60o =
1 2
cos 30o =
tan 60 = 3
tan 30 = o
o
30°
3 2 1
2
3 60°
3
l
Th ti are given i h llog ttables. bl H These ratios on page 9 off th the However, on thi this page th the angles are measured in radians. Use this table to convert radians to degrees knowing that: π radians = 180°
Thus:
2
radians = 90°
3
radians = 60°
4
radians = 45°
6
radians = 30°
Notation The diagram shows the usual notation for a triangle in trigonometry: Vertices Angles Length of sides
a A
c
a, b, c A, B, C a, b, c b
B
b
a
C
c
The lengths of the sides are denoted by a lower case letter and named after the angle they are opposite, i.e. a is opposite angle A, b is opposite angle B, and c is opposite angle C.
Key Learning Points
Area of a Triangle
a A
Area of Δabc
c
1 1 1 = ab sin C = ac sin B bc sin A 2 2 2
B
b
C
a
Sine Rule
c
a A
In any Δabc
c
a b c = = sin A sin B sin C
or:
b
sin A sin B sin C = = a b c
b
B
b C
a
c
(The first form is given on Page 9, of the log tables)
VOLUME & AREA Cylinder πr 2
Volume, V = r h Curved Surface Area, CSA = 2 rh Total Surface Area, TSA = 2 rh + 2 r 2
2πr
2
2πrh
h
h
r πr 2
Cone
1 2 r h 3 Curved Surface Area, CSA = rl Total Surface Area, TSA = rl + r 2 Volume, V =
Pythagoras’s Theorem: l2 = r2 + h2
h
l
r
Rectangle
Square b
l
l
l
Area, A = lb Perimeter, P = 2l + 2b = 2(l + b) Triangle
Area, A = l2 Perimeter, P = 4l Parallelogram
h
h
b
Area, A =
b
1 bh 2
Area, A = bh
Circle (Disc)
Sector of a circle Area, A =
r
θ × πr 2 360
Length of arc = Area, A = πr2
Sphere
Volume, V =
4 3 πr 3
r
θ × 2πr 360 θ
Similar to circle with
Circumference, C = 2πr
arc arc
360
Volume, V =
2 3 πr 3
Curved Surface Area, CSA = 2πr2 Total Surface Area, TSA = 2πr2 + πr2 = 3πr2
r
in front of formulas
r
Curved Surface Area, CSA = 4πr2 Hemisphere
θ°
r
Key Learning Points
ALGEBRA (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
(a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2
(a – b)(a2 + ab + b2) = a3 – b3
TYPES of FACTORS Type 1.
Take out the HCF
2.
Example
Factors
20xy – 4x
4x (5y – x)
Factors by grouping
3ax – 6ay – 2bx + 4by
(x – 2y)(3a – 2b)
3.
Quadratic trinomials
5x2 – 9x – 2
(5x + 1)(x – 2)
4.
Difference of two squares
9x2 – 4y2
(3x – 2y)(3x + 2y)
2
USING EQUATIONS to SOLVE PROBLEMS For example, if x represents an unknown number, then: Words
Expression
4 more than the number
(x + 4)
3 less than the number
(x – 3)
5 times the number
5x
3 times the number, less 2
(3x – 2) x 1 x or 4 4
a quarter of the number the number subtracted from 7
7–x
the difference between two numbers is 2
x and (x + 2)
two numbers add up to 9
x and (9 – x)
x+5 2
the number plus 5, then divided by 2
INEQUALITIES The four inequality symbols:
> ≥ < ≤
means greater than means greater than or equal to means less than means less than or equal to
c.3500 BC c.3000 BC c.2900 BC c.700 BC c.214 BC 79 AD 432 AD
Sumerians invent the wheel Megalithic tombs like Newgrange built in Ireland The Sphinx in Egypt is completed The Celts arrive in Ireland The Great Wall of China is completed Volcanic eruption destroys Pompeii in Italy Traditional date for arrival of St. Patrick into Ireland and Ireland becomes one of the largest centres of Christianity istianityy c.800 AD in Europe, often referred to as The Golden en Age 1014 AD Brian Boru defeats Vikings at Battle of Clontarf ontarf 1066 Norman Conquest of Britain 1095 Pope Urban II calls for the Crusades 1100’s Angkor Wat is built 1169 Normans arrive in Ireland 1271 Marco Polo begin travels to Asia Bubonic Plague (Black Death)spreads in Europe uro ope 1347 It kills a third of the population of Dublin 1438 Inca Empire formed in Peru 1492 Columbus reaches the New World 1509 Michelangelo begins painting the Sistine Ch Chapel pell 1517 Martin Luther initiates Reformation 1522 Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates the globe obe 1558 – 1603 Reign of Elizabeth I, plantations in Munster and nd Ulster 1601 Shakespeare writes Hamlet 1607 Flight of the Earls 1643 Taj Mahal built in India 1649 Cromwell invades Ireland 1690 Battle of the Boyne 1760 Industrial Revolution begins in Britain 1764 Mozart (aged 8) writes his first symphony ony 1776
US Declaration of Independence
“History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.” –Winston Churchill
Key Learning Points
1789 1798 1815 1845 – 48 1859 1879 1879 – 82 1880’s
French Revolution begins Wolfe Tone’s uprising crushed Battle of Waterloo results in defeat for Napoleon The Great Famine (2 million die) Darwin’s, On the Origin of Species Edison invents electric light The Land War in Ireland Europe colonises African Continent Gaelic Athletic Association founded 1884 in Thurles, Co. Tipperary 1886 First Bill for Irish Home Rule defeated orld New Zealand becomes first country in the world 1893 to grant women the right to vote anguage 1893 Gaelic League is founded to revive the Irish language 1903 Wright brothers fly first motorised airplane 1911 Amundsen discovers the South Pole 1912 The Titanic sinks on her maiden voyage ommons Third Irish Home Rule Bill passes House of Commons 1912 but is defeated in House of Lords World War I begins (The Great War) d 1914 Implementation of Irish Home Rule postponed because of outbreak of World War I 1916 The Easter Rising 1917 Lenin leads the Bolshevik Revolution in Russiaa 1918 World War I ends. Global Spanish Flu epidemicc 1918 Women in Ireland granted the vote ed d 1919 – 21 The War of Independence – Ireland partitioned 1922 Joyce’s Ulysees published 1922 – 23 Irish Civil War US stock exchange – Wall Street crash 1929 precipitates global depression 1932
De Valera elected head of government
“The past does not repeat itself, but it rhymes.” –Mark Twain
1936 1937 1939 1939 1945 1948 1953 1955 1957 1963 1969 1969 1973 1981 1985 1989 1990 1991 1994 1998 2001 2002 2004 2004
Spanish Civil War begins Irish Free state adopts a new constitution, the country’s official name is now Éire Hitler invades Poland, World War II begins Dublin is bombed by Germany but Ireland remains neutral t tral Atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. World War II ends The Republic of Ireland Act Watson, Crick and Franklin discover DNA’s structure re Ireland is admitted into the UN Russia launches first satellite into space – Sputnik 1 US president John F. Kennedy visits Ireland in April. He is assassinated in Texas in November Armstrong and Aldrin walk on the moon. Internet goes online Violence between Catholics and Protestants breaks aks out in Northern Ireland. British troops called in Ireland joins EU (known then as EEC) Scientists identify AIDS Anglo-Irish agreement signed Fall of communism in Eastern Europe Mary Robinson is elected Ireland’s first female president resident Breakup of Soviet Union. Apartheid ends in South th Africa The IRA announces a ceasefire Good Friday Agreement. John Hume and David Trimble win Nobel Peace Prize Terrorist attacks on Twin Towers in New York on September ptember 11 Euro is introduced into Ireland Irish government passes smoking ban in all public indoor spacess Tsunami in South East Asia kills thousands
“I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience. I know no way of judging of the future but by the past.” –Edward Gibbon