The Future Fabrics Expo Report & Sourcing Directory 2020

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© THE SUSTAINABLE ANGLE 2020

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ABOUT US 7KH 6XVWDLQDEOH $QJOH LV DQ DZDUG ZLQQLQJ QRW IRU SURĂ€W RUJDQLVDWLRQ which initiates and supports projects that lower the environmental impact of industry and society. Our main project, the Future Fabrics Expo, was set up in 2011 and has now become the largest dedicated showcase of sustainably and responsibly-produced fabrics and materials for the fashion industry. WE CONNECT brands and designers with mills, suppliers and innovators in the fashion supply chain who produce sustainable fabrics and materials with a low environmental impact. WE RESEARCH sustainable material alternatives that are commercially available, and identify emerging innovations in the market. WE EDUCATE businesses and organisations about making informed decisions regarding the materials used for their products.

info@thesustainableangle.org | www.thesustainableangle.org | Š 2020 All Rights Reserved. The Sustainable Angle. 9th Future Fabrics Expo Image Credits: Paul Cochrane

Š THE SUSTAINABLE ANGLE 2020

CONTENTS I N TR O D U C T ION >> Exclusive Link: Watch complete videos of the 9th Future Fabrics Expo Seminar Series

p. 7

T S A TO O L K IT

p. 21

01 | TSA’s Environmental Critera

p. 22

02 | 9 TO DEFINE: Systems Thinking For Design And Sourcing Principles For People, Planet And Prosperity

p. 24

03 | Materials Matrix

p. 26

04 | Global Fibre Basket

p. 30

05 | &HUWLÀFDWLRQV DQG 6WDQGDUGV

p. 34

06 | UNSDGs

p. 36

07 | Innovations: Our Future Materials Landscape

p. 38

F I B R E C A TE G ORIES

p. 46

01 | Grown from Nature: Cellulose from Plants

p. 48

02 | Grown from Nature: Protein Fibre from Animals

p. 50

03 | Natural Source Man Made Fibres

p. 52

04 | Leather and Alternative Materials

p. 54

05 | Recycled Materials and the New Economy

p. 58

06 | Water and Chemical Pollution

p. 60

F U TU R E FA B RICS VIRT UA L EX PO

p. 62

CO N C L U S I O N

p. 64

MI L L S + S U PPLIERS DIREC T ORY

p. 66

GL O S S A R Y

p. 134

R E FE R E N C E S

p. 136

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© THE SUSTAINABLE ANGLE 2020

INTRODUCTION

The Future Fabrics Expo was conceived and

working with safe and renewable materials, and

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implementing responsible practices throughout

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the fashion supply chain, the industry can

to initiate and support projects that lower the

catalyse change.

environmental impact of industry and society. 7KH IDVKLRQ DQG WH[WLOH LQGXVWULHV DUH DPRQJVW

The 9th Future Fabrics Expo welcomed nearly 3000

WKH ZRUOGV PRVW SROOXWLQJ DQG WKXV EHFDPH

visitors during the two-day Expo and Press and

the main focus of our work. The Future Fabrics

Industry Preview event in an expansive 22,000

([SR ZDV LQLWLDWHG WR HIIHFW SRVLWLYH FKDQJH

sq ft gallery space. A record number of visitors

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attended from all over the world, representing

innovators and suppliers of sustainable materials

the scope of the industry: ranging from luxury

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brands and high-street retailers to small designers

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and start-ups, academics and students. Visitors

sustainable materials that meet this critera

were led on a journey through the Expo, which

became our main task. We contextualize this

was anchored by a graphic adaptation of artist

activity with the provision of much needed

Sarah Lazarovic’s “Buyerarchy� (inspired by

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs). The Buyerarchy

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expressed the philosophy of enjoying what you have, valuing and caring for products by

a

reinventing and mending, and engaging in the

consolidation of our experience in materials

second-hand economy — actions that establish

research,

fashion systems which are responsibly-sourced

The

9th

Future

Fabrics

identifying,

Expo

represents

showcasing

and

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and produced, and that consciously work to:

diverse range of globally-sourced, responsiblyproduced, low impact textiles, materials and

•

Clean Up Oceans

innovations. Through the Expo, we aim to inform,

•

Restore Soil Health

promote and connect visionary designers and

•

Increase Biodiversity

brands with sustainable suppliers who realise

•

Action Climate Positive Effects

that fashion has the power to have a positive impact upon nature and communities. By

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7

8

INTRODUCTION

, WKLQN WKH WLPH LV ULJKW IRU WKH ZKROH industry to become part of the resistance. I really believe in the transformative and revolutionary power of fashion. &<5,// *876&+ 3$5/(< )25 7+( 2&($16

The Buyerarchy calls for a UHIUDPLQJ RI RXU

provided access to expertise in our Info Hub.

relationship with fashion products and the

This content connected to and informed the

unsustainable linear business model that feeds

6HPLQDU 3URJUDPPH, featuring speakers and

our current fashion system.

thought leaders from these and some of the PRVW LQĂ XHQWLDO RUJDQLVDWLRQV LQ VXVWDLQDEOH

Descending into the Expo space, key headlines

textiles and fashion.

and quotes from thought leaders summarised our current critical climate emergency, leading our

Over 7000 material and textile solutions that

visitors into calls for action and urgent change

spanned all raw material categories from 230

in industry practices at the outset. The headlines

global suppliers were showcased, alongside

framed many of the concerns addressed during

an

our seminar series schedule. Representatives

'HVLJQ -RXUQH\V showcase and a specially

from key organisations such as Textile Exchange,

commissioned UNSDG’s installation, created by

Fashion Roundtable, Fashion Revolution, the

digital innovation agency Holition.

Innovation

Hub,

manufacturers

space,

Responsible Wool Standard and Soil Association,

Click here to watch the full 9th Future Fabrics Expo Seminar Series in partnership with Parley

Š THE SUSTAINABLE ANGLE 2020

INTRODUCTION

Reference: “The Buyerarchy of Needs.” The Sustainable Angle, adapted from Sarah Lasarovic, 2020

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INTRODUCTION

WH Y M A TE RIA LS MA T T ER

THE IMPER ATIV E FOR ACTION

Materials matter: they represent the beginning of

In recent years, we have felt a gathering

the design journey, embodying tactile promise,

surge of interest in sustainability and felt the

expressing the creativity and substance of new

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fashion products. They also account for highly

citizen action and fashion industry realisation.

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Growing consumer awareness, informed by

95% of a products impact can be attributed to the

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material choice alone. In regard to sustainability

have

impacts, the most powerful and positive outcomes

mobilising rapidly into effective organisations.

can come from the materials that our industry uses.

These activities have shone a spotlight on the

galvanised

environmental

activists,

devastating environmental and human cost of If raw materials are sourced from regenerative and

the broken economic model in the fashion and

restorative farming systems, the fashion industry

textiles industries.

can help mitigate the climate crisis and deliver EHQHÀWV IRU QDWXUH DQG SHRSOH ,W LV HVWLPDWHG

This Changes Everything author Naomi Klein

that 30% of the need for climate action to remain

quotes the geophysicist Brad Werner, stating

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that ´JOREDO FDSLWDOLVP KDG PDGH WKH GHSOHWLRQ

VROXWLRQV· VXFK DV UHJHQHUDWLYH DJULFXOWXUH. We

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need to urgently rethink our relationship with the

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resources that provide our material needs, and

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actively engage in positive sourcing and practices

Werner and Klein believe that there is one source

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of friction that could slow down and even derail

waste streams intelligently. The Future Fabrics Expo

the machine — mass resistance movements.

provides the inspiration, knowledge and solutions

Direct action by environmentalists, such as

that look forward to a new materials landscape,

Extinction Rebellion, and the millions of school

and to the birth of responsible systems and models

children inspired into action by Greta Thunberg,

for the future of fashion…

prove that resistance can be a powerful countervailing force.

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© THE SUSTAINABLE ANGLE 2020

INTRODUCTION

The rapidly escalating TAKE > MAKE > WASTE

exploring nature-based solutions or emerging

linear system fuelled by the demands of

business models that operate creatively with

fast fashion is responsible for the depletion

product re-use, and embracing the circular

of resources, polluting eco systems, social

economy and clean energy sources. In 2017,

inequalities and for generating catastrophic

Greenpeace called on the fashion industry to

waste mountains. A quarter of our industry

slow down and rethink the way it does business.

resources are wasted as fabric and garment

Their publication Fashion at the Crossroads

leftovers — around 500 billion US dollars worth of

challenged the way circularity was being

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every year, according to the Ellen MacArthur

enable business-as-usual, without addressing the

Foundation.

systemic change that is needed.

The Ellen MacArthur Foundation estimates that

Internet searches for sustainable fashion tripled

textile production (of which over 60% is destined

between 2016 and 2019, highlighting how the

for clothing) is responsible for 1.2 billion tonnes of

growth in consumer demand is a force the

CO2 emissions each year — more than maritime

industry cannot ignore. Meanwhile: “66 percent

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of respondents to a US Mckinsey survey and

total, the industry is responsible for almost 10% of

(75% of millennial respondents) say they consider

global CO2 emissions, and 93 billion cubic metres

sustainability when making a luxury purchase”

of water are used in textile production every year.

(Business of Fashion/ Mckinsey, 2020).

The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5% (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in October 2018. It revealed that human activities are estimated to have caused approximately 1.0°C global warming above pre-industrial levels. Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050 if it continues to increase at the current rate. Our accelerating impacts upon the earth are threatening the future of our planet and the life support systems that we depend upon, unless we all take action now. The fashion and textile industries now face their biggest challenge — FOLPDWH FKDQJH

— and we have no option

but to urgently embrace the challenge and opportunities that address it. This includes investing in new research and technologies,

11

12

INTRODUCTION

Material Milestones... The 2020 9th Edition of the Future Fabrics Expo

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welcomed the new decade with renewed

behaviour on Earth’s atmosphere in recent

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practices.

new geological term.

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climate crisis we are all beginning to experience

Industrial Revolution, which was heralded by

can be attributed to the activities of man.

the invention of the steam engine in 1780 and drove human activity that brought profound

The term ‘Anthropocene’ is a newly designated

environmental impacts on the earth.

geological era, widely popularised in 2000 by atmospheric chemist Paul J. Crutzen. Many

Synthetics 1690 Recycled Cotton

Cotton

Regen Cellulosics

Bast Fibres

1880s Rayon

1690 Recycled Linen

1920s Acetate

1930s Neoprene

1940s Nylon

1950s Polyester, Acrylic, Triacetate

1960s Spandex

1969 GORETEX

1970

Ultra Suede

1900s Viscose

commercially available

1884 Vulcanisation of Rubber

Leather Silk 1800s Wool Recycling

Wool

1800s Cashmere Recycling

STONE AGE TO IRON AGE 6000BC - 500AD

MIDDLE AGES 400AD - 1500s

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1700s - 1800s

EARLY 20TH CENTURY 1920 - 1975

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James Loveloc of humanity we balance of the

The world largest conservation organiSation WWF is founded.

Greenpeace is founded by environmental activists Irving and Dorothy Stowe.

Rachel Carson publishes SILENT SPRING about the damage caused by the chemical industry upon the environment.

7KH ÀUVW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV &RQIHUHQFH RQ WKH +XPDQ (QYLURQPHQW takes place in Stockholm in response to the growing awareness of environmental issues.

Global 2000 Re UHFRJQL]HV ELRG critical to the p planetary ecos nature of ecosy extinction.

‘Limits to Growth’ report published by the Club of Rome.

7KH R]RQH OD\H discovered by s Brian Gardiner

Our Common F The World Com and Developm economic, cult and global solu “sustainable de

UN World Comm Development.

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7KRPDV 0DOWKXV HVVD\ ZDUQV RI WKH ÀQLWH nature of resources in relation to population.

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Biosphere: Intergovernmental Conference for Rational Use and Conservation of the Biosphere (UNESCO) is held; early discussions of the concept of ecologically sustainable development.

Friends of the Earth forms as an advocacy organization dedicated to the prevention of environmental degradation, the preservation of diversity and the role of citizens in decision making.

Thank you to Josefin Landalv and Kate Goldsworthy, UAL, for their research contribution to the above timeline.

Š THE SUSTAINABLE ANGLE 2020

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INTRODUCTION

The effects of the Industrial Revolution have seen

The global population is expected to reach

an increase in CO2 emissions, rising sea levels,

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and the transformation of land by deforestation

red), and fashion consumption is projected to

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increase 81% by 2030, according to The Pulse of

integrity (see “Planetary Boundaries� diagram

the Fashion Industry 2019 Update, published by

on

the Global Fashion Agenda.

p.14)

and

therefore

the

balance

of

13

biogeochemical cycles, as well as the ability of chemical elements and substances to transfer in

“Anyone who believes LQ LQGHĂ€QLWH JURZWK RQ D SK\VLFDOO\ Ă€QLWH SODQHW LV either mad or an economist.â€?

natural balance between living systems and the environment. This timeline charts the history and links to the trajectory of growth in our relationship with material sources, and maps the key milestones and technological advances that led up to the

- SIR DAVID ATTENBOROUGH

Industrial Revolution, and eventually to key raw materials being intensively farmed as commodities.

Biofabrication 1980s Micro Fibres

2000s Spider Silk

1990s Introduction of GMOs for Cotton

2000s Algae Based

2007 Mycelium Leather

2010s Recycled Cotton

2014 Ocean Plastic Textiles

1990s Lyocell

2017 Biofabricated Leather

2017 TENCEL™ with REFIBRA™ technology recycled cotton x regen cellulose

REGENERATIVE AGRICULTURE FOR FASHION

AGE 0

RECLAIM + BIOFABRICATE 2000 -

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ck’s Gaia notes that the actions ere upsetting the ecological e Earth.

eport is released. This report GLYHUVLW\ IRU WKH ÀUVW WLPH DV proper functioning of the system. It asserts that the robust ystems is weakened by species

HU KROH DERYH $QWDUWLFD LV scientists Jonathan Shanklin, and Joe Farman.

Future (Brundtland Report): mmission on Environment ment weaves together social, tural, and environmental issues utions. Popularizing the term evelopment.�

mission on Environment and

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established to assess the most up-to-date VFLHQWLÀF WHFKQLFDO DQG VRFLRHFRQRPLF UHVHDUFK LQ WKH ÀHOG

The United Nations Earth Summit conference is held in Rio de Janeiro, providing a platform for UN member states to collaborate on sustainability issues.

UN Conference on Environment and Development: “The major cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment is the unsustainable pattern of consumption and production, particularly in industrialized countries, which is a matter of grave concern, aggravating poverty and imbalances.â€? :RUOG &RQIHUHQFH RQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV *RYHUQPHQWV UH DIĂ€UP WKHLU LQWHUQDWLRQDO commitments to all human rights.

World Summit for Social Development held LQ &RSHQKDJHQ 7KH ÀUVW WLPH WKDW WKH international community has made a clear commitment to eradicate poverty.

World Summit on Sustainable Development.

Rio +20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development.

Launch of Marrakesh Process on Sustainable Consumption and production.

Parley for the Oceans founded by Cyrill Gutsch.

7KH .\RWR 3URWRFRO ZDV DGRSWHG 7KH ÀUVW international agreement between nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions country-bycountry. It emerged from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was signed by nearly all nations at the WKH (DUWK 6XPPLW LQFOXGLQJ 86$

Thinning of glaciers and the polar ice caps increases. Evidence suggests that the increase in frequency and severity of KXUULFDQHV LQ WKH $WODQWLF DQG UHODWHG VWRUP damage may be attributable to climate change.

Fashion Revolution founded by Orsola de Castro and Cary Somers in the wake of the Rana Plaza factory collapse claiming 1,134 lives in Bangladesh.

Global environmental and food security FRQFHUQV UDLVHG RYHU JHQHWLFDOO\ PRGLĂ€HG (GM) food products. The EU blocks import of *0 FURSV IURP 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG IDUPHUV in developing countries rebel against “terminator technology,â€? seeds that will only germinate once. :RUOG SRSXODWLRQ UHDFKHV ELOOLRQ

Kyoto Protocol enters into force, legally binding Developed countries to limit and UHGXFH *+* HPLVVLRQV (VWDEOLVKPHQW RI Ă H[LEOH PDUNHW PHFKDQLVPV ZKLFK DUH EDVHG on the trade of emissions permits. Copenhagen COP-15 political intent to constrain carbon and respond to climate change in both short and long terms, and how the poorest nations may cope with climate change.

The launch of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG’s).

*OREDO )DVKLRQ $JHQGD SXEOLVKHV WKH ÀUVW Pulse Report on the environmental impacts of the fashion and textiles industries.

French President Emmanuel Macron appoints .HULQJ 6$ &(2 )UDQFRLV +HQUL 3LQDXOW WR OHDG a global fashion industry sustainability drive ‘the fashion pact’.

$FWLYLVW *UHWD 7KXQEHUJ VDLOV DFURVV WKH $WODQWLF 2FHDQ WR 1HZ <RUN &LW\ IRU WKH 81 Climate Summit

Mary Creagh chairs the UK Parliament’s (QYLURQPHQWDO $XGLW FRPPLWWHH RI WKH +RXVH of Commons which publishes Fixing Fashion report with 18 recommendations to the JRYHUQPHQW WR À[ IDVKLRQ

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By this date, according to the United Nations, carbon emissions must be reduced by 45% in order to keep to global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, to keep the planet healthy and habitable.

It is estimated that 50 million people will be exposed to the threat of increased coastal Ă RRGLQJ GXH WR ULVLQJ VHD OHYHOV

By this date, according to the United Nations, global CO2 emissions must reach zero to avoid climate breakdown.

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16

INTRODUCTION

5HVWRULQJ 1DWXUH +RZ Fashion Can Contribute

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Fashion, mainly through its use of raw materials,

XVH UHJHQHUDWLYH DJULFXOWXUDO SUDFWLFHV ZH FDQ

can contribute positively to people and planet

KHOS UHVWRUH RXU VRLOV DQG UHJHQHUDWH WKH QDWXUDO

by embracing nature-based solutions such as

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regenerative agriculture, to achieve set science-

FRQWULEXWLQJ WR GHFDUERQLVLQJ WKH SODQHW

based targets.

DI VE R S I FY IN G T H E F IBRE BA SKET Through its use of agricultural raw materials, the fashion industry and its supply chains are directly linked to the degradation of soil, conversion of natural ecosystems and biodiversity loss. Recent farming practices over the last decades saw crops

continually

growing

in

monocultural

systems. Consequently, soil is being ‘mined’ for its nutrients and there are few natural processes that still function to restore soil structure and function.

All this leads to massive chemical

pollution, nutrient imbalances in soil, loss of water cycling, poor carbon retention and, ultimately, land deterioration and degradation.

© THE SUSTAINABLE ANGLE 2020

“Fashion is so intrinsically OLQNHG WR DJULFXOWXUH ODQG and forests - it is now time WR DVN KRZ ZH FDQ JLYH back. There is a real shift KDSSHQLQJ IDVKLRQ LV D ELW ODWH WR WKH SDUW\ EXW LW KDV DQ incredible role to play in this QH[W GHFDGH RI FKDQJH µ '5 +(/(1 &52:/(< /,8 :$/721 )(//2: 6(1,25 $'9,625 5(6,/,(17 6833/< &+$,16 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL

INTRODUCTION

1DWXUH LV GHFOLQLQJ DW D UDWH XQSUHFHGHQWHG LQ KXPDQ KLVWRU\ ZLWK RQH PLOOLRQ VSHFLHV now threatened with extinction. This GHJUDGDWLRQ RI QDWXUH DIIHFWV VRFLHW\ DV D ZKROH LQFOXGLQJ EXVLQHVVHV WKDW UHO\ RQ QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV OLNH WKH IDVKLRQ LQGXVWU\ A critical action point has been reached: EXVLQHVVHV QHHG WR FUHDWH QHZ VWUDWHJLHV that will transform their relationship with QDWXUH VDIHJXDUGLQJ WKHLU RSHUDWLRQV ZKLOH DW WKH VDPH WLPH WDNLQJ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU WKHLU impacts on the natural world. DEVELOPING A CORPORATE BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY: A PRIMER FOR THE FASHION INDUSTRY KERING AND UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABILITY LEADERSHIP 2020

17

18

INTRODUCTION

© THE SUSTAINABLE ANGLE 2020

INTRODUCTION

Another important way for fashion to support ELRGLYHUVLW\ LV E\ ÂśGLYHUVLI\LQJ¡ RXU SRUWIROLR RI Ă€EUHV and materials. Currently, the fashion industry relies on a handful of plants and animal sources

MITIGATE THE CL IMATE CR ISIS •

In order to keep global warming below a 1.5°C pathway between now and 2100,

to produce the bulk of our fashion products.

greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced

Furthermore, some of these raw materials utilise

urgently.

DJULFXOWXUDO SUDFWLFHV ZKLFK GHSOHWH RXU ÀQLWH natural resources (i.e. water and soil) or apply

•

Restoring soil health is an essential ‘naturebased solution’ and regenerative agriculture

non-renewable resources in their production,

is the most effective way to restore soil

such as synthetic fertilisers that are harmful to

structure and function.

the environment. By using different species of plants and animals for our raw material needs,

•

It has been estimated that if we converted all

global

croplands

and

pastures

to

and with careful regional consideration, we

regenerative organic agriculture we could

can avoid the over-exploitation of our resources

sequester more than 100% of current annual

and contribute to restoring biodiversity. In

CO2 emissions (Rodale Institute, 2019).

IDFW IDVKLRQ FDQ EHQHÀW FUHDWLYHO\ IURP WKH sustainable and responsible use of nature’s existing diversity and balance. Beyond lowering the environmental impacts

R ESTOR E B IOD IV ER SITY •

friendly approaches help restore the balance

of the industry, fashion can and should play a positive and transformative role: where nature and communities take centre stage with the

Good stewardship of land and wildlifeof natural ecosystems and protect species.

•

Sustainable farming ecosystems can share the landscape with native wildlife.

industry’s use of safe and renewable materials; where regenerative, restorative and circular practices form the basis of the fashion supply chain. For a positive impact to occur, fashion’s industrial actions need to protect our oceans,

PR OTECT THE OCEANS •

Regenerative

agricultural

systems

avoid

the use of hazardous chemicals, ensuring

halt and prevent biodiversity loss, and improve

healthier soils, increasing soil’s water holding

soil fertility, therefore, locking carbon emissions

capacity and resulting in healthier oceans.

back in the ground.

,I JOREDO FURSODQGV DQG SDVWXUHV DUH FRQYHUWHG WR UHJHQHUDWLYH DJULFXOWXUH ZH FRXOG UHVWRUH WKHVH GHJUDGHG JUDVVODQGV DQG sequester more than 100% of current annual CO2 emissions. - RODALE INSTITUTE

19

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REFERENCES $ 1HZ 7H[WLOHV (FRQRP\ 5HGHVLJQLQJ )DVKLRQ·V Future Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017)

,QWHUQDWLRQDO :RRO 7H[WLOH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ http://www.iwto.org/

Biofabricate https://www.biofabricate.co/

Pesticide Action Network UK https://www.pan-uk.org/

&(2 $JHQGD Global Fashion Agenda Circular Fibres Initiative Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2018) Circulytics Ellen MacArthur Foundation Fashion at the Crossroads Greenpeace (2017) Fashion and Environment White Paper British Fashion Council x DHL and Centre for Sustainable Fashion (2019) 'HVWLQDWLRQ =HUR VHYHQ \HDUV RI GHWR[LQJ WKH FORWKLQJ LQGXVWU\ Greenpeace https://storage.googleapis.com/planet4international-stateless/2018/07/destination_zero_ report_july_2018.pdf 'HWR[LQJ WKH )DVKLRQ ,QGXVWU\ IRU 'XPPLHV Frank Michel & Steve Kaelble (2020) 'HYHORSLQJ D &RUSRUDWH %LRGLYHUVLW\ 6WUDWHJ\ $ Primer for the Fashion Industry Kering and University of Cambridge Insitute for Sustainability Leadership (2020) Fashioned From Nature Edited by Edwina Ehrman V&A Publications (2018) Fashionopolis: The Price of Fast Fashion - and the Future of Clothes Dana Thomas (2019) )L[LQJ )DVKLRQ Environmental Audit Committee (2019)

Preferred Fiber & Materials Market Report Textile Exchange (2018) Pulse Report Global Fashion Agenda and Boston Consulting Group (2017) Pulse Report Global Fashion Agenda and Boston Consulting Group (2018) 5LVH DQG 5HVLVW +RZ WR &KDQJH WKH :RUOG Clare Press (2018) 6SHFLDO 5HSRUW RQ *OREDO :DUPLQJ RI Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2018) 7H[WLOH ([FKDQJH 3UHIHUUHG )LEHU 0DWHULDOV Market Report The State of Fashion 2020 Business of Fashion McKinsey & Company 7KLV &KDQJHV (YHU\WKLQJ Naomi Klein (2014) 7KUHDGLQJ WKH 1HHGOH :HDYLQJ WKH 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW *RDOV ,QWR 7KH 7H[WLOH $SSDUHO $QG Retail Industry Textile Exchange (2018) 8QVXVWDLQDEOH &DWWOH 5DQFKLQJ WWF, https://wwf. panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/ amazon/amazon_threats/unsustainable_cattle_ ranching/ (2020)

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