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RIGHT NOW N O T H I N G E L S E VAULTER
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MATTERS TIME TO FLY
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CONTENTS ly Ju
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FROM THE EDITOR
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FROZEN
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NAVY MIDSHIPMEN ARE MORALLY, MENTALLY, AND PHYSICALLY ON TOP
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FROM ONE PIT TO ANOTHER:
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DEVELOPMENT OF POLE VAULTING SAFETY AND TECHNOLOGY
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FROM THE EDITOR What a big month last month turned out to be with news about the sport.
The IAAF plans to reduce the amount of time given for each pole vault attempt next year. Vaulters around the world are not happy about that change at all.
Sam Kendricks became the 20th member of the 6-meter club as he cleared 6.00m on his second attempt to win the USA Nationals. Sandi Morris, the U.S. indoor champion, claimed her first outdoor title at the U.S.A. Track and Field Outdoor Championships in Sacramento, Calif.
College and High School is finished up, and the summertime fun has just begun!
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This month we have a few exciting articles about “Approach-Avoidance Conflict,” by Steve Yockim, From One Pit to Another: Developing a Strong Takeoff with Sand Vaulting, By Kreager Taber, DEVELOPMENT OF POLE VAULTING SAFETY AND TECHNOLOGY, By Eliah Memmel, and the United States Naval Academy on the cover just in time for the 4th of July!
This month’s magazine is packed with great reading material and pictures of some of the world’s best. Have a fun summer and spend the days and nights doing what you love. Doug Bouma Editor, Vaulter Magazine Vaulter Club Inc. editor@thevaultermag.com
Team Picture
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FROZEN A Short Story by Steve Yockim
Wilbur stood at the end of a long runway. Wilbur was hungry. He hadn’t eaten in days. The smell wafted through the air and filled his nostrils with the anticipation of a meal. He could see the morsel, in the open, at the end of the run. The goal was in sight, as he gingerly stepped on the runway, slowly at first then sprinting toward the reward. As he ran he felt
Fabiana Murer Focused on Bar
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a tingling beneath his feet. It grew stronger as he progressed towards the end. By midway, the shock on his feet turned to pain. Driven by desire to satisfy his hunger, he continued down the runway. The food came closer, his heart beat faster, his breathing ragged, as he neared the goal. Suddenly, he stopped, as if hitting a wall. His feet burned with the pain, the
agony becoming unbearable, and he turned back. Returning to the safety at the beginning of the runway, his breathing smoothed out. Gradually, his pulse returned to normal, and the hunger returned. The memory of the pain recessed to the back of his thoughts and his desire reemerged, stronger than before. Once again, he started down the runway, the early shock tolerable, but increasingly agonizing as he ran towards the meal. And once again, he hit the wall, where risk and discomfort became too excruciating to overcome and he turned back. To Safety. Wilbur tried several times more to accomplish his goal. Each time able to endure slightly more distress at the beginning, only to turn back as he neared the end. Eventually, Wilbur sat down in the middle of the runway, broken, unable to move, accepting the steady, but tolerable pain. He couldn’t
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stay at the beginning of the runway, the desire to reach his goal too strong. And neither could he reach the end, the pain overbearing. Wilbur was frozen.
Jack stood at the end of a long runway. Jack was hungry. He hadn’t cleared 19’ this season. The bar beckoned at him as he looked down the
runway, enticing him with the taste of sweet reward. Jack set his stance, raised the pole and began the lengthy sprint down the runway. He could see the goal, now clearly in sight, as he approached the mid mark. His heart beat faster, his breathing ragged. Suddenly, as if hitting a wall, he dropped the pole, sliding it down the runway. The thoughts in his
head had become unbearable. Missing the pit, breaking a pole, landing short in the box; all possible but unlikely, entered his consciousness at the last moment preventing him from jumping. Returning to the safety at the beginning of the runway, his breathing smoothed out. Gradually, his pulse returned to normal, and the desire returned. He
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Fabiana Murer Before the Jump
refocused his thoughts on the completion of the jump. Mentally visualizing the steps leading to attainment of his goal; run tall, accelerate into the takeoff, opening up the plant, leading with the chest, all working towards the eventual swing up into a good jump. His confidence returning, he set up on the runway one more time. Raising the pole, strong initial step, he initiated the approach. Mid-way in his run, the negative thoughts returned. But now these were augmented by excuses. The wind was too strong, a distracting noise, a twitch in my leg, all coursing through his mind at the speed of light.
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Eventually the discordance in his brain overwhelmed him and he pulled up again and returned to the relative comfort off the runway. Jack tried several times again to make the jump, only to stop short of his goal. Eventually he stood on the runway, setting up his run, raising and lowering his pole, fidgeting with his shoes, and putting more chalk on his hands. Unable to begin the approach, he accepted the discomfort. He couldn’t leave the runway, the desire to achieve his goal too strong. And neither could he make the jump, the pain overbearing. Jack was frozen.
EPILOG. Wilbur and Jack are both caught in the classic condition of an Approach-Avoidance conflict. Both desire a reward and are driven to satisfy that goal. However, neither can overcome the conflict of increasing discomfort, whether physical or mental pain, as they near the goal. Eventually, both find a middle position between the desire and the pain. It is a steady state of discomfort, yet easier to accept than the driving desire or the overwhelming agony. Wilbur has only three choices. Return to safety, where the hunger is unbearable. Run to the food, where the pain is excruciating. Give up and accept the discomfort from both in the middle position. Wilbur cannot change his fate. Wilbur is a lab rat in a behavioral experiment. His actions are limited by the cage around his runway and the conditions set up by his experimenters.
Jack has the similar three choices. However, Jack is human. His conditions are under his control. The cage preventing Jack from attaining his goal is self-imposed. He can reset the goal, change the approach, retrain his mind. It’s a wonderful condition to be human.
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NAVY MIDSHIPMEN ARE MORALLY, MENTALLY, AND PHYSICALLY ON TOP By: Samantha Kaplan When students make the decision to pursue athletics in college, they take on a responsibility and commitment that average students do not have. But a few students choose an even more challenging path, and along with a rigorous an education and advanced level athletics, also choose to train to serve their country. The United States Naval Academy is notorious for cultivating excellent students, athletes, and midshipmen out of young people who posses the determination to succeed for personal gain as well as sacrifice for the greater good of the United States. All athletic programs at the NCAA Division I United States Naval Academy are exemplary,
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and what makes college athletics a unique experience at the Naval Academy is that every single student is required to participate in a sport. This means that students must consider the fact that they must be dedicated athletes when applying for the school, so everyone is fully dedicated to the sport they choose. The Academy fosters athletic success by blocking out a time for all sports practices, when no classes occur. This means no rushing from class to practice or scheduling classes around practice. Because every Midshipman at the Academy does a sport, the track and field team has a deep field, consisting of 40 competitive athletes, and the size of the vault squad reflects just that.
Currently jumping at Navy are a whopping 7 men and 11 women vaulters, but it’s the stats, not the size, of the pole vault team that is even more impressive. Coached by Binghamton graduate, 2008 NCAA Champion, and two time Olympic trial competitor Rory Quiller, Navy pole vault has managed to sweep the men’s and women’s Patriot League Conference podium four out of the last five years. Since 2012, when Coach Quiller joined the Navy vaulting family, he has coached 7 men over 5.00 meters, 6 women over 3.70 meters, and 6 conference champions, including seventime conference champ Mark Vetere (17’3”). This past year, Navy produced three conference champions of sophomore
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Rosemary Brinegar (12’8”), junior Charlene Kearns (12’6”), and senior Jonathan Drablos (16’7”). According to Coach Quiller, “Leadership is of the highest importance at the Naval Academy,” and when older vaulters step up to the task, it makes everyone more successful. This past season, the leaders were Samantha Young on the women’s side and Mike Brunoforte and Jonathon Drablos worked together to lead the men. Looking to next year, Coach Quiller is already scoping out vaulters capable of fulfilling leadership roles. “Charlene Kearns (12’6), Maggie Ruud (12’2), Kaitlyn Stafford (12’4) and Rosemary Brinegar (12’8) will lead our women’s team, and Stefano Pineda (16’7), Joe Bevilacqua (16’1) and Ryan Herrera-Murphy (16’5) will lead our men.” The pole vaulters alone seem big enough to be a full team, with their long list of accolades, but that doesn’t mean they are not oriented toward the goals of the entire Navy track team. “The primary goal each year for the team is to beat Army in the N Star Dual Meet. This creates an interesting dynamic because we need three highly competitive and developed athletes in each event,” which means the vaulters are a huge help that the team can rely on. The goal of the Naval Academy is to, “Develop Midshipmen morally, mentally, and physically,” so one of Coach Quiller’s main focuses is developing individuals. When recruiting high schoolers, Coach Quiller tends to look for girls in the 11’6” range and boys around 15’6”, but uses the fall semester as a tryout period for athletes who are committed to developing themselves as vaulters. “We have had 14-foot boys and 10-foot girls in high school become 17-footers and 13-footers in college, so we don’t write anyone off no matter their initial ability from high school.” For the dedicated vaulters that commit to Navy, practice begins at 3:45 every day in the
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Joe Bevilacqua Jon Drablos Nik Fagen Charlene Kearns Stefano Pineda Benjamin Stewart
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top of the line Wesley Brown Field House, which is home to a banked Mondo track, two vaulting pits and runways, a trackside weight room, and an athletic training room with a full time staff. Outdoors, there is a dual direction pit, so wind is never an issue. Vaulters also have access to the gymnastics facility for form and mechanics work. “Depending on the workout, drills, and lift,” says Coach Quiller, “Practice can last anywhere from an hour to nearly three.”
Joe Bevilacqua Big Bend Photo by Phil Hoffmann
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Arguably the most unique and testing aspect of pole vaulting at Navy are the summers. The regular season begins with fall conditioning leading into the start of the season in October just like any other school, but what comes before that is very different. While most other collegiate athletes have a relaxing summer, working out on their own or with regiments provided by school, Navy students’ summers revolve around Academy training blocks. Over three, three and a half week blocks, midshipmen must com-
plete one fleet cruise included surface cruises and submarine cruises, and one professional development block such as plebe summer detailing or military based internships. “Some trainings that our vaulters have completed are Airborne, during which midshipman jump out of an C-130 aircraft and parachute with statically deployed lines and OSTS (Offshore Sailing Training Squadron), where Midshipman sail up and down the east coast on Navy 44’s, 44 foot long training vessels.” Navy midshipmen find themselves all over the world during the summer, experiencing real military career training. It is their responsibility to cross train for vault, get their training blocks complete, and recover from a long season, all on their own. The United States Naval Academy is a lot of hard work and commitment, academically, athletically, and to the country. However, the Navy vaulters all go on to do amazing things. “Our alumni are now Navy SEALS, Jet Pilots, Civil Engineers, Marines, Submariners, Surface Warfare officers, and more,” says Coach Quiller, proud of the fact that his vaulters take the work ethic and team skills they learn with him out into the world to serve the United States.
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WWW.VAULTERMAGAZINE.COM Charlene Kearns Big Clear Photo by Phil Hoffmann
Michael Montgomery
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FROM ONE PIT TO ANOTHER: Developing a Strong Takeoff with Sand Vaulting By: Kreager Taber Sand vaulting drills have recently become a popular training drill for collegiate vaulters to develop strong takeoff mechanics. These drills, involving a springboard typically used for gymnastics, a pole, and a sand pit used for long or triple jump, help to develop a tall takeoff, get an athlete’s last step out to where it should be, and reinforce a strong knee drive. It can be a valuable drill for vaulters who struggle with a poor takeoff, those who have trouble with the chest and knee drives, or athletes who lack the confidence to take off on a heavier pole than they already use. The sand vaulting drill isolates the takeoff phase, allowing it to be analyzed in detail to find flaws in the athlete’s form that could lead to issues later in the vault.
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Specifically, the sand vaulting drill helps to teach the vaulter to extend their lower arm and to create space between the pole and the chest during the takeoff. After the vaulter is in the air, they are able to feel the extension that the flexing pole creates through their shoulders, and also the chest drive that accompanies moving the pole effectively. Using a springboard to generate extra momentum for the vault allows the vaulter to exaggerate the necessary positions to create a dynamic and strong takeoff phase. Specifically, the athlete is able to hold their trail leg back, extend their chest through, and push their knee forward to overemphasize the knee and chest drives. This overemphasis can help the vaulter feel more comfortable
hitting the proper positions while putting together full vaults.
To set up the drill, a proper pit, such as those used for long and triple jump, should be located. A sand box mirroring the actual box should be dug out approximately a foot from the edge of the pit. The vaulter will plant their pole in the sand box to mimic actually vaulting, so the width and depth of the sand box should match the normal box. To begin, the vaulter will run down the runway from their usual step, plant the pole in the sand box, take off as if they were actually vaulting, and then ride through to land safely on their feet. It may be helpful for the vaulter to begin by running from a short step and holding down on the pole to increase confidence.
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Instructional tutorials of this version of the drill, as well as filmed examples, can be found on Youtube. To add extra energy and difficulty to the drill, a springboard can be placed where the vaulter’s last step should be. This will allow the vaulter to generate more power during their last step and potentially take off on a pole larger than what they are used to. Becoming comfortable with a new pole in this fashion is similar to receiving a tap from a coach
during the takeoff- it gives the vaulter comfort that they will land in the pit safely even on a large pole. This increased confidence is helpful to move up to heavier or longer poles. Using a springboard for the sand vaulting drill also helps the athlete feel an exaggerated sense of what a tall takeoff and strong bottom arm feel like, which can be translated into a stronger takeoff when vaulting into the pit. However, due to the variability of inexperienced vaulters’ last Sand Drills
steps, this variation of the drill should be saved for more experienced vaulters.
This drill has been primarily used for collegiate vaulters who are working on developing a strong, aggressive takeoff position, or those who are transitioning to a heavier pole. The sand vaulting drill with the springboard is technically difficult to do, and also requires that the vaulter is somewhat advanced and has good enough technique to land on their feet and take off consistently. However, the springboard can be removed to make the drill more suitable for high school and beginning vaulters. This takes away a degree of difficulty and makes it more appropriate for less experienced vaulters to practice. The athletes can then primarily focus on the mechanics of the takeoff, rather than having to worry about the position of their takeoff foot. Since the drill takes away extraneous factors that could disturb the takeoff positioning (such as the vaulter swinging too early or concentrating on later stages of the jump) it is perfect to analyze to find fundamental flaws in the takeoff positioning and execution. It is also a good off-day drill for athletes to practice, especially from a short run. Repeating the drill
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correctly helps to develop the muscle memory needed for a consistent last step and takeoff phase. A toned down version of the drill can be used to help teach beginning vaulters what the takeoff should feel like. Instead of running full speed at the sand, the vaulter can take a short approach and ride through the pole holding on with only the top hand to develop a sense of what a tall
takeoff entails. This highlights the extension through the top arm and shoulder that the bending pole creates, as well as teaching the vaulter to aim straight when planting the pole. As the vaulter improves, longer steps can be taken and the arms can be gradually extended to teach the athlete what proper takeoff positioning is. Accompanied with sliding box drills, effective and powerful takeoff form can be taught without constantly
jumping into the pit. By teaching the athlete what the takeoff is like with slide box drills and the sand vaulting drill, the muscle memory that is needed to deliver a consistent takeoff and reliable final step is developed, while the athlete’s body is given a break from full vaults. The sand vaulting drill is a perfect way to isolate the takeoff phase of the vault and to reinforce proper mechanics to set the vaulter up for a great jump. Sand Vaulting
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DEVELOPMENT OF POLE VAULTING SAFETY AND TECHNOLOGY By: Eliah Memmel Indiana Institute of Technology Part Three
I. Pole Vault Pit and Box Collar Pole vault landing systems have advanced greatly since the start of competitions. They originally began as heaps of sawdust or sand that the vaulters would land in feet first. This worked at first but as new technology was created. There was a need to create a safer landing system. This led to large chunks of foam being put into bags for the landing system [15]. Later,
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these chunks of foam were turned into landing mats when the founder of the company UCS Spirit was asked to repair a previous pit. He saw the need for a safe and portable landing system and produced the first of its kind. He then took this pit across country to the National AAU Championships in Oregon. Here the pit was supposed to be displayed but was used in competition which can be seen in figure 7. This led to the pit being bought by the Oregon Track Club and the founder of UCS
Spirit has since continued his success making track and other equipment [16]. There are various producers of equipment today as mentioned in the previous pole vault poles section. The mats today are continually growing to help prevent injuries. There are now mandated rules on the minimum size pit, the surrounding pit area, and the box collar that can be used. Following the deaths of three athletes in 2002, the NFHS enacted a few key rules to increase pit size from 16
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Hurdle Drills
feet wide by 12 feet deep from the back of the box to 19 feet 8 inches wide by 16 feet 5 inches deep. NFHS also now required that hard surfaces surrounding the landing pads be removed or padded with at least two inches of dense foam or other suitable material [11]. Another change made was to the requirement of a new box collar in 2013. The new box collar was designed with wings that extended over the edge of the box. This was designed to help prevent catastrophic injuries that happened
by falling in the box [17]. Other changes throughout the years are requiring that standards, which hold the crossbar, can only be placed from 18 inches to 31.5 inches. In 2009, there were six states that required helmet use in high school pole vault: Maine, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Wisconsin. These states later got rid of the requirement and it remains the athlete’s choice. Arguments against helmets were that they are not guaranteed to stop seri-
ous injury. Also, they may give the vaulter a false sense of security which may lead to poor choices [3].
II. Conclusion
Pole Vaulting is very complex sport and has a very rich history. It has progressed from ancient times as a useful transportation tool to a competitive track and field sport today. Pole vault technique can be broken down into
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different phases and is very difficult to master. The basic physics of the sport will help some athletes learn how to pole vault but the real physics are incredibly complicated. Competitions are also difficult to understand until participated in. One major downfall of the sport is the risk of injury. There have been many catastrophic injuries in the past and these continue to happen today. Studies have been done on high school athletes and college athletes to determine injury types and rates. One thing that has improved in the sport is the technology. Poles have advanced greatly and now have a lot of engineering work put into them to improve performance. Other advancements include the mats and box collar. There have also been many rule changes that have occurred in attempt to help reduce catastrophic injuries and injuries in general.
III. References
1. Johnson, Jan, Russ VerSteeg, and Ray Kring. Illustrated history of the pole vault. Norwich, CT: S.n., 2007. 2. Ganslen, Richard V. Mechanics of the pole vault. St. Louis: Swift, 1980
3. Bemiller, J., & Hardin, R. (2010). Risk management in the original extreme sport-
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ing event: The pole vault. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 81(2), 23-28. Retrieved from https://search.proquest. com/docview/215758499? accountid=42681
4. Frère, Julien, Maxime L’Hermette, Jean Slawinski, and Claire Tourny-Chollet. 2010. “Mechanics of pole vaulting: a review.” Sports Biomechanics 9, no. 2: 123138. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed February 20, 2017).
5. Blanchonette, Peter, and Mark Stewart. “The Science of Pole Vaulting.” Quantum11, no. 5 (May & June 2001): 48-54. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed February 20, 2017). 6. Blackburn, John C., ed. USATF Track & Field Rules 2017. Indianapolis, IN: USA Track & Field, 2017.
7. Mueller, Frederick O., Kristen L. Kucera, Leah M. Cox, and Robert C. Cantu. Catastrophic Sports Injury Research. Report. National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 23-24. 8. Boden, B.P., P. Pasquina, J. Johnson, and F.O. Mueller. 2001. “Catastrophic injuries
in pole-vaulters. / Blessures graves chez les perchistes.” American Journal Of Sports Medicine 29, no. 1: 50-54. SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed February 21, 2017).
9. Rebella, Gregory S., Jamie O. Edwards, Joseph J. Greene, Mark T. Husen, and David C. Brousseau. 2008. “A Prospective Study of Injury Patterns in High School Pole Vaulters.” American Journal Of Sports Medicine 36, no. 5: 913-920. SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed March 7, 2017). 10. Rebella, Gregory. 2015. “A Prospective Study of Injury Patterns in Collegiate Pole Vaulters.” American Journal Of Sports Medicine 43, no. 4: 808-815. SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed March 7, 2017).
11. Boden, Barry P., Matthew G. Boden, Rebecca G. Peter, Fred O. Mueller, and Jan E. Johnson. 2012. “Catastrophic Injuries in Pole Vaulters: A Prospective 9-Year Followup Study.” American Journal Of Sports Medicine 40, no. 7: 1488-1494. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed March 7, 2017). 12. McCormick, Matthew. “Soaring to New Heights: The Evolution of Pole Vaulting and Pole Materials.” Illumin.
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June 2010. Accessed February 21, 2017. http://illumin.usc.edu/printer/143/ soaring-to-new-heights-theevolution-of-pole-vaultingand-pole-materials/.
Ring Drills Dragon Den
13. Watry, Jeffrey. “The Pole Vault Pole: An Engineer’s Perspective.” GIll: 1-10. Accessed March 01, 2017.
14. “Pole Vaulting Equipment Manufacturers - USA Pole Vaulting.” USA Pole Vaulting. Accessed February 21, 2017. http://www.usapolevaulting.org/manufacturers.htm. 15. “Pole vault.” New World Encyclopedia. Accessed March 07, 2017. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pole_vault.
16. “The UCS Story: Lou’s Legacy.” Family Company | UCS Spirit. Accessed March 07, 2017. http://www.ucsspirit. com/about/family-company.cfm.
17. Burnsed, Brian, and Greg Johnson. “NCAA, USA Track & Field and NFHS Come Together for Pole Vault Safety.” The Official Site of the NCAA. October 13, 2014. Accessed March 07, 2017. h t t p : / / w w w. n c a a . o r g / health-and-safety/sportscience-institute/ncaa-usatrack-field-and-nfhs-cometogether-pole-vault-safety.
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