Grammar III
Prof. Lilia Saborío. Student: Geanina Ester Chacón Rojas. April 2017
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.
The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged for the near future. Present progressive is also known as present continuous.
Present Progressive – Form Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing.
affirmative
negative
question
I
I am playing.
I am not playing.
Am I playing?
he, she, it
He is playing.
He is not playing.
Is he playing?
you, we, they
You are playing.
You are not playing.
Are you playing?
Present Progressive - Exceptions in Spelling A single, silent e at the end of the word is dropped before ing. example: come - coming I am coming home. You are coming home. He is coming home. But: ee at the end of the word is not changed example: agree - agreeing The final consonant after a short, stressed vowel is doubled before ing. example: sit - sitting I am sitting on the sofa. You are sitting on the sofa. He is sitting on the sofa. The letter l as final consonant after a vowel is always doubled before ing. example: travel - travelling I am travelling around. You are travelling around. He is travelling around. Mind: This applies only for British English; in American English, there is usually only one l. An ie at the end of a word becomes y before ing. example: lie - lying I am lying in bed. You are lying in bed. He is lying in bed.
Present Progressive - Short Forms
affirmative
negative
I am playing. - I'm playing.
I am not playing. - I'm not playing.
He is playing. - He's playing.
He is not playing. - He's not playing. / He isn't playing.
We are playing. - We're playing.
We are not playing. - We're not playing. /We aren't playing.
Present Progressive – Use Actions taking place at the moment of speaking (now). The action is going on now. Signal words like now, at the moment are often used to emphasize that the action is taking place at the moment of speaking. Signal words are not really necessary, however, as this is already expressed by the tense itself. He is playing football. Arrangements for the near future. In the example, you can see that the tickets are already bought. So, we are talking about an arrangement for the near future.
I'm going to the theatre tonight.
To make clear that the action is not going on now, we usually use signal words like tonight, tomorrow, next Friday, at noon.
Actions taking place only for a limited period of time.
Here we are talking about a time limit. Jim does not usually work in the firm, he is still at school and wants to earn some extra money during his holidays. To make clear that there is a time limit, we usually use signal words, e.g. this week/month/year. Jim is helping in his brother's firm this week. Actions taking place around now (but not at the moment of speaking). This action takes place around now and only for a limited period of time, but not at the moment of speaking. We don't have to use signal words here, but we often find signal words in such sentences, e.g. now, at the moment. I'm studying for my exams. Development, changing situations. The sentence describes a development from one situation to another. Signal words are not that common here, only sometimes the change of situation is emphasized by using for example more and more. The population of China is rising very fast.
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers. A Trekking Journal November 12, 1997 Today (be)
the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am exhausted and
my legs (shake)
; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really) me and my toes (bleed)
, but I (want, still)
to continue.
Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be) different, and I (try)
to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn)
so a little
bit of the language to make communication easier; unfortunately, I (learn, not) foreign languages quickly. Although I (understand, not) (improve, gradually)
.
much yet, I believe that I
I (travel, currently) He (be)
with Liam, a student from Leeds University in England. a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always)
ahead of me and
(complain) that I am too slow. I (do) my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old. Right now, Liam (sit)
with the owner of the inn. They (discuss)
differences between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not) the owner, but everybody (call, just) well and he (try)
him Tam. Tam (speak)
the the real name of English very
to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say)
a new word, Liam (try)
to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also)
to have difficulty learning foreign languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for directions. Taken from: http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs2.htm
The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.
Form of Simple Past
For irregular verbs, use the past form of the verb. For regular verbs, just add “ed�.
no differences
Positive
Negative
Question
I spoke.
I did not speak.
Did I speak?
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’ Example after a final e only add d
love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit – admitted travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i
hurry – hurried
Use of Simple Past •action in the past taking place once, never or several times. Example: He visited his parents every weekend. •actions in the past taking place one after the other. Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down. •action in the past taking place in the middle of another action. Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang. •if sentences type II (If I talked, …) Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.
Signal Words of Simple Past • yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday •If (If I talked, …)
Put the verbs into the simple past: 1. Last year I (go) 2. It (be) 3. I (visit) mine.
to England on holiday. fantastic. lots of interesting places. I (be)
4. In the mornings, we (walk)
in the streets of London.
5. In the evenings, we (go) 6. The weather (be)
to pubs. strangely fine.
7. It (not / rain)
a lot.
8. But we (see)
some beautiful rainbows.
9. Where (spend / you)
your last holiday?
with two friends of
Write the past forms of the irregular verbs. Infinitive
Simple Past
1.
meet
.
2.
drive
.
3.
speak
.
4.
put
.
5.
write
.
6.
sing
.
7.
do
.
8.
sit
.
9.
stand
.
10.
run
.
Complete the table in simple past. Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
He wrote a book. He did not sing Was she pretty? Put the sentences into simple past. 1. We move to a new house. → 2. They bring a sandwich. → 3. He doesn't do the homework. → 4. They sell cars. → 5. Does he visit his friends? →
Write sentences in simple past. 1. Janet / miss / the bus → 2. she / tidy / her room → 3. Nancy / watch / not / television→ 4. she / read / a book → Choose “Was” or “Were”: 1. The teacher • • • • • • • •
nice. The students very clever. But one student in trouble. We sorry for him. He nice though.
Taken from: http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/gramma r-exercise-simple-past.php
This tense puts emphasis on the course / duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the future. It can also be used to express an assumption regarding a future action. Future II progressive is not used very often as it can usually be replaced by future II simple. Form: Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and "be going to have been doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable. [will have been + present participle] • You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. • Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? • You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. [am/is/are + going to have been + present participle]
• • •
You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning.
Using "Will" Positive
Negative
Question
I will have been sleeping.
I will not have been sleeping.
Will I have been sleeping?
You will have been sleeping.
You will not have been sleeping.
Will you have been sleeping?
We will have been sleeping.
We will not have been sleeping.
Will we have been sleeping?
They will have been sleeping.
They will not have been sleeping.
Will they have been sleeping?
He will have been sleeping.
He will not have been sleeping.
Will he have been sleeping?
She will have been sleeping.
She will not have been sleeping.
Will she have been sleeping?
It will have been sleeping.
It will not have been sleeping.
Will it have been sleeping?
Using "Be Going To" Positive
Negative
Question
I am going to have been sleeping.
I am not going to have been sleeping.
Am I going to have been sleeping?
You are going to have been sleeping.
You are not going to have been sleeping.
Are you going to have been sleeping?
We are going to have been sleeping.
We are not going to have been sleeping.
Are we going to have been sleeping?
They are going to have been sleeping.
They are not going to have been sleeping.
Are they going to have been sleeping?
He is going to have been sleeping.
He is not going to have been sleeping.
Is he going to have been sleeping?
She is going to have been sleeping.
She is not going to have been sleeping.
Is she going to have been sleeping?
It is going to have been sleeping.
It is not going to have been sleeping.
Is it going to have been sleeping?
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future
We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future. Examples:
• • • • •
They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives. She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes. James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. How long will you have been studying when you graduate? We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Anchorage. A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year? B: No, I will not have been living here that long.
Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future
Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples: • Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour. • Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.
REMINDER NOTE Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous
If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the future. Study the examples below to understand the difference. Examples: • •
He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that exact moment in the future. • He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard. • This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment OR that he will just have finished.
Put the verbs into the correct form (future perfect simple). 1. By 9 o'clock, we (finish)
our homework.
2. They (leave) 3. We (go)
the classroom by the end of the hour. home by next week.
4. She (return)
from the excursion by 6 o'clock.
5. (buy / he)
the new house by October?
6. The sun (not / rise) 7. (you/do)
by 4 o'clock. the shopping by 3 o'clock?
Put the verbs into the correct form (future perfect continuous). 1. By the end of the month I (live) 2. By the end of this week we (work) 3. By July the fifth they (study) 4. By 10 o'clock she (watch) 5. She (sleep) 6. We (look for) 7. They (wait)
in this town for ten years. on the project for a month. English for 3 years. TV for 4 hours.
for 10 hours by 11 o'clock. him for 40 days by next Saturday. for the president for 5 hours.
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense (future perfect simple or continuous.) 1. By 2018 we (live) 2. He (write) 3. (finish, you)
in Madrid for 20 years. a book by the end of the year. this novel by next week?
4. He (read)
this book for 15 days by the end of this week.
5. They (be)
married for 40 years by the end of this month.
6. (be, she)
pregnant for three months this week?
Taken from: http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-futureperfect.php
If clause
Result clause
If I had studied,
I would have passed the test
Past perfect
Perfect conditional Would have + past participle
Past Unreal
• Past unreal conditionals are often used to express wishes about the past. They often show regret, or sad feelings about something that happened in the past. Here's an example: If I had studied, I would have passed the test. In this example, there is an implied wish that the speaker had studied. • A conditional sentence has two parts. The first part is the if clause: "If I had studied." The second part is the result clause: "I would have passed the test.“ • To form the past unreal conditional, use the past perfect in the if clause. Use had followed by a past participle verb to form the past perfect. In the result clause, use would have followed by the past participle.
• Use past unreal conditionals to talk about how you would have acted differently if you had had more information. Basically, if I had known A, I would have done B. Imagine you brought chocolate for a coworker. You didn't know it at the time, but your co-worker was diabetic. In this situation, you could say, "If I had known you were diabetic, I would not have brought chocolate."
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form. After I graduated from university, I applied for a marketing position with a prominent bank with branches all over the world. I didn't get the job because they wanted someone who spoke Spanish fluently. I (could, take) Spanish in high school, but I didn't. I took an acting class instead. If I (take) Spanish, I (get) actually gotten the job, I (move) go)
the job. Just imagine, if I had to Spain. My entire life (could,
in a totally different direction. If I had accepted the job and
moved to Spain, I (might, meet)
a Spanish woman and (get)
married. If that had actually happened, I probably (stay) in Spain. We (might, have) children. Unfortunately, I didn't get the job and I didn't go to Spain. I got a boring job and I live alone. If I had just taken Spanish, my life (be) Taken from: http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional4.htm
much more interesting.
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request. Statements When transforming statements, check whether you have to change: •pronouns •present tense verbs (3rd person singular) •place and time expressions •tenses (backshift)
Type
Example
direct speech
“I speak English.”
reported speech (no backshift)
He says that he speaks English.
reported speech (backshift)
He said that he spoke English.
Pronouns In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.
Example She says, “My mum doesn’t have time today.” – She says that her mum doesn’t have time today. Tenses No backshift Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular). Example He says, “I speak English.” – He says that he speaks English.
Backshift You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He said). This is called backshift. Example He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy. The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do not normally change. Example: He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right. Place and Time expressions For place and time expressions you have to check whether place and time are the same in direct and reported speech or not.
Direct Speech Simple Present Present Progressive Simple Past Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple Past Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Future I (going to) Future I (will) Conditional I (would)
Reported Speech Simple Past Past Progressive Past Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Progressive was / were going to Conditional I (would)
Therefore, you always have to think which place and time expressions are logical in a certain situation. In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech.
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
today
that day
now
then
yesterday
the day before
‌ days ago
‌ days before
last week
the week before
next year
the following year
tomorrow
the next day / the following day
here
there
this
that
these
those
Questions When transforming questions, check whether you have to change: •
pronouns
•
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
•
place and time expressions
•
tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to: •
transform the question into an indirect question
•
use the interrogative or if / whether Type
Example
direct speech
“Why don’t you speak English?”
reported speech
He asked me why I didn’t speak English.
direct speech
“Do you speak English?”
reported speech
He asked me whether / if I spoke English.
with interrogative
without interrogative
Requests When transforming questions, check whether you have to change: •pronouns •place and time expressions
Type
Example
direct speech
“Carol, speak English.”
reported speech
He told Carol to speak English.
Additional Information and Exceptions
Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you should keep in mind, for example: •
main clauses connected with and / but
•
tense of the introductory clause
•
reported speech for difficult tenses
•
exceptions for backshift
•
requests with must, should, ought to and let’s
Complete the sentences in reported speech. 1. John said, "I love this town." John said 2. "Do you like soccer?" He asked me. He asked me 3. "I can't drive a lorry," he said. He said 4. "Be nice to your brother," he said. He asked me 5. "Don't be nasty," he said. He urged me 6. "Don't waste your money" she said. She told the boys 7. "What have you decided to do?" she asked him. She asked him 8. "I always wake up early," he said. He said 9. "You should revise your lessons," he said. He advised the students 10. "Where have you been?" he asked me. He wanted to know
Taken from: http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/gramma r-exercise-reported-speech.php
Future Real Conditional FORM
[If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Future ...] [... Simple Future ... if / when ... Simple Present ...]
Notice that there is no future in the if- or when-clause.
USE The Future Real Conditional describes what you think you will do in a specific situation in the future. It is different from other Real Conditional forms because, unlike the present or the past, you do not know what will happen in the future. Although this form is called "real", you are usually imagining or guessing about the future. It is called "real" because it is still possible that the action might occur in the future. Carefully study the following examples and compare them to the Future Unreal Conditional examples further down the page.
Examples: •
If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I will take a bottle of wine or some flowers. I am still not sure if I will go to his house or not.
•
When I have a day off from work, I am going to go to the beach. I have to wait until I have a day off.
•
If the weather is nice, she is going to walk to work. It depends on the weather.
•
Jerry will help me with my homework when he has time. I have to wait until he has time.
•
I am going to read if there is nothing on TV. It depends on the TV schedule.
•
A: What are you going to do if it rains? B: I am going to stay at home.
IMPORTANT ❖ If / When Both "if" and "when" are used in the Future Real Conditional, but the use is different from other Real Conditional forms. In the Future Real Conditional, "if" suggests that you do not know if something will happen or not. "When" suggests that something will definitely happen at some point; we are simply waiting for it to occur. Notice also that the Simple Future is not used in if-clauses or when-clauses. Examples: •When you call me, I will give you the address. You are going to call me later, and at that time, I will give you the address. •If you call me, I will give you the address. If you want the address, you can call me.
Future Unreal Conditional FORM 1 (Most Common Form) [If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...] [... would + verb ... if ... Simple Past ...] Notice that this form looks the same as Present Unreal Conditional. USE The Future Unreal Conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations in the future. It is not as common as the Future Real Conditional because English speakers often leave open the possibility that anything MIGHT happen in the future. It is only used when a speaker needs to emphasize that something is impossible. Because this form looks like Present Unreal Conditional, many native speakers prefer Form 2 described below.
Examples: •
If I had a day off from work next week, I would go to the beach. I don't have a day off from work.
•
I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party. I can't come.
•
Jerry would help me with my homework tomorrow if he didn't have to work. He does have to work tomorrow.
FORM 2 [If ... were + present participle ..., ... would be + present participle ...]
[... would be + present participle ... if ... were + present participle ...] USE Form 2 of the Future Unreal Conditional is also used to talk about imaginary situations in the future. Native speakers often prefer this form over Form 1 to emphasize that the conditional form is in the future rather than the present. Also notice in the examples below that this form can be used in the if-clause, the result, or both parts of the sentence.
Examples: If I were going to Fiji next week, I would be taking my scuba diving gear with me. In if-clause and result I am not going to go to Fiji and I am not going to take my scuba gear with me. If I were not visiting my grandmother tomorrow, I would help you study. In if-clause I am going to visit my grandmother tomorrow. I am busy next week. If I had time, I would be coming to your party. In result I am not going to come to your party.
FORM 3 [If ... were going to + verb ..., ... would be + present participle ...] [... would be + present participle ... if ... were going to + verb ...] USE Form 3 of the Future Unreal Conditional is a variation of Form 2 which is also used to talk about imaginary situations in the future. Notice that this form is only different from Form 2 in the if-clause. Native speakers use Form 3 to emphasize that the conditional form is a plan or prediction in the same way "be going to" is used to indicate a plan or prediction. Examples: • If I were going to go to Fiji next week, I would be taking my scuba diving gear with me. I am not going to go to Fiji and I am not going to take my scuba gear with me. • If I were not going to visit my grandmother tomorrow, I would help you study. I am going to visit my grandmother tomorrow.
IMPORTANT Only use "If" Only the word "if" is used with the Past Unreal Conditional because you are discussing imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used. Examples: •
I would buy that computer tomorrow when it were cheaper. Not Correct
•
I would buy that computer tomorrow if it were cheaper. Correct
EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs
There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English: would + can = could
would + shall = should would + may = might
The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be used in these special forms.
Examples: •
If I went to Egypt next year, I would can learn Arabic. Unfortunately, that's not possible. Not Correct
•
If I went to Egypt next year, I could learn Arabic. Unfortunately, that's not possible. Correct
The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you cannot combine them with "would." Examples: •
If I didn't have to work tonight, I would could go to the fitness center. Not Correct
•
If I didn't have to work tonight, I could go to the fitness center. Correct
Future Real Conditional vs. Future Unreal Conditional To help you understand the difference between the Future Real Conditional and the Future Unreal Conditional, compare the examples below: Examples: •
If you help me move tomorrow, I will buy you dinner. Future Real Conditional I don't know if you can help me.
•
If you helped me move tomorrow, I would buy you dinner. Future Unreal Conditional You can't help me, or you don't want to help me.
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs2.htm http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/gramma r-exercise-simple-past.php http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/gramma r-exercise-future-perfect.php http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional4.ht m http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/gramma r-exercise-reported-speech.php
In brief, during this course I have improved my learning progress. Therefore, nowadays I can be able to understand and put together all the knowledge acquired. Although we did not have enough time to develop all the topics, it was an amazing experience because with the different activities we developed during the course, I could interact with my dear teacher and peers while learning. I got the motivation that I needed to do a better job each time. I am very satisfied because now I have the confidence that I needed because I have already cleared the bases and I am sure that people can understand what I mean. So it was nice that we could
learn from each other. The environment was always healthy and respectful. I really enjoyed every class! Thanks to all of you, for made me a better person!