A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
Taang Zomi
A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian” Table of Contents (Phonemic Forms).....................................................................................................................2
By Taang Zomi.............................................................................................2 Four Underlying Tones ...........................................................................................2 Surface Tones...........................................................................................................3 (Phonetic Forms).......................................................................................................................3
“Pa” in “Pasian” means “male”.............................................................................8
Bibliography.....................................................................................9 APPENDICES (NUNGTHUAPTE).............................................13 Appendix 1 .................................................................................................13 Zomi Vowel Phonemes...........................................................................................13
Appendix 2..................................................................................................16 Zomi Consonant Phonemes..................................................................................16
Appendix 3..................................................................................................17 Tedim Zomi and Burmese Consonant Phonemes...............................................17
Appendix 4 .................................................................................................21 Selected Phonetic (Phonemic) Symbolsː..............................................................21
Appendix 5..................................................................................................22 Some Conventions Adopted..................................................................................22
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A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
Tedim Zomi Tonology:
A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”: What does “Pa” in “Pasian” mean? By Taang Zomi Recently there has been a discussion on the “Zomi Nam” yahoogroup <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/zominam> on the origin of the word “Pasian” and on what it means. The conclusion seems to be that the word “Pa” in “Pasian” could mean “Father”, and the word “Sian” could be coming from a gerund “Sian”, itself coming from a Form II (inflected) verb “Sian” from the verb “Siang” [(be) holy)]1. So “Pasian” could mean “Father who is Holy” or “Father of Holiness” or “Holy Father”. This conclusion might be plausible theologically, anthropologically and historically. But I would like to present an alternative view.
Four Underlying Tones (Phonemic Forms) We have four underlying tones. Underlying tones are tones in isolation. In order to detect underlying tones more easily, we need to know Saizang dialect, or better still, Teizang dialect, in which there is very little tone sandhi. 1 There are no real adjectives in Burmese, Zomi, and Hebrew grammar, as contrasted with English grammar. A verb is manually turned to an adjective in the grammar of these three languages. For example: ‘Thu chantha thi’ (သူ ခ်မ္း သာ သည္) /¯θuː ˆʨʰɑːn ¯θɑː ¯ðiː/ in Burmese is “Amah hau hi’ /ˆɐ ˋmɐʔ ˋhɑːu ˋhiː/ in Zomi, and ‘He is rich’ /hi: ɪz ɹɪʧ/ in English. Here, ‘chantha’ (ခ်မ္း သာ) /ˆʨʰɑːn ¯θɑː/ in Burmese and ‘hau’ /ˋhɑːu/ in Zomi are verbs, while ‘rich’ /ɹɪʧ/ in English is a predicative adjective. Only when we change the order of words in the sentence to ‘thu thi chantha thaw lu phyit thi’ ( သူ သည္ ခ်မ္း သာ ေသာ လူ ျဖစ္ သည္) /¯θuː ¯ðiː ˆʨʰɑːn ¯θɑː ˆðɔː ¯luː pʰjɪʔ ¯ðiː/ and ‘Amah in a hau mi ahi hi’ /ˆɐ ˋmɐʔ ˋɪn ˆɐ ˆhɑːu ˊmiː ˆɐ ˆhi ˋhi/, do they become the same as ‘He is a rich man’ /hiː ɪz ə ɹɪʧ mæn/, and ‘chantha thaw’ (ခ်မ္း သာ ေသာ) /ˆʨʰɑːn ¯θɑː ˆðɔː/ and ‘a hau’ / ˆɐ ˆhɑːu/ become attributive adjectives. See also Taang Zomi (2010), pp. 185-186. Page 2 of 22
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Tone 1, High Tone, [ ˊ ]: no /ˊnɒʊ/ ‘petite’, to /ˊtɒʊ/ ‘Lord’, kho /ˊxɒʊ/ ‘to cultivate’, sa /ˊsɑː/ ‘meat’, nu /ˊnuː/ ‘mother', pa /ˊpɑː/ ‘father’, tui /ˊtuːi/ ‘water’, siam /ˊsɪɑːm/ ‘skilful’, ei /ˊɛɪ/ ‘we’ (first person plural inclusive), kei /ˊkɛɪ/ ‘I” (first person singular), nang /ˊnɐŋ/ ‘you’(second person singular), lo /ˊlɒʊ/ ‘farm’, sim /ˊsɪm/ ‘to attack, to fight’ Tone 2, High Falling Tone, [ ˆ ]: no /ˆnɒʊ/ ‘you’ (second person plural), /ˆkɒʊ/ ‘we’ (first person plural exclusive), ni /ˆniː/ ‘let us (do)’ (first person plural imperativehortative mood), hiam /ˆhɪɑːm/ ‘what …?’ (interrogative end particle), hia...? /ˆhɪɑː/ ‘what...?’, (interrogative end particle), diam...? /ˆdɪɑːm/ ‘what will...?’ (future interrogative end particle), dia...? /ˆdɪɑː/ ‘what will...?’ (future interrogative end particle), maw...? /ˆmɔː/ ‘is that so?’ (a yes-or-no question that requires a yes-or-no answer), na...? /ˆnɑː/ ‘is that so?’ (a yes-or-no question that requires a yes-or-no answer), Shan /ˆʃɑːn, or ˆɕɑːn/ ‘Shan’ (an ethnic race and language in Burma belonging to TaiKadai group) Tone 3, Mid Level Tone, [ ¯ ]: no /¯nɒʊ/ ‘to prosper’, ko /¯kɒʊ/ ‘to deride; to announce’, to /¯tɒʊ/ ‘to challenge; durable’, kho /¯xɒʊ/ ‘on the edge of a raised place’, siam /¯sɪɑːm/ ‘to bless; to create’, ngo /¯ŋɒʊ/ ‘white-skinned’, zo /¯zɒʊ/ ‘highland’ (higher part of a terrain), Kawl /¯kɔːl/ ‘Bamar’, so /¯sɒʊ/ ‘to be boiled’, lua /¯luɑː/ ‘excessively’, hua /¯huɑː/ ‘that, yonder’, lo /¯lɒʊ/ ‘weed’, ni /¯niː/ ‘day; sun; paternal aunt’, sim /¯sɪm/ ‘to read, to count’ Tone 4, Low Tone, [ ˋ ]: no /ˋnɒʊ/ ‘to humor (a child)’, to /ˋtɒʊ/ ‘uphill’, kho /ˋxɒʊ/ ‘to invite; to forbid’, siam /ˋsɪɑːm/ ‘loom’, sim /ˋsɪm/ ‘lowland’ (lower part of a terrain), tho /ˋtʰɒʊ/ ‘fly’, than /ˋtʰɐn/ ‘louse’, kau /ˋkɑːu/ ‘butterfly’, lua /ˋluɑː/ ‘to vomit’, seem /ˋseːm/ ‘to work’, keem /ˋkeːm/ ‘to keep’, heh /ˋhɛʔ/ ‘angry’, dah /ˋdɐʔ/ ‘sad’, lo /ˋlɒʊ/ ‘not’, hau /ˋhɑːu/ ‘rich’
Surface Tones (Phonetic Forms) Changes of tone due to the influence of one tone on another are called tone sandhi.2
2
Ladefoged (2006), p. 252
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When there are two or three tones in a sequence, a tone is changed by another tone. That is what is called tone sandhi, a Sanskrit word meaning “put togther”.3 Hereunder are some preliminary instances of tone sandhi in Zomi. Let us use a phonological rule.4 (1) Phonological Rule R1.0: A→ B/X―Y This rule states that A becomes ( → ) B in the environment of ( / ) of being preceded by X and followed by Y, where X and Y are variables — the dash ( ― ) represents the position of the item affected by the rule, i.e. A. That is, the rule takes an input string XAY and converts it to XBY.5 (2.1) When a tone 4 is preceded by a tone 1, the tone 4 changes to tone 2.
/Tone 1/
+
/Tone 4/
[Tone 1]
[Tone 2]
Khup /ˊxuːp/
+ +
Lian /ˋlɩɑːn/
Khup [ˊxuːp]
Lian [ˆlɪɑːn]
Tung /ˊtʊŋ/
+ +
Suan /ˋsʊɑːn/
Tung [ˊtʊŋ]
Suan [ˆsʊɑːn]
Phonological Rule R1.1: T4 → T2 / T1 ― (a) /ˋlɩɑːn/ → [ˆlɪɑːn] / /ˊxuːp/ ― (b) /ˋsʊɑːn/ → [ˆsʊɑːn] / /ˊtʊŋ/― That is, in R1.1 (a), the phoneme /T4/ (/ˋlɩɑːn/) is realized as its allophone [T2] [ˆlɪɑːn] 3 4 5
Trask (1996), p. 316 Aitchison (2003), pp. 47-49; Ashby (2005), pp. 144-145; Halle (1983), pp. 93, 101; Fromkin (2007), pp. 373-286; Katamba (1996), pp. 117-133; O’Grady (2010), pp. 97-113; Davenport (2010), pp. 121-123, 133-146. Aitchison (2003), pp. 47-49; Halle (1983), p. 93; Davenport (2010), p. 122; O’Grady (2010), pp. 100-101.
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in the environment of being preceded by /T1/ (/ˊxuːp/). Note that in this example /ˋlɩɑːn/ corresponds to A in Rule R1.0, [ˆlɪɑːn] to B, and /ˊxuːp/ to X. Y is not represented in Rule R1.1, i.e. it is an empty variable, since what follows the Tone 1 has no bearing on the process and thus need not be specified in the rule.6 The same is true with Rule 1.1 (b). (2.2) When the tone 1 that precedes a tone 4 is in an open long syllable, the tone 1 changes to tone 2 in an open short syllable. [ol = open long; os = open short]
/T1 (ol)/
+
Za /ˊzɑː/ ‘rank’
+ +
Pa /ˊpɑː/ ‘father; paternal uncle’
+ +
/T4/
[T2 (os)]
[T2]
Lian /ˋlɩɑːn/ ‘high; great’
Za [ˆzɐ]
Lian (high rank) [ˆlɩɑːn]
Sian /ˋsɩɑːn/ (personal name)
Pa [ˆpɐ]
Sian (Uncle Sian) [ˆsɩɑːn]
Phonological Rule R1.2: T1 (ol) → /ˊzɑː/ /ˊpɑː/
T2 (os) / → [ˆzɐ ] / → [ˆpɐ] /
― T4 ― /ˋlɩɑːn/ ― /ˋsɩɑːn/
That is, in R1.2 (a), the phoneme /T1 (ol) / (/ˊzɑː/) is realized as its allophone [T2 (os)] [ˆzɐ] in the environment of being followed by /T4/ (/ˋlɩɑːn/). Note that in this example /ˊzɑː/ corresponds to A in Rule R1.0, [ˆzɐ ] to B, and //ˋlɩɑːn// to Y. X is not represented in Rule R1.2, i.e. it is an empty variable, since what precedes the Tone 4 has no bearing on the process and thus need not be specified in the rule.7 6 7
Davenport (2010), p. 122 Ibid, p. 122
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A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
The same is true with Rule 1.2 (b). (3.1) When a tone 4 is preceded by a tone 3, the tone 4 changes to tone 2.
/T3/ +
/T4/
[T3]
[T2]
Thang + /¯tʰɐŋ/ +
Lian /ˋlɪɑːn/
Thang [¯tʰɐŋ]
Lian [ˆlɪɑːn]
Phonological Rule R2.1: T3 → T2 / T3 ― /ˋlɪɑːn / → [ˆlɪɑːn] / /¯tʰɐŋ/ ― The same remark on Rule R1.1 holds true for this Rule R2.1. (3.2) When the tone 3 that precedes a tone 4 is in an open long syllable, the tone 3 changes to tone 2 in an open short syllable.
/T3 (ol)/
+
/T4/
[T2 (os)] [T2]
Kha /¯xɑː/
+ +
Niin /ˋniːn/
Kha Niin (unclean spirit) [ˆxɐ] [ˆniːn]
Phonological Rule R2.2: T3 (ol → T2 (os) / ― T4 /¯xɑː/ → [ˆxɐ] / ― /ˋniːn/ The same remark in Rule R1.2 holds true for this Rule R2.2.
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(3.1) When a tone 4 is preceded by another tone 4, the tone 4 remains unchanged.
/T4/ Suan /ˋsʊɑːn/
+ + +
/T4/ Lian /ˋlɪɑːn/
[T4] [T4] Suan Lian [ˋsʊɑːn] [ˋlɪɑːn]
Phonological Rule R3.1: → T4 /ˋlɪɑːn/ → [ˋlɪɑːn]
T4
/ T4 ― / /ˋsʊɑːn/ ―
The same remark in Rule R1.1 holds true for this Rule R3.1. (4.2) When a tone 4 in an open long syllable is preceded by another tone 4, the tone 4 changes to tone 4 in an open short syllable.
/T4 (ol)/
+
/T4/
[T4 (os)]
[T4]
Za /ˋzɑː/ (one hundred)
+ +
Suan /ˋsʊɑːn/
Za [ˋzɐ]
Suan (name of a clan) [ˋsʊɑːn]
Pa /ˋpɑː/ (father; paternal uncle)
+ Sian + /ˋsɪɑːn/
Pa [ˋpɐ]
Sian (God) [ˋsɪɑːn]
Phonological Rule R3.2: T4 (ol)
→ T4 (os) /
― T4
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/ˋzɑː/ /ˋpɑː/
A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
→ [ˋzɐ] / → [ˋpɐ] /
― /ˋsʊɑːn/ ― /ˋsɪɑːn/
The same remark in Rule R1.2 holds true for this Rule R3.2.
“Pa” in “Pasian” means “male” If “Pa” in “Pasian” meant “Father” the tone of the syllable would be Tone 1 (ˊpɑː), and we would pronounce it /ˆpɐ ˆsɪɑːn/ (see Phonological Rule R1.2). But the tone of “Pa” in “Pasian” is Tone 4 (ˋpɑː), and we pronounce it /ˋpɐ ˋsɪɑːn/ (see Phonological Rule R3.2). Therefore “Pa” in “Pasian” means “male”. Theologically, anthropologically, or historically, “Pasian” might mean “Father,” “Creator”, etc., but phonologically “Pasian” means “Male Sian”, whatever “Sian” means.
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Bibliography 1.
Ashby, Michael and John Maidment. (2005): Introducing Phonetic Science. (3rd Printing 2007). New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. Aitchison, Jean. (2003): Teach Yourself Linguistics. 6Th edn. London: Hodder Education. 3.
Ashby, Michael and John Maidment. (2005): Introducing Phonetic Science. (3rd Printing 2007). New York: Cambridge University Press.
4.
Bao, Zhiming. (1999): The Structure of Tone. New York: Oxford University Press. https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx6b21pbGluZ3Vpc3RpY3N8Z3g6NjRkOW YwN2I2ZTZkMTNlOA&pli=1 (accessed 30 SEP 2012 SUN)
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Bickford, Anita C., and Rick Floyd. (2006:) Articulatory Phonetics: Tools for Analyxing the World’s Languages. 4Th edn. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics International. https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx6b21pbGluZ3Vpc3RpY3N8Z3g6MWMx MDRmMDZiNjlhMWQ3Yw (accessed 20 OCT 2012 SAT)
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Button, Christopher James Thomas. (2009): A Reconstruction of Proto Northern Chin in Old Burmese and Old Chinese Perspective. Ph.D. diss. London: University of London School of African and Oriental Studies. pp. 36-39. https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx6b21pbGluZ3Vpc3RpY3N8Z3g6NjAwOD hmMTg2NTllZGU2OA (acccessed 23 OCT 2012 TUE).
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Button, Christopher. (2011). Proto Northern Chin. Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley. http://www.zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/proto-northern-chin-%28vol12-with-preface %29_e48026eb67.pdf (accessed 23 OCT 2012 TUE)
8.
Chen, Matthew Y. (2000): Tone Sandhi: Patterns Across Chinese Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sample: http://assets.cambridge.org/052165/2723/sample/0521652723ws.pdf (24 pages; ccessed 27 SEP 2012 THU) https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx6b21pbGluZ3Vpc3RpY3N8Z3g6NzdkOT dkOTU2NzIwMzlmNA (accessed 24 OC 2012 WED)
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9.
A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle. (1968): The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row. (Paperback edition 1991), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. http://www.zomilibrary.com/main/items/show/458 (accessed 27 SEP 2012 THU)
10. Crystal, David. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th edn. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pubshing Ltd. http://mohamedrabeea.com/books/book1_3891.pdf (accessed 14 SEP 2012 FRI) 11. Davenport, Mike and S.J. Hannahs. (2010): Introducing Phonetics and Phonology. 3rd edn. London: Hodder Education. 12. Duanmu, San. (2000): The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Published as a paperback (2002). New York: Oxford University Press. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~duanmu/PhD90Rev.pdf (accessed 27 SEP 2012 THU). 13. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman and Nina M. Hyams. (2007): An Introduction to Language. 8th edn. 2010. Boston, MA: Wadsword). 14. Goldsmith, John A. (1976): “Autosegmental Phonology”. Ph.D. diss. Massachssette Institute of Technology. http://hum.uchicago.edu/~jagoldsm/Papers/dissertation.pdf (accessed 18 SEP 2012 TUE). Also at: http://www.zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/autosegmental-phonology_0845d88aa6.pdf (accesed 18 OCT 2012 THU) 15. Goldsmith, John A. (1990): Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell. 16. Gussenhoven, Carlos and Haike Jacobs. (1998): Understanding Phonology. London: Hodder Education https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx6b21pbGluZ3Vpc3RpY3N8Z3g6NGUyY mEwOGMzNTBmNzE3Yw (accessed 20 OCT 2012 SAT) 17. Halle, Morris and G.N. Clements. (1983): Problem Book in Phonology: A Workbook for Introductory Courses in Linguistics and in Modern Phonology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 18.
International Phonetic Association. (1999): Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Alphabet. 11th Printing 2010. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. International Phonetic Association. (1999): Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Alphabet. 7th Printing 2007. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Page 10 of 22
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https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx6b21pbGluZ3Vpc3RpY3N8Z3g6ZmU0N2 Q4ZTI3YzJiMWVh (accessed 20 OCT 2012 SAT) 19. Katamba, Francis. (1989): An Introduction to Phonology. Eighth Impression 1996. London: Longman Publishing Group. https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx6b21pbGluZ3Vpc3RpY3N8Z3g6NTRlY2 YyMmM2MDA0NGJhOA (accessed 22 OCT 2012 MON) 20. Ladefoged, Peter, and Ian Maddieson. (1996): The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Malden. MA: Blackwell Publishing. http://www.zomilibrary.com/main/items/show/466 (accessed 24 OCT 2012 WED) 21. Ladefoged, Peter. (2006): A Course in Phonetics. 5th edn with CD. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth. Ladefoged, Peter. and Keith Johnson (2011): A Course in Phonetics. 6th edn with CD. Boston, MA: Wadsworth https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx6b21pbGluZ3Vpc3RpY3N8Z3g6NjI4OTc 4YTJmZTU4NDgzNg (accessed 22 OCT 2012 MON) 22.
O’Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Janie Rees-Miller. (2010): Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. 6Th edn. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
23. Pullum, Geoffrey K., and William A. Ladusaw. (1996): Phonetic Symbol Guide. 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 24. Taang Zomi. (2010): Zolai Gelhmaan Bu Khatna (Zolai Grammar Volume One). Yangon: Zomi Innkuan Singapore, Zomi Linguistics Research Group, and Zomi Christian Literature Society. http://www.zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/zolai-gelhmaan-cover_083f8d1fa0.pdf (accessed 24 OCT 2012 WED) https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0ZWRpbXpvbWlsaW5ndWlzdGljc3xneD o2MjMxNmEwYWM4NTFlM2I (accessed 24 OCT 2012 WED) Book Cover: http://www.zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/zolai-gelhmaan-cover_083f8d1fa0.pdf (accessed 24 OCT 2012 WED)
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A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0ZWRpbXpvbWlsaW5ndWlzdGljc3xneD o2M2YyZmEwMWRmZTRlYmVm (accessed 24 OCT 2012 WED) 25. Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya, and Arthur S. Abramson, “Thai” in International Phonetic Association. (1999): Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Alphabet. 11th Printing 2010. (pp. 147-150). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 26. Trask, R.L. (1996): A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. New York: Routledge. http://docs8.chomikuj.pl/306750974,0,1,A-Dictionary-of-Phonetics-and-Phonology.pdf (accessed 19 SEP 2012 WED) 27. Yip, Moira. (2002): Tone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx6b21pbGluZ3Vpc3RpY3N8Z3g6M2QwN 2Y0YzBiYWY0YmQ2ZQ (accessed 30 SEP 2012 SUN)
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APPENDICES (NUNGTHUAPTE) Appendix 1
Zomi Vowel Phonemes (03) (04)
<a>
//
<e>
//
<i>
//
<o/aw>
//
<u>
//
Total
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
(09)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(01)
(02)
A
Monophthongs [10]
A1
<a>
//
<e>
//
<i>
//
<o/aw>
//
<u>
// 5
01 Long [5] 01.1 DL.
<aa>
/ɑː/ <ee> /eː/
<ii>
/iː/
<aw>
/ɔː/
<uu>
/uː/
01.2 NL
<aa>
/ɑ/ <ee> /e/
<ii>
/i/
<aw>
/ɔ/
<uu>
/u/ 5
02 Short [5]
B
02.1 DS
<a>
/ɐ/ <e>
/ɛ/
02.2 CS
<ah>
/ɐʔ/ <e>
//
<i>
/ɪ/
<o/aw /ɒ/ >
<u>
/ʊ/
/ɛʔ/ <i>
/ɪʔ/
<o/aw /ɒʔ/ >
<u>
/ʊʔ/
//
//
<awi> / /
<ui>
//
Diphthongs [24]
B1
<ai>
<ei>
<ii>
03 Long [5]
5
03.1 DL
<aai>
/ <eei> /eːi/ <iii> ɑːi/
/iːʲ/
<awi> /ɔːi/
<uui> /uːi/
03.2 NL
<aai>
/ɑi/ <eei> /ei/
/iʲ/
<awi> /ɔi/
<uui> /ui/
<iii>
04 Short [5]
B2
5
04.1 DS
<ai>
/ɐɪ/ <ei>
04.2 CS
<aih>
<au>
/ɛɪ/
<oi>
/ɒɪ/
/ <eih> /ɛɪʔ/ <iih> /ɪʲʔ/ ɐɪʔ/
<oih>
/ɒɪʔ/ <uih> /ʊɪʔ/
//
/awu/
//
<eu> /e/
<ii>
<iu>
Friday, October 12, 2012
/ɪʲ/
//
<ui>
<uu>
Page 13 of 22
/ʊɪ/
/uu /
Taang Zomi
(01)
(02)
(03) (04)
A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
<a>
//
<e>
//
<i>
//
<o/aw>
//
<u>
//
Total
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
(09)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
05 Long [5]
5
05.1 DL
<aau>
/ <eeu ɑːu > /
05.2 NL
<au>
/ <eu> /eu/ <iu> ɑu/
/eːu/ <iiu> /iːu/
/iu/
<awu> /ɔːu/ <uuu> /uːʷ/
<awu> /ɔu/
<uu>
/uʷ/
06 Short [5]
5
06.1 DS
<au>
/ <eu> /ɛʊ/ <iu> ʌʊ/
06.2 CS
<auh>
/ <euh / <iuh> /ɪʊʔ/ ɑʊʔ > ɛʊʔ/ /
B3
<ia>
/ɪʊ/
//
<o/ou> /ɒʊ/ <uu>
/ʊʷ/
<oh / /ɒʊʔ/ <uuh> /ʊʷʔ/ ouh>
<ua>
//
07 Long [2]
2
07.1 DL
<iaa> /iɑː/
<uaa> /uɑː/
07.2 NL
<iaa> /iɑ/
<uaa> /uɑ/
08 Short [2]
C
2
08.1 DS
<ia>
08.2 CS
<iah> /ɪɐʔ/
<uah> /ʊɐʔ/
<iai>
<uai>
/ɪɐ/
<ua>
/ʊɐ/
Triphthongs [8]
C1
09 Long
2
09.1 DL
<iiaai /iɑːi/ >
<uuaai /uɑːi/
09.2 NL
<iiaai /iɑi/ >
<uuaai /uɑi/ >
10 Short
2
10.1 DS
<iai> Page 14 of 22
/ɪɐɪ/
<uai> /ʊɐɪ
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A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
(01)
(02)
(03) (04)
Taang Zomi
<a>
//
<e>
//
<i>
//
<o/aw>
//
<u>
//
Total
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
(09)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
10.2 CS
C2
<iaih> /ɪɐɪʔ/
<uiah> /ʊɐɪʔ/
<iau>
<uau>
11 Long
2
11.1
DL
<iiaau /iɑːu/ >
<uuaa /uɑːu/ u>
11.2
NL
<iiaau /iɑu/ >
<uuaa /uɑu/ u>
12 Short
2
12.1 DS
<iau> /ɪɐʊ/
<uau
12.2 CS
<iauh /ɪɐʊʔ/ >
<uauh /ʊɐʊʔ/ >
/ʊɐʊ/
Total
42
Table 1 An inventory of Zokam Vowel Phonemes (42 in all) Legend:
[ ː ] = (diacritc lookinɡ like a colon) Length mark for Definitely Long
< > = (anɡular brakets) grapheme; orthography; letter; word; spelling
/vʲ/ = used instead of /i/, to show that a vowel (v) is a diphthong after /i/; i.e. /iʲ/ (difficult, but possible, to articulate); e.g., ngii-ngeei /ŋiːʲ ŋe:i/ /vʷ/ = used instead of /u/, to show that a vowel (v) is a diphthong after /u/; i.e.,. /uʷ/ (very difficult to articlate); e.g., kuu-kuu /ku:ʷku:ʷ/
/ / = (slashes) phoneme; phomemic transcription
[ ] = (square brackets) phone; allophone; phonetic transcription
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DL = Definitely Long NL = Normally or Neutrally Long DS = Definitely Short CS = Creaky (Short)
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Taang Zomi
A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
Appendix 2 Zomi Consonant Phonemes C (syllable)
C- (onset)
-C (coda)
01
<b->
/b/
01
<b->
/b/
02
<c->
/ts, tɕ/
02
<c->
/ts, tɕ/
03
<ch->
/tʃ, tɕʰ/
03
<ch-> /tʃ, tɕʰ/
04
<d->
/d/
04
<d->
/d/
05
<f->
/f/
05
<f->
/f/
06
<g->
/ɡ/
06
<g->
/ɡ/
07
<h->
/h/
07
<h->
/h/
08
<-h>
/ʔ/
09
<-k->
/k/
08
<k->
10
<kh-> /x/
09
<kh-> /x/
11
<-l->
/l/
10
<l->
12
<-lh>
/lˀ/
13
<-m-> /m/
11
<m->
14
<-n->
/n/
12
<n->
15
<-ng-> /ŋ/
16
<-p->
17
-C- (both onset & coda)
1
/-h/
/ʔ/
2
/-k/
/k/
1
<-k->
/k/
3
/-l/
/l/
2
<-l->
/l/
4
/-lh-/
/lˀ/
/m/
5
/-m/
/m/
3
<-m->
/m/
/n/
6
/-n/
/n/
4
<-n->
/n/
13
<ng-> /ŋ/
7
/-ng/
/ŋ/
5
<-ng->
/ŋ/
14
<p->
8
/-p/
/p/
6
<-p->
/p/
<ph-> /pʰ/
15
<ph-> /pʰ/
18
<s->
/s/
16
<s->
/
19
<-t->
/t/
17
<t->
/t/
9
/-t/
/t/
7
<-t->
/t/
20
<th->
/tʰ/
18
<th->
/tʰ/
21
<v->
/v/
19
<v->
/v/
22
<z->
/z/
20
<z->
/z/
22
/p/
20
/k/ /l/
/p/
9
7
C = Consonant; Onset = consonant or consonants at the beginning of a syllable; Coda = consonant or consonants at the end of a syllable; Nucleus: the peak or center or nucleus of a syllable, usually a vowel. Table 2. An inventory of Zokam Consonant Phonemes (22 in all, including /tʃ or tɕʰ/ and /f/). If we exclude /tʃ or tɕʰ/ and /f/, we have 20 consonant phonemes.
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A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
Taang Zomi
Appendix 3
Glottal
Velar
Palatal
Retroflex
Alveolar
Post-Alveolar
M.A.
Dental
Bilabial
P.A.
Labio-dental
Tedim Zomi and Burmese Consonant Phonemes
(1) Plosive or Stop: pပ /p/
tတ /t/
tဋ /ʈ/
kက /k/
ph ဖ /pʰ/
th, ht, ထ
th, ht
kh ခ
/tʰ/
ဌ /ʈʰ/
/kʰ/
vd. unas.
bဗ /b/
dဒ /d/
dဍ /ɖ/
gဂ /ɡ/
vd. asp.
b, bh ဘ /bʰ/
d, dh ဓ /dʰ/
d, dh ဎ /ɖʰ/
g, gh ဃ /ɡʰ/
vl.unas. vl. asp.
h အ /ʔ/
(2) Affricate: vl. unas.
c, ky က် /ʦ/, /ʨ/
vl. asp.
ch /ခ်/, /ʧ/, /ʨ/,/ʨʰ/
vd.
gy ဂ် /ʤ/
(3) Fricative: vl. unas.
f /f/
th သ /θ/
sစ /s/
sh ရွ /ʃ/
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kh /x/
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hဟ /h/
hs ဆ /sʰ/
vl. asp. vd. unas.
v /v/
th သ /ð/
zဇ /z/ z, zh စ် /zʰ/
vd. asp. (4) Nasal: vl.
hm မွ /m̥/
hn ႏွ /n̥/
hn ဏွ /ɳ̊/
hny ညွ /ɲ̊/
hng ငွ /ŋ̊/
vd.
mမ /m/
nန /n/
nဏ /ɳ/
ny ည /ɲ/
ng င
(5) Lateral: vl.
hl လွ /l̥ /
vd.
lလ /l/
(6) Semivowel vl.
hw ဝွ /w̥/
vd.
wဝ /w/
rရ /r/
Page 18 of 22
yယ /j/
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/ŋ/
Glottal
Velar
Palatal
Retroflex
Alveolar
Post-Alveolar
M.A.
A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian” Dental
Labio-dental
P.A.
Bilabial
Taang Zomi
A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
Taang Zomi
Legend:
Other remark:
Color Code:
Retroflex = Cerebral
red = exclusively Tedim Zomi
Not Yet Confirmed on This Chart:
blue = exclusively Burmese black = common to both Tedim Zomi and Burmese gray background = of Sanskrit, Pali or Hindi origin; rarely pronounced as such in modern Burmese.
w /w/ in Tedim Zomi phonemics is considered to be a component of a monophthong /ɔ/ (aw) rather than a separate consonant.
Abbreviation:
ဆ (hsa-lein), the seventh letter of the Burmese Alphabet,
P.A. = Place of Articulation M.A. = Manner of Articulation vl. = voicless vd. = voiced asp. = aspirated unas. = unaspirated
Friday, October 12, 2012
has not yet been assigned a phonetic symbol. Provisionally assigned /sʰ’.
စ် (zha-myin-sway), the ninth letter of the Burmese Alphabet, has not been assigned a phonetic symbol. Provisionally assigned /zʰ/
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Taang Zomi
A Phonological Study of the Word â&#x20AC;&#x153;Pasianâ&#x20AC;?
A more detailed inventory of Zokam and Kawlkam consonant phonemes is available at the following sites: (1) Zokam Consonant Phonemes: http://zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/zokam-consonants_8a1ed4aace.pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc/15908187/Zokam-Consonants (2) Kawlkam Consonant Phonemes: http://zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/kawlkam-consonants_46037e1d02.pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc/15908671/Kawlkam-Consonants (3) Zokam and Kawlkam Consonn n ant Phonemes: http://zomilibrary.com/main/archive/files/zokam-and-kawlkam-consonant-phonemes_6b0d75af2a.pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc/15908733/Zokam-and-Kawlkam-Consonant-Phonemes
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A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
Taang Zomi
Appendix 4 Selected Phonetic (Phonemic) Symbols8ː
Vowel Phonemes Consonant Phonemes /ɑ/ːScript A (Open back unrounded vowel). Used /ʔ/ː Glottal stop (Glottal plosive). Used in such for long a, as in “Pa aw,...” Its short counterpart is words as Dahpa a heh mahmah hi. /ɐ/. /ɕ/: Curly tail C (Voiceless alveolo-palatal /ɐ/ː Turned A (Near-open central vowel). Used fricative). for short a, as in “Ka Pa aw,...” Its long counterpart is /ɑ/. /tɕ/ː T-Curly-tail C ligature (Voiceless alveolopalatal affricate). /ɛ/ː Epsilon (Open -mid front unrounded vowel). Used for short e, as in “Suangpi suangneu in /ts/: T-S ligature (Voiceless dental or alveolar thek.” Its long counterpart is /e/. affricate). /ɪ/ː Small capital I (Near-close near-front unrounded vowel). Used for short i, as in “I nu i pate...” Its long counterpart is /i/. /ɔ/ː Open O (Open mid-back rounded vowel). Used for long aw, as in “Zeisu i lawm.” Its short counterpart is /ɒ/,
/ts/ or /tɕ/: Used as in “Thucin thutang.” /ŋ/ː Eng (Voiced velar nasal). Used for the consonant digraph <ng>, as in “Ngasa duh ing.” /x/ː Lower-case X (Voiceless velar fricative). Used for the consonant digraph <kh>, as in Khapi.
/ɒ/ː Turned script A (Open back rounded vowel). /j/ː Lower-case J (Voiced palatal appoximant). Used for the “y” sound in “you”, “youth”, Used for short aw, as in “Dr. Kam Khaw Thang khawpi sung-ah pai hi.” Its long counterpart is /ɔ/. “Yangon”, etc. /ʊ/ː Upsilon (Near-close, near-back rounded vowel). Used for short u, as in “Na khut tawh na sep khempeuh...” Its long counterpart is /u/.
/y/ː Lower-case Y (Close front rounded vowel). Not used in Tedim Zokam, and rarely used in English. Tonal Phonemes /ˊ/ (Tone 1) High Tone, as in “Tuuno’ Si”. (Blood of the Lamb) /ˇ/ High Rising Tone: used in Thai tones, not in Tedim Zomi. /ˆ/ (Tone 2) High Falling Tone, as in “Aksi en ni.”(Let’s gaze at the Star). /¯/ (Tone 3) Mid Level Tone, as in “Ui kaang khat ka nei hi.” (White dog) /ˋ/ (Tone 4) Low Tone, as in Pilna
8
The International Phonetic Association (2010), pp. ix, 161-193
Friday, October 12, 2012
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Taang Zomi
A Phonological Study of the Word “Pasian”
Appendix 5 Some Conventions Adopted → rightward arrow: changes to; is realized as; is rewriten as; becomes ⁄ slash: in the environment (of) ― dash: represents the position of the item affected by the rule # hag: word boundary + plus sign: morpheme boundary
/ˊ/ /ˇ/ /ˆ/ /¯/ /ˋ/
acute accent: high tone concave accent or hacek: high rising tone circumflex: high falling tone micron: mid level tone grave accent: low tone
/ / slashes: phonemic transcription [ ] square brackets: phonetic transcription
ː length mark open syllable: a syllable ending with a vowel; e.g. pa, pua, piau. closed syllable: a syllable ending with a consonant; e.g. pak, pawt, pop. ol = open long syllable os = open short syllable
Page 22 of 22
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