INTRODUCTION
03
38
CHAPTER 4 Field trip
46
CHAPTER 5 Team Project
05
CHAPTER 1 The environment of Salar de Atacama
48
Group brief
06
Climate
49
Site analysis
10
Landscape
60
Key conponents
12
Biodiversity
62
Intervention
13
Climate change in Salar de Atacama
70
CHAPTER 6 Personal Poposal
location / climate zone / temperature and precipitation / geology section
mountains / landscape types
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16
72
Brief
CHAPTER 2 The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
18
74
Site analysis
Mining history
79
Master plan
80
Environmental monitoring tour
96
Indigenous territorial tour
time line
20
Lithium extraction process of lithium mining / expansion of lithium mining
24
Tourism WRXULVP DWWUDFWLRQV LQFUHDVH RI WRXULVP H[SDQVLRQ RI 6DQ 3HGUR GH $WDFDPD PRYHPHQW RI ODERXU
economic structure
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plan / section
plan / section
30
CHAPTER 3 Circumstance of Indigenous Community
32
Atacameños community
34
Cutural practices
KLVWRU\ RI $WDFDPHxRV DUFKHDRORJ\ VLWHV
indigenous practices / ritual
35
&RQÀLFW water rights / mining concessions / landuse
1
108
Archeaology tour plan / section
2
INTRODUCTION
,W VWDUWV ZLWK LQYHVWPHQWV IURP WKH JRYHUQPHQW¶V LQGLJHQRXV GHYHORSPHQW GHSDUWPHQW WR EXLOG EDVLF LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VXFK DV ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW IDFLOLWLHV VHUYLFH IDFLOLWLHV DQG UHVHDUFK FHQWUH 6SHFLDO DWWHQWLRQ ZDV SDLG WR VRLO WUHDWPHQW IRU DJULFXOWXUDO DFWLYLWLHV 7KHVH LQWHUYHQWLRQV ZLOO SURPRWH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQ DQG HFRWRXULVP LQFUHDVLQJ WKH LQFRPH OHYHO RI ORFDO SHRSOH LQ WKH ORQJ DQG VKRUW WHUP 7KH SURFHHGV ZLOO EH UHLQYHVWHG LQ RWKHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV VXFK DV WKH IDFLOLWLHV UHVSRQG WR ÀRRG ZKLFK LV FDXVHG E\ KHDY\ ZLQWHU UDLQV LQ WKH $QGHV WR ¿OWHU ÀRRGZDWHUV WR SURWHFW IDUPODQG DQG UHJHQHUDWH VRLO DFWLYLW\ 7KLV ZKROH PRGHO ZLOO IRUP D FORVHG FDSLWDO FKDLQ and management tool, so as to promote local economic development, LPSURYH WKH OLYLQJ VWDQGDUGV RI LQGLJHQRXV SHRSOH DQG FRQWULEXWH WR WKH DXWRQRP\ DQG VHOI VX൶FLHQF\ RI LQGLJHQRXV FRPPXQLWLHV ZLWKRXW KDUPLQJ WKH ORFDO HQYLURQPHQW
In recent years, relying on rich mineral resources and unique desert landscape, lithium mining industry and tourism in Chile’s Atacama GHVHUW KDYH GHYHORSHG UDSLGO\ DFFRPSDQLHG E\ WKH LQÀX[ RI D ODUJH QXPEHU RI SRSXODWLRQ DQG IRUHLJQ FDSLWDO 7KLV FUHDWHV D VHULHV RI SUREOHPV IRU ORFDO FLWLHV DQG FRPPXQLWLHV WKH PRYHPHQW RI ODERU XQFRQWUROOHG XUEDQL]DWLRQ DQG WKH RFFXSDWLRQ RI QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV 7KLV SXWV D ORW RI SUHVVXUH RQ FRPPXQLWLHV DQG WKHLU VXUURXQGLQJ QDWXUDO HFRV\VWHPV ZLWKRXW EULQJLQJ D ORW RI SUR¿W WR ORFDO FRPPXQLWLHV $W WKH VDPH WLPH H[WUHPH ZHDWKHU FDXVHG E\ JOREDO FOLPDWH FKDQJH LV DOVR LQÀXHQFLQJ IUDJLOH GHVHUW HFRV\VWHPV )ORRGLQJ FDXVHG E\ KHDY\ UDLQ FKDQJHV VRLO FRQGLWLRQV D൵HFWLQJ QDWXUDO HFRV\VWHPV DQG LQGLJHQRXV DJULFXOWXUH 7XORU DQG %HWHU DV LQGLJHQRXV FRPPXQLWLHV ZKRVH DQFHVWUDO WHUULWRULDO ULJKWV DUH LQ WKH SURFHVV RI EHLQJ UHFRJQL]HG E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW DUH the two Ayllus in San Pedro de Atacama, the main city in the Atacama GHVHUW 7KH WHUULWRU\ FXUUHQWO\ EHLQJ FODLPHG E\ 7XORU DQG %HWHU FRQWDLQV GLYHUVH ODQGIRUPV GHVHUWV JUDVVODQGV VDOW PRXQWDLQV ODJRRQV DQG RDVHV DV ZHOO DV DUFKDHRORJLFDO VLWHV RI KLVWRULFDO LQWHUHVW 7KURXJK YLVLWLQJ ORFDO FRPPXQLWLHV GXULQJ WKH ¿HOG WULS ZH XQGHUVWDQG WKDW WKH UHTXHVWV RI WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ DUH HFRQRPLF VXUYLYDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ $QG DIWHU PHHWLQJ ZLWK FRPPXQLW\ OHDGHUV ZH GHFLGHG WR XVH 7XORU DQG %HWHU¶V WHUULWRU\ DV RXU VLWH DQG WR UHVSRQG WR WKHLU DVSLUDWLRQV ZLWK WKH SURMHFW
0\ SURSRVDO FRPHV IURP WKH UHVHDUFK DQG HVVHQWLDOO\ IRFXVHV RQ WKH VSHFL¿F PRGH RI PDQDJHPHQW RI WKH WHUULWRU\ EDVHG RQ UHVHDUFK DFWLYLWLHV 7KH SURSRVDO DLPV WR SURPRWH WKH H[FKDQJH RI LQGLJHQRXV NQRZOHGJH ZLWK VFLHQWLVWV DQG VFKRODUV ,W ZLOO GR VR E\ GHVLJQLQJ D VHULHV RI UHVHDUFK DFWLYLWLHV LQ 7XORU DQG %HWHU WHUULWRULHV DV D SUDFWLFH LQ WHUULWRULDO PDQDJHPHQW DQG WR GHHSHQ WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG SURWHFWLRQ RI LQGLJHQRXV WHUULWRULHV DQG FXOWXUHV LQ WKH DFDGHPLF ¿HOG In this way, my project aims to enhance indigenous awareness and PDQDJHPHQW RI WKH VLWH WKURXJK WKH PRQLWRULQJ RI WKH QDWXUDO HQYLronment, agricultural conditions and mining activities on the site, so DV WR VXUYHLO WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSDFW RI OLWKLXP PLQLQJ DQG WRXULVP protect natural resources and historical sites, regenerate the damaged HQYLURQPHQW
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4
CHAPTER 1 The environment of Salar de Atacama
5
The environment of Salar de Atacama
Location
imal
The Salar de Atacama, which is located in the Andes Mountain of northern Chile, is in the most hyper-arid desert on Earth with almost no history of precipitation. This unique climate was formed by its special geographical conditions. The 6DODU GH $WDFDPD LV D VDOW À DW basin formed between the Andes mountains to the east and the Cordillera de Domeyko mountain to the west.
South America
The average annual temperaWXUH LV � ZLWK PD[L PXP RI � DQG PLQLPXP RI � 6DODU GH $WDFDPD KDV PLQHUDO ULFK VDOW À DWV RDVHV and lagoons, in which exist complex natural ecologies and biodiversity. 6
The environment of Atacama Desert
Climate zone
The salar de Atacama is located in the rain shadow between two mountain ranges, the Andes and the Chilean coastal range. Its location in the rain shadow prevents cold wind from reaching the salar from the est. Most winds that reach the salar are hot and dry or cold with low humidity. 7KH $WDFDPD KDV YHU\ ORZ UDLQ RFFXUUHQFH ,Q DYHUDJH D \HDU WKH GHVHUW JHWV OHVV WKDQ PO D \HDU )XUWKHUPRUH WKH HDVWHUQ PRXQWDLQ UDQJH has the highest amount of rainfall recorded on this site. The combination of mountains winds and climate make the Atacama the driest place on earth. The high temperature and high evaporation rates make the salar a place to process brine at a low cost. 7
The environment of Atacama Desert
Temperature and precipitation
8
The environment of Atacama Desert
Geologyical section
7KH $WDFDPD DUHD LV VR GU\ EHFDXVH ¿UVW WKLV GHVHUW LV ORFDWHG LQ WKH ³UDLQ VKDGRZ´ EHWZHHQ WZR PRXQWDLQ UDQJHV WKH $QGHV DQG WKH &KLOHDQ &RDVW 5DQJH 6HFRQG ZLQGV FDOOHG WKH 3DFL¿F $QWLF\FORQH ÀRZ WKURXJK WKLV DUHD 7KRVH ZLQGV EORZ GU\ DLU LQWR WKH $WDFDPD 'HVHUW 7KLUG DQRWKHU PDMRU ÀRZ RI DLU LQ WKLV UHJLRQ the Walker circulation, causes air to descend near the Atacama. 7KLV GHVFHQGLQJ DLU LV YHU\ GU\ )RXUWK DQ RFHDQ FXUUHQW FDOOHG WKH +XPEROGW &XUUHQW RU WKH 3HUX &XUUHQW FDUULHV FROG ZDWHU QRUWKZDUG DORQJ WKH ZHVWHUQ FRDVW of South America. This cold ocean current cools the air above it. Cold air can’t hold as much water vapor as warm air so it dries out any water left in the air. This mix of mountains, winds, and ocean currents combines to make the Atacama incredibly dry. 9
10
The environment of Atacama Desert
Landscape types
Lagoon
Oasis
7KHUH DUH SOHQW\ RI ODQGVFDSHV LQ $WDFDPD 'HVHUW VXFK DV PRXQWDLQV ¿ HU\ UHG FDQ\RQV JUDVV\ JRUJHV WXUTXRLVH WKHUPDO ODNHV FHUXOHDQ ODJRRQV and geysers. The desert bloom occurred between 5 to 7 years. During this phenomenon, more than 200 species could be found in the salar. The recent years have shown this event to take place almost every 2 years.
11
Mountain
The environment of Atacama Desert
Biodiversity
7KH XQLTXH WRSRJUDSK\ DQG FOLPDWH FRQGLWLRQV PDNH 6DODU GH $WDFDPD¶V VWUHDPV DQG DTXLIHUV KLJKO\ VLJQL¿ FDQW EHFDXVH WKH\ SURYLGH LPSRUWDQW ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV WR IUDJLOH HFRV\VWHPV WKDW QRXULVK PDQ\ LPSRUWDQW ELUGV PDPPDOV DQG PLFURRUJDQLVPV 7KH PDLQ EUHHGLQJ FHQWHU IRU $QGHDQ À DPLQJRV IRU H[DPSOH LV LQ WKH ODJRRQ RI 6DODU GH $WDFDPD
12
The environment of Atacama Desert
Climate change
global climate instability will have a huge impact on Salar de Atacama’s prospects which is an increase in precipitation, accompanied by an increase in surface water from Andean glaciers, as well as might lead to the increased amount of cloud cover or change the composition of the brine. 7KLV VLWXDWLRQ LQ UHFHQW \HDUV VSHFL¿F SHUIRUPDQFH IRU WKH UDLQ\ VHDVRQ LQWHQVL¿HG SUHFLSLWDWLRQ LQWHQVLW\ &RQWLQXRXV SUHFLSLWDWLRQ FDXVHG ÀRRGV LQ 0DUFK ZKLFK OHG WR extensive damage: casualties, damage to infrastructure such as houses or roads, reduce WKH H൶FLHQF\ RI OLWKLXP H[WUDFWLRQ DQG LQÀXHQFH RQ DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ damage to the ecology. This is because the Atacama region ecological already adapted to the extreme sun, heath, aridity, cold and salinity, so that many species, including plants or microorganisms which are characteristic in the region, have the in danger of disappearing. 7KH RXU VWXGLR ¿HOG WULS ZKLFK WRRN SODFH LQ -DQXDU\ DOVR ZLWQHVVHG ÀRRGLQJ FDXVHG E\ KHDY\ UDLQIDOO 7KH LQFUHDVH LQ VXUIDFH UXQR൵ KDV ÀRRGHG YHJHWDWLRQ DQG FORVHG PDQ\ roads.
The environment of Atacama Desert
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Chemical Weathering; chemical erosion caused by the Bolivian winter/rain streams. Chemical weathering carries silt and sediments along the quebradas. This leads to habitat destruction, the clanging of canals, death of animals, destruction of crops.
14
15
16
CHAPTER 2 The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
17
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
Mining history
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
COLONIAL MINING 1. Gold & Silver mining
2. Nitrate mining MINING BOOM 3. Copper mining
4. Lithium mining
5. Alternative mining proposal
Salar de Atacama has a long history of mining, with large-scale extraction beginning in the 19th century, leading to environmental depletion, including mining waste and water consumption. Although the interested minerals have changed over time, experiencing nitrate, copper, lithium, etc., environmental problems have been persisting. The extraction of mineral resources continues today which is lithium mining, beginning from the mid-1980s to the present. 18
2200
2250
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
Lithium extraction
16 %
29% ceramics / glass
2% 2% 3%
batteries
4%
air treatements
5%
castings
grease others
polymers aluminium 12%
27%
drugs
>> ?
DĹ?ĹśĹ?ĹśĹ? ,Ĺ?Ć?ĆšĹ˝ĆŒÇ‡ ĂŜĚ WĆŒĹ˝Ä?ÄžĆ?Ć?ÄžĆ?
/LWKLXP DWRPLF QXPEHU LV DQ HOHPHQW RI PDQ\ XVHV ,WœV XVHG LQ WKH PDQXIDFWXUH RI DLUFUDIW and in certain batteries. It’s also used in mental health: Lithium carbonate is a common treatment of bipolar disorder, helping to stabilize wild mood swings caused by the illness.
19
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
Lithium extraction
20
21
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
Lithium extraction
22
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
Lithium mining scenario
$QG ZLWK WKH SURPRWLRQ RI ³JUHHQ HQHUJ\´ LQ UHFHQW \HDUV WKH GHPDQG IRU OLWKLXP WKH raw material of lithium batteries, continues to expand. Salar de Atacama lies in the lithium triangle, which straddles the highlands of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, and holds most of the world’s lithium reserves, attracting hugely plenty of mining companies and making mining a mainstay of the region’s economy. 7KH H[WUDFWLRQ RI OLWKLXP UHTXLUHV EULQH D YHU\ VSHFL¿F PDWHULDO ZKLFK PHDQV LWV KLJK GHPDQG IRU ZDWHU D൵HFWV WKH HFRORJ\ RI 6DODU ZDWHU ULJKWV DUH GLVWULEXWHG XQHYHQO\ Continuous water extraction has caused and continues to lead to a decrease in the water content of brine and fresh water lagoon. Between 1970 and 2010, lagoon reduced beWZHHQ DQG . The lagoon is formed by the brine water generate from underground and is part of the RYHUDOO HQYLURQPHQWDO K\GURORJLFDO V\VWHP LQFOXGH VDOW ÀDW ,W LV DQ LPSRUWDQW VRXUFH RI life for aquatic birds, fauna and the Atacameñoss people community in the Salar area. Therefore, uncontrolled lithium extraction threatens the health of human, animal, vegetation and other ecosystems in Salar.
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
Tourism
In Chile, the percentage of GDP that comes from the tourism industry reached LQ IDU IURP WKH WKDW LW PHDQV JOREDOO\ ,W KDV EHHQ SURSRVHG WKDW the importance of tourism almost doubled in the national economy, going from WKH FXUUHQW RI *'3 WR LQ 7KLV LV JRLQJ WR DOORZ WR FUHDWH new direct jobs and 160.000 indirect jobs, promote hundreds thousands of small and medium-sized enterprises and strengthen their regions, which are the main recipients of tourists, both domestic and foreign. They have proposed to increase by 45% the number of international tourists who visit Chile every year, going from the current 2,750,000 to 4,000,000 in 2014. The tourism industry can play a central role in strategy to achieve the development and overcome poverty before the end of this decade. Chile has more space to increase the tourism industry, taking into account the enormous amount of Wild Protected Areas that cover 21% of the national terriWRU\ ZLWK D JUHDW YDULHW\ RI ODQGVFDSHV FOLPDWHV À RUD DQG IDXQD ,W LQFOXGHV WKH driest desert in the world, the fjords and glaciers of the Southern Patagonia and WKH &KLOHDQ $QWDUFWLF ,W LV PRUH WKDQ NP IRU WKH PDMHVWLF $QGHV 0RXQWDLQ 5DQJH &KLOH KDV DQ LQ¿ QLW\ RI SODFHV RI KLJK KLVWRULFDO DQG SDWULPRQLDO LQWHUHVW DPRQJ ZKLFK VLWHV WKDW VWDQG RXW 7KH\ KDYH EHHQ GHFODUHG D :RUOG +HULWDJH Site and nine biosphere reserves. In Antofagasta, new tourist centre in the region, incorporating innovative alternaWLYHV VXFK DV HWKQR WRXULVP FXOWXUDO WRXULVP FXOLQDU\ VFLHQWL¿ F DQG DVWURQRPLFDO among others.
Tourism attractions in Antofagasta 24
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
Tourism increase
25
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
Urbanization in San Pedro
The matter of tourism emerged during the research, especially in our field trip. San Pedro has a significant number of visitors, which meets the fact that the Atacama is the third most popular place in Chile, after Easter Island and Patagonia. Majority part of tourists enjoy visiting desert as an extremely special experience. While tourism is causing additional pressure on the aecosystem, resources, culture, and labour. San Pedro today rely on tourism for most of its economy, but other com-munities are not all keen in following the same way of development. Thus, this can become a model of shift. Actually, tourism is less dependent as a relevant resource for a model of economy from mining, but there is overexploitation of tourism which examines the carrying capacity of San Pedro. )RU RWKHU YLOODJHV VRPH RI ZKLFK OLNH 7RFRQDR welcome more tourists; some like Camar are opposing it and refuse tourist in their areas. Additionally, there are villages like Peine are existing for miners.
26
2004
2007
27
2010
2013
2016
28
2018
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities
Movement of labour
Simultaneously, in addition to the mining industry, Salar de Atacama has also attracted a large number of tourists in the past 20 years for its unique desert landscape and cultural history, which meets the fact that the Atacama is the third most popular place in Chile, after Easter Island and Patagonia. The develRSPHQW RI WRXULVP KDV UHĂ€ HFWHG VLPLODU uncontrolled urbanization problems, such as the commercialization of nature and culture, the lack of basic supporting services, and especially the further pressure on communities and natural ecosystems, especially water. San Pedro de Atacama, as the only village in Salar region, attracts a considerable number of tourists to visit and stay. This prompted the expansion of the city of San Pedro de Atacama, where a large number of new houses were EXLOW DORQJ WKH HGJH RI WKH FLW\ +RZ ever, the lack of vegetation and infraVWUXFWXUH VXFK DV ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP OHG WR WKH GHVHUWLÂż FDWLRQ RI WKH QHZ DUHD Dŕľľ HFWLQJ WKH VXUURXQGLQJ HQ vironment. As community residents in Salar de Atacama today, the communal labour are mixed with works within the industrial mining system. Therefore, following the mining industry, tourism has become another major pillar industry of Salar de Atacama, attracting a large amount of labor force and putting pressure on the resources, labor force and ecosystem of the region. 29
CHAPTER 3 Circumstance of Indigenous Community
Circumstance of Indigenous Community
Atacameños community
Parallel to the ecosystem, the Atacameñoss community living in Salar de Atacama also relies on natural environment in the site for their survival, such as seasonal snowmelt from the Andes creates rivers and temporary streams that are important supplies of IUHVK ZDWHU 7KLV LV FDXVHG E\ SUHFLSLWDWLRQ WKDW IDOOV GXULQJ WKH VXPPHU PRQWKV PDLQO\ EHWZHHQ -DQXDU\ DQG 0DUFK 7KH UHVXOWLQJ IUHVKZDWHU ULYHU 5LR GH 6DQ 3HGUR LV DQ LPSRUWDQW VRXUFH RI ZDWHU IRU WKH Atacameñoss community to irrigate crops such as corn, beans, squash, potatoes and peppers, as well as feed pastural areas where livestock graze such as llamas.
Circumstance of Indigenous Community
AtacameĂąos history
As the main city in the Atacama Desert, San Pedro de Atacama has a very long history of human existence. San Pedro de Atacama was the birthplace of the AtacameĂąos people, creators of the Culture of San Pedro which was developed in the area over 11,000 years ago. 7KLV YLOODJH LV VSUHDG DFURVV WKH +LJKODQGV DQG $WDFDma Desert, establishing itself especially in the oasis like San Pedro. In this territory the agriculture was developed, making crops with a terrace system on the slopes of the mountains, fertilizing the soil with Llama guano. They also devoted themselves to livestock, domesticating alpacas and llamas, from which they obtained milk and meat, as well as means of transportation. ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH XQLTXH GU\ DQG KLJKO\ VDOLQH DONDOLQH soil breeds unique economy crops. The famers are devoted to the cultivation of Alfalfa as feed for livestock. The AtacameĂąos community also processes Algarrobos ZLWK GLŕľľHUHQW SURSHUWLHV DV IRRG VWDSOHV FRQGLPHQW RU directly as fruit.
Circumstance of Indigenous Community
Cultural practices
To cover and roof, use totora, foxtail or reed
perimeter supporting partition-mud (40% clay with 60% sand, some straw, cut into strips of 5-10 centimeters)
Canal cleaning in Camar - At the opening of the canal cleaning in Camar, the cantal and others asked to be forgiven for absences during the year. As in Peine, people are playful and make jokes during the work, consum food and drink along the way, and chew coca leaf.
As moors they use leather strips, or reed ropes. the Horcones, alfardas and belts use beams of carob and chaĂąar
AtacameĂąa houses - constuction materials
5LWXDOV &DQWDOHV Rŕľľ HUV )RRG DOFRKRO WR WKH ORFDO PRXQWDLQV DQFHVWRUV
- Merendadero a plane surface surrounded by circle of rocks -a vertical rock known as a Cerro Grande North from Merendadero -rock that symbolizes the Chiliques volcanos -Covero $UHD IRU WKH EXUQW R྾ HULQJV VXFK DV ZRRG FRFD OHDYHV À DPLQ gos feathers -a system of seats
Circumstance of Indigenous Community
Water rights
,Q )HEUXDU\ LQGLJHQRXV SHRSOHV RI 7XORU DQG %HWHU WZR ayllus in the south of San Pedro de Atacama, have applied to the status of indigenous community. This is a process by which the state grants a community the rights to its ancestral territories. In applying for the status of community, their aim is both economic subsistence and environmental protection. The territory of Tulor and Beter is environmental diverse, spanning barren areas, grasslands, a mountain of salt, several lagoons or oases, and rich in archeological sites. And yet, several minLQJ H[SORUDWLRQ DQG H[SORLWDWLRQ FRQFHVVLRQV /LWKLXP KDYH already been granted in this area: on the top of a demarcated aquifer, the main water source for vegetation in the desert. At the national legislative level, water conservation regulations and statutes are very tolerant of water waste by mining companies, and there is no enforceable water conservation law to support appropriate government interventions to improve this water-related environmental crisis. The current water PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP LV EDVHG SULPDULO\ RQ WKH ³:DWHU &RGH´ of 1981. It has largely privatized water and put it into free market operation as a commodity, which allows water rights to be traded without government approval, subject only to private negotiations between water rights owners and mining companies. In addition, the law that title to water rights is granted IUHH RI FKDUJH WR WKH ¿ UVW DSSOLFDQW KDV OHG WR D VXEVWDQWLDO ORVV of water use rights by indigenous communities since the policy was implemented, as indigenous people were not aware of the need to register water ownership in their site. Consequently, there is no legal recognition of water ownership in the vast indigenous territories involved in the traditional nomadic activities of communities.
Circumstance of Indigenous Community
New Exploration
Mining concession
Old Exploration SQM BHP Mineral del Pacifico SA NX1 Peine
,Q VLPLODU ZD\ WR WKH ³:DWHU &RGH´ WKLV ULJKW LQ OLWKLXP PLQLQJ DUHDV LV UHIHUUHG WR DV D SXUFKDVDEOH FRQFHVVLRQ WR exploit and explore resources. There is no limit to how much lithium companies can buy or otherwise legally obtain. Under Chilean mining law, the State of Chile has exclusive ownership and control of all mineral deposits. +RZHYHU DQ\ LQGLYLGXDO RU OHJDO HQWLW\ ZKHWKHU &KLOHDQ RU IRUHLJQ FDQ DFTXLUH WKH ULJKWV WR H[SORUH RU WR PLQH WKHVH ore deposits if they comply with the relevant procedures. 5LJKWV WR H[SORUH DUH JUDQWHG DV H[SORUDWLRQ FRQFHVVLRQV FRQFHVLRQHV GH H[SORUDFLyQ ZKLFK KDYH OLPLWHG GXUDWLRQ ZKLOH WKH RQH JUDQWHG DV H[SORLWDWLRQ FRQFHVVLRQV FRQFHVLRQHV GH H[SORWDFLyQ KDYH LQGH¿ QLWH GXUDWLRQ 0LQLQJ H[SORLWDWLRQ FRQFHVVLRQV KDYH LQGH¿ QLWH GXUDWLRQ DV ORQJ WKH DQQXDO SURSHUW\ WD[ SD\PHQWV DUH PDGH &KLOH¶V concession law provides that mining concessions may be subject to public bidding at the national level, while concessions are divided into exploration rights and exploitation rights, and establishes the general geometry of the concession. Within the concession area, the mining company may explore and develop lithium deposits. Such concession DUHDV DUH XSGDWHG LQWR WKH WHUULWRU\ RI 7XORU DQG %HWHU DQG FRQÀ LFW ZLWK WKH FRPPXQLW\ $V DQ DFWLYLW\ ZLWK SRWHQWLDO GDPDJH WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW OLWKLXP H[SORUDWLRQ DQG H[SORLWDWLRQ VKRXOG EH SDLG DWWHQWLRQ WR DQG VXUYHLOOHG LQ WKH ¿ HOG RI FRPPXQLW\ LQFOXGLQJ ZKHWKHU WKH PLQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV RYHUXVH JURXQGZDWHU WR D൵ HFW WKH FRPPXQLW\¶V GDLO\ ZDWHU XVH ZKHWKHU WKH PLQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV D൵ HFW WKH ORFDO VRLO FRQGLWLRQV WR D൵ HFW WKH ORFDO DJULFXOWXUH DQG HFRORJLFDO HQYL ronment, etc. Although the law stipulates that mining and exploration activities need to take certain environmental protection measures, the assessment information and collection information provided by mining companies cannot be strictly monitored and be reliable, which will lead to overuse of resources in exploration concession and exploitation concession. Therefore, the tour will be set to promote environmental surveillance and resistance against mining by walking through communities’s territory, so that indigenous can have the sense of if the mining company hides the extraction of lithium and declare publicly of actual exploitation they did.
Circumstance of Indigenous Community
Landuse
Volcano Licancabur
San Pedro de Atacama
Ayllu
Tulor
Cerro Quimai
Zapar
Toconao
Talabra
Talabra
Camar
Volcano Tumisa
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Volcano Lejiaa
Mining town
Socaire
Centro Ritual
Volcano Chiliques
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Peine
Tilamonte
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2Q 'HFHPEHU /DZ ZDV SXEOLVKHG FUHDWLQJ WKH 1DWLRQDO 6\VWHP RI $UHDV Wild Protected of the State, in order to maintain areas of unique character representative of the country’s ecologLFDO GLYHUVLW\ 7KH UHJXODWRU\ RU DGPLQLVWUDWLYH HQWLW\ LV WKH 1DWLRQDO )RUHVWU\ &RUSRUDWLRQ &21$) ,Q $UW DQG RI WKH /DZ WKH GL൵ HUHQW FDWHJRULHV E\ ZKLFK DQ DUHD FDQ EH SURWHFWHG QDWLRQDO SDUN QDWXUDO PRQXPHQW RU 1DWLRQDO 5HVHUYH ,Q WKH VWXG\ DUHD WKH IROORZLQJ FDWHJRULHV DUH LGHQWL¿ HG 1DWLRQDO 3DUN //XOODLOODFR DQG /RV )ODPHQFRV 1DWLRQDO 5HVHUYH /RV )ODPHQFRV - preserve and give representation to the ecological sub-region of the Andean desert, in which there are lagoons, VDOW À DWV DQG GHVHUW HQYLURQPHQWV WKDW KDYH YDULHG DQLPDOV YHJHWDWLRQ DUFKDHRORJLFDO DQG JHRORJLFDO UHVRXUFHV SURWHFW WKHLU HQYLURQPHQWV IURP DQWKURSLF H൵ HFWV
0
10
Volcano Miscanti
Volcano Minigues
20 km
Aquifers
Environmental Relations This map shows the villages, water streams and vegetation. It shows the spatial arrangement of the villages in accordance to the water streams. This territory holds both an economic and ritual value. The irresponsible exploitation of its economic value causes problems in its ritual use. The indigenous population views the mountain as their ancestors, and historically they considered their territory reaching beyond the villages, agricultural lands, water streams to the named mountains, including the underground water and the water sources.
Touristic Attractions
Protected Aquifers
ADI Boundary
Bodies of water
Roads
Settlements
Rivers
Nature reserves
Ayllu
Vegetation
CHAPTER 4 Field trip
Field trip
Introduction
)HZ ZHHNV DJR DIWHU KDYLQJ RQH WHUP¶V UHVHDUFK RQ $WDcama area, we had a 10 days field trip to the site we researched. During the trip, according to the map we did before, we visited some lagoons, Tamarogo forest, Andes PRXQWDLQ DQG WKH YLOODJH RI 7RFRQDR =DSDU 3HLQH HWF ZH XVHG PXOWLSOH PDWHULDO LQFOXGLQJ 6/5 DXGLR FDPHUD GURQH to record the information we saw. Lagoons are one of the important evidences we are looking at, and we found that some of water body on the ground have dried out or were decreasing . Because of the destroy RI ODJRRQV 7KUHH VSHFLHV RI )ODPLQJR FDQ QRW EH IRXQG DW the same lagoon any more, which is an evidence for the destroy of biodiversity and ecosystem. Many water channels has been found for the use of lithium mining. In addition, we got to know the irrigation system in San Pedro de Atacama and Toconao. Unfortunately, whole day’s rain caused the roads to be closed so we could not see the Lithium facilLWLHV %XW DW WKH VDPH WLPH ZH ZLWQHVVHG WKH ÀRRG FDXVHG E\ the heavy rain and we can see the comparison for the water body in Toconao. During the trip, we were glad to talk with some local people DQG UHVHDUFKHUV LQFOXGLQJ $ORQVR 2ODQGR DQG *RQ]DOHV DQG the conversation with them led to a live project: the exercise of sustainable tourism to think about how to manage indigenous people’s territory.
40
Field trip
Vegetation
41
Field trip
Soil type
42
Field trip
Materials
Field trip
Economic crop
44
Field trip
Water management
45
46
CHAPTER 5 Team Project
47
Team project
Brief
In addition to the extraction of lithium, the last decade’s expansion of tourism presents serious problems to 6DQ 3HGUR GH $WDFDPD &KLOH XQFRQWUROOHG XUEDQL]DWLRQ QHFHVVLW\ RI VHUYLFHV DQG FRPPRGL¿FDWLRQ RI QDWXUH and culture. It adds a lot of pressure on both the town and its natural ecosystem without providing much profit to local communities.
5HVHDUFK FHQWUHV DUH NH\ IRU WZR PDLQ UHDVRQV WR PRQLWRU HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDQJH ZDWHU DSSURSULDWLRQ E\ PLQLQJ FRPSDQLHV VRLO DFLGLW\ FKDQJHV GXH WR PLQHUDOV UHOHDVH E\ ÀRRGV SHVWV HWF DQG WR H[SORUH DOWHUQDWLYH FURSV DQG DJULFXOWXUDO PHWKRGV )XUWKHUPRUH UHVHDUFK FHQWUHV FRXOG KDYH D GXDO XVH DQG DOORZ IRU SHGDJRJ\ EDVHG IRUPV RI HFRWRXULVP ZKRVH SUR¿WV ZRXOG UHYHUW WR WKH VLWH¶V HQYLURQPHQWDO PDQDJHPHQW
,Q )HEUXDU\ LQGLJHQRXV SHRSOHV RI 7XORU DQG %HWHU WZR D\OOXV LQ WKH VRXWK RI 6DQ 3HGUR KDYH DSSOLHG to the status of indigenous community. This is a process by which the state grants a community the rights to its ancestral territories. The territory of Tulor and Betor is environmental diverse, spanning barren areas, grasslands, a mountain of salt, several lagoons or oases, and rich in archeological sites. And yet, several PLQLQJ H[SORUDWLRQ FRQFHVVLRQV /LWKLXP KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ JUDQWHG LQ WKLV DUHD RQ WKH WRS RI D GHPDUFDWHG aquifer, the main water source for vegetation in the desert. In applying for the status of community, their aim LV ERWK HFRQRPLF VXEVLVWHQFH DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ +DYLQJ YLVLWHG WKH WHUULWRULHV RI 7XORU DQG %HWHU several times, met with community leaders, and following their request for our support, we have decided that our project should respond to their ambitions: the proposal of an alternative environmental architecture for the community of Tulor and Beter.
We also take into consideration the IPCC’s climate scenarios for South America, and in particular the increase LQ LQWHQVLW\ RI ÀDVK ÀRRGV GXULQJ -DQXDU\ )HEUXDU\ DV D UHVXOW RI WKH $QGHDQ :LQWHU ZH KDYH ZLWQHVVHG WKH GUDPDWLF FRQVHTXHQFHV RI WKHVH ÀRRGV LQ RXU ¿HOG WULS 6HYHUDO ODQGVFDSH LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV DUH SURSRVHG DV PHFKDQLVPV RI ¿OWHULQJ ÀRRG ZDWHUV WRZDUGV WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI DJULFXOWXUDO ODQGV DQG VRLO UHJHQHUDWLRQ ,Q time, we hope that economic crops could also contribute with revenue for the environmental management system we are proposing. Potentially, this would also support heritage protection. 2YHUDOO ZLWK WKLV LQWHUYHQWLRQ ZH KRSH WR FRQWULEXWH WR ORFDO LQGLJHQRXV FRPPXQLWLHV DPELWLRQV RI DXWRQRP\ DQG VHOI VX൶FLHQF\
2XU PDLQ JRDO LV WR VXSSRUW ORFDO SHRSOH LQ WKHLU DLP RI EHFRPLQJ OHVV ¿QDQFLDOO\ GHSHQGHQW IURP WRXULVP RU mining. We address this in several ways: YLD VWUDWHJLHV IRU DJULFXOWXUDO UHQHZDO DORQJ WKH ULYHU 6DQ 3HGUR E\ SURPRWLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO UHVHDUFK SUDFWLFHV DQG E\ H[SORULQJ IRUPV RI HFR WRXULVP IURP ZKLFK VRPH HFRQRPLF VXSSRUW FRXOG EH GHULYHG ZLWKRXW DIfecting the environment or social relations. 7R VWDUW WKH SURMHFW ZH SURSRVH WKDW RQFH FRPPXQLW\ VWDWXV LV JUDQWHG 7XORU DQG %HWHU VKRXOG UHTXHVW ¿QDQFLDO VXSSRUW IURP WKH 1DWLRQDO &RUSRUDWLRQ IRU ,QGLJHQRXV 'HYHORSPHQW &21$', DQG WKH 6ROLGDULW\ DQG 6RFLDO ,QYHVWPHQW )XQG )26,6 7KLV PRQH\ ZRXOG DOORZ WKH EXLOGLQJ RI EDVLF LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV VXFK DV ZDter management facilities and research centres with a particular focus on soil treatment for allowing agricultural activities.
48
Team project
Economic structure
Government investment
One-time
National Corporation for Indigenous Development (CONADI) Solidarity and Social Investment Fund (FOSIS)
60%
Infrastructure
Social place Accommodation (Nov-Mar) Short-term
Monitoring station (Feb,March,May July,Dec)
(from Tourism)
Warehouse (Mar-Jun) Waste treatment
40%
Agriculture Water management facilities
Leaky dams (Nov-Dec) Canals Farms
These interventions and strategies also have closely relevant with seasons. GLIIHUHQW SODQWV DUH SODQWHG LQ GLIIHUHQW VHDVRQV &DVK FURSV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR EHLQJ XVHG IRU GDLO\ IRRG ZLOO DOVR À RZ LQWR PDUNHWV LQFOXGLQJ WRXULVP WR JHQHUDWH EHQH¿ W WR LQGLJHQRXV SHRSOH %XLOG LQJ DJULFXOWXUDO IDFLOLWLHV VXFK DV OHDN\ GDPV SUHYHQWHG FURSV IURP EHLQJ GDPDJHG E\ À RRGV EHIRUH WKH\ DUULYHG 3ODQWLQJ EHDQV LQ À RRG ZDVKHG ODQG FDQ UHVWRUH VRLO KHDOWK DIWHU À RRGLQJ
Education
Research centre (Feb,March,May July,Dec) Summer school (Dec-Feb,June-Sep) Special route
WKH VLWH QHHGV UHJXODU HQYLURQPHQWDO PRQLWRULQJ WR FRQWULEXWH WR HQYLURQPHQWDO UHVHDUFK DQG SUR WHFWLRQ 0RQLWRULQJ LQ DJULFXOWXUDO DUHDV FDQ PRQLWRU WKH LPSDFW RI À RRG RQ VRLO EHIRUH DQG DIWHU WKH À RRG WR SURYLGH GDWD VXSSRUW IRU VXEVHTXHQW SODQWLQJ 0RQLWRULQJ VWDWLRQV LQ WKH 6DODU UHJLRQ ZLOO PRQLWRU OLWKLXP OHYHOV EHIRUH DQG DIWHU À RRGLQJ WKH QRUPDO WRXULVP VHDVRQ LV IURP 1RYHPEHU WR 0DUFK ZKLFK FRLQFLGHV ZLWK WKH À RRG VHDVRQ IURP WKH HQG RI -DQXDU\ WR PDUFK 6RPH WRXULVP SURMHFWV WKDW PD\ EH D൵ HFWHG GXULQJ WKH À RRG VHDVRQ ZLOO be closed. We can also guide commercial and educational tourism in the monitoring period, which can not only help local people to monitor the environment, but also help tourists to have a deeper understanding of the local environment and provide education function.
Heritage protection
49
Long-term (from Agriculture)
Profit
Team project a1
Quitor
Site map Conde Duque Solcor Larache
San Pedro de Atacama
Yaye
Checar
a42
Sequitor
Ped ro
Coyo
San
a8
a26 a35
a4 a41 a38
R io
a9
Solor
a11
a40 a34 a21 a23 a18
Cordillera de Domeyko
a22
a20
a43
a31 a32
a24
Tulor a25
a44
a33
a28 a29 a27
a15 a13
a14 a19
a12
a17
Site Boundary Contour Laguna Piedra
River Roads Laguna Cejar
Water Body
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 a11 a12 a13 a14 a15 a16 a17 a18 a19 a20 a21 a22
0.15
Linde 1: Vegas y aguada Barros Arana Linde 2: Faldas Cerro Quimal Linde 3: Estancias de Tebenquiche Linde 4: Beter-Poconche-Chekar Estancia Tebenquiche 1 Estancia Tebenquiche 2 Estancia Tebenquiche 3 Sector Vallecito Mina de sal Vallecito Estancia Pastoril Vallecito Minas de sal Vallecito Algarrobo Tulor Vega Pablo Aban Vega rio San Pedro Vega Aguas Blancas Estancia Baltinache Vega Baltinache Campos de Pastoreo Tulor Ruta Beteruyo-Baltinache Estancia Tulor Restos arqueologicos Tulor Serpa
0
Grassland
a23 a24 a25 a26 a27 a28 a29 a30 a31 a32 a33 a34 a35 a36 a37 a38 a39 a40 a41 a42 a43 a44
0.2
Shrub
0.25
Trees
Algarrobo cerco Sector viviendas Algarrobo Pule, Linde Beter-Tulor Algarrobo Solo, Linde Tulor-Coyo Sector Beteruyo Clandestino en Beteruyo Algarrobo de los halcones Eras de Beteruyo Sector trilla y parvas trigo Casa Familia Sandon Mamani Casa pastor Fco.Tejerina Pueblo de Indios de Beter Aldea de Tulor Potrero familia Chinchilla Potrero pastor Marcos Rodriguez Linde Beter-Sequitor-Tulor-Coyo Algarrobo Esteban Moro Linde Beter-Poconche Linde Beter-Chekar Pto.reparticion de ganado Beter y Tulor Area Ayllu de Tulor Area Ayllu de Beter
5
0.3
Cordillera de La Paciencia
Cordillera de La Sal a3 a7 a6
a5
Laguna Tebinquiche
10 km
50
Cucuter
a37
Beter
a30
Ayllu Demarcation
Poconche
a36
a10
a39
Team project
Quitor
Landuse Conde Duque Solcor Larache Yaye
San Pedro de Atacama
Checar Sequitor Flamingo National Reserve
Solor Coyo
Poconche
Cordillera de Domeyko
Beter
Cucuter
Tulor Sanctuary of the nature Valle de la Luna
Laguna Piedra
BHP
Laguna Cejar
SQM
WML
Cordillera de La Paciencia
Allyu
Site Boundary
Aquifer
Contour
Update Delivery of Aquifers That Feed Vegetations and Bofedales in Region of Antofagasta, 2001
River
Sanctuary of the nature Valle de la Luna
Flamingo National Reserve
Exploration campaign for non-metallic minerals in the salar de atacama
Exploration campaign for non-metallic minerals in the salar de atacama
Cordillera de La Sal
Sanctuary of the natural lagoon of Tebenquiche
Laguna Tebinquiche
Exploration campaign for non-metallic minerals in the salar de atacama
0
5
10 km
51
d,e
b c
a
23/01/2019 Landsat 8
0 -0.05
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
250
500
750
1000m
0.3
Economic crop:
Arbor:
a：Tamarugo
b：Algarrobo
c：Chanar
TULOR AND BETER VEGETATION SPECIES ANALYSIS
52
d：Corn
e：Fava Bean
TULOR AND BETER VEGETATION SPECIES ANALYSIS
b c,d
a
23/01/2019 Landsat 8
0 -0.05
0.05
Shrub:
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
250
500
750
1000m
0.3
Grassland:
a：Deyeuxia spp
b：Artemisia copa
c：Matorral de Rica rica
TULOR AND BETER VEGETATION SPECIES ANALYSIS
54
d：Ambrosia artemisioides
e：Trichocline caulescens
Team project
Agriculture
Beter Tulor
Humid Soil (Trace of Water Flow ) Agriculture Field
Existing Canal Potential Canal in the future River
0
1 km
55
Team project
Vegetation species
56
Team project
Vegetation species
57
Team project
Vegetation species
58
Team project
Vegetation species
59
Team project
Quitor
Intervention plan Conde Duque Solcor Larache Yaye
San Pedro de Atacama
Checar Sequitor
Rio Sa nP ed ro
Coyo
Solor
PH 8.4 Cordillere de Domeyko
Poconche
Cordillera de Domeyko
Beter Tulor
PH 8.4 Cordillere de Domeyko PH 8.5 Cordillere de Domeyko PH 8.7 Cordillere de Domeyko
PH 8.2 Cordillere de Domeyko
PH 8.3 Cordillere de Domeyko PH 8.4 Saline Mudflat PH 8.7 Cordillere de Domeyko
PH 8.5 Saline Mudflat
PH 8.0 Cordillere de Domeyko
PH 8.4 Sulfate Soil
PH 8.6 Cordillere de Domeyko
PH 7.9 Cordillere de Domeyko
PH 8.5 Sulfate Soil
Laguna Piedra
PH 8.1 Cordillere de La Aal
PH 8.2 Saline Mudflat
Laguna Cejar
PH 8.4 Saline Mudflat PH 8.3 Saline Mudflat
Cordillera de La Paciencia
PH 8.5 Saline Mudflat
PH 8.1 Saline Mudflat
Site Boundary Contour
Water Flow in January
Cordillera de La Sal
Allyu
River
Monitoring Station Research Centre
Planting Test Area
Accommodation
Area of Portential Agricultural expansion Laguna Tebinquiche
0
5
10 km
60
Cucuter
Team project
Calendar
61
Team project
Tool box
62
Team project
Tool box
Team project
Tool box
64
Team project
Tool box
65
Team project
Tool box
66
Team project
Tool box
67
Team project
Tool box
68
Team project
Tool box
69
70
CHAPTER 6 Personal Poposal
71
Personal proposal
Brief
7KH VLWH RI WKH ³UHVHDUFK WRXU´ WDNHV SODFH LQ WKH WHUULWRU\ RI 7X lor and Beter, reaching Valle de la Luna in the north, Laguna Tebenquiche in the south, Laguna Cejar in the east and Cordillera de la Paciencia in the west. The implementation of the project is in the form of leading other researchers to move in the territory of Tulor and Beter with the guidance of indigenous researchers and other local indigenous people.
The ayllus of Tulor and Beter are trying to constitute themselves as a community as a way of resisting against mining and tourism encroaching on their ancestral territories. To do this, they are required to present a plan of environmental management in the site. In the conversation with them, one of the core things they are interested in is through alternative version of tourism. In this context, my individual proposal plans to create an activity ZLWK WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI GHYHORSLQJ WKH IRUP RI ³UHVHDUFK WRXU´ for Tulor and Beter in their territory. Through the processing of these research campaigns, indigenous scholars and scholars from RWKHU UHJLRQV IRUP FROODERUDWLYH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ 7KH ³UHVHDUFK WRXU´ ZLOO EH D SRWHQWLDO PRGHO IRU WKLV VXVWDLQDEOH WRXULVP LQ response to the encroachment of mining and tourism and extreme global climate change on local indigenous communities. The project aims to monitor the application of natural resources in the territory, to measure the carrying capacity of the environment, to protect relics resources, to deepen the understanding of visitors to the site, to strengthen indigenous community awareness of supervision to the process of lithium extraction and WRXULVP DQG WR DFKLHYH SDUW RI WKH HFRQRPLF EHQH¿ WV E\ PHDQV of monitoring and analyzing the information in the site during the tour, inviting the indigenous people to guide of the journey DQG WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI ¿ HOG DQG VHWWLQJ XS VRPH WHVW DFWLYLWLHV workshop, seminar.
By talking about the places seen during the tour and sharing the current progress of indigenous research, non-researchers can be aware of the way of thinking under an indigenous paradigm and promote the cooperative research between indigenous and non-indigenous researchers. 5HVHDUFK WRXU ZLOO EH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH FDWHJRULHV ,Q UHVSRQVH to the expansion of lithium mining in Tulor and Beter territory, environmental monitoring tour mainly use the way of walking in the lithium concessions to monitor the natural elements such as plants, soil, hydrology and air to learn the facts of lithium mining impacting on the environment. The archaeological tour will focus on archaeological sites related to the Atacamenos community and the excavation of new anthropological information. The indigenous territorial tour focuses on the culture and values of the Tulor and Beter communities, including daily activities such as festivals, agriculture and animal husbandry. At the same time, the route and the stations are adjusted according to the time of HDFK MRXUQH\ VXFK DV WKH UDLQ\ VHDVRQ IURP -DQXDU\ WR 0DUFK À RRGV ZLOO EULQJ D ORW RI FKDQJHV WR WKH VLWH
These objectives I summarized as knowledge exchange and VKDULQJ WHUULWRU\ PDQDJHPHQW DQG HFRQRPLF VHOI VXŕľś FLHQF\
72
Personal proposal
Economic structure
0\ SURSRVHG ³UHVHDUFK WRXU´ ZLOO EH D SUDFWLFDO HPERGLPHQW RI WKLV PRGHO DQG DOVR D FRPSOHPHQW WR LWV GHYHORSPHQW $W WKH VDPH WLPH WKH HFRQRPLF VWUXFWXUH WKDW VXSSRUWV LW JUHZ RXW RI RXU studio work )XQGLQJ VWUXFWXUH LV WKH IRXQGDWLRQ RI WKH WRXU ,W ZLOO JHW RQH WLPH LQYHVWPHQW IURP WKH LQGLJHQRXV LQVWLWXWLRQ RI WKH VWDWH JRYHUQPHQW WKH LQYHVWPHQW ZLOO EH XVHG WR HVWDEOLVK WKH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH for the project such as accommodations, transport system or agricultural testing area with irrigation system, as well as the intervention for workshop and seminar. During the implementation of WKH WRXU LW ZLOO DFKLHYH WKH SUR¿ W IURP LW WR PDLQWDLQ WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH WRXU DQG DOVR FDQ EHQH¿ W WKH FRQGXFWLRQ RI HQYLURQPHQW UHJHQHUDWLRQ WHUULWRU\ VXUYHLOODQFH DQG DUFKHRORJLF DUFKLWHFWXUH SURWHFWLRQ 2YHUDOO LW LV D VHOI VX൶ FLHQW IXQGLQJ F\FOH WKDW EULQJV HFRQRPLF EHQH¿ WV WR LQGLJHQRXV FRPPXQLWLHV ZKLOH SURWHFWLQJ WKH HQYLURQPHQW DQG PDQDJLQJ WKH WHUULWRU\
Personal proposal
Site map San Pedro de Atacama
Coyo
a26 6 a 0 4 a23
Tulor
Beter
a32
43
3
La P acie ncia
Bor do E sca rpm ent
a
Llan o de
Laguna Piedra
Cord
illera
de L
a Sa
l
Laguna Cejar
Laguna Tebinquiche
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 a11
Linde 1: Vegas y aguada Barros Arana Linde 2: Faldas Cerro Quimal Linde 3: Estancias de Tebenquiche Linde 4: Beter-Poconche-Chekar Estancia Tebenquiche 1 Estancia Tebenquiche 2 Estancia Tebenquiche 3 Sector Vallecito Mina de sal Vallecito Estancia Pastoril Vallecito Minas de sal Vallecito
a12 a13 a14 a15 a16 a17 a18 a19 a20 a21 a22
Algarrobo Tulor Vega Pablo Aban Vega rio San Pedro Vega Aguas Blancas Estancia Baltinache Vega Baltinache Campos de Pastoreo Tulor Ruta Beteruyo-Baltinache Estancia Tulor Restos arqueologicos Tulor Serpa
a23 a24 a25 a26 a27 a28 a29 a30 a31 a32 a33
Algarrobo cerco Sector viviendas Algarrobo Pule, Linde Beter-Tulor Algarrobo Solo, Linde Tulor-Coyo Sector Beteruyo Clandestino en Beteruyo Algarrobo de los halcones Eras de Beteruyo Sector trilla y parvas trigo Casa Familia Sandon Mamani Casa pastor Fco.Tejerina
a34 a35 a36 a37 a38 a39 a40 a41 a42 a43 a44
Pueblo de Indios de Beter Aldea de Tulor Potrero familia Chinchilla Potrero pastor Marcos Rodriguez Linde Beter-Sequitor-Tulor-Coyo Algarrobo Esteban Moro Linde Beter-Poconche Linde Beter-Chekar Pto.reparticion de ganado Beter y Tulor Area Ayllu de Tulor Area Ayllu de Beter
74
Ayllu Demarcation Site Boundary
2018/11/04
2019/01/07
2019/01/23
2019/02/24
2019/03/12
2019/05/15
2019/07/18
2019/09/04
75
Flood (22/12/2018)
Flood (31/05/2019) 76
Personal proposal
Soil type San Pedro de Atacama
Coyo
Beter
Tulor
Bo rdo Esc arp me nt
1
2
Cord illera de L a
Sal
Laguna Piedra
Laguna Cejar
Llan o de
La P acie ncia
3
4
Laguna Tebinquiche
77
Carbonates Soil
Saline Mudflat
Chloride Soil
Ayllu Demarcation
Silty Soil
Sulfate Soil
Bedrock
Site Boundary
Personal proposal
Soil structure
Medium Dense Sand（Loose）
Pumice Deposits
Mud
Pumice Deposits
Limerock
Limerock
Gravel
Clay
Brine Layer
Gravel
Sulphur
Medium Dense Sand（Loose）
Supergene-Enriched Sulfide
Atacarnite+Brochantite
Very Dense Sand（Dense）
Supergene-Enriched Sulfide Metamorphic Rocks
Supergene-Enriched Sulfide
Aquifer Layer
Hypogene Sulfide
Hypogene Sulfide
Anhydrite Dolomite
Gravel
Hypogene Sulfide
Salt
Gravel
Gravel
Hypogene Sulfide
1
Salt Mine Soil
2
Chalky soils are derived from chalk or limestone and, as a result, are alkaline in nature (pH of 7.1 and higher). Suitable plants need to be able to tolerate these alkaline conditions. The actual topsoil depth may be shallow, and soils without clay may be very free draining and lack nutrients, resulting in a dry, impoverished soil. PH: 8.4-8.7 Chemical element: Na+,Ca++,Cl-,CO3- -
Saline Mudflat
Saline soil contains sufficient neutral soluble salts to adversely affect the growth of most crop plants.When leached with a low salt water, some saline soils tend to disperse resulting in low permeability to water and air, particularly when the soils are heavy clays. It is cultivated if there is an adequate drainage system. PH: 8.6-8.8 Chemical element: Na+,Ca++,Mg++,Cl-,SO4-
3
Sulfate Soil
4
Sulfate soils are naturally occurring soils, sediments or organic substrates that are formed under waterlogged conditions. Sulfate soils are often not cultivated or, if they are, the soil should be kept wet preventing oxidation. Subsurface drainage of these soils is normally not advisable.
Carbonates Soil
Carbonates soils are present in many semiarid areas, where lithogenic and secondary carbonates are important constituents of the soil mineral matrix. Clay translocation may occur through water flowing preferentially along macropores when the volume of infiltrated water is high, So in the semi-arid region, this should take place during the rainy season, when rainfall is intense.
PH: 8.3-8.6 Chemical element: Fe++,SO4-
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Chloride Soil
High concentrations of chloride can cause toxicity problems in crops and reduce the yield. The toxicity results from accumulation of chloride in the leaves. Water quality and irrigation management are the major factors that affect chloride concentrations in soil. PH: 8.0-8.1 Chemical element: Na+,Ca++,Mg++,Cl-
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Silty soil has characteristics of fine particle size, prone to compaction and moisture retention but without the drainage problems typical of clay soil. The added drainage, high nutrient content and stable base of silt make it suitable for growing a variety of plants. PH: 8.2-8.6 Chemical element: Ca++,Mg++
PH: 8.5-8.6 Chemical element: Na+,Ca++,Mg++,CO3- -
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Silty Soil
Personal proposal
Master plan San Pedro de Atacama
Coyo
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Tulor
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Environmental monitoring tour
Ayllu Demarcation
Indigenous territory tour
Site Boundary
Archeaology tour